Teknologi Pengolahan Air Bersih sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kesehatan Masyarakat di Desa Bunga Raya, Kabupaten Siak

Salah satu sumber air bersih yang digunakan masyarakat Desa Bunga Raya, Kec. Bunga Raya Kab. Siak untuk mandi, mencuci, masak, dan minum adalah air tanah. Air tanah digunakan bersumber dari sumur gali maupun sumur bor. Dari hasil wawancara dan pengamatan langsung di lapangan warna air sumur masyarakat kuning seperti sirup lemon, baunya seperti bau karat dan bau telur busuk jika baru di pompa, rasanya jika untuk kumur-kumur seperti agak asam dan ngilu di gigi, sehingga jika ini dikonsumsi dan berlangsung dalam jangka waktu yang panjang tanpa tindak lanjut dapat membahayakan masyarakat desa setempat. Melihat kondisi ini tim pengabdian dengan berkoordinasi dengan pejabat setempat (Ketua RT) menyusun jadwal pelaksanaan kegiatan Sosialisasi & Pelatihan Teknologi Pengolahan Air Bersih sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kesehatan Masyarakat di Desa Bunga Raya, Kec. Bunga Raya Kabupaten Siak. Kegiatan sosialisasi dan pelatihan dilakukan dengan metode penyuluhan dan demonstrasi pembuatan teknologi pengolahan air bersih oleh tim PKM, Mahasiswa Kukerta UNRI, dan warga masyarakat sekitar. Manfaat yang diperoleh peserta dari kegiatan PKM ini antara lain warga masyarakat dapat menjernihkan air secara mandiri dengan teknologi pengolahan air, tercukupi kebutuhan akan air bersih yang sehat, tidak berwarna, tidak berbau dan tidak berasa sebagai bagian dari kebutuhan dasar setiap manusia. Kegiatan pengabdian secara keseluruhan dapat dikatakan baik dan berhasil, dilihat dari ketercapaian tujuan pelatihan (95%), ketercapaian target materi yang telah direncanakan (100%), dan kemampuan peserta dalam penguasaan materi (85%). Teknologi filter pengolahan air yang dirancang menjadi solusi dalam membantu memperbaiki kualitas air sumur gali dan sumur bor sehingga sesuai dengan standar air bersih yang dipersyaratkan.

Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Maggot Black Soldier Fly (BSF) untuk Pengolahan Sampah Organik sebagai Alternatif Pakan Ternak pada Santri Pondok Pesantren Syekh Burhanuddin Kuntu, Kab. Kampar, Prov. Riau

Pondok Pesantren Syekh Burhanuddin berada di Desa Kuntu Kabupaten Kampar. Dengan bertambah jumlah santri setiap tahunnya menyebabkan semakin banyak sampah di lingkungan pesantren. Pengelolaan sampah dipesantren belum baik, sampah hanya dikumpulkan di satu tempat lalu dibakar. Pembakaran dapat menyebabkan pencemaran udara dan akan berdampak pada lingkungan sekitar pesantren. Sesuai Motto yang telah digariskan oleh pendiri Pesantren adalah Tafaqquh Fiddin (mendalami ilmu agama) disamping penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan, juga diperlukan keterampilan. Pondok pesantren mengadakan inovasi/terobosan baru dalam mengembangkan ilmu dan keterampilan yang Tafaqquh Fiddin dengan beberapa program keterampilan life skill. Salah satu keterampilan life skill yang bisa dilakukan yaitu inovasi pengolahan sampah organik sebagai media budidaya Maggot Black Soldier Fly (BSF). Hal tersebut dimulai dari identifikasi masalah bersama dengan para santri, diskusi dan pemberian solusi serta pelatihan budidaya maggot dengan secara interaktif dengan melibatkan teori dan praktek bersamaan agar lebih mudah difahami. Kegiatan pengabdian secara keseluruhan dapat dikatakan baik dan berhasil, dilihat dari ketercapaian tujuan pelatihan (85%), ketercapaian target materi yang telah direncanakan (100%), dan kemampuan peserta dalam penguasaan materi (75%). Tujuan utama dari kegiatan ini sudah tercapai yaitu pengolahan sampah organik untuk mengurangi jumlah sampah di sekitar lingkungan sebagai pakan larva lalat BSF. Selain itu dapat juga memberikan tambahan pendapatan para santri.

Koreksi: Hubungan Lama Paparan Sinar Matahari dengan Kadar 8-Hydroxy-2’-Deoxyguanosine Urin pada Remaja Perempuan

Salah satu bentuk predominan dari lesi oksidatif yang diinduksi oleh radikal bebas adalah 8-hidroksi-deoksiguanosin (8-OHdG). Paparan sinar matahari pada sel, terutama sel kulit dapat menyebabkan reaksi fotooksidasi yang terjadi akibat pelepasan reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lama paparan sinar matahari merupakan salah satu faktor penentu berapa banyak sel kulit yang mengalami stres oksidatif. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan lama paparan sinar matahari dengan kadar 8-OHdG urin pada remaja perempuan. Metode:  Ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross-sectional dilakukan pada populasi mahasiswi Pendidikan Dokter Universitas Andalas dengan teknik systematic random sampling (n = 110). Lama paparan sinar matahari diperoleh melalui kuesioner dan kadar 8-OHdG diukur dengan metode ELISA. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil: Rerata usia subjek pada penelitian ini adalah 20,6 ± 1,23 tahun, rerata lama paparan sinar matahari didapatkan sebesar 49,01 ± 36,96 menit. Rerata kadar 8-OHdG pada subjek adalah 40,75 ± 39,62 ng/ml. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa lama paparan sinar matahari tidak berhubungan dengan kadar 8-OHdG urin (p = 0,396). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara lama paparan sinar matahari dengan kadar 8-OHdG urin pada remaja perempuan.Kata kunci: 8-OHdG urin, lama paparan sinar matahari, stres oksidatif

EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulceration

Ulceration of the oral cavity is common and a frequent reason for referral to secondary and tertiary centres. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related mucocutaneous ulceration, however, is a rare cause of oral ulceration that has been described only recently. Histologically these lesions resemble lymphomas; however, their management and prognosis differ significantly. We present a case of EBV-induced oral ulceration and discuss the diagnosis and management of and available literature for the condition, which was treated successfully through conservative measures alone.

Assessment of MRI technologists in acceptance and willingness to integrate artificial intelligence into practice

INTRODUCTION

The integration of AI in medical imaging has tremendous exponential growth, especially in image production, image processing and image interpretation. It is expected that radiographers working across all imaging modalities have adequate knowledge as they are part of the end-user team. The current study aimed to investigate the knowledge, willingness and challenges facing the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technologists in the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into MRI practice.

METHODS

Total of 120 participants were recruited using a snowball sampling technique. A two-phase study was undertaken using survey and focus group discussion (FGD) to capture participants' knowledge, interpretations, needs and obstacles toward AI integrations in MRI practice. The survey and FGD provided the base to understand the participant's' knowledge, acceptance and needs for AI.

RESULTS

Results showed medium to high knowledge, excitement about AI integration without disturbance of MRI practice. Participants thought that AI can improve MRI protocol selection (91.8%), reduce the scan time (65.3%), and improve image post-processing (79.5%). Education and learning resources concerning AI were the main obstacles facing MRI technologists.

CONCLUSION

MRI technologists have the knowledge and possess basic technical information. The application of AI in MRI practice might greatly influence and improve MRI technologist's work. A structured and professional program should be integrated in both undergraduate and continuous education to prepare for effective AI implementation.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Application of AI in MRI can be used in many aspects, such as optimize image quality and avoidance of image artifacts. Moreover, AI can play an important role in patient's safety at the MRI unit to reduce incidents. Education, infrastructure, and knowledge of end-users are keys for the incorporation of AI use, development and optimisation.

Gestational Monosodium Glutamate Exposure Effects on Anogenital Distance of Male Rat Pups

High-dose Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) expo sure increases the estrogen level in pregnant rats. However, there are limited data available on whether the MSG-related maternal hormonal effects can affect male litters' genitalia phenotype. This study aimed to analyze the impact of MSG on estrogen level in pregnant rats and anogenital distance in male pups. Experiment for this study was performed at the animal facility of Biomedical Laboratory at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, from April 2019 to February 2020. Pregnant Wistar rats were given MSG orally at 2 and 4 mg/g body weight (BW) for 20 days. On day 21, pregnant rats were sacrificed and blood was drawn intracardially. Estradiol serum level was measured by ELISA. Male pups were counted, and the anogenital distance (AGD) was measured. Maternal serum estradiol levels were statistically analyzed by One-Way ANOVA and the AGD of male litters were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results showed that perinatal MSG exposure increased the estradiol level (26.3±4.5 pg/ml; 37.5±6.7 pg/ml; 62.1±8.2 pg/ml in control, 2 mg/g BW, and 4 mg/g BW group, respectively [mean±SD; p=<0.001]) and decreased the AGD (4 mm; 3 mm; 1.5 mm in control, 2 mg/g BW, and 4 mg/gBW group, respectively [median; p=<0.01]) in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, MSG exposure during pregnancy is a risk factor for male rat feminization.

Classification of Alzheimer's disease using ensemble of deep neural networks trained through transfer learning

Deep learning; transfer learning; ensemble learning; Alzheimer's disease.

Laboratory testing of low concentration (<1 ppm) of copper to prolong mosquito pupation and adult emergence time: An alternative method to delay mosquito life cycle

INTRODUCTION

Larvicide application in ovitrap is one of the currently available methods used in mosquito eradication campaign. We previously reported that copper in liquid form is a promising candidate due to its potent larvicide properties in a laboratory setting and in the field. In the field study, several larvae survived in outdoor ovitrap due to the dilution of copper concentration by rainwater. The surviving larvae were smaller and less motile. This led our interest to study the effect of a sub-lethal dose of copper in ovitrap on mosquito larval development, pupation time and lifespan in the adult stage.

METHODS

First instar larvae of Aedes albopictus, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex pipiens were put in water containing 0.15 ppm, 0.30 ppm, and 0.60 ppm of copper. The surviving larvae, the emerging pupae, and adult mosquitoes were observed and counted every 24-hour and statistically analyzed by t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Inter-species difference in response to different concentration of copper were also analyzed.

RESULTS

Copper showed a potent larvicide effect at 0.60 ppm concentration. Prolonged pupation time and a lower number of adult mosquitoes were observed at 0.15 ppm concentration. Copper exposure did not affect adult mosquitoes' lifespan. Culex pipiens was the most susceptible species to copper exposure.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the efficacy of copper at <1 ppm to kill mosquito larvae and to prolong pupation and adult emergence time. Utilization of copper at a low concentration is cost-efficient in the public health setting and remains an open option as an environmentally safe vector control strategy.

Sunlight exposed body surface area is associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level in pregnant Minangkabau women, Indonesia

BACKGROUND

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in women, and living in a tropical country with a year-round abundance of sunlight as the primary source of vitamin D does not seem to guarantee adequate serum 25(OH)D. While living in the tropics, Minangkabau women are known to dress specifically according to their culture. This study was aimed to elucidate the association of sunlight exposed body surface area with serum 25(OH)D in pregnant Minangkabau women of Indonesia.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional study on 88 Minangkabau women in late pregnancy. Lifestyle data were collected using a questionnaire, and dietary intake of vitamin D was calculated from 24-h food recall. The skin pigmentation type was determined by the Fitzpatrick scale, and the body surface area exposed to sunlight was estimated. Serum 25(OH)D was quantified by ELISA method. Serum 25(OH)D differences according to the duration of sunlight exposure, skin pigmentation type, and sunscreen use were statistically analyzed by ANOVA. The correlation of sunlight exposed body surface area and serum 25(OH)D was analyzed by Spearman's correlation.

RESULTS

Nearly half of the subjects (n = 40; 45.5%) were deficient in vitamin D (< 20 ng/ml) with serum 25(OH)D level 23.0 ± 10.0 ng/ml (mean ± SD) and the estimated daily intake of vitamin D was 5.6 ± 3.9 μg/1000 kcal/day (mean ± SD). The median percentage of body area exposed to sunlight was 15.8%. There were no differences in serum 25(OH)D levels according to sunlight exposure time, skin pigmentation type, and sunscreen use. The percentage of body area exposed to sunlight was positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D level (Spearman's ρ = 0.403; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in pregnant Minangkabau women. Since increasing body surface area exposed to sunlight may not be culturally acceptable, vitamin D supplementation needs to be considered in this population.

Green coffee extract modifies body weight, serum lipids and TNF-α in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

OBJECTIVE

Currently, there are many efforts to find functional nutrients for obesity management, and the green coffee extract is a potential candidate. This study aimed to examine the effect of low dose administration of  green coffee extract on body weight, serum lipids, and TNF-α level in high-fat diet-induced obese rats.

RESULTS

Administration of green coffee extract to high-fat diet-induced obese male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) reduced body weight, total serum cholesterol, and triglyceride at the dose of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg BW/day; lowered serum LDL-cholesterol at the treatment dose of 20 mg/kg BW/day (p < 0.05). The effective dose to decrease serum TNF-α level was 40 mg/kg BW/day, while the effective dose to improve the lipid profile was 10 mg/kg BW/day. These results support the potential use of green coffee extract as a functional nutrient in the management of obesity.

Blood Cd levels and carotid intima-media thickness in young adults living in Padang, Indonesia

Objective

Cd exposure is a non-traditional risk factor of cardiovascular disease and mortality by promoting the development of atherosclerosis. The development of atherosclerosis can be monitored non-invasively by measuring carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). This study aimed to measure the level of blood Cd and other factors known to be associated with CIMT, measured at the segment of common carotid artery (CCA) and of internal carotid artery (ICA), in young adults from Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia, and we analyzed whether blood Cd is a predictor of CIMT.

Results

We recruited 156 subjects. Median blood Cd level was 0.61 μg/L (range 0.01–5.96 μg/L), with no difference in male compared to female subjects (Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.60). Multiple regression analysis showed that sex is the predictor of CCA IMT (adjusted R² = 0.219; β = −0.438 [95% CI − 0.662, − 0.214]; p < 0.001) and ICA IMT (adjusted R² = 0.165; β = − 0.529 [95% CI − 0.761, − 0.297]; p < 0.001). Blood Cd was not a predictor of CCA IMT (adjusted R² = 0.219; β = − 0.101 [95% CI − 0.257, 0.055]; p = 0.203) and ICA IMT (adjusted R² = 0.165; β = − 0.055 [95% CI − 0.217, 0.107]; p = 0.503) in young adults from Padang, Indonesia.

Profil Hematologik Berdasarkan Jenis Plasmodium pada Pasien Malaria di Beberapa Rumah Sakit di Kota Padang

Spesies Plasmodium (P) yang banyak dijumpai di Sumatera Barat adalah P. falciparum dan P. vivax. Komplikasi yang paling umum terjadi pada infeksi malaria adalah perubahan hematologi. Infeksi P. falciparum lebih sering menimbulkan komplikasi tersebut dibandingkan infeksi P. vivax. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan gambaran hematologik terutama hemoglobin, leukosit, dan trombosit pada pasien malaria berdasarkan jenis Plasmodium. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik dengan metode cross sectional. Data berasal dari rekam medik pasien malaria rawat inap di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil dan RSUD Dr. Rasidin Padang yang dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2017 sampai Januari 2018. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling. Data dianalisis secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji Independent t-test. Hasil: Dari 60 subjek penelitian, 51 orang (85%) terinfeksi P. vivax, 8 orang (13,3%) terinfeksi P. falciparum, dan 1 orang (1,7%) mengalami infeksi campuran. Berdasarkan distribusi data demografi, frekuensi tertinggi pada laki-laki (53,3%), dan sebagian besar berumur 15-35 tahun. Hasil uji-t terhadap nilai hemoglobin (p=0,000) menunjukan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kedua jenis spesies Plasmodium. Berdasarkan jumlah leukosit (p=0,198) dan trombosit (p=0,242). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kedua jenis spesies Plasmodium.

Analisis Kadar Timbal (Pb) Air Minum Isi Ulang pada Depot Air Minum (DAM) di Kecamatan Padang Timur Kota Padang Tahun 2017

Air minum isi ulang yang diperoleh dari Depot Air Minum (DAM) menjadi populer karena harganya lebih murah dari Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) yang bermerek. Apabila air minum isi ulang terkontaminasi dengan timbal (Pb) akan menyebabkan masalah terhadap kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kadar Pb air minum isi ulang pada DAM di Kecamatan Padang Timur tahun 2017. Penelitian ini adalah studi analitik. Sampel diambil dari 45 DAM di Kecamatan Padang Timur. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November-Desember 2017. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil studi adalah 100% kadar Pb kecil dari atau sama dengan nilai ambang batas (NAB) sesuai peraturan Permenkes No. 492 tahun 2010, 95,6% sumber air minum isi ulang berasal dari Gunung Talang Kabupaten Solok, 100% DAM menggunakan pipa PVC tipe AW, dan 51,1% DAM menggunakan pipa PVC dengan lama pemakaian <5 tahun. Hasil uji statistik didapatkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara sumber air minum dan lamanya pemakaian pipa terhadap kadar Pb air minum isi ulang pada DAM di Kecamatan Padang Timur tahun 2017. Sedangkan 100% pipa PVC pada DAM menggunakan tipe AW sehingga tidak dapat dilakukan uji statistik. Simpulan studi ini adalah kadar Pb air minum isi ulang pada DAM di Kecamatan Padang Timur Kota Padang tahun 2017 masih aman untuk dikonsumsi dan pipa PVC tipe AW aman untuk digunakan dalam rentang waktu tertentu.

Analisis Kadar Timbal (Pb) Air Minum Isi Ulang pada Depot Air Minum (DAM) di Kecamatan Padang Timur Kota Padang Tahun 2017

Air minum isi ulang yang diperoleh dari Depot Air Minum (DAM) menjadi populer karena harganya lebih murah dari Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) yang bermerek. Apabila air minum isi ulang terkontaminasi dengan timbal (Pb) akan menyebabkan masalah terhadap kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kadar Pb air minum isi ulang pada DAM di Kecamatan Padang Timur tahun 2017. Penelitian ini adalah studi analitik. Sampel diambil dari 45 DAM di Kecamatan Padang Timur. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November-Desember 2017. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil studi adalah 100% kadar Pb kecil dari atau sama dengan nilai ambang batas (NAB) sesuai peraturan Permenkes No. 492 tahun 2010, 95,6% sumber air minum isi ulang berasal dari Gunung Talang Kabupaten Solok, 100% DAM menggunakan pipa PVC tipe AW, dan 51,1% DAM menggunakan pipa PVC dengan lama pemakaian <5 tahun. Hasil uji statistik didapatkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara sumber air minum dan lamanya pemakaian pipa terhadap kadar Pb air minum isi ulang pada DAM di Kecamatan Padang Timur tahun 2017. Sedangkan 100% pipa PVC pada DAM menggunakan tipe AW sehingga tidak dapat dilakukan uji statistik. Simpulan studi ini adalah kadar Pb air minum isi ulang pada DAM di Kecamatan Padang Timur Kota Padang tahun 2017 masih aman untuk dikonsumsi dan pipa PVC tipe AW aman untuk digunakan dalam rentang waktu tertentu.

Effect of vitamin C on testosterone level, sperm count and sperm morphology in gentamicin-induced Wistar rats

Background: Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside-class antibiotic that can lead to an increase in ROS and decrease antioxidant reserves that cause destruction of testicular cells that are known to inhibit cell division in testicular germ cells and protein synthesis in the testes as well as affect the production of testosterone that affects the quality of spermatogenesis. Vitamin C as an antioxidant can counteract ROS so that testicular cells can be repaired.Methods: This study was an experimental research with post tests only control group design on 25 male rats, 2-3 aged months, weight 160-240 g. Animals were divided into 5 groups. Negative control group was placed in cage without treatment, positive control given induced gentamicin 5mg/kgbb for the first 10 days, and 3 treatment given induced gentamicin 5mg/kgbb for the first 10 days and at days 11-51 were given vitamin C at a dose of 1.6mg; 2.25mg; 4.5mg. On 52 day, all of wistar rats perform terminated for analyzed the testosterone levels were by ELISA, sperm count was calculated with then haemocytometer observed with digital microscope, morphology of spermatozoa was analyzed by eosin staining and was observed with digital microscope.Results: Results of this study showed that the average of testosteron serum on control negatif group of 3,82ng/ml, control positif 3.73ng/ml, treatment 1 is 9.52ng/ml, treatment 2 is 8.29ng/ml, and traetment 3 is 2.28ng/ml. Sperm count on control negatif 41.68 million/ml, control positif 21.06million/ml, treatment 1 is 52.92 million/ml, treatment 2 is 57.12million/ml, treatment 3 is 80.88 million/ml and sperm morphology on control negative  74.00%, control positif 46.96%, treatment 1 is 58.82%, treatment 2 is 68.68%, and treatment 3 is 78.72%.Conclusions: It is concluded that vitamin C has significant effect on increasing testosteron level and sperm quality in gentamicin-induced wistar rats.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Ibu Pasangan Usia Subur dengan Penggunaan Kontrasepsi IUD di Nagari Andalas Baruh Bukit Kecamatan Sungayang Kabupaten Tanah Datar

Intra Uterine Devices (IUD) merupakan pilihan kontrasepsi yang efektif, aman, dan nyaman bagi wanita. Namun demikian jumlah akseptor kontrasepsi IUD di Nagari Sungayang masih sangat rendah, yaitu 14,97 %. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap Ibu Pasangan Usia Subur dengan Penggunaan Kontrasepsi IUD di Nagari Andalas Baruh Bukit Kecamatan Sungayang Kabupaten Tanah Datar. Kontrasepsi adalah cara untuk mengukur jumlah dan jarak anak yang diinginkan. Metode kontrasepsi bekerja dengan dasar mencegah sperma laki-laki mencapai dan membuahi sel telur wanita (fertilisasi), atau mencegah telur yang sudah dibuahi untuk berimplantasi (melekat) dan berkembang dalam rahim. Kontrasepsi yang reversibel adalah metode kontrasepsi yang dapat dihentikan setiap saat tanpa efek lama dalam mengembalikan kesuburan atau kemampuan untuk memiliki anak. Metode penelitian deskriptif corelasi dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Nagari Andalas Baruh Bukit. Populasi adalah seluruh ibu PUS, sebanyak 788 orang, dan sampel berjumlah 89 orang, dengan pengambilan sampel secara sistematic sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, diolah dan dianalisa secara komputerisasi. Hasil analisa univariat diketahui bahwa 66,3 % responden memiliki pengetahuan tinggi tentang kontrasepsi IUD, (52,8 %) dan 86,5 % tidak menggunakan kontrasepsi IUD. Hasil analisa bivariat ada hubungan pengetahuan ibu Pasangan Usia Subur dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi IUD (p = 0,050). Dari hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan sikap ibu dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi IUD.

Hubungan Perilaku Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk dengan Menutup, Menguras dan Mendaur Ulang Plus (PSN M Plus) terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Kelurahan Andalas

Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit infeksi oleh virus dengue yang ditularkan melalui vektor nyamuk Aedes aegypti. PSN 3M Plus merupakan tindakan pengendalian DBD dengan melakukan upaya memberantas sarang nyamuk dan menghindari diri dari gigitan nyamuk Aedes. Perilaku PSN 3M Plus dapat memutusrantai penularan virus dengue sehingga hasil yang diharapkan adalah penurunan kejadian DBD. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan perilaku PSN 3M Plus terhadap kejadian DBD di Kelurahan Andalas. Penelitian analitik berjenis kasus kontrol ini telah dilakukan pada November 2017 sampai Desember 2017.Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner tentang perilaku PSN 3 M Plus kepada 28 responden kelompok kasus dan 56 responden kelompok kontrol dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling. Hasil analisis univariat didapatkan distribusi frekuensi kategori perilaku PSN 3M Plus pada kelompok kasus terdapat 7 responden (16%) berperilaku baik dan 21 responden (52,5%) berperilaku buruk. Pada kelompok kontrol terdapat 37 responden (84%) berperilaku baik dan 19 responden (47,5%) berperilaku buruk. Hasil analisis bivariat didapat RO =5,842 denganp = 0,001. Simpulan studi ini adalah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara perilaku PSN 3M Plus terhadap kejadian DBD di Kelurahan Andalas.

Hubungan Perilaku Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk dengan Menutup, Menguras dan Mendaur Ulang Plus (PSN M Plus) terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Kelurahan Andalas

Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit infeksi oleh virus dengue yang ditularkan melalui vektor nyamuk Aedes aegypti. PSN 3M Plus merupakan tindakan pengendalian DBD dengan melakukan upaya memberantas sarang nyamuk dan menghindari diri dari gigitan nyamuk Aedes. Perilaku PSN 3M Plus dapat memutusrantai penularan virus dengue sehingga hasil yang diharapkan adalah penurunan kejadian DBD. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan perilaku PSN 3M Plus terhadap kejadian DBD di Kelurahan Andalas. Penelitian analitik berjenis kasus kontrol ini telah dilakukan pada November 2017 sampai Desember 2017.Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner tentang perilaku PSN 3 M Plus kepada 28 responden kelompok kasus dan 56 responden kelompok kontrol dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling. Hasil analisis univariat didapatkan distribusi frekuensi kategori perilaku PSN 3M Plus pada kelompok kasus terdapat 7 responden (16%) berperilaku baik dan 21 responden (52,5%) berperilaku buruk. Pada kelompok kontrol terdapat 37 responden (84%) berperilaku baik dan 19 responden (47,5%) berperilaku buruk. Hasil analisis bivariat didapat RO =5,842 denganp = 0,001. Simpulan studi ini adalah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara perilaku PSN 3M Plus terhadap kejadian DBD di Kelurahan Andalas.

Chiral organocatalysts based on lipopeptide micelles for aldol reactions in water

A comprehensive study of the self-assembly in water of a lipopeptide consisting of a sequence of l-proline, l-arginine and l-tryptophan with a hydrocarbon chain has been performed. Fluorescence assays were used to determine the critical aggregation concentration. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and molecular dynamics simulations showed the presence of spherical micelles with diameters around 6 nm. In agreement with these results, cryo-TEM images showed globular aggregates with diameters ranging from ≈4 nm up to ≈9 nm. Furthermore, the lipopeptide catalytic activity has been tested for the direct aldol reaction between cyclohexanone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde, and we have observed that the self-association of the organocatalyst played a critical role in the enhanced activity. Water affects the selectivity, and poor results are obtained under neat reaction conditions. The location of the catalytic groups at the lipopetide/water solvent interface also endowed unusual selectivity in the catalyzed aldol reactions. Under optimized reaction conditions, high yields (up to >99%), good enantioselectivity (ee up to 85%) and high diastereoselectivity (ds up to 92 : 8) were obtained.

A Study on Performance and Safety Tests of Defibrillator Equipment

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, more than 10,000 different types of medical devices can be found in hospitals. This way, medical electrical equipment is being employed in a wide variety of fields in medical sciences with different physiological effects and measurements. Hospitals and medical centers must ensure that their critical medical devices are safe, accurate, reliable and operational at the required level of performance. Defibrillators are critical resuscitation devices. The use of reliable defibirillators has led to more effective treatments and improved patient safety through better control and management of complications during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The metrological reliability of twenty frequent use, manual defibrillators in use ten hospitals (4 private and 6 public) in one of the provinces of Iran according to international and national standards was evaluated.

RESULTS

Quantitative analysis of control and instrument accuracy showed the amount of the obtained results in many units are critical which had less value over the standard limitations especially in devices with poor battery. For the accuracy of delivered energy analysis, only twelve units delivered acceptable output values and the precision in the output energy measurements especialy in weak battry condition, after activation of discharge alarm, were low.

CONCLUSION

Obtained results indicate a need for new and severe regulations on periodic performance verifications and medical equipment quality control program especially for high risk instruments. It is also necessary to provide training courses on the fundumentals of operation and performane parameters for medical staff in the field of meterology in medicine and how one can get good accuracy results especially in high risk medical devices.

Self-Assembly and Anti-Amyloid Cytotoxicity Activity of Amyloid beta Peptide Derivatives

The self-assembly of two derivatives of KLVFF, a fragment Aβ(16-20) of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, is investigated and recovery of viability of neuroblastoma cells exposed to Aβ (1-42) is observed at sub-stoichiometric peptide concentrations. Fluorescence assays show that NH2-KLVFF-CONH2 undergoes hydrophobic collapse and amyloid formation at the same critical aggregation concentration (cac). In contrast, NH2-K(Boc)LVFF-CONH2 undergoes hydrophobic collapse at a low concentration, followed by amyloid formation at a higher cac. These findings are supported by the β-sheet features observed by FTIR. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicates that NH2-K(Boc)LVFF-CONH2 forms a significant population of oligomeric species above the cac. Cryo-TEM, used together with SAXS to determine fibril dimensions, shows that the length and degree of twisting of peptide fibrils seem to be influenced by the net peptide charge. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering from thin peptide films shows features of β-sheet ordering for both peptides, along with evidence for lamellar ordering of NH2-KLVFF-CONH2. This work provides a comprehensive picture of the aggregation properties of these two KLVFF derivatives and shows their utility, in unaggregated form, in restoring the viability of neuroblastoma cells against Aβ-induced toxicity.

Hybrid membrane biomaterials from self-assembly in polysaccharide and peptide amphiphile mixtures: controllable structural and mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity

Macroscopic capsules, with tunable properties based on hierarchical self-assembly on multiple lengthscales, are prepared from the co-operative self-assembly of polysaccharide and peptide amphiphiles.

A Study on Performance and Safety Tests of Electrosurgical Equipment

INTRODUCTION

Modern medicine employs a wide variety of instruments with different physiological effects and measurements. Periodic verifications are routinely used in legal metrology for industrial measuring instruments. The correct operation of electrosurgical generators is essential to ensure patient's safety and management of the risks associated with the use of high and low frequency electrical currents on human body.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The metrological reliability of 20 electrosurgical equipment in six hospitals (3 private and 3 public) was evaluated in one of the provinces of Iran according to international and national standards.

RESULTS

The achieved results show that HF leakage current of ground-referenced generators are more than isolated generators and the power analysis of only eight units delivered acceptable output values and the precision in the output power measurements was low.

CONCLUSION

Results indicate a need for new and severe regulations on periodic performance verifications and medical equipment quality control program especially in high risk instruments. It is also necessary to provide training courses for operating staff in the field of meterology in medicine to be acquianted with critical parameters to get accuracy results with operation room equipment.

Application of copper-based ovitraps in local houses in West Sumatra, Indonesia: a field test of a simple and affordable larvicide for mosquito control

Background

The application of oviposition traps (ovitraps) is one of the currently available rational methods used in mosquito control campaigns because it eliminates the larval stage. However, the use of current larvicides is hampered by their cost and applicability. Therefore, a more economical and practical alternative is urgently needed. We previously reported that copper in liquid form is a promising candidate due to its potent larvicide properties in a laboratory setting, affordability, and availability.

Methods

In the present study, a field test was performed by randomly placing copper-filled plastic pots with a concentration of 10 ppm in 21 local houses in Painan City, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Three of these pots including a control were placed inside, while another two were placed outside each of the houses.

Results

After 14 days, a large number of dead first and second instar larvae of Aedes spp. were observed in the copper-filled pots. Larvae in the control pots were all viable and thriving. Unhatched eggs and pupae were detected in several pots in the copper-treated group but were excluded from the analysis.

Conclusions

Our field data confirmed that copper is a potential larvicide for ovitraps, particularly in under-resourced areas.

Congenital dermoid inclusion cyst over the anterior fontanelle: report of two cases

Congenital dermoid inclusion cyst over the anterior fontanelle (CDIC) is an uncommon cystic lesion. It is a benign and curative lesion. In these two cases a soft, cystic mass located over the anterior fontanelle. The cyst had no intracranial extension and was easily excised intact. The clinical and image findings of the cysts were described and compared with the usual dermoids. Many different types of lesions over the children's skull exist and some are commonly diagnosed in daily practice. Congenital dermoid inclusion cyst over the anterior fontanelle (CDIC) is a rare and benign lesion.Pulse Vol.7 January-December 2014 p.42-45

Interactions between lipid-free apolipoprotein-AI and a lipopeptide incorporating the RGDS cell adhesion motif

The interaction of a designed bioactive lipopeptide C16-GGGRGDS, comprising a hexadecyl lipid chain attached to a functional heptapeptide, with the lipid-free apoliprotein, Apo-AI, is examined. This apolipoprotein is a major component of high density lipoprotein and it is involved in lipid metabolism and may serve as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease and Alzheimers' disease. We find via isothermal titration calorimetry that binding between the lipopeptide and Apo-AI occurs up to a saturation condition, just above equimolar for a 10.7 μM concentration of Apo-AI. A similar value is obtained from circular dichroism spectroscopy, which probes the reduction in α-helical secondary structure of Apo-AI upon addition of C16-GGGRGDS. Electron microscopy images show a persistence of fibrillar structures due to self-assembly of C16-GGGRGDS in mixtures with Apo-AI above the saturation binding condition. A small fraction of spheroidal or possibly "nanodisc" structures was observed. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data for Apo-AI can be fitted using a published crystal structure of the Apo-AI dimer. The SAXS data for the lipopeptide/Apo-AI mixtures above the saturation binding conditions can be fitted to the contribution from fibrillar structures coexisting with flat discs corresponding to Apo-AI/lipopeptide aggregates.

Effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review

Barrett's esophagus, the management of which remains controversial, is the precursor condition to esophageal adenocarcinoma. A number of endoscopic treatments have been designed as an alternative to surgical resection for patients with high-grade dysplasia. One of these, photodynamic therapy, involves the light activation of a photosensitizer that causes local tissue destruction via oxidation reactions. The present work reviews the effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of this treatment. A systematic review of the literature recorded in the Medline, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Database, and the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database was undertaken. Articles reporting randomized clinical trials of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus, and economic assessments of the procedure, were selected. The quality of the articles was checked. Twelve articles were included in this review: eight randomized, controlled clinical trials and four economic assessments. The clinical trials suffered from methodological limitations, but the economic assessments were considered to be good quality. Photodynamic therapy is effective for the ablation of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus, although the frequency of adverse events is quite high. The procedure is presented as a cost-effective alternative to intense endoscopic monitoring and esophagectomy. However, the evidence regarding its effectiveness in reducing the number of patients who go on to develop cancer is only incipient. Rigorous, controlled studies with longer follow-up times, in which photodynamic therapy is compared with surgical resection and other endoscopic techniques, are needed.

Meta-analysis of observational studies on the safety and effectiveness of robotic gynaecological surgery

Background

The safety and effectiveness of robotic, open and conventional laparoscopic surgery in gynaecological surgery was assessed in a systematic review of the literature. This will enable the general surgical community to understand where robotic surgery stands in gynaecology.

Methods

A search was made for previous systematic reviews in the Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Health Technology Assessment, Cochrane Collaboration and Hayes Inc. databases. In addition, the MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL databases were searched for primary studies. The quality of studies was assessed and meta-analyses were performed.

Results

Twenty-two studies were included in the review. All were controlled but none was randomized. The majority were retrospective with historical controls. The settings in which robotic surgery was used included hysterectomy for malignant and benign disease, myomectomy, sacrocolpopexy, fallopian tube reanastomosis and adnexectomy. Robotic surgery achieved a shorter hospital stay and less blood loss than open surgery. Compared with conventional laparoscopic surgery, robotic surgery achieved reduced blood loss and fewer conversions during the staging of endometrial cancer. No clinically significant differences were recorded for the other indications tested.

Conclusion

The available evidence shows that robotic surgery offers limited advantages with respect to short-term outcomes. However, the clinical outcomes should be interpreted with caution owing to the methodological quality of the studies.

Bangladesh moves from being a low-prevalence nation for HIV to one with a concentrated epidemic in injecting drug users

Bangladesh has been conducting annual serological surveillance for HIV and syphilis since 1998 among most at-risk populations including sex workers, males having sex with males, injecting drug users (IDUs) and heroin smokers. During the seventh round conducted between January and June 2006, 10,368 people were sampled and the overall HIV prevalence was 0.9%. The highest HIV rate was recorded in male IDUs from the capital city Dhaka (7%), and the rates have risen significantly over the rounds (P < 0.001). In Dhaka, most of the HIV-positive IDUs (10.5%) were localized in one neighbourhood, while in the remaining neighbourhoods 1% were positive (P < 0.001). In all other groups, HIV prevalence was <1%. Active syphilis rates were highest in female IDUs (9.9%) followed by female street-based sex workers (8.6%). However, rates in female sex workers in Dhaka declined significantly over the years (P < 0.001). Bangladesh has to act urgently to prevent escalation of the epidemic.

Implication of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) over expression in treatment of breast cancer in developing countries—report on 250 cases from Bangladesh

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Background: Carcinoma breast is the second most common malignancy in Bangladeshi women. Though HER-2 over expression has profound effect on prognosis of breast cancer, no published data is available about this among Bangladeshi patients. Our aim in this study was to see HER-2 status in Bangladeshi patients, and their relation with other prognostic parameters. Implication of this molecular marker in management of breast cancer in poor country like ours remains controversial, keeping in mind the exorbitantly high cost of Trastuzumab. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the department of Oncology at Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital and Ahsania Mission Cancer Hospital Bangladesh, from January 2003 to December 2006. Total 250 women with breast carcinoma were enrolled; biopsy specimens were tested by immunohistochemistry to detect HER-2 status. For recommending treatment with Trastuzumab, patients with 3+ immunohistochemistry results were considered HER-2 positive. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) testing facility was not available. These findings were correlated with age, ER/PR and nodal status. The practical application of marker in terms of use of Trastuzumab was analyzed. Results: Age of patients ranged from 19.75 years to 72 years, mean age was 49.75 years. HER-2 was over expressed in 38.4 % (96) cases and their mean age was 42.92 years compared to 47.61 years in HER-2 negative cases. HER-2 positive cases tended to have higher rates of lymph node metastases (44 out of 96) compared to HER-2 negative (46 out of 154) cases (45.8 % vs 29.87 %). ER/PR was positive in 64 % cases. HER-2 over expression was inversely related to ER / PR expression. Of the HER-2 positive cases, 11.45 % (11 out of 96) afforded treatment with Trastuzumab. Conclusions: HER-2 is over expressed in almost 38 % of breast carcinoma patients in Bangladesh. This expression is associated with relatively young age, lymph node metastasis and lack of ER / PR expression. Only 11.45 % of patients with HER-2 over expression afforded Trastuzumab though 38 % of cases over expressed HER-2.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

[Integrated PET/CT scanner in oncology applications: a radiologic perspective]

OBJECTIVE

To describe our experience with an integrated PET/CT system in the clinical applications in Oncology.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An integrated PET/CT scanner is an in-line system combining a full-ring detector PET and a multidetector row helical CT in one machine. This is a multidisciplinary technique involving a nuclear medicine physician, a radiologist, a radiopharmacologist, and a physicist, with distinct tasks and working together. The clinical indications for PET scans are determined by the National Health System, which in Madrid is coordinated by Agencia Laín Entralgo, and are performed by a nuclear medicine physician with the help of a radiologist for CT interpretation. The combined PET/CT scans are supervised and interpreted by both a nuclear medicine physician and a radiologist.

RESULTS

Between September 2003 and August 2005, a total of 2459 examinations were performed at our institution: 2200 were PET scans with low-dose noncontrast-CT for attenuation correction (clinical indications approved by NHS), and 259 were combined PET/CT scans with full-diagnostic enhanced-CT (in the setting of research programmes). The overall distribution of clinical indications for the 2459 examinations were: lung cancer 14.7%, solitary lung nodule characterization 7%, lymphoma 23.5%, colon cancer 18.5%, gastric cancer 1.9%, brain tumors 2.6%, head-neck tumors 5.5%, thyroid cancer 5%, breast cancer 4%, unknown origin cancer 4.3%, epilepsy 1.4%, others 11.6%.

CONCLUSION

In our experience, the integrated PET/CT system has advantages over the stand-alone PET and/or CT. However, more studies, as the ongoing research programmes at our facility are needed for the diagnostic validation of this technique.

Insulin improves well-being for selected elderly type 2 diabetic subjects

The effects of insulin therapy on patient well-being, treatment satisfaction and mood, and on carer strain were studied in 30 elderly Type 2 diabetic patients (age 73 +/- 7 (SD) yr) in poor glycaemic control on tablet therapy. A comparison group of ten poorly controlled patients who remained on oral agents was also studied. After 4 weeks of insulin treatment, there were significant improvements in mental health, role-emotional, role-physical (all P<0.05) and vitality (P<0.01) domains of the short form health survey (SF-36), and also in the diabetes treatment and satisfaction questionnaire (DTSQ) and geriatric depression scale (both P<0.01) compared to baseline. After 12 weeks, the improvements in mental health, social functioning and vitality (P<0.01 for all domains), and in the DTSQ were sustained. Carer strain was lower at 4 weeks. No changes in outcomes were seen in the comparison group. In selected elderly Type 2 diabetic patients, insulin treatment is associated with significant improvements in well-being, treatment satisfaction and mood, even without significant improvements in glycaemic control and without increase in carer strain. The SF-36 and DTSQ are sensitive to the benefits of the changes in the treatment for these patients.

Transient Campylobacter bacteremia in a healthy child

A 7-month-old immunocompetent child was brought to the emergency department with fever and diarrhea. Blood and stool cultures grew Campylobacter species. Campylobacter bacteremia resolved without treatment.