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Costa AF, McInnes MDF, van der Pol CB, Lam E, Dawit H, Salameh JP, Levis B, Bashir MR. Individual Participant Data Meta-Analyses for Diagnostic Accuracy Research: Challenges and Lessons Learned from the LI-RADS IPD Group. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2024; 6:e240015. [PMID: 38578208 DOI: 10.1148/rycan.240015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu F Costa
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V7 (A.F.C.); Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V7 (A.F.C.); Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Christian B van der Pol
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V7 (A.F.C.); Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Eric Lam
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V7 (A.F.C.); Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Haben Dawit
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V7 (A.F.C.); Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Jean-Paul Salameh
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V7 (A.F.C.); Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Brooke Levis
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V7 (A.F.C.); Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V7 (A.F.C.); Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
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Duan T, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Bashir MR, Lerner E, Qu Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Song B, Jiang H. Deep learning-based compressed SENSE improved diffusion-weighted image quality and liver cancer detection: A prospective study. Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 111:74-83. [PMID: 38604347 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with Compressed SENSE (CS) and deep learning (DL-CS-DWI) can improve image quality and lesion detection in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS This single-center prospective study enrolled consecutive at-risk participants who underwent 3.0 T gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI. Conventional DWI was acquired using parallel imaging (PI) with SENSE (PI-DWI). In CS-DWI and DL-CS-DWI, CS but not PI with SENSE was used to accelerate the scan with 2.5 as the acceleration factor. Qualitative and quantitative image quality were independently assessed by two masked reviewers, and were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The detection rates of clinically-relevant (LR-4/5/M based on the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System v2018) liver lesions for each DWI sequence were independently evaluated by another two masked reviewers against their consensus assessments based on all available non-DWI sequences, and were compared by the McNemar test. RESULTS 67 participants (median age, 58.0 years; 56 males) with 197 clinically-relevant liver lesions were enrolled. Among the three DWI sequences, DL-CS-DWI showed the best qualitative and quantitative image qualities (p range, <0.001-0.039). For clinically-relevant liver lesions, the detection rates (91.4%-93.4%) of DL-CS-DWI showed no difference with CS-DWI (87.3%-89.8%, p = 0.230-0.231) but were superior to PI-DWI (82.7%-85.8%, p = 0.015-0.025). For lesions located in the hepatic dome, DL-CS-DWI demonstrated the highest detection rates (94.8%-97.4% vs 76.9%-79.5% vs 64.1%-69.2%, p = 0.002-0.045) among the three DWI sequences. CONCLUSION In patients at high-risk for HCC, DL-CS-DWI improved image quality and detection for clinically-relevant liver lesions, especially for the hepatic dome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Duan
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yidi Chen
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Emily Lerner
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - YaLi Qu
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Chengdu 610095, China.
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Macdonald JA, Morgan KR, Konkel B, Abdullah K, Martin M, Ennis C, Lo JY, Stroo M, Snyder DC, Bashir MR. A Method for Efficient De-identification of DICOM Metadata and Burned-in Pixel Text. J Imaging Inform Med 2024:10.1007/s10278-024-01098-7. [PMID: 38587767 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-024-01098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
De-identification of DICOM images is an essential component of medical image research. While many established methods exist for the safe removal of protected health information (PHI) in DICOM metadata, approaches for the removal of PHI "burned-in" to image pixel data are typically manual, and automated high-throughput approaches are not well validated. Emerging optical character recognition (OCR) models can potentially detect and remove PHI-bearing text from medical images but are very time-consuming to run on the high volume of images found in typical research studies. We present a data processing method that performs metadata de-identification for all images combined with a targeted approach to only apply OCR to images with a high likelihood of burned-in text. The method was validated on a dataset of 415,182 images across ten modalities representative of the de-identification requests submitted at our institution over a 20-year span. Of the 12,578 images in this dataset with burned-in text of any kind, only 10 passed undetected with the method. OCR was only required for 6050 images (1.5% of the dataset).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brandon Konkel
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Mark Martin
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cory Ennis
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Y Lo
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marissa Stroo
- Duke Office of Clinical Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Denise C Snyder
- Duke Office of Clinical Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Gastroenterology-Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Dawit H, Lam E, McInnes MDF, van der Pol CB, Bashir MR, Salameh JP, Levis B, Sirlin CB, Chernyak V, Choi SH, Kim SY, Fraum TJ, Tang A, Jiang H, Song B, Wang J, Wilson SR, Kwon H, Kierans AS, Joo I, Ronot M, Song JS, Podgórska J, Rosiak G, Kang Z, Allen BC, Costa AF. LI-RADS CT and MRI Ancillary Feature Association with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Malignancy: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. Radiology 2024; 310:e231501. [PMID: 38376399 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.231501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Background The independent contribution of each Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) CT or MRI ancillary feature (AF) has not been established. Purpose To evaluate the association of LI-RADS AFs with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and malignancy while adjusting for LI-RADS major features through an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. Materials and Methods Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus were searched from January 2014 to January 2022 for studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of CT and MRI for HCC using LI-RADS version 2014, 2017, or 2018. Using a one-step approach, IPD across studies were pooled. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were derived from multivariable logistic regression models of each AF combined with major features except threshold growth (excluded because of infrequent reporting). Liver observation clustering was addressed at the study and participant levels through random intercepts. Risk of bias was assessed using a composite reference standard and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2. Results Twenty studies comprising 3091 observations (2456 adult participants; mean age, 59 years ± 11 [SD]; 1849 [75.3%] men) were included. In total, 89% (eight of nine) of AFs favoring malignancy were associated with malignancy and/or HCC, 80% (four of five) of AFs favoring HCC were associated with HCC, and 57% (four of seven) of AFs favoring benignity were negatively associated with HCC and/or malignancy. Nonenhancing capsule (OR = 3.50 [95% CI: 1.53, 8.01]) had the strongest association with HCC. Diffusion restriction (OR = 14.45 [95% CI: 9.82, 21.27]) and mild-moderate T2 hyperintensity (OR = 10.18 [95% CI: 7.17, 14.44]) had the strongest association with malignancy. The strongest negative associations with HCC were parallels blood pool enhancement (OR = 0.07 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.49]) and marked T2 hyperintensity (OR = 0.18 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.45]). Seventeen studies (85%) had a high risk of bias. Conclusion Most LI-RADS AFs were independently associated with HCC, malignancy, or benignity as intended when adjusting for major features. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Crivellaro in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haben Dawit
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Eric Lam
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Christian B van der Pol
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Jean-Paul Salameh
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Brooke Levis
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Sang Hyun Choi
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - So Yeon Kim
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Tyler J Fraum
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - An Tang
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Bin Song
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Jin Wang
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Stephanie R Wilson
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Heejin Kwon
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Andrea S Kierans
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Ijin Joo
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Maxime Ronot
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Ji Soo Song
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Joanna Podgórska
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Grzegorz Rosiak
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Zhen Kang
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Brian C Allen
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
| | - Andreu F Costa
- From the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.D.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.D., M.D.F.M., J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (B.L.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.C., S.Y.K.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S.R.W.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Nord, Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea (J.S.S.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Victoria General Building, 3rd Fl, 1276 S Park St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2Y9 (A.F.C.)
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5
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Poetter-Lang S, Ambros R, Messner A, Kristic A, Hodge JC, Bastati N, Schima W, Chernyak V, Bashir MR, Ba-Ssalamah A. Are dilution, slow injection and care bolus technique the causal solution to mitigating arterial-phase artifacts on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI? A large-cohort study. Eur Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00330-024-10590-1. [PMID: 38243134 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-024-10590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arterial-phase artifacts are gadoxetic acid (GA)-enhanced MRI's major drawback, ranging from 5 to 39%. We evaluate the effect of dilution and slow injection of GA using automated fluoroscopic triggering on liver MRI arterial-phase (AP) acquisition timing, artifact frequency, and lesion visibility. METHODS AND MATERIALS Saline-diluted 1:1 GA was injected at 1 ml/s into 1413 patients for 3 T liver MRI. Initially, one senior abdominal radiologist, i.e., principal investigator (PI), assessed all MR exams and compared them to previous and follow-up images, as well as the radiology report on record, determining the standard of reference for lesion detection and characterization. Then, three other readers independently evaluated the AP images for artifact type (truncation (TA), transient severe motion (TSM) or mixed), artifact severity (on a 5-point scale), acquisition timing (on a 4-point scale) and visibility (on a 5-point scale) of hypervascular lesions ≥ 5 mm, selected by the PI. Artifact score ≥ 4 and artifact score ≤ 3 were considered significant and non-significant artifacts, respectively. RESULTS Of the 1413 exams, diagnostic-quality arterial-phase images included 1100 (77.8%) without artifacts, 220 (15.6%) with minimal, and 77 (5.4%) with moderate artifacts. Only 16 exams (1.1%) had significant artifacts, 13 (0.9%) with severe artifacts (score 4), and three (0.2%) non-diagnostic artifacts (score 5). AP acquisition timing was optimal in 1369 (96.8%) exams. Of the 449 AP hypervascular lesions, 432 (96.2%) were detected. CONCLUSION Combined dilution and slow injection of GA with MR results in well-timed arterial-phase images in 96.8% and a reduction of exams with significant artifacts to 1.1%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Hypervascular lesions, in particular HCC detection, hinge on arterial-phase hyperenhancement, making well-timed, artifact-free arterial-phase images a prerequisite for accurate diagnosis. Saline dilution 1:1, slow injection (1 ml/s), and automated bolus triggering reduce artifacts and optimize acquisition timing. KEY POINTS • There was substantial agreement among the three readers regarding the presence and type of arterial-phase (AP) artifacts, acquisition timing, and lesion visibility. • Impaired AP hypervascular lesion visibility occurred in 17 (3.8%) cases; in eight lesions due to mistiming and in nine lesions due to significant artifacts. • When AP timing was suboptimal, it was too late in 40 exams (3%) and too early in 4 exams (0.2%) of exams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Poetter-Lang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphael Ambros
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Clinic Donaustadt, Vienna Healthcare Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina Messner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonia Kristic
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacqueline C Hodge
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Bastati
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schima
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Goettlicher Heiland Krankenhaus, Barmherzige Schwestern Krankenhaus, and Sankt Josef Krankenhaus, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ahmed Ba-Ssalamah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Ringe KI, Wang J, Deng Y, Pi S, Geahchan A, Taouli B, Bashir MR. Abbreviated MRI Protocols in the Abdomen and Pelvis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:58-69. [PMID: 37144673 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abbreviated MRI (AMRI) protocols rely on the acquisition of a limited number of sequences tailored to a specific question. The main objective of AMRI protocols is to reduce exam duration and costs, while maintaining an acceptable diagnostic performance. AMRI is of increasing interest in the radiology community; however, challenges limiting clinical adoption remain. In this review, we will address main abdominal and pelvic applications of AMRI in the liver, pancreas, kidney, and prostate, including diagnostic performance, pitfalls, limitations, and cost effectiveness will also be discussed. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Ringe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Pi
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Amine Geahchan
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bachir Taouli
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Harrison SA, Ratziu V, Anstee QM, Noureddin M, Sanyal AJ, Schattenberg JM, Bedossa P, Bashir MR, Schneider D, Taub R, Bansal M, Kowdley KV, Younossi ZM, Loomba R. Design of the phase 3 MAESTRO clinical program to evaluate resmetirom for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:51-63. [PMID: 37786277 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with steatosis, hepatocellular injury, inflammation and fibrosis. In a Phase 2 trial in adults with NASH (NCT02912260), resmetirom, an orally administered, liver-targeted thyroid hormone receptor-β selective agonist, significantly reduced hepatic fat (via imaging) and resolved NASH without worsening fibrosis (via liver biopsy) in a significant number of patients compared with placebo. AIMS To present the design of the Phase 3 MAESTRO clinical programme evaluating resmetirom for treatment of NASH (MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 [NCT04197479], MAESTRO-NAFLD-OLE [NCT04951219], MAESTRO-NASH [NCT03900429], MAESTRO-NASH-OUTCOMES [NCT05500222]). METHODS MAESTRO-NASH is a pivotal serial biopsy trial in up to 2000 adults with biopsy-confirmed at-risk NASH. Patients are randomised to a once-daily oral placebo, 80 mg resmetirom, or 100 mg resmetirom. Liver biopsies are conducted at screening, week 52 and month 54. MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 is a 52-week safety trial in ~1400 adults with NAFLD/presumed NASH (based on non-invasive testing); ~700 patients from MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 are enrolled in MAESTRO-NAFLD-OLE, a 52-week active treatment extension to further evaluate safety. MAESTRO-NASH-OUTCOMES is enrolling 700 adults with well-compensated NASH cirrhosis to evaluate the potential for resmetirom to slow progression to hepatic decompensation events. Non-invasive tests (biomarkers, imaging) are assessed longitudinally throughout, in addition to validated patient-reported outcomes. CONCLUSION The MAESTRO clinical programme was designed in conjunction with regulatory authorities to support approval of resmetirom for treatment of NASH. The surrogate endpoints, based on week 52 liver biopsy, serum biomarkers and imaging, are confirmed by long-term clinical liver-related outcomes in MAESTRO-NASH (month 54) and MAESTRO-NASH-OUTCOMES (time to event).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Harrison
- Pinnacle Clinical Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Quentin M Anstee
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Houston Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Metabolic Liver Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Taub
- Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meena Bansal
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Rohit Loomba
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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8
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Kadi D, Loomba R, Bashir MR. Diagnosis and Monitoring of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Current State and Future Directions. Radiology 2024; 310:e222695. [PMID: 38226882 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.222695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease, with a worldwide prevalence of 25%. NAFLD is a spectrum that includes nonalcoholic fatty liver defined histologically by isolated hepatocytes steatosis without inflammation and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the inflammatory subtype of NAFLD and is associated with disease progression, development of cirrhosis, and increased rates of liver-specific and overall mortality. The differentiation between NAFLD and NASH as well as staging NASH are important yet challenging clinical problems. Liver biopsy is currently the standard for disease diagnosis and fibrosis staging. However, this procedure is invasive, costly, and cannot be used for longitudinal monitoring. Therefore, several noninvasive quantitative imaging biomarkers have been proposed that can estimate the severity of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Despite this, noninvasive diagnosis of NASH and accurate risk stratification remain unmet needs. In this work, the most relevant available imaging biomarkers are reviewed and their application in patients with NAFLD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kadi
- From the Department of Radiology (D.K., M.R.B.), Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.R.B.), and Division of Hepatology (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NAFLD Research Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif (R.L.)
| | - Rohit Loomba
- From the Department of Radiology (D.K., M.R.B.), Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.R.B.), and Division of Hepatology (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NAFLD Research Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif (R.L.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Department of Radiology (D.K., M.R.B.), Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Department of Pathology (M.R.B.), and Division of Hepatology (M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705; and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NAFLD Research Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif (R.L.)
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Goins SM, Jiang H, van der Pol CB, Salameh JP, Lam E, Adamo RG, McInnes MDF, Costa AF, Clarke C, Choi SH, Fraum TJ, Ludwig DR, Song B, Joo I, Kierans AS, Kim SY, Kwon H, Podgórska J, Rosiak G, Bashir MR. Comparative Performance of 2018 LI-RADS versus Modified LIRADS (mLI-RADS): An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023. [PMID: 38038346 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LI-RADS version 2018 (v2018) is used for non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A recently proposed modification (known as mLI-RADS) demonstrated improved sensitivity while maintaining specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of LI-RADS category 5 (definite HCC) for HCC. However, mLI-RADS requires multicenter validation. PURPOSE To evaluate the performance of v2018 and mLI-RADS for liver lesions in a large, heterogeneous, multi-national cohort of patients at risk for HCC. STUDY TYPE Systematic review and meta-analysis using individual participant data (IPD) [Study Protocol: https://osf.io/duys4]. POPULATION 2223 observations from 1817 patients (includes all LI-RADS categories; females = 448, males = 1361, not reported = 8) at elevated risk for developing HCC (based on LI-RADS population criteria) from 12 retrospective studies. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 1.5T and 3T; complete liver MRI with gadoxetate disodium, including axial T2w images and dynamic axial fat-suppressed T1w images precontrast and in the arterial, portal venous, transitional, and hepatobiliary phases. Diffusion-weighted imaging was used when available. ASSESSMENT Liver observations were categorized using v2018 and mLI-RADS. The diagnostic performance of each system's category 5 (LR-5 and mLR-5) for HCC were compared. STATISTICAL TESTS The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies version 2 (QUADAS-2 was applied to determine risk of bias and applicability. Diagnostic performances were assessed using the likelihood ratio test for sensitivity and specificity and the Wald test for PPV. The significance level was P < 0.05. RESULTS 17% (2/12) of the studies were considered low risk of bias (244 liver observations; 164 patients). When compared to v2018, mLR-5 demonstrated higher sensitivity (61.3% vs. 46.5%, P < 0.001), similar PPV (85.3% vs. 86.3%, P = 0.89), and similar specificity (85.8% vs. 90.8%, P = 0.16) for HCC. DATA CONCLUSION This study confirms mLR-5 has higher sensitivity than LR-5 for HCC identification, while maintaining similar PPV and specificity, validating the mLI-RADS proposal in a heterogeneous, international cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Goins
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christian B van der Pol
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Salameh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Lam
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert G Adamo
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology uOttawa, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreu F Costa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christopher Clarke
- Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sang Hyun Choi
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tyler J Fraum
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel R Ludwig
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ijin Joo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Kwon
- Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna Podgórska
- Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rosiak
- Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Goins SM, Jiang H, van der Pol CB, Salameh JP, Lam E, Adamo RG, McInnes MDF, Costa AF, Tang A, Alhasan AS, Allen BC, Reiner CS, Clarke C, Cerny M, Wang J, Choi SH, Fraum TJ, Ludwig DR, Song B, Joo I, Kang Z, Kierans AS, Kim SY, Kwon H, Ronot M, Podgórska J, Rosiak G, Song JS, Bashir MR. Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of LR-5 in LI-RADS Version 2018 versus Revised LI-RADS for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Diagnosis. Radiology 2023; 309:e231656. [PMID: 38112549 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.231656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Background A simplification of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) version 2018 (v2018), revised LI-RADS (rLI-RADS), has been proposed for imaging-based diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Single-site data suggest that rLI-RADS category 5 (rLR-5) improves sensitivity while maintaining positive predictive value (PPV) of the LI-RADS v2018 category 5 (LR-5), which indicates definite HCC. Purpose To compare the diagnostic performance of LI-RADS v2018 and rLI-RADS in a multicenter data set of patients at risk for HCC by performing an individual patient data meta-analysis. Materials and Methods Multiple databases were searched for studies published from January 2014 to January 2022 that evaluated the diagnostic performance of any version of LI-RADS at CT or MRI for diagnosing HCC. An individual patient data meta-analysis method was applied to observations from the identified studies. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies version 2 was applied to determine study risk of bias. Observations were categorized according to major features and either LI-RADS v2018 or rLI-RADS assignments. Diagnostic accuracies of category 5 for each system were calculated using generalized linear mixed models and compared using the likelihood ratio test for sensitivity and the Wald test for PPV. Results Twenty-four studies, including 3840 patients and 4727 observations, were analyzed. The median observation size was 19 mm (IQR, 11-30 mm). rLR-5 showed higher sensitivity compared with LR-5 (70.6% [95% CI: 60.7, 78.9] vs 61.3% [95% CI: 45.9, 74.7]; P < .001), with similar PPV (90.7% vs 92.3%; P = .55). In studies with low risk of bias (n = 4; 1031 observations), rLR-5 also achieved a higher sensitivity than LR-5 (72.3% [95% CI: 63.9, 80.1] vs 66.9% [95% CI: 58.2, 74.5]; P = .02), with similar PPV (83.1% vs 88.7%; P = .47). Conclusion rLR-5 achieved a higher sensitivity for identifying HCC than LR-5 while maintaining a comparable PPV at 90% or more, matching the results presented in the original rLI-RADS study. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Sirlin and Chernyak in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Goins
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Christian B van der Pol
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Jean-Paul Salameh
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Eric Lam
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Robert G Adamo
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Andreu F Costa
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - An Tang
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Ayman S Alhasan
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Brian C Allen
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Caecilia S Reiner
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Christopher Clarke
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Milena Cerny
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Jin Wang
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Sang Hyun Choi
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Tyler J Fraum
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Daniel R Ludwig
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Bin Song
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Ijin Joo
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Zhen Kang
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Andrea S Kierans
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - So Yeon Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Heejin Kwon
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Maxime Ronot
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Joanna Podgórska
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Rosiak
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Ji Soo Song
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J., B.S.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.P.S.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (E.L.); Faculty of Medicine at The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.G.A.); Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.T.); Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Medina, Saudi Arabia (A.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.C.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.C.); Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.C.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F., D.R.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea (I.J.); Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea (S.Y.K.); Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan, South Korea (H.K.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy and Université Paris Cité, CRI UMR 1149, Paris, France (M.R.); Second Radiology Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea (J.S.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC, 27710 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
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Jiang H, Yang C, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Chen W, Ronot M, Chernyak V, Fowler KJ, Bashir MR, Song B. Development of a Model including MRI Features for Predicting Advanced-stage Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Liver Resection. Radiology 2023; 309:e230527. [PMID: 37934100 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.230527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Identifying patients at high risk for advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after liver resection may improve patient survival. Purpose To develop a model including MRI features for predicting postoperative advanced-stage HCC recurrence. Materials and Methods This single-center, retrospective study includes consecutive adult patients who underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI and curative-intent resection for early- to intermediate-stage HCC (from December 2011 to April 2021). Three radiologists evaluated 52 qualitative features on MRI scans. In the training set, Fine-Gray proportional subdistribution hazard analysis was performed to identify clinical, laboratory, imaging, pathologic, and surgical variables to include in the predictive model. In the test set, the concordance index (C-index) was computed to compare the developed model with current staging systems. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared using the log-rank test. Results The study included 532 patients (median age, 54 years; IQR, 46-62 years; 465 male patients), 302 patients from the training set (median age, 54 years; IQR, 46-63 years; 265 male patients), and 128 patients from the test set (median age, 53 years; IQR, 46-63 years; 108 male patients). Advanced-stage recurrence was observed in 38 of 302 (12.6%) and 15 of 128 (11.7%) of patients from the training and test sets, respectively. Serum neutrophil count (109/L), tumor size (in centimeters), and arterial phase hyperenhancement proportion on MRI scans were associated with advanced-stage recurrence (subdistribution hazard ratio range, 1.16-3.83; 95% CI: 1.02, 7.52; P value range, <.001 to .02) and included in the predictive model. The model showed better test set prediction for advanced-stage recurrence than four staging systems (2-year C-indexes, 0.82 [95% CI: 0.74, 0.91] vs 0.63-0.68 [95% CI: 0.52, 0.82]; P value range, .001-.03). Patients at high risk for HCC recurrence (model score, ≥15 points) showed increased advanced-stage recurrence and worse all-stage recurrence-free survival (RFS), advanced-stage RFS, and overall survival than patients at low risk for HCC recurrence (P value range, <.001 to .02). Conclusion A model combining serum neutrophil count, tumor size, and arterial phase hyperenhancement proportion predicted advanced-stage HCC recurrence better than current staging systems and may identify patients at high risk. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Tsai and Mellnick in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Jiang
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Chongtu Yang
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Yidi Chen
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Yanshu Wang
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Yuanan Wu
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Weixia Chen
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Maxime Ronot
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Kathryn J Fowler
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Bin Song
- From the Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (H.J., C.Y., Y.C., Y. Wang, W.C., B.S.); JD.com, Beijing, China (Y. Wu); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
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12
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Harrison SA, Taub R, Neff GW, Lucas KJ, Labriola D, Moussa SE, Alkhouri N, Bashir MR. Resmetirom for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Nat Med 2023; 29:2919-2928. [PMID: 37845512 PMCID: PMC10667098 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver disease with no approved treatment. MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 was a 52-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial evaluating the safety of resmetirom in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and presumed NASH. Patients were randomized to three double-blind arms (100 mg resmetirom (n = 325), 80 mg resmetirom (n = 327) or placebo (n = 320)) or open-label 100 mg resmetirom (n = 171). The primary end point was incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) over 52 weeks and key secondary end points were LDL-C, apoB, triglycerides (over 24 weeks), hepatic fat (over 16 and 52 weeks) and liver stiffness (over 52 weeks). Resmetirom was safe and well tolerated. TEAEs occurred in 86.5% (open-label 100 mg resmetirom), 86.1% (100 mg resmetirom), 88.4% (80 mg resmetirom) and 81.8% (placebo) of patients. TEAEs in excess of placebo included diarrhea and nausea at the initiation of treatment. Key secondary end points included least square means difference from placebo at 80 mg, 100 mg resmetirom: LDL-C (-11.1%, -12.6%), apoB (-15.6%, -18.0%), triglycerides (-15.4%, -20.4%), 16-week hepatic fat (-34.9%, -38.6%), (P < 0.0001) and liver stiffness (-1.02, -1.70) and 52-week hepatic fat (-28.8, -33.9). These findings demonstrate resmetirom was safe and well tolerated in adults with presumed NASH, supporting a role for further clinical development. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04197479 ).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy W Neff
- Covenant Metabolic Specialists, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Sam E Moussa
- University of Arizona for Medical Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
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13
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Arif-Tiwari H, Porter KK, Kamel IR, Bashir MR, Fung A, Kaplan DE, McGuire BM, Russo GK, Smith EN, Solnes LB, Thakrar KH, Vij A, Wahab SA, Wardrop RM, Zaheer A, Carucci LR. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Abnormal Liver Function Tests. J Am Coll Radiol 2023; 20:S302-S314. [PMID: 38040457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Liver function tests are commonly obtained in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Various overlapping lab patterns can be seen due to derangement of hepatocytes and bile ducts function. Imaging tests are pursued to identify underlying etiology and guide management based on the lab results. Liver function tests may reveal mild, moderate, or severe hepatocellular predominance and can be seen in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease, acute hepatitis, and acute liver injury due to other causes. Cholestatic pattern with elevated alkaline phosphatase with or without elevated γ-glutamyl transpeptidase can be seen with various causes of obstructive biliopathy. Acute or subacute cholestasis with conjugated or unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can be seen due to prehepatic, intrahepatic, or posthepatic causes. We discuss the initial and complementary imaging modalities to be used in clinical scenarios presenting with abnormal liver function tests. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Arif-Tiwari
- University of Arizona, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona.
| | | | - Ihab R Kamel
- Panel Chair, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Alice Fung
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David E Kaplan
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
| | - Brendan M McGuire
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, Primary care physician
| | | | - Elainea N Smith
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lilja Bjork Solnes
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; Commission on Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
| | | | - Abhinav Vij
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Shaun A Wahab
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Richard M Wardrop
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; American College of Physicians, Hospital Medicine
| | | | - Laura R Carucci
- Specialty Chair, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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14
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Jiang H, Qin Y, Wei H, Zheng T, Yang T, Wu Y, Ding C, Chernyak V, Ronot M, Fowler KJ, Chen W, Bashir MR, Song B. Prognostic MRI features to predict postresection survivals for very early to intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol 2023:10.1007/s00330-023-10279-x. [PMID: 37870624 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-10279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contrast-enhanced MRI can provide individualized prognostic information for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to investigate the value of MRI features to predict early (≤ 2 years)/late (> 2 years) recurrence-free survival (E-RFS and L-RFS, respectively) and overall survival (OS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive adult patients at a tertiary academic center who received curative-intent liver resection for very early to intermediate stage HCC and underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI were retrospectively enrolled from March 2011 to April 2021. Three masked radiologists independently assessed 54 MRI features. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression analyses were conducted to investigate the associations of imaging features with E-RFS, L-RFS, and OS. RESULTS This study included 600 patients (median age, 53 years; 526 men). During a median follow-up of 55.3 months, 51% of patients experienced recurrence (early recurrence: 66%; late recurrence: 34%), and 17% died. Tumor size, multiple tumors, rim arterial phase hyperenhancement, iron sparing in solid mass, tumor growth pattern, and gastroesophageal varices were associated with E-RFS and OS (largest p = .02). Nonperipheral washout (p = .006), markedly low apparent diffusion coefficient value (p = .02), intratumoral arteries (p = .01), and width of the main portal vein (p = .03) were associated with E-RFS but not with L-RFS or OS, while the VICT2 trait was specifically associated with OS (p = .02). Multiple tumors (p = .048) and radiologically-evident cirrhosis (p < .001) were the only predictors for L-RFS. CONCLUSION Twelve visually-assessed MRI features predicted postoperative E-RFS (≤ 2 years), L-RFS (> 2 years), and OS for very early to intermediate-stage HCCs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT The prognostic MRI features may help inform personalized surgical planning, neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapies, and postoperative surveillance, thus may be included in future prognostic models. KEY POINTS • Tumor size, multiple tumors, rim arterial phase hyperenhancement, iron sparing, tumor growth pattern, and gastroesophageal varices predicted both recurrence-free survival within 2 years and overall survival. • Nonperipheral washout, markedly low apparent diffusion coefficient value, intratumoral arteries, and width of the main portal vein specifically predicted recurrence-free survival within 2 years, while the VICT2 trait specifically predicted overall survival. • Multiple tumors and radiologically-evident cirrhosis were the only predictors for recurrence-free survival beyond 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Qin
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianying Zheng
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanan Wu
- Department of Technology, JD.Com, Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Ding
- Department of Technology, ShuKun (BeiJing) Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Maxime Ronot
- Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
| | - Kathryn J Fowler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Weixia Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, 572000, Hainan, China.
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15
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van der Pol CB, Costa AF, Lam E, Dawit H, Bashir MR, McInnes MDF. Best Practice for MRI Diagnostic Accuracy Research With Lessons and Examples from the LI-RADS Individual Participant Data Group. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023. [PMID: 37818955 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical imaging diagnostic test accuracy research is strengthened by adhering to best practices for study design, data collection, data documentation, and study reporting. In this review, key elements of such research are discussed, and specific recommendations provided for optimizing diagnostic accuracy study execution to improve uniformity, minimize common sources of bias and avoid potential pitfalls. Examples are provided regarding study methodology and data collection practices based on insights gained by the liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) individual participant data group, who have evaluated raw data from numerous MRI diagnostic accuracy studies for risk of bias and data integrity. The goal of this review is to outline strategies for investigators to improve research practices, and to help reviewers and readers better contextualize a study's findings while understanding its limitations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B van der Pol
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreu F Costa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Eric Lam
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haben Dawit
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Rm c-159 Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Vidal AC, Chandramouli SA, Marchesoni J, Brown N, Liu Y, Murphy SK, Maguire R, Wang Y, Abdelmalek MF, Mavis AM, Bashir MR, Jima D, Skaar DA, Hoyo C, Moylan CA. AHRR Hypomethylation mediates the association between maternal smoking and metabolic profiles in children. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0243. [PMID: 37755881 PMCID: PMC10531191 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking during pregnancy is associated with metabolic dysfunction in children, but mechanistic insights remain limited. Hypomethylation of cg05575921 in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene is associated with in utero tobacco smoke exposure. In this study, we evaluated whether AHRR hypomethylation mediates the association between maternal smoking and metabolic dysfunction in children. METHODS We assessed metabolic dysfunction using liver fat content (LFC), serum, and clinical data in children aged 7-12 years (n=78) followed since birth. Maternal smoking was self-reported at 12 weeks gestation. Methylation was measured by means of pyrosequencing at 3 sequential CpG sites, including cg05575921, at birth and at ages 7-12. Regression models were used to evaluate whether AHRR methylation mediated the association between maternal smoking and child metabolic dysfunction. RESULTS Average AHRR methylation at birth was significantly higher among children of nonsmoking mothers compared with children of mothers who smoked (69.8% ± 4.4% vs. 63.5% ± 5.5, p=0.0006). AHRR hypomethylation at birth was associated with higher liver fat content (p=0.01), triglycerides (p=0.01), and alanine aminotransferase levels (p=0.03), and lower HDL cholesterol (p=0.01) in childhood. AHRR hypomethylation significantly mediated associations between maternal smoking and liver fat content (indirect effect=0.213, p=0.018), triglycerides (indirect effect=0.297, p=0.044), and HDL cholesterol (indirect effect = -0.413, p=0.007). AHRR methylation in childhood (n=78) was no longer significantly associated with prenatal smoke exposure or child metabolic parameters (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS AHRR hypomethylation significantly mediates the association between prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and features of childhood metabolic dysfunction, despite the lack of persistent hypomethylation of AHRR into childhood. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings and to explore their causal and long-term significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C. Vidal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Joddy Marchesoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nia Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yukun Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan K. Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Maguire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yaxu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manal F. Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alisha M. Mavis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mustafa R. Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dereje Jima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A. Skaar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Moylan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Fowler KJ, Bashir MR. The current status of imaging in liver fibrosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:628-629. [PMID: 37537333 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
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18
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Macdonald JA, Zhu Z, Konkel B, Mazurowski MA, Wiggins WF, Bashir MR. Duke Liver Dataset: A Publicly Available Liver MRI Dataset with Liver Segmentation Masks and Series Labels. Radiol Artif Intell 2023; 5:e220275. [PMID: 37795141 PMCID: PMC10546360 DOI: 10.1148/ryai.220275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The Duke Liver Dataset contains 2146 abdominal MRI series from 105 patients, including a majority with cirrhotic features, and 310 image series with corresponding manually segmented liver masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Macdonald
- From the Department of Radiology (J.A.M., Z.Z., B.K., M.A.M., W.F.W., M.R.B.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (M.A.M.), Department of Computer Science (M.A.M.), Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (M.R.B.), Duke University, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Zhe Zhu
- From the Department of Radiology (J.A.M., Z.Z., B.K., M.A.M., W.F.W., M.R.B.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (M.A.M.), Department of Computer Science (M.A.M.), Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (M.R.B.), Duke University, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Brandon Konkel
- From the Department of Radiology (J.A.M., Z.Z., B.K., M.A.M., W.F.W., M.R.B.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (M.A.M.), Department of Computer Science (M.A.M.), Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (M.R.B.), Duke University, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Maciej A. Mazurowski
- From the Department of Radiology (J.A.M., Z.Z., B.K., M.A.M., W.F.W., M.R.B.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (M.A.M.), Department of Computer Science (M.A.M.), Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (M.R.B.), Duke University, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Walter F. Wiggins
- From the Department of Radiology (J.A.M., Z.Z., B.K., M.A.M., W.F.W., M.R.B.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (M.A.M.), Department of Computer Science (M.A.M.), Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (M.R.B.), Duke University, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Mustafa R. Bashir
- From the Department of Radiology (J.A.M., Z.Z., B.K., M.A.M., W.F.W., M.R.B.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (M.A.M.), Department of Computer Science (M.A.M.), Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (M.R.B.), Duke University, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27710
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19
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Kadi D, Yamamoto MF, Lerner EC, Jiang H, Fowler KJ, Bashir MR. Imaging prognostication and tumor biology in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Liver Cancer 2023; 23:284-299. [PMID: 37710379 PMCID: PMC10565542 DOI: 10.17998/jlc.2023.08.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy, and represents a significant global health burden with rising incidence rates, despite a more thorough understanding of the etiology and biology of HCC, as well as advancements in diagnosis and treatment modalities. According to emerging evidence, imaging features related to tumor aggressiveness can offer relevant prognostic information, hence validation of imaging prognostic features may allow for better noninvasive outcomes prediction and inform the selection of tailored therapies, ultimately improving survival outcomes for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kadi
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marilyn F. Yamamoto
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emily C. Lerner
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kathryn J. Fowler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mustafa R. Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Bashir MR, Thomas KL. A New Generation of Gadolinium-based MRI Contrast Agents: Higher Relaxivity, Lower Dose. Radiology 2023; 308:e231454. [PMID: 37462492 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.231454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University, 2301 Erwin Rd, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27705 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (K.L.T.)
| | - Kerry L Thomas
- From the Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University, 2301 Erwin Rd, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27705 (M.R.B.); Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (K.L.T.)
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Hong CW, Chernyak V, Choi JY, Lee S, Potu C, Delgado T, Wolfson T, Gamst A, Birnbaum J, Kampalath R, Lall C, Lee JT, Owen JW, Aguirre DA, Mendiratta-Lala M, Davenport MS, Masch W, Roudenko A, Lewis SC, Kierans AS, Hecht EM, Bashir MR, Brancatelli G, Douek ML, Ohliger MA, Tang A, Cerny M, Fung A, Costa EA, Corwin MT, McGahan JP, Kalb B, Elsayes KM, Surabhi VR, Blair K, Marks RM, Horvat N, Best S, Ash R, Ganesan K, Kagay CR, Kambadakone A, Wang J, Cruite I, Bijan B, Goodwin M, Cunha GM, Tamayo-Murillo D, Fowler KJ, Sirlin CB. Erratum for: A Multicenter Assessment of Interreader Reliability of LI-RADS Version 2018 for MRI and CT. Radiology 2023; 308:e239018. [PMID: 37489994 PMCID: PMC10374935 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.239018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
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22
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Hong CW, Chernyak V, Choi JY, Lee S, Potu C, Delgado T, Wolfson T, Gamst A, Birnbaum J, Kampalath R, Lall C, Lee JT, Owen JW, Aguirre DA, Mendiratta-Lala M, Davenport MS, Masch W, Roudenko A, Lewis SC, Kierans AS, Hecht EM, Bashir MR, Brancatelli G, Douek ML, Ohliger MA, Tang A, Cerny M, Fung A, Costa EA, Corwin MT, McGahan JP, Kalb B, Elsayes KM, Surabhi VR, Blair K, Marks RM, Horvat N, Best S, Ash R, Ganesan K, Kagay CR, Kambadakone A, Wang J, Cruite I, Bijan B, Goodwin M, Moura Cunha G, Tamayo-Murillo D, Fowler KJ, Sirlin CB. A Multicenter Assessment of Interreader Reliability of LI-RADS Version 2018 for MRI and CT. Radiology 2023; 307:e222855. [PMID: 37367445 PMCID: PMC10315518 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.222855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Various limitations have impacted research evaluating reader agreement for Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS). Purpose To assess reader agreement of LI-RADS in an international multicenter multireader setting using scrollable images. Materials and Methods This retrospective study used deidentified clinical multiphase CT and MRI and reports with at least one untreated observation from six institutions and three countries; only qualifying examinations were submitted. Examination dates were October 2017 to August 2018 at the coordinating center. One untreated observation per examination was randomly selected using observation identifiers, and its clinically assigned features were extracted from the report. The corresponding LI-RADS version 2018 category was computed as a rescored clinical read. Each examination was randomly assigned to two of 43 research readers who independently scored the observation. Agreement for an ordinal modified four-category LI-RADS scale (LR-1, definitely benign; LR-2, probably benign; LR-3, intermediate probability of malignancy; LR-4, probably hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]; LR-5, definitely HCC; LR-M, probably malignant but not HCC specific; and LR-TIV, tumor in vein) was computed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Agreement was also computed for dichotomized malignancy (LR-4, LR-5, LR-M, and LR-TIV), LR-5, and LR-M. Agreement was compared between research-versus-research reads and research-versus-clinical reads. Results The study population consisted of 484 patients (mean age, 62 years ± 10 [SD]; 156 women; 93 CT examinations, 391 MRI examinations). ICCs for ordinal LI-RADS, dichotomized malignancy, LR-5, and LR-M were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.73), 0.63 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.70), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.66), and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.61) respectively. Research-versus-research reader agreement was higher than research-versus-clinical agreement for modified four-category LI-RADS (ICC, 0.68 vs 0.62, respectively; P = .03) and for dichotomized malignancy (ICC, 0.63 vs 0.53, respectively; P = .005), but not for LR-5 (P = .14) or LR-M (P = .94). Conclusion There was moderate agreement for LI-RADS version 2018 overall. For some comparisons, research-versus-research reader agreement was higher than research-versus-clinical reader agreement, indicating differences between the clinical and research environments that warrant further study. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorials by Johnson and Galgano and Smith in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng William Hong
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Sonia Lee
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Chetan Potu
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Timoteo Delgado
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Tanya Wolfson
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Anthony Gamst
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Jason Birnbaum
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Rony Kampalath
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Chandana Lall
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - James T Lee
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Joseph W Owen
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Diego A Aguirre
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Mishal Mendiratta-Lala
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Matthew S Davenport
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - William Masch
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Alexandra Roudenko
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Sara C Lewis
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Andrea Siobhan Kierans
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Elizabeth M Hecht
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Brancatelli
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Michael L Douek
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - An Tang
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Milena Cerny
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Alice Fung
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Eduardo A Costa
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Michael T Corwin
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - John P McGahan
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Bobby Kalb
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Venkateswar R Surabhi
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Katherine Blair
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Robert M Marks
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Natally Horvat
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Shaun Best
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Ryan Ash
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Karthik Ganesan
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Christopher R Kagay
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Avinash Kambadakone
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Jin Wang
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Irene Cruite
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Bijan Bijan
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Mark Goodwin
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Guilherme Moura Cunha
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Dorathy Tamayo-Murillo
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Kathryn J Fowler
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S255, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.W.H., M.A.O.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.W.H., C.P., T.D., D.T.M., K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (V.C., N.H.); Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.Y.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, Calif (S.L., R.K.); Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (T.W., A.G.); Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY (J.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Fla (C.L.); Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (J.T.L., J.W.O.); Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (D.A.A.); Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich (M.M.L., M.S.D., W.M.); Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pa (A.R.); Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (A.S.K., E.M.H.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.R.B.); Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (G.B.); Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.D.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T., M.C.); Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (A.F.); CEDRUL-Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem, João Pessoa, Brazil (E.A.C.); Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Calif (M.T.C., J.P.M.); Radiology Limited, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E., V.R.S., K.B.); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); University of São Paulo/Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil (N.H.); Department of Radiology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kan (S.B., R.A.); Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India (K.G.); Department of Radiology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (C.R.K.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.K.); The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Inland Imaging, Spokane, Wash (I.C.); Sutter Medical Group, Sacramento, Calif (B.B.); Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia (M.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (G.M.C.)
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23
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Goins SM, Adamo RG, Lam E, Costa AF, van der Pol CB, Salameh JP, Dawit H, McInnes MDF, Bashir MR. Conversion Strategy for LI-RADS Category 5 Observations across Versions 2014, 2017, and 2018. Radiology 2023; 307:e222971. [PMID: 37129488 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.222971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Goins
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.G.A.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada (E.L., M.D.F.M.); Clinical Epidemiology Program (H.D.), and University of Ottawa Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology (M.D.F.M.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27701 (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Robert G Adamo
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.G.A.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada (E.L., M.D.F.M.); Clinical Epidemiology Program (H.D.), and University of Ottawa Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology (M.D.F.M.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27701 (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Eric Lam
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.G.A.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada (E.L., M.D.F.M.); Clinical Epidemiology Program (H.D.), and University of Ottawa Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology (M.D.F.M.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27701 (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Andreu F Costa
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.G.A.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada (E.L., M.D.F.M.); Clinical Epidemiology Program (H.D.), and University of Ottawa Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology (M.D.F.M.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27701 (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Christian B van der Pol
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.G.A.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada (E.L., M.D.F.M.); Clinical Epidemiology Program (H.D.), and University of Ottawa Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology (M.D.F.M.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27701 (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Jean-Paul Salameh
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.G.A.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada (E.L., M.D.F.M.); Clinical Epidemiology Program (H.D.), and University of Ottawa Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology (M.D.F.M.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27701 (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Haben Dawit
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.G.A.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada (E.L., M.D.F.M.); Clinical Epidemiology Program (H.D.), and University of Ottawa Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology (M.D.F.M.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27701 (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.G.A.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada (E.L., M.D.F.M.); Clinical Epidemiology Program (H.D.), and University of Ottawa Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology (M.D.F.M.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27701 (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (S.M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.G.A.); The Ottawa Hospital Research Insitute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada (E.L., M.D.F.M.); Clinical Epidemiology Program (H.D.), and University of Ottawa Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology (M.D.F.M.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (A.F.C.); Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27701 (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
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24
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Russo GK, Zaheer A, Kamel IR, Porter KK, Archer-Arroyo K, Bashir MR, Cash BD, Fung A, McCrary M, McGuire BM, Shih RD, Stowers J, Thakrar KH, Vij A, Wahab SA, Zukotynski K, Carucci LR. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Right Upper Quadrant Pain: 2022 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2023; 20:S211-S223. [PMID: 37236744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute right upper quadrant pain is one of the most common presenting symptoms in hospital emergency departments, as well as outpatient settings. Although gallstone-related acute cholecystitis is a leading consideration in diagnosis, a myriad of extrabiliary sources including hepatic, pancreatic, gastroduodenal, and musculoskeletal should also be considered. This document focuses on the diagnostic accuracy of imaging studies performed specifically to evaluate acute right upper quadrant pain, with biliary etiologies including acute cholecystitis and its complications being the most common. An additional consideration of extrabiliary sources such as acute pancreatitis, peptic ulcer disease, ascending cholangitis, liver abscess, hepatitis, and painful liver neoplasms remain a diagnostic consideration in the right clinical setting. The use of radiographs, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, CT, and MRI for these indications are discussed. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ihab R Kamel
- Panel Chair, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristin K Porter
- Panel Vice-Chair, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama; Council Steering Committee, ACR
| | | | | | - Brooks D Cash
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston and McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas; American Gastroenterological Association
| | - Alice Fung
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Liver Reporting & Data System Technique Working Group
| | - Marion McCrary
- Duke Signature Care, Durham, North Carolina; American College of Physicians
| | - Brendan M McGuire
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Primary care physician
| | - Richard D Shih
- Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida; American College of Emergency Physicians
| | - John Stowers
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; American College of Surgeons
| | | | - Abhinav Vij
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Shaun A Wahab
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Katherine Zukotynski
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Commission on Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
| | - Laura R Carucci
- Specialty Chair, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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25
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Fowler KJ, Chernyak V, Ronot M, Vilgrain V, Kitao A, Lee JM, Motosugi U, Song B, Jiang H, Sirlin CB, Bashir MR. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: It Is Time to Focus on Prognosis. Radiology 2023; 307:e220884. [PMID: 37014249 PMCID: PMC10140632 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.220884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Fowler
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Maxime Ronot
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Valerie Vilgrain
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Azusa Kitao
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Utaroh Motosugi
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Bin Song
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Claude B. Sirlin
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Mustafa R. Bashir
- From the Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego,
6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of
Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.R., V.V.);
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
(M.R., V.V.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of
Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan (A.K.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National
University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology,
Kofu Kyoritsu Hospital, Kofu, Japan (U.M.); Department of Radiology, West China
Hospital, Chengdu, China (B.S., H.J.); and Department of Radiology, Duke
University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.)
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van der Pol CB, McInnes MDF, Salameh JP, Levis B, Chernyak V, Sirlin CB, Bashir MR, Allen BC, Burke LMB, Choi JY, Choi SH, Forner A, Fraum TJ, Giamperoli A, Jiang H, Joo I, Kang Z, Kierans AS, Kang HJ, Khatri G, Kim JH, Kim MJ, Kim SY, Kim YY, Kwon H, Lee JM, Lewis SC, McGinty KA, Mulazzani L, Park MS, Piscaglia F, Podgórska J, Reiner CS, Ronot M, Rosiak G, Song B, Song JS, Tang A, Terzi E, Wang J, Wang W, Wilson SR, Yokoo T. CT/MRI and CEUS LI-RADS Major Features Association with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis. Radiology 2023; 307:e239005. [PMID: 36972185 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.239005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Nedrud MA, Chaudhry M, Middleton MS, Moylan CA, Lerebours R, Luo S, Farjat A, Guy C, Loomba R, Abdelmalek MF, Sirlin CB, Bashir MR. MRI Quantification of Placebo Effect in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Trials. Radiology 2023; 306:e220743. [PMID: 36318027 PMCID: PMC9968769 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.220743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Several early-phase clinical trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) use liver fat content as measured with the MRI-derived proton density fat fraction (PDFF) for a primary outcome. These trials have shown relative reductions in liver fat content with placebo treatment alone, a phenomenon termed "the placebo effect." This phenomenon confounds the results and limits generalizability to future trials. Purpose To quantify the effect of placebo treatment on change in the absolute PDFF value and to identify variables associated with this observed change. Materials and Methods This is a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from seven early phase clinical trials that included participants with a diagnosis of NASH based on MRI and/or liver biopsy who received placebo treatment. The primary outcome was a greater than or equal to 30% relative reduction in PDFF after placebo treatment. Normalization of PDFF, relative change in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, and normalization of ALT level were also examined. An exploratory linear mixed-effects model was used to estimate an overall change in absolute PDFF and to explore parameters associated with this response. Results A total of 187 participants (median age, 52 years [IQR, 43-60 years]; 114 women) who received placebo treatment were evaluated. A greater than or equal to 30% relative reduction in baseline PDFF was seen in 20% of participants after 12 weeks of placebo treatment (10 of 49), 9% of participants after 16 weeks (two of 22), and 28% of participants after 24 weeks (34 of 122). A repeated-measures linear mixed-effects model estimated a decrease of 2.3 units (median relative reduction of 13%) in absolute PDFF values after 24 weeks of placebo treatment (95% CI: 3.2, 1.4; P < .001). Conclusion In this analysis of 187 participants, a clinically relevant decrease in PDFF was observed with placebo treatment. Based on the study model, assuming an absolute PDFF decrease of approximately 3 units (upper limit of 95% CI) to account for this "placebo effect" in sample size calculations for future clinical trials is suggested. Clinical trial registration nos. NCT01066364, NCT01766713, NCT01963845, NCT02443116, NCT02546609, NCT02316717, and NCT02442687 © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Yoon in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael S. Middleton
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
| | - Cynthia A. Moylan
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
| | - Reginald Lerebours
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
| | - Sheng Luo
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
| | - Alfredo Farjat
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
| | - Cynthia Guy
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
| | - Rohit Loomba
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
| | - Manal F. Abdelmalek
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
| | - Claude B. Sirlin
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
| | - Mustafa R. Bashir
- From the Department of Radiology (M.A.N., M.R.B.), Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (C.A.M., M.R.B.), Department of
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (R. Lerebours, S.L., A.F.), Department of
Pathology (C.G.), and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development
(M.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808,
Durham, NC 27710; Rutgers University Hospital, School of Medicine, Newark, NJ
(M.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology (M.S.M., C.B.S.), and
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (R. Loomba), University of
California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif; Department of
Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.A.M.); and
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
(M.F.A.)
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Konkel B, Macdonald J, Lafata K, Zaki IH, Bozdogan E, Chaudhry M, Wang Y, Janas G, Wiggins WF, Bashir MR. Systematic Analysis of Common Factors Impacting Deep Learning Model Generalizability in Liver Segmentation. Radiol Artif Intell 2023. [DOI: 10.1148/ryai.220080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Jiang H, Wei H, Yang T, Qin Y, Wu Y, Chen W, Shi Y, Ronot M, Bashir MR, Song B. VICT2 Trait: Prognostic Alternative to Peritumoral Hepatobiliary Phase Hypointensity in HCC. Radiology 2023; 307:e221835. [PMID: 36786702 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.221835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Peritumoral hepatobiliary phase (HBP) hypointensity is an established prognostic imaging feature in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), often associated with microvascular invasion (MVI). Similar prognostic features are needed for non-HBP MRI. Purpose To propose a non-hepatobiliary-specific MRI tool with similar prognostic value to peritumoral HBP hypointensity. Materials and Methods From December 2011 to November 2021, consecutive patients with HCC who underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI were retrospectively enrolled and followed up until recurrence. All MRI scans were reviewed by two blinded radiologists with 7 and 10 years of experiences with liver MRI. A scoring system based on non-hepatobiliary-specific features that highly correlated with peritumoral HBP hypointensity was identified in a stratified sampling-derived training set of the gadoxetate disodium (EOB) group by means of multivariable logistic regression, and its values to predict MVI and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were assessed. Results There were 660 patients (551 men; median age, 53 years; IQR, 45-61 years) enrolled. Peritumoral portal venous phase hypoenhancement (odds ratio [OR] = 8.8), incomplete "capsule" (OR = 3.3), corona enhancement (OR, 2.6), and peritumoral mild-moderate T2 hyperintensity (OR, 2.2) (all P < .001) were associated with peritumoral HBP hypointensity and constituted the "VICT2 trait" (test set area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.90). For the EOB group, both peritumoral HBP hypointensity (OR for MVI = 2.5, P = .02; hazard ratio for RFS = 2.5, P < .001) and the VICT2 trait (OR for MVI = 5.1, P < .001; hazard ratio for RFS = 2.3, P < .001) were associated with MVI and RFS, despite a higher specificity of the VICT2 trait for MVI (89% vs 80%, P = .01). These values of the VICT2 trait were confirmed in the extracellular contrast agent group (OR for MVI = 4.0; hazard ratio for RFS = 1.7; both P < .001). Conclusion Based on four non-hepatobiliary-specific MRI features, the VICT2 trait was comparable to peritumoral hepatobiliary phase hypointensity in predicting microvascular invasion and postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Harmath in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Jiang
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Hong Wei
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Ting Yang
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Yun Qin
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Yuanan Wu
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Weixia Chen
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Yujun Shi
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Maxime Ronot
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
| | - Bin Song
- From the Department of Radiology (H.J., H.W., T.Y., Y.Q., W.C., B.S.) and Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC (Y.S.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China; Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China (Y.W.); Université Paris Cité, UMR 1149, CRI, Paris & Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya, China (B.S.)
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Shen W, Middleton MS, Cunha GM, Delgado TI, Wolfson T, Gamst A, Fowler KJ, Alazraki A, Trout AT, Ohliger MA, Shah SN, Bashir MR, Kleiner DE, Loomba R, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Sanyal AJ, Zhou J, Sirlin CB, Lavine JE. Changes in abdominal adipose tissue depots assessed by MRI correlate with hepatic histologic improvement in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2023; 78:238-246. [PMID: 36368598 PMCID: PMC9852022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is prevalent in adults with obesity and can progress to cirrhosis. In a secondary analysis of prospectively acquired data from the multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled FLINT trial, we investigated the relationship between reduction in adipose tissue compartment volumes and hepatic histologic improvement. METHODS Adult participants in the FLINT trial with paired liver biopsies and abdominal MRI exams at baseline and end-of-treatment (72 weeks) were included (n = 76). Adipose tissue compartment volumes were obtained using MRI. RESULTS Treatment and placebo groups did not differ in baseline adipose tissue volumes, or in change in adipose tissue volumes longitudinally (p = 0.107 to 0.745). Deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (dSAT) and visceral adipose tissue volume reductions were associated with histologic improvement in NASH (i.e., NAS [non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score] reductions of ≥2 points, at least 1 point from lobular inflammation and hepatocellular ballooning, and no worsening of fibrosis) (p = 0.031, and 0.030, respectively). In a stepwise logistic regression procedure, which included demographics, treatment group, baseline histology, baseline and changes in adipose tissue volumes, MRI hepatic proton density fat fraction (PDFF), and serum aminotransferases as potential predictors, reductions in dSAT and PDFF were associated with histologic improvement in NASH (regression coefficient = -2.001 and -0.083, p = 0.044 and 0.033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In adults with NASH in the FLINT trial, those with greater longitudinal reductions in dSAT and potentially visceral adipose tissue volumes showed greater hepatic histologic improvements, independent of reductions in hepatic PDFF. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT01265498. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Although central obesity has been identified as a risk factor for obesity-related disorders including insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, the role of central obesity in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) warrants further clarification. Our results highlight that a reduction in central obesity, specifically deep subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue, may be related to histologic improvement in NASH. The findings from this analysis should increase awareness of the importance of lifestyle intervention in NASH for clinical researchers and clinicians. Future studies and clinical practice may design interventions that assess the reduction of deep subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue as outcome measures, rather than simply weight reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA;; Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center; NY, USA;; Columbia Magnetic Resonance Research Center (CMRRC), Columbia University, USA.
| | - Michael S Middleton
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Timoteo I Delgado
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tanya Wolfson
- Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory (CASL), San Diego Supercomputer Center at UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Gamst
- Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory (CASL), San Diego Supercomputer Center at UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA;; Department of Mathematics, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn J Fowler
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adina Alazraki
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew T Trout
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shetal N Shah
- Section of Abdominal Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Department, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA;; Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, (CAMRD), Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA;; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jane Zhou
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joel E Lavine
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA;; Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center; NY, USA
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Fowler KJ, Bashir MR, Fetzer DT, Kitao A, Lee JM, Jiang H, Kielar AZ, Ronot M, Kamaya A, Marks RM, Elsayes KM, Tang A, Sirlin CB, Chernyak V. Universal Liver Imaging Lexicon: Imaging Atlas for Research and Clinical Practice. Radiographics 2023; 43:e239001. [PMID: 36701248 DOI: 10.1148/rg.239001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Swaminathan AC, McConnell A, Peskoe S, Bashir MR, Buckley EB, Frankel C, Turner D, Smith P, Zaffiri L, Singer LG, Snyder LD. Evaluation of Frailty Measures and Short-term Outcomes After Lung Transplantation. Chest 2023:S0012-3692(23)00121-6. [PMID: 36681147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty, measured as a single construct, is associated variably with poor outcomes before and after lung transplantation. The usefulness of a comprehensive frailty assessment before transplantation is unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION How are multiple frailty constructs, including phenotypic and cumulative deficit models, muscle mass, exercise tolerance, and social vulnerabilities, measured before transplantation, associated with short-term outcomes after lung transplantation? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 515 lung recipients who underwent frailty assessments before transplantation, including the short physical performance battery (SPPB), transplant-specific frailty index (FI), 6-min walk distance (6MWD), thoracic sarcopenia, and social vulnerability indexes. We tested the association between frailty measures before transplantation and outcomes after transplantation using logistic regression to model 1-year survival and zero-inflated negative binomial regression to model hospital-free days (HFDs) in the first 90 days after transplantation. Adjustment covariates included age, sex, native lung disease, transplantation type, lung allocation score, BMI, and primary graft dysfunction. RESULTS Before transplantation, 51.3% of patients were frail by FI (FI ≥ 0.25) and no patients were frail by SPPB. In multivariate adjusted models that also included FI, SPPB, and 6MWD, greater frailty by FI, but not SPPB, was associated with fewer HFDs (-0.006 per 0.01 unit worsening; 95% CI, -0.01 to -0.002 per 0.01 unit worsening) among discharged patients. Greater SPPB deficits were associated with decreased odds of 1-year survival (OR, 0.51 per 1 unit worsening; 95% CI, 0.28-0.93 per 1 unit worsening). Correlation among frailty measurements overall was poor. No association was found between thoracic sarcopenia, 6MWD, or social vulnerability assessments and short-term outcomes after lung transplantation. INTERPRETATION Both phenotypic and cumulative deficit models measured before transplantation are associated with short-term outcomes after lung transplantation. Cumulative deficit measures of frailty may be more relevant in the first 90 days after transplantation, whereas phenotypic frailty may have a stronger association with 1-year survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna C Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada.
| | - Alec McConnell
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada
| | - Sarah Peskoe
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada
| | - Erika Bush Buckley
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada
| | - Courtney Frankel
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada
| | - Daniel Turner
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada
| | - Patrick Smith
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Zaffiri
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada
| | - Lianne G Singer
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie D Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Canada
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Kelleher CB, Macdonald J, Jaffe TA, Allen BC, Kalisz KR, Kauffman TH, Smith JD, Maurer KR, Thomas SP, Coleman AD, Zaki IH, Kannengiesser S, Lafata K, Gupta RT, Bashir MR. A Faster Prostate MRI: Comparing a Novel Denoised, Single-Average T 2 Sequence to the Conventional Multiaverage T 2 Sequence Regarding Lesion Detection and PI-RADS Score Assessment. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023. [PMID: 36607254 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The T2 w sequence is a standard component of a prostate MRI examination; however, it is time-consuming, requiring multiple signal averages to achieve acceptable image quality. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS To determine whether a denoised, single-average T2 sequence (T2 -R) is noninferior to the standard multiaverage T2 sequence (T2 -S) in terms of lesion detection and PI-RADS score assessment. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. POPULATION A total of 45 males (age range 60-75 years) who underwent clinically indicated prostate MRI examinations, 21 of whom had pathologically proven prostate cancer. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 3 T; T2 w FSE, DWI with ADC maps, and dynamic contrast-enhanced images with color-coded perfusion maps. T2 -R images were created from the raw data utilizing a single "average" with iterative denoising. ASSESSMENT Nine readers randomly assessed complete exams including T2 -R and T2 -S images in separate sessions. PI-RADS version 2.1 was used. All readers then compared the T2 -R and T2 -S images side by side to evaluate subjective preference. An additional detailed image quality assessment was performed by three senior level readers. STATISTICAL TESTS Generalized linear mixed effects models for differences in lesion detection, image quality features, and overall preference between T2 -R and T2 -S sequences. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to assess reader agreement for all comparisons. A significance threshold of P = 0.05 was used for all statistical tests. RESULTS There was no significant difference between sequences regarding identification of lesions with PI-RADS ≥3 (P = 0.10) or PI-RADS score (P = 0.77). Reader agreement was excellent for lesion identification (ICC = 0.84). There was no significant overall preference between the two sequences regarding image quality (P = 0.07, 95% CI: [-0.23, 0.01]). Reader agreement was good regarding sequence preference (ICC = 0.62). DATA CONCLUSION Use of single-average, denoised T2 -weighted images was noninferior in prostate lesion detection or PI-RADS scoring when compared to standard multiaverage T2 -weighted images. EVIDENCE LEVEL 3. TECHNICAL EFFICACY Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracy A Jaffe
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian C Allen
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin R Kalisz
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jordan D Smith
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sarah P Thomas
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Islam H Zaki
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kyle Lafata
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rajan T Gupta
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Kierans AS, Lafata KJ, Ludwig DR, Burke LMB, Chernyak V, Fowler KJ, Fraum TJ, McGinty KA, McInnes MDF, Mendiratta-Lala M, Cunha GM, Allen BC, Hecht EM, Jaffe TA, Kalisz KR, Ranathunga DS, Wildman-Tobriner B, Cardona DM, Aslam A, Gaur S, Bashir MR. Comparing Survival Outcomes of Patients With LI-RADS-M Hepatocellular Carcinomas and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 57:308-317. [PMID: 35512243 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a sparsity of data evaluating outcomes of patients with Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) (LR)-M lesions. PURPOSE To compare overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) meeting LR-M criteria and to evaluate factors associated with prognosis. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. SUBJECTS Patients at risk for HCC with at least one LR-M lesion with histologic diagnosis, from 8 academic centers, yielding 120 patients with 120 LR-M lesions (84 men [mean age 62 years] and 36 women [mean age 66 years]). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 1.5 and 3.0 T/3D T1 -weighted gradient echo, T2 -weighted fast spin-echo. ASSESSMENT The imaging categorization of each lesion as LR-M was made clinically by a single radiologist at each site and patient outcome measures were collected. STATISTICAL TESTS OS, PFS, and potential independent predictors were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard model. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 120 patients with 120 LR-M lesions were included; on histology 65 were HCC and 55 were iCCA. There was similar median OS for patients with LR-M HCC compared to patients with iCCA (738 days vs. 769 days, P = 0.576). There were no significant differences between patients with HCC and iCCA in terms of sex (47:18 vs. 37:18, P = 0.549), age (63.0 ± 8.4 vs. 63.4 ± 7.8, P = 0.847), etiology of liver disease (P = 0.202), presence of cirrhosis (100% vs. 100%, P = 1.000), tumor size (4.73 ± 3.28 vs. 4.75 ± 2.58, P = 0.980), method of lesion histologic diagnosis (P = 0.646), and proportion of patients who underwent locoregional therapy (60.0% vs. 38.2%, P = 0.100) or surgery (134.8 ± 165.5 vs. 142.5 ± 205.6, P = 0.913). Using multivariable analysis, nonsurgical compared to surgical management (HR, 4.58), larger tumor size (HR, 1.19), and higher MELD score (HR, 1.12) were independently associated with worse OS. DATA CONCLUSION There was similar OS in patients with LR-M HCC and LR-M iCCA, suggesting that LR-M imaging features may more closely reflect patient outcomes than histology. EVIDENCE LEVEL 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Kierans
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle J Lafata
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Ludwig
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren M B Burke
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn J Fowler
- Department of Radiology, University California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tyler J Fraum
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katrina A McGinty
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- Department of Radiology, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Brian C Allen
- Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Hecht
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tracy A Jaffe
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin R Kalisz
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anum Aslam
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sonia Gaur
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Fowler KJ, Bashir MR, Fetzer DT, Kitao A, Lee JM, Jiang H, Kielar AZ, Ronot M, Kamaya A, Marks RM, Elsayes KM, Tang A, Sirlin CB, Chernyak V. Universal Liver Imaging Lexicon: Imaging Atlas for Research and Clinical Practice. Radiographics 2023; 43:e220066. [PMID: 36427260 DOI: 10.1148/rg.220066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of standardized terms in assessing and reporting disease processes has well-established benefits, such as clear communication between radiologists and other health care providers, improved diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility, and the enhancement and facilitation of research. Recently, the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) Steering Committee released a universal liver imaging lexicon. The current version of the lexicon includes 81 vetted and precisely defined terms that are relevant to acquisition of images using all major liver imaging modalities and contrast agents, as well as lesion- and organ-level features. Most terms in the lexicon are applicable to all patients undergoing imaging of the liver, and only a minority of the terms are strictly intended to be used for patients with high risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. This pictorial atlas familiarizes readers with the liver imaging lexicon and includes discussion of general concepts, providing sample definitions, schematics, and clinical examples for a subset of the terms in the liver imaging lexicon. The authors discuss general, technical, and imaging feature terms used commonly in liver imaging, with the goal of illustrating their use for clinical and research applications. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Fowler
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - David T Fetzer
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Azusa Kitao
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Ania Z Kielar
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Maxime Ronot
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Aya Kamaya
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Robert M Marks
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - An Tang
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- From the Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif (K.J.F., C.B.S.); Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (D.T.F.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (A.Kitao); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.L.); Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.K.); Department of Radiology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France, and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (A.Kamaya); Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, Calif (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (R.M.M.); Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (K.M.E.); Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (V.C.)
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Wang Y, Li X, Konanur M, Konkel B, Seyferth E, Brajer N, Liu JG, Bashir MR, Lafata KJ. Towards optimal deep fusion of imaging and clinical data via a model-based description of fusion quality. Med Phys 2022. [PMID: 36548913 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to intrinsic differences in data formatting, data structure, and underlying semantic information, the integration of imaging data with clinical data can be non-trivial. Optimal integration requires robust data fusion, that is, the process of integrating multiple data sources to produce more useful information than captured by individual data sources. Here, we introduce the concept of fusion quality for deep learning problems involving imaging and clinical data. We first provide a general theoretical framework and numerical validation of our technique. To demonstrate real-world applicability, we then apply our technique to optimize the fusion of CT imaging and hepatic blood markers to estimate portal venous hypertension, which is linked to prognosis in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. PURPOSE To develop a measurement method of optimal data fusion quality deep learning problems utilizing both imaging data and clinical data. METHODS Our approach is based on modeling the fully connected layer (FCL) of a convolutional neural network (CNN) as a potential function, whose distribution takes the form of the classical Gibbs measure. The features of the FCL are then modeled as random variables governed by state functions, which are interpreted as the different data sources to be fused. The probability density of each source, relative to the probability density of the FCL, represents a quantitative measure of source-bias. To minimize this source-bias and optimize CNN performance, we implement a vector-growing encoding scheme called positional encoding, where low-dimensional clinical data are transcribed into a rich feature space that complements high-dimensional imaging features. We first provide a numerical validation of our approach based on simulated Gaussian processes. We then applied our approach to patient data, where we optimized the fusion of CT images with blood markers to predict portal venous hypertension in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. This patient study was based on a modified ResNet-152 model that incorporates both images and blood markers as input. These two data sources were processed in parallel, fused into a single FCL, and optimized based on our fusion quality framework. RESULTS Numerical validation of our approach confirmed that the probability density function of a fused feature space converges to a source-specific probability density function when source data are improperly fused. Our numerical results demonstrate that this phenomenon can be quantified as a measure of fusion quality. On patient data, the fused model consisting of both imaging data and positionally encoded blood markers at the theoretically optimal fusion quality metric achieved an AUC of 0.74 and an accuracy of 0.71. This model was statistically better than the imaging-only model (AUC = 0.60; accuracy = 0.62), the blood marker-only model (AUC = 0.58; accuracy = 0.60), and a variety of purposely sub-optimized fusion models (AUC = 0.61-0.70; accuracy = 0.58-0.69). CONCLUSIONS We introduced the concept of data fusion quality for multi-source deep learning problems involving both imaging and clinical data. We provided a theoretical framework, numerical validation, and real-world application in abdominal radiology. Our data suggests that CT imaging and hepatic blood markers provide complementary diagnostic information when appropriately fused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meghana Konanur
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brandon Konkel
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Nathan Brajer
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian-Guo Liu
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle J Lafata
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Thomas SP, Fraum TJ, Ngo L, Harris R, Balesh E, Bashir MR, Wildman-Tobriner B. Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Peer Review: Missed Liver Lesions on Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography. J Am Coll Radiol 2022; 19:1286-1294. [PMID: 36126827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To utilize artificial intelligence to facilitate peer review for detection of missed suspicious liver lesions (SLLs) on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA). METHODS This retrospective study included one month of consecutive CTPAs from a multisite teleradiology practice. Visual classification (VC) software analyzed images for the presence (+) or absence (-) of SLLs (>1 cm, >20 HU). Separately, a natural language processing (NLP) algorithm evaluated corresponding reports for description (+) of an SLL (or lack thereof [-]). Studies containing possible missed SLL (VC+/NLP-) were reviewed by three abdominal radiologists in a two-step adjudication process to confirm if an SLL was missed by the interpreting radiologist. The number of VC+/NLP- cases, number of images needing radiologist review, and number of cases with confirmed missed SLL were recorded. Interobserver agreement for SLLs was calculated for the radiologist readers. RESULTS 2,573 CTPAs were assessed, and 136 were classified as potentially containing missed SLLs (VC+/NLP-). After radiologist review, 13 cases with missed SLL were confirmed, representing 0.5% of analyzed CTs. Using AI, the ratio of CTs requiring review to missed SLL identified was 10:1; the ratio without the help of AI would be at least 66:1. Among the 136 cases reviewed by radiologists, interobserver agreement for SLLs was excellent (κ =0.91). CONCLUSION Artificial intelligence can accelerate meaningful peer review by rapidly assessing thousands of examinations to identify potentially clinically significant errors. Although radiologist involvement is necessary, the amount of effort required after initial AI screening is dramatically reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Thomas
- Abdominal Imaging Fellow, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - Tyler J Fraum
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lawrence Ngo
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Elie Balesh
- Medical Director, Ferrum Health, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Associate Vice Chair for Research, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner
- Director, Abdominal Imaging Fellowship Program, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Zulfiqar M, Chatterjee D, Yoneda N, Hoegger MJ, Ronot M, Hecht EM, Bastati N, Ba-Ssalamah A, Bashir MR, Fowler K. Imaging Features of Premalignant Biliary Lesions and Predisposing Conditions with Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics 2022; 42:1320-1337. [PMID: 35930475 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biliary malignancies include those arising from the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts as well as the gallbladder and hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater. The majority of intrahepatic and extrahepatic malignancies are cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs). They arise owing to a complex interplay between the patient-specific genetic background and multiple risk factors and may occur in the liver (intrahepatic CCA), hilum (perihilar CCA), or extrahepatic bile ducts (distal CCA). Biliary-type adenocarcinoma constitutes the most common histologic type of ampullary and gallbladder malignancies. Its prognosis is poor and surgical resection is considered curative, so early detection is key, with multimodality imaging playing a central role in making the diagnosis. There are several risk factors for biliary malignancy as well as predisposing conditions that increase the risk; this review highlights the pertinent imaging features of these entities with histopathologic correlation. The predisposing factors are broken down into three major categories: (a) congenital malformations such as choledochal cyst and pancreaticobiliary maljunction; (b) infectious or inflammatory conditions such as parasitic infections, hepatolithiasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and porcelain gallbladder; and (c) preinvasive epithelial neoplasms such as biliary intraepithelial neoplasm, intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct, intra-ampullary papillary tubular neoplasm, and intracholecystic papillary neoplasm of the gallbladder. Recognizing the baseline features of these premalignant biliary entities and changes in their appearance over time that indicate the advent of malignancy in high-risk patients can lead to early diagnosis and potentially curative management. An invited commentary by Volpacchio is available online. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zulfiqar
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Norihide Yoneda
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Mark J Hoegger
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Maxime Ronot
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Elizabeth M Hecht
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Nina Bastati
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Ahmed Ba-Ssalamah
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Kathryn Fowler
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
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Lafata KJ, Wang Y, Konkel B, Yin FF, Bashir MR. Radiomics: a primer on high-throughput image phenotyping. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:2986-3002. [PMID: 34435228 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiomics is a high-throughput approach to image phenotyping. It uses computer algorithms to extract and analyze a large number of quantitative features from radiological images. These radiomic features collectively describe unique patterns that can serve as digital fingerprints of disease. They may also capture imaging characteristics that are difficult or impossible to characterize by the human eye. The rapid development of this field is motivated by systems biology, facilitated by data analytics, and powered by artificial intelligence. Here, as part of Abdominal Radiology's special issue on Quantitative Imaging, we provide an introduction to the field of radiomics. The technique is formally introduced as an advanced application of data analytics, with illustrating examples in abdominal radiology. Artificial intelligence is then presented as the main driving force of radiomics, and common techniques are defined and briefly compared. The complete step-by-step process of radiomic phenotyping is then broken down into five key phases. Potential pitfalls of each phase are highlighted, and recommendations are provided to reduce sources of variation, non-reproducibility, and error associated with radiomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Lafata
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brandon Konkel
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fang-Fang Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Jiang H, Song B, Qin Y, Konanur M, Wu Y, McInnes MDF, Lafata KJ, Bashir MR. Modifying LI-RADS on Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced MRI: A Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Observational Study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 56:399-412. [PMID: 34994029 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is widely used for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, with unsatisfactory sensitivity, complex ancillary features, and inadequate integration with gadoxetate disodium (EOB)-enhanced MRI. PURPOSE To modify LI-RADS (mLI-RADS) on EOB-MRI. STUDY TYPE Secondary analysis of a prospective observational study. POPULATION Between July 2015 and September 2018, 224 consecutive high-risk patients (median age, 51 years; range, 26-83; 180 men; training/testing sets: 169/55 patients) with 742 (median size, 13 mm; interquartile range, 7-27; 498 HCCs) LR-3/4/5 observations. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0 T T2 -weighted fast spin-echo, diffusion-weighted spin-echo based echo-planar, and 3D T1 -weighted gradient echo sequences. ASSESSMENT Three radiologists (with 5, 5, and 10 years of experience in liver MR imaging, respectively) blinded to the reference standard (histopathology or imaging follow-up) reviewed all MR images independently. In the training set, the optimal LI-RADS version 2018 (v2018) features selected by Random Forest analysis were used to develop mLI-RADS via decision tree analysis. STATISTICAL TESTS In an independent testing set, diagnostic performances of mLI-RADS, LI-RADS v2018, and the Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA) guidelines were computed using a generalized estimating equation model and compared with McNemar's test. A two-tailed P < 0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS Five features (nonperipheral "washout," restricted diffusion, nonrim arterial phase hyperenhancement [APHE], mild-moderate T2 hyperintensity, and transitional phase hypointensity) constituted mLI-RADS, and mLR-5 was nonperipheral washout coupled with either nonrim APHE or restricted diffusion. In the testing set, mLI-RADS was significantly more sensitive (72%) and accurate (80%) than LI-RADS v2018 (sensitivity, 61%; accuracy 74%; both P < 0.001) and the KLCA guidelines (sensitivity, 64%; accuracy 74%; both P < 0.001), without sacrificing positive predictive value (mLI-RADS, 94%; LI-RADS v2018, 94%; KLCA guidelines, 92%). DATA CONCLUSION In high-risk patients, the EOB-MRI-based mLI-RADS was simpler and more sensitive for HCC than LI-RADS v2018 while maintaining high positive predictive value. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Qin
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meghana Konanur
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuanan Wu
- Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle J Lafata
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Harrison SA, Abdelmalek MF, Neff G, Gunn N, Guy CD, Alkhouri N, Bashir MR, Freilich B, Kohli A, Khazanchi A, Sheikh MY, Leibowitz M, Rinella ME, Siddiqui MS, Kipnes M, Moussa SE, Younes ZH, Bansal M, Baum SJ, Borg B, Ruane PJ, Thuluvath PJ, Gottwald M, Khan M, Chen C, Melchor-Khan L, Chang W, DePaoli AM, Ling L, Lieu HD. Aldafermin in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (ALPINE 2/3): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:603-616. [PMID: 35325622 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterised by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and injury, and is associated with an increased risk of liver transplantation and death. NASH affects more than 16 million people in the USA, and there is no approved therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of aldafermin, an engineered analogue of the gut hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). METHODS In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b study (ALPINE 2/3) in patients with biopsy-confirmed NASH and stage 2 or 3 fibrosis, we randomly assigned patients stratified by fibrosis stage in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive placebo, aldafermin 0·3 mg, 1·0 mg, or 3·0 mg once daily for 24 weeks at 30 study sites in the USA. Patients, investigators, the funder, and all other staff, were masked to treatment assignment throughout the study. The primary endpoint was an improvement in liver fibrosis of at least one stage with no worsening of NASH at week 24. Analyses were done by intention-to-treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03912532, and has been completed. FINDINGS Between May 16, 2019, and Sept 4, 2020, 786 patients were screened, of whom 171 were randomly assigned to a treatment group and included in the intention-to-treat population: 43 in the 0·3 mg aldafermin group, 42 in the 1·0 mg group, 43 in the 3·0 mg group, and 43 in the placebo group. In total, 145 (85%) of patients completed treatment. At week 24, among patients with biopsies at both baseline and week 24, was seven (19%) of 36 patients in the placebo group, 11 (31%) of 36 in the 0·3 mg aldafermin group (difference 90% CI 12% [-9 to 33]; p=0·11), five (15%) of 34 patients in the 1·0 mg group (difference -5% [-24 to 13]; p=0·80), and 11 (30%) of 37 patients in the 3·0 mg group (difference 10% [-9 to 30]; p=0·12) had an improvement in liver fibrosis of at least one stage with no worsening of NASH, without meeting the prespecified significance for dose response (p=0·55). Adverse events were mostly mild or moderate in severity. Diarrhoea occurred in six (14%) of 43 patients in the placebo group, three (7%) of 43 patients in the 0·3 mg aldafermin group, five (12%) of 41 patients in the 1·0 mg group, and ten (23%) of 43 patients in the 3·0 mg group. Incidences of serious adverse events and discontinuations owing to adverse events were similar between groups. INTERPRETATION Aldafermin was generally well tolerated but did not produce a significant dose response on fibrosis improvement of at least one stage with no worsening of NASH, despite positive effects on a number of secondary endpoints. The findings of this trial may have implications for the design of future NASH trials. FUNDING NGM Biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Harrison
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Manal F Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guy Neff
- Covenant Research, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Nadege Gunn
- Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Cynthia D Guy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary E Rinella
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mark Kipnes
- Diabetes & Glandular Disease Clinic, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Meena Bansal
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth J Baum
- Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Brian Borg
- Southern Therapy and Advanced Research, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mujib Khan
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Chen
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - William Chang
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lei Ling
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Hsiao D Lieu
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Yang J, Jiang H, Xie K, Bashir MR, Wan H, Huang J, Qin Y, Chen J, Lu Q, Song B. Profiling hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI: an intra-individual comparative study based on the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System. Eur J Radiol 2022; 154:110397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jiang H, Wei J, Fu F, Wei H, Qin Y, Duan T, Chen W, Xie K, Lee JM, Bashir MR, Wang M, Song B, Tian J. Predicting microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: A dual-institution study on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI. Liver Int 2022; 42:1158-1172. [PMID: 35243749 PMCID: PMC9314889 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microvascular invasion (MVI) is an important risk factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its diagnosis mandates postoperative histopathologic analysis. We aimed to develop and externally validate a predictive scoring system for MVI. METHODS From July 2015 to November 2020, consecutive patients underwent surgery for HCC with preoperative gadoxetate disodium (EOB)-enhanced MRI was retrospectively enrolled. All MR images were reviewed independently by two radiologists who were blinded to the outcomes. In the training centre, a radio-clinical MVI score was developed via logistic regression analysis against pathology. In the testing centre, areas under the receiver operating curve (AUCs) of the MVI score and other previous MVI schemes were compared. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test. RESULTS A total of 417 patients were included, 195 (47%) with pathologically-confirmed MVI. The MVI score included: non-smooth tumour margin (odds ratio [OR] = 4.4), marked diffusion restriction (OR = 3.0), internal artery (OR = 3.0), hepatobiliary phase peritumoral hypointensity (OR = 2.5), tumour multifocality (OR = 1.6), and serum alpha-fetoprotein >400 ng/mL (OR = 2.5). AUCs for the MVI score were 0.879 (training) and 0.800 (testing), significantly higher than those for other MVI schemes (testing AUCs: 0.648-0.684). Patients with model-predicted MVI had significantly shorter OS (median 61.0 months vs not reached, P < .001) and RFS (median 13.0 months vs. 42.0 months, P < .001) than those without. CONCLUSIONS A preoperative MVI score integrating five EOB-MRI features and serum alpha-fetoprotein level could accurately predict MVI and postoperative survival in HCC. Therefore, this score may aid in individualized treatment decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jingwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingBeijingChina
| | - Fangfang Fu
- Department of Medical ImagingHenan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhouChina,Department of Medical ImagingPeople’s Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Radiology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yun Qin
- Department of Radiology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ting Duan
- Department of Radiology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Weixia Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Kunlin Xie
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of RadiologySeoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Mustafa R. Bashir
- Department of RadiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA,Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Meiyun Wang
- Department of Medical ImagingHenan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhouChina,Department of Medical ImagingPeople’s Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingBeijingChina,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data‐Based Precision Medicine, School of MedicineBeihang UniversityBeijingChina,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and TechnologyXidian UniversityXi’anChina,Key Laboratory of Big Data‐Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University)Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyBeijingChina
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Zhu Z, Mittendorf A, Shropshire E, Allen B, Miller C, Bashir MR, Mazurowski MA. 3D Pyramid Pooling Network for Abdominal MRI Series Classification. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2022; 44:1688-1698. [PMID: 33112740 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2020.3033990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recognizing and organizing different series in an MRI examination is important both for clinical review and research, but it is poorly addressed by the current generation of picture archiving and communication systems (PACSs) and post-processing workstations. In this paper, we study the problem of using deep convolutional neural networks for automatic classification of abdominal MRI series to one of many series types. Our contributions are three-fold. First, we created a large abdominal MRI dataset containing 3717 MRI series including 188,665 individual images, derived from liver examinations. 30 different series types are represented in this dataset. The dataset was annotated by consensus readings from two radiologists. Both the MRIs and the annotations were made publicly available. Second, we proposed a 3D pyramid pooling network, which can elegantly handle abdominal MRI series with varied sizes of each dimension, and achieved state-of-the-art classification performance. Third, we performed the first ever comparison between the algorithm and the radiologists on an additional dataset and had several meaningful findings.
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Liao H, Jiang H, Chen Y, Duan T, Yang T, Han M, Xue Z, Shi F, Yuan K, Bashir MR, Shen D, Song B, Zeng Y. Predicting Genomic Alterations of Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Radiogenomics Study Based on Next-Generation Sequencing and Contrast-Enhanced CT. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:10.1245/s10434-022-11505-4. [PMID: 35286532 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-11505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring the genomic landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) provides clues for therapeutic decision-making. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling is one of the key pathways regulating HCC aggressiveness, and its genomic alterations have been correlated with sorafenib response. In this study, we aimed to predict somatic mutations of the PI3K signaling pathway in HCC samples through machine-learning-based radiomic analysis. METHODS HCC patients who underwent next-generation sequencing and preoperative contrast-enhanced CT were recruited from West China Hospital and The Cancer Genome Atlas for model training and validation, respectively. Radiomic features were extracted from volumes of interest (VOIs) covering the tumor (VOItumor) and peritumoral areas (5 mm [VOI5mm], 10 mm [VOI10mm], and 20 mm [VOI20mm] from tumor margin). Factor analysis, logistic regression analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and random forest analysis were applied for feature selection and model construction. Model performance was characterized based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS A total of 132 HCC patients (mean age: 61.1 ± 14.7 years; 108 men) were enrolled. In the training set, the AUCs of radiomic signatures based on single CT phases were moderate (AUC 0.694-0.771). In the external validation set, the radiomic signature based on VOI10mm in arterial phase demonstrated the highest AUC (0.733) among all models. No improvement in model performance was achieved after adding the tumor radiomic features or manually assessed qualitative features. CONCLUSIONS Machine-learning-based radiomic analysis had potential for characterizing alterations of PI3K signaling in HCC and could help identify potential candidates for sorafenib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuntian Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Duan
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miaofei Han
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Xue
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Kefei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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van der Pol CB, McInnes MDF, Salameh JP, Chernyak V, Tang A, Bashir MR. Impact of Reference Standard on CT, MRI, and Contrast-enhanced US LI-RADS Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. Radiology 2022; 303:544-545. [PMID: 35230186 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.212340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
See also the editorial by Ronot in this issue. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B van der Pol
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8V 1C3 (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (A.T.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8V 1C3 (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (A.T.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Jean-Paul Salameh
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8V 1C3 (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (A.T.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8V 1C3 (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (A.T.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - An Tang
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8V 1C3 (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (A.T.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8V 1C3 (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (A.T.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
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- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8V 1C3 (C.B.v.d.P.); Department of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (J.P.S.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (V.C.); Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (A.T.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine and Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B.)
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Jiang H, Song B, Qin Y, Wei Y, Konanur M, Wu Y, Zaki IH, McInnes MDF, Lafata KJ, Bashir MR. Data-Driven Modification of the LI-RADS Major Feature System on Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced MRI: Toward Better Sensitivity and Simplicity. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 55:493-506. [PMID: 34236120 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is widely accepted as a reliable diagnostic scheme for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in at-risk patients. However, its application is hampered by substantial complexity and suboptimal diagnostic sensitivity. PURPOSE To propose data-driven modifications to the LI-RADS version 2018 (v2018) major feature system (rLI-RADS) on gadoxetate disodium (EOB)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve sensitivity and simplicity while maintaining high positive predictive value (PPV) for detecting HCC. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. POPULATION Two hundred and twenty-four consecutive at-risk patients (training dataset: 169, independent testing dataset: 55) with 742 LR-3 to LR-5 liver observations (HCC: N = 498 [67%]) were analyzed from a prospective observational registry collected between July 2015 and September 2018. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0 T/T2-weighted fast spin-echo, diffusion-weighted spin-echo based echo-planar and three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted gradient echo sequences. ASSESSMENT All images were evaluated by three independent abdominal radiologists who were blinded to all clinical, pathological, and follow-up information. Composite reference standards of either histopathology or imaging follow-up were used. STATISTICAL TESTS In the training dataset, LI-RADS v2018 major features were used to develop rLI-RADS based on their associated PPV for HCC. In an independent testing set, diagnostic performances of LI-RADS v2018 and rLI-RADS were computed using a generalized estimating equation model and compared with McNemar's test. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) size of liver observations was 13 mm (7-27 mm). The diagnostic table for rLI-RADS encompassed 9 cells, as opposed to 16 cells for LI-RADS v2018. In the testing set, compared to LI-RADS v2018, rLI-RADS category 5 demonstrated a significantly superior sensitivity (76% vs. 61%) while maintaining comparably high PPV (92.5% vs. 94.1%, P = 0.126). DATA CONCLUSION Compared with LI-RADS v2018, rLI-RADS demonstrated improved simplicity and significantly superior diagnostic sensitivity for HCC in at-risk patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Qin
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meghana Konanur
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuanan Wu
- Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Islam H Zaki
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- Departments of Radiology and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle J Lafata
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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van der Pol CB, McInnes MDF, Salameh JP, Levis B, Chernyak V, Sirlin CB, Bashir MR, Allen BC, Burke LMB, Choi JY, Choi SH, Forner A, Fraum TJ, Giamperoli A, Jiang H, Joo I, Kang Z, Kierans AS, Kang HJ, Khatri G, Kim JH, Kim MJ, Kim SY, Kim YY, Kwon H, Lee JM, Lewis SC, McGinty KA, Mulazzani L, Park MS, Piscaglia F, Podgórska J, Reiner CS, Ronot M, Rosiak G, Song B, Song JS, Tang A, Terzi E, Wang J, Wang W, Wilson SR, Yokoo T. CT/MRI and CEUS LI-RADS Major Features Association with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis. Radiology 2022; 302:326-335. [PMID: 34783596 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021211244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) assigns a risk category for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to imaging observations. Establishing the contributions of major features can inform the diagnostic algorithm. Purpose To perform a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis to establish the probability of HCC for each LI-RADS major feature using CT/MRI and contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) LI-RADS in patients at high risk for HCC. Materials and Methods Multiple databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus) were searched for studies from January 2014 to September 2019 that evaluated the accuracy of CT, MRI, and CEUS for HCC detection using LI-RADS (CT/MRI LI-RADS, versions 2014, 2017, and 2018; CEUS LI-RADS, versions 2016 and 2017). Data were centralized. Clustering was addressed at the study and patient levels using mixed models. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were determined for each major feature using multivariable stepwise logistic regression. Risk of bias was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) (PROSPERO protocol: CRD42020164486). Results A total of 32 studies were included, with 1170 CT observations, 3341 MRI observations, and 853 CEUS observations. At multivariable analysis of CT/MRI LI-RADS, all major features were associated with HCC, except threshold growth (OR, 1.6; 95% CI: 0.7, 3.6; P = .07). Nonperipheral washout (OR, 13.2; 95% CI: 9.0, 19.2; P = .01) and nonrim arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) (OR, 10.3; 95% CI: 6.7, 15.6; P = .01) had stronger associations with HCC than enhancing capsule (OR, 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7, 3.5; P = .03). On CEUS images, APHE (OR, 7.3; 95% CI: 4.6, 11.5; P = .01), late and mild washout (OR, 4.1; 95% CI: 2.6, 6.6; P = .01), and size of at least 20 mm (OR, 1.6; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.5; P = .04) were associated with HCC. Twenty-five studies (78%) had high risk of bias due to reporting ambiguity or study design flaws. Conclusion Most Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System major features had different independent associations with hepatocellular carcinoma; for CT/MRI, arterial phase hyperenhancement and washout had the strongest associations, whereas threshold growth had no association. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B van der Pol
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Matthew D F McInnes
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Jean-Paul Salameh
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Brooke Levis
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Victoria Chernyak
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Brian C Allen
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Lauren M B Burke
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Sang Hyun Choi
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Alejandro Forner
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Tyler J Fraum
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Alice Giamperoli
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Ijin Joo
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Zhen Kang
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Andrea S Kierans
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Hyo-Jin Kang
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Gaurav Khatri
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Myeong-Jin Kim
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - So Yeon Kim
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Yeun-Yoon Kim
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Heejin Kwon
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Sara C Lewis
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Katrina A McGinty
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Lorenzo Mulazzani
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Mi-Suk Park
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Fabio Piscaglia
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Joanna Podgórska
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Caecilia S Reiner
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Maxime Ronot
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Rosiak
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Bin Song
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Ji Soo Song
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - An Tang
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Eleonora Terzi
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Jin Wang
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Stephanie R Wilson
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
| | - Takeshi Yokoo
- From the Dept of Diagnostic Imaging, Juravinski Hosp and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster Univ, Hamilton, Canada (C.B.v.d.P.); Dept of Radiology and Epidemiology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (M.D.F.M.); Ottawa Hosp Research Inst Clinical Epidemiology Program, Dept of Medical Imaging, the Ottawa Hosp-Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Room c-159, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1E 4Y9 (M.D.F.M.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Canada (J.P.S.); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hosp Research Inst, Ottawa, Canada (J.P.S.); Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele Univ, Staffordshire, UK (B.L.); Dept of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Ctr, Bronx, NY (V.C.); Liver Imaging Group, Dept of Radiology, Univ of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif (C.B.S.); Depts of Radiology (M.R.B., B.C.A.) and Medicine (M.R.B.) and Ctr for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development (M.R.B.), Duke Univ Medical Ctr, Durham, NC; Dept of Radiology, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (M.R.B., L.M.B.B., K.A.M.); Dept of Radiology, Research Inst of Radiological Science, Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.Y.C., M.J.K., Y.Y.K., M.S.P.); Asan Medical Ctr, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.H.C.); BCLC Group, Liver Unit, Hosp Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Univ of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.F.); Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (T.J.F.); Div of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases (A.G., F.P., E.T.), and Emergency Dept, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso (L.M.), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (H.J.); Dept of Radiology (I.J., H.J.K., J.H.K., J.M.L.) and Inst of Radiation Medicine (J.H.K., J.M.L.), Seoul National Univ Hosp, Seoul, Korea; Dept of Radiology, Seoul National Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (I.J., J.H.K., J.M.L.); Dept of Radiology, Tongji Hosp, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.K.); Dept of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Ctr, New York, NY (A.S.K.); Dept of Radiology (G.K., T.Y.) and Advanced Imaging Research Ctr (T.Y.), Univ of Texas Southwestern Medical Ctr, Dallas, Tex; Dept of Radiology and Research Inst of Radiology, Univ of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Ctr, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.K.); Dept of Radiology, Dong-A Univ Hosp, Dong-A Univ College of Medicine, Busan, Korea (H.K.); Dept of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (S.C.L.); 2nd Radiology Dept, Warsaw Medical Univ, Warsaw, Poland (J.P., G.R.); Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Univ Hosp Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.R.); Dept of Radiology, Beaujon Hosp, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France (M.R.); Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Dept of Radiology, West China Hosp, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, China (B.S.); Dept of Radiology, Jeonbuk National Univ Medical School and Hosp, Jeonju, Korea (J.S.S.); Dept of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (A.T.); Dept of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hosp, Sun Yat-sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (J.W.); Dept of Medical Ultrasonics, Inst of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hosp of Sun Yat-Sen Univ, Guangzhou, China (W.W.); Depts of Radiology and Medicine, Div of Gastroenterology, Univ of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.); and Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada (S.R.W.)
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Li C, Qin Y, Zhang W, Jiang H, Song B, Bashir MR, Xu H, Duan T, Fang M, Zhong L, Meng L, Dong D, Hu Z, Tian J, Hu J. Deep learning-based AI model for signet-ring cell carcinoma diagnosis and chemotherapy response prediction in gastric cancer. Med Phys 2022; 49:1535-1546. [PMID: 35032039 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to develop a noninvasive artificial intelligence (AI) model to diagnose signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of gastric cancer (GC) and identify patients with SRCC who could benefit from postoperative chemotherapy based on preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). METHODS A total of 855 GC patients with 855 single GCs were included, of which 249 patients were diagnosed as SRCC by histopathologic examinations. The AI model was generated with clinical, hand-crafted radiomic, and deep learning features. Model diagnostic performance was measured by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity, while predictive performance was measured by Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS In the test cohort (n = 257), the AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of our AI model for diagnosing SRCC were 0.786 (95% CI: 0.721-0.845), 77.3%, and 69.2%, respectively. For the entire cohort, patients with AI-predicted high risk had a significantly shorter median OS compared with those with low risk (median overall survival (OS), 38.8 vs. 64.2 months, p = 0.009). Importantly, in pathologically-confirmed advanced SRCC patients, AI-predicted high-risk status was indicative of a shorter overall survival (median overall survival (OS), 31.0 vs. 54.4 months, p = 0.036) and marked chemotherapy resistance, whereas AI-predicted low-risk status had substantial chemotherapy benefit (median OS [without vs. with chemotherapy], 26.0 vs. not reached, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS The CT-based AI model demonstrated good performance for diagnosing SRCC, stratifying patient prognosis, and predicting chemotherapy responses. Advanced SRCC patients with AI-predicted low-risk status may benefit substantially from adjuvant chemotherapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yun Qin
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Weihan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA.,Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ting Duan
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Mengjie Fang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lianzhen Zhong
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lingwei Meng
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Di Dong
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Jiankun Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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50
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Vij A, Zaheer A, Kamel IR, Porter KK, Arif-Tiwari H, Bashir MR, Fung A, Goldstein A, Herr KD, Kamaya A, Kobi M, Landler MP, Russo GK, Thakrar KH, Turturro MA, Wahab SA, Wardrop RM, Wright CL, Yang X, Carucci LR. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Epigastric Pain. J Am Coll Radiol 2021; 18:S330-S339. [PMID: 34794592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epigastric pain can have multiple etiologies including myocardial infarction, pancreatitis, acute aortic syndromes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, duodenal ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and hiatal hernia. This document focuses on the scenarios in which epigastric pain is accompanied by symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, and hematemesis, which raise suspicion for gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, duodenal ulcer disease, gastric cancer, or hiatal hernia. Although endoscopy may be the test of choice for diagnosing these entities, patients may present with nonspecific or overlapping symptoms, necessitating the use of imaging prior to or instead of endoscopy. The utility of fluoroscopic imaging, CT, MRI, and FDG-PET for these indications are discussed. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Vij
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Atif Zaheer
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; Chair, Disease Focus Panel for Pancreatitis, Society of Abdominal Radiology; and Associate Editor, Journal Abdominal Radiology
| | - Ihab R Kamel
- Panel Chair, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristin K Porter
- Panel Vice-Chair, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and Board of Directors/President (2021), American Association for Women in Radiology
| | - Hina Arif-Tiwari
- University of Arizona, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- Associate Vice-Chair for Research, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alice Fung
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alan Goldstein
- Division Chief, Abdominal Imaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Aya Kamaya
- Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; and President-Elect (2020-2021) and President (2021-2022), Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound
| | | | - Matthew P Landler
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Primary care physician
| | | | | | - Michael A Turturro
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; American College of Emergency Physicians
| | - Shaun A Wahab
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Richard M Wardrop
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; American College of Physicians; Member, American Board of Internal Medicine; Internal Medicine Specialty Board; and Program Director, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Chadwick L Wright
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Board of Directors, American Board of Science in Nuclear Medicine (ABSNM); and Board of Directors, American College of Nuclear Medicine (ACNM)
| | - Xihua Yang
- Phoenix Indian Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; American College of Surgeons; and Volunteer Board Member, Franklin Pierce PA School
| | - Laura R Carucci
- Specialty Chair; and Director, CT and MRI, and Section Chief, Abdominal Imaging, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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