Evaluation of Intradialytic Complications and Protein Catabolic Rate on Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients in Bangladesh

Among patients with chronic kidney disease stage-5 who are treated with dialysis, intradialytic complications commonly occur during routine hemodialysis (HD). It could be either patient related or mechanical. Protein catabolic rate during hemodialysis is a determinant of the mortality. nPCR was aimed to targets according to International guideline. This observational study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020 to compare two groups of nPCR and different value of biochemical parameters. This study was involving all patients and inclusion criteria were patients who underwent routine HD for at least three months. All patients under-went conventional intermittent HD with low-flux dialyser. A total of 179 patients enrolled. Serum albumin, serum calcium, phosphate, hemoglobin and pre-dialysis urea, post dialysis urea were measured from blood sample. The nPCR was calculated by the standard international equation. nPCR value of 14.0% patients was more than 1.0 gm/kg/day and average nPCR (mean±SD) of all patients was 0.903±0.09gm/kg/day and 86.0% patients nPCR was less than 1.0 gm/kg/day. Biochemical parameters were not significantly differing between two groups. The nPCR is an indicator, can help the determination of nutritional status. This study aimed to find out the intradialytic complications, mean value of nPCR and correlation of biochemical parameters among ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

Status of Serum Magnesium, Serum Zinc and C-reactive Protein in Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Mymensingh Locality

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an important public health issue, with a leading cause of death and disability around the world. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to December 2021 in the department of Biochemistry in Mymensingh Medical College in cooperation with the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The study was carried out to evaluate the status of serum magnesium, zinc and CRP in patients with CKD not on dialysis for monitoring the disease progression. For this purpose, 110 subjects were included, where 55 Hospitalized CKD patients were considered as Group I and 55 normal healthy individuals as Group II. Study subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria by purposive and convenient sampling method. Serum magnesium and zinc were determined by colorimetric method while CRP was measured by CRP-Latex Test (Slide Agglutination Test) from each sample. SPSS windows package, version 21.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. Statistical significance of difference between Group I and Group II were evaluated by using student's unpaired 't'-test and the significance was defined as p<0.05. Correlation was done by using Pearson's correlation coefficient test. Mean age of Group I was 52.65±4.93 and Group II was 51.15±6.32 years. P-value was 0.165 which is statistically insignificant. The mean ±SD of BMI was 24.46±1.84 Kg/m² for Group I and 24.50±1.05 Kg/m² for Group II. P-value was 0.886 which is statistically insignificant. Among the study groups the mean serum magnesium were 2.25±0.17 and 1.95±0.05mg/dl, zinc were 88.64±9.21 and 102.11±12.93μg/dl, CRP were 24.00±16.73 and <6.0±0.00mg/L in Group I and Group II respectively. Analysis showed that, the mean serum magnesium and CRP were significantly increased while serum zinc was significantly decreased in CKD patients in comparison to that of healthy individual. There was negative correlation between serum zinc and CRP. This study was done within the context of the facilities available to us.

Status of C-reactive protein, Serum Albumin and Serum Zinc in Hospital Admitted Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the most concerned non-communicable diseases now a day. Multiple complications arise and different biochemical parameters change in this disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December, 2021 in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College with the help of the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. The motive of this study was to explore the status of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin and serum zinc in patients with CKD for monitoring the disease progression. In this study, 110 subjects were included, where 55 Hospital admitted CKD patients act as Group I and 55 normal healthy individuals act as Group II. The subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria by purposive and convenient sampling method. In this study, CRP levels, serum albumin and serum zinc were measured. All values were expressed as Mean±SD. All statistical analysis was done by using SPSS (statistical package for social science) windows package version 21.0. Statistical significance of difference between Group I and Group II were evaluated by using Student's unpaired 't'-test and the significance was defined as p<0.05. Correlation was done by using Pearson's correlation coefficient test. Mean age of Group I was 52.65±4.93 and Group II was 51.15±6.32. P value was 0.165 which is statistically insignificant. The mean±SD of BMI was 24.46±1.84 for Group I and 24.50±1.05 for Group II. P value was 0.886 which is statistically insignificant. The mean±SD values of CRP were 24.00±16.73mg/L and <6.0±0.00mg/L in Group I and Group II respectively. So, we found significant (p<0.05) increase in CRP levels. The mean±SD values of serum albumin were 3.62±0.26g/dl and 4.16±0.69g/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. We found highly significant (p<0.001) decrease in serum albumin. Among the study groups the mean serum zinc was 88.64±9.21μg/dl and 102.11±12.93μg/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. The mean serum zinc was highly significantly (<0.001) decreased. There was negative correlation between CRP and serum albumin, CRP and serum zinc. There was positive correlation between serum albumin and serum zinc. Analyzing the findings of present study, significant increase in CRP levels, significant decrease in serum albumin and serum zinc were observed in CKD patients.

Study of Nutrient Foramina of Dry Adult Human Clavicle

As a modified long bone, the clavicle is most important bone for transmission of body weight from upper limb to the axial skeleton, for attachment of muscles and is a significant source of bone grafting. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 (65 right and 85 left) fully ossified dry human clavicle in Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. Sample was collected by the help of nonrandom purposive sampling technique from Anatomy department of Mymensingh Medical College and Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh, Mymensingh. In this study, nutrient foramen was present in 86.67% (130) cases. On the right side, 87.69% (57) cases and on the left side, 85.88% (73) cases were found present. Out of 130 clavicles where nutrient foramen were present, 52.31% (68) nutrient foramina were on inferior surface, 46.92% (61) on posterior surface and 0.77% (1) on superior surface. On the right side, 49.12% (28) cases were found on inferior surface and 49.12% (28) were on posterior surface and remaining 1.75% (1) was on superior surface. On the left side, 54.79% (40) cases were found on inferior surface and 45.21% were on posterior surface whereas none was found on superior surface. Among the present 130 cases, 1 nutrient foramen was found in total 80% (104) cases and 2 in 20% (26) cases. In right side, the numbers of cases were 75.44% (43) for 1 and 24.56% (14) for 2 nutrient foramina. In left side, the number of cases of 1 was 83.56% (61) and 16.44% (12) for 2 foramina. The nutrient foraminal direction was 98.46% (128) towards acromial end and 1.54% (2) to sternal end. In the right side, the direction was 100% (57) towards acromial end. In the left side, the direction was 97.26% (71) towards acromial end and 2.74% (2) to sternal end. In the current study, the mean ±SD nutrient foramina of 65 clavicles of right side were 71.04±13.91 and 67.13±16.30 in 85 left sided clavicles. The purpose for undertaking this study was to obtain baseline data on nutrient foramen to help to predict the success rate and different surgical interventions regarding fractures and grafting.

Assessment of Dialysis Adequacy Using Small Solute Clearance Indices among Twice versus Thrice Weekly Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

This observational study was carried out in the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. A total of 179 patients were included in this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed written consent was taken from each patient. All patients were underwent detail history taking, thorough physical examination and relevant investigations. Data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS 23.0. Mean age ±SD of the study patients was 47.06±14.1 with a majority in age group 41-50 years. Male predominance was observed with a male: female ratio of 2.19:1 and 68.7% male patients. Level of pre-dialysis, post-dialysis urea in the study population was 123.77±26.86mg/dl, 50.27±15.70mg/dl respectively and mean ±SD of Urea Reduction Ratio (URR) in hemodialysis (target >65.0%) was 67.2±1.9. Most of the 8 hours (two times) per week hemolysis patients could not achieve the target value of dialysis adequacy parameters. On the other hand, maximum people in 12 hours (three times) per week hemodialysis group achieved the target value of dialysis adequacy parameters. It is important to calculate Kt/V or URR and individualize the dialysis doses for each patient.

Antibacterial Effects of Methanol Henna (Lawsone inermis) Leaf Extracts against Two Food Borne Infection Causing Pathogens: Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram Negative Klebsiella pneumoniae

Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of Methanol extracts isolated from Henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaf against two food born infection causing pathogens, gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae. This interventional study was carried out in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration with the Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. The antibacterial activity was tested at different concentrations of Methanol Henna leaf extracts by using disc diffusion and broth dilution method. The extract was prepared by using solvents Methanol and 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The test microorganisms were also tested for their activity against a standard antibiotic Ciprofloxacin by broth dilution method and the result was compared with that of Methanol extracts. Methanol Henna Extracts (MHE) were used initially in nine different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000mg/ml) and later in selected concentrations as needed to confirm the more precise margin of antimicrobial sensitivity of the extracts. Among different concentrations of the MHE, 100mg/ml and above concentrations showed inhibitory effect against afore said bacteria. The MIC for Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 100mg/ml in MHE. The MIC of Ciprofloxacin was 1μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and 1.5μg/ml for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The MIC of Ciprofloxacin was the lowest in comparison to MICs of MHE for the test organisms. This study showed that Methanol Henna extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against pathogens. From this study, it is clearly observed that there is definite antibacterial effect of the methanolic extract of Henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis) against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Status of Serum Zinc and Albumin in Hospital Admitted Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Mymensingh Locality

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Biochemistry in Mymensingh Medical College in cooperation with Nephrology department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from January to December, 2021. The study was carried out to evaluate the status of serum zinc and albumin in patients with CKD not on dialysis for monitoring the disease progression. For this purpose, 110 subjects were included, where 55 Hospital admitted CKD patients were considered as Group I and 55 normal healthy individuals as Group II. Serum zinc and albumin were determined by colorimetric method from each sample. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS windows package, version 21.0. Among the study groups the mean serum zinc were 88.64±9.21μg/dl and 102.11±12.93μg/dl and serum albumin were 3.62±0.26g/dl and 4.16±0.69g/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. Analysis showed that the mean serum zinc and albumin were highly significantly (p<0.001) decreased in CKD patients in comparison to that of healthy individual. Significant positive correlation was found between serum zinc and albumin.

Correlation between Depth of Medial and Lateral Curvatures of Clavicle

Having the first bone to ossify clavicle is a bone of pectoral girdle. It is the only bony attachment between the trunk and upper limb. To obtain the precise data that is required to investigate the range in size and morphological features of the human clavicle, a study was undertaken on dry human clavicles which had been sourced from the Department of Anatomy. The purpose for undertaking this study was to obtain baseline data on the clavicular bow in the transverse plane. This cross-sectional descriptive study having some analytical components was done among 150 (65 right and 85 left) fully ossified dry clavicles in Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. Sample which met the inclusion criteria was collected through non random sampling technique, from Anatomy department of Mymensingh Medical College and Community Based Medical College Bangladesh. The parameters (the depth of medial and lateral curvatures) were measured with the help of rigid osteometry board and were expressed in millimeter. In the current study, the mean±SD depth of medial curvature of 65 clavicles of right side was 15.54±3.54mm and 15.45±3.24mm of 85 left clavicles. The mean±SD depth of lateral curvature of right side was 11.71±2.54mm and of left side was 9.21±2.31mm. Correlation was done in between depth of medial and lateral curvatures on both sides and the regression line showed positive correlation but these differences were statistically non-significant on both sides.

Status of Serum Calcium and Magnesium in Hospital Admitted Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Mymensingh Locality of Bangladesh

The study was designed to evaluate the serum calcium and magnesium levels in hospitalized patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College (MMC), Bangladesh with the help of the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from the period of January 2021 to December 2021. The subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria by purposive and convenient sampling method. A total of 110 subjects were included in this study. Among them, 55 were diagnosed CKD patients denoted as Group I and 55 were normal healthy individuals denoted as Group II. The subjects were briefed and written consents were taken. Under aseptic precaution 5.0ml of venous blood was collected from median cubital vein. Analyses were carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College and serum calcium and magnesium levels were measured. All values were expressed as Mean±SD. All statistical analysis was done by using SPSS (statistical package for social science) windows package version 21.0. Statistical significance of difference between Group I and Group II were evaluated by using Student's unpaired 't' test and the significance was defined as p<0.05. Correlation was done by using Pearson's correlation coefficient test. The mean±SD values of serum calcium were 8.15±0.54mg/dl and 9.80±0.50mg/dl and serum magnesium were 2.25±0.17mg/dl and 1.95±0.50mg/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. We found mean serum calcium was highly significantly (<0.001) decreased and serum magnesium was highly significantly increased (<0.001) in CKD patients in comparison to that of healthy individual.

Antibacterial Activities of Mint (Mentha piperita) Leaf Extracts (Aqueous) Against Two Food Borne infection causing pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of Aqueous extracts isolated from Mint (Mentha piperita) leaf against two food born infection causing pathogens, gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. This interventional study was carried out in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration with the Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. The antibacterial activity was tested at different concentrations of Aqueous Mint leaf extracts by using disc diffusion & broth dilution method. The extract was prepared by using solvents Aqueous. The test microorganisms were also tested for their activity against a standard antibiotic Gentamicin by broth dilution method and the result was compared with that of Aqueous extracts. Aqueous extract of Mint leaves (AMLE) were used initially in eight different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000μg/ml) and later in selected concentrations as needed to confirm the more precise margin of antimicrobial sensitivity of the extracts. Among different concentrations of the AMLE, 200μg/ml and above concentrations showed inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus and 400μg/ml and above concentrations showed inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 200 and 400μg/ml in AMLE respectively. The MIC of Gentamicin was 1μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and 1.5μg/ml against Escherichia coli. The MIC of Gentamicin was the lowest in comparison to MICs of AMLE for the test organisms. This study showed that Aqueous Mint extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against food borne pathogens. It is clearly observed that there is definite antibacterial effect of the aqueous extract of Mint leaves against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Antibacterial Effects of Chloroform Henna (Lawsonia inermis) Leaf Extracts against Two Nosocomial Infection Causing Pathogens: Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Comparative Study

Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of Chloroform extracts isolated from Henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaf against two nosocomial infection causing pathogens, gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae. This interventional study was carried out for the period of January 2021 to December 2021 in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration with the Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh. The antibacterial activity was tested at different concentrations of Chloroform Henna leaf extracts by using disc diffusion and broth dilution method. The extract was prepared by using solvents chloroform and 0.1% Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The test microorganisms were also tested for their activity against a standard antibiotic Ciprofloxacin by broth dilution method and the result was compared with that of Chloroform extracts. Chloroform Henna Extracts (CHE) were used initially in nine different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mg/ml). Among different concentrations of the CHE, 100mg/ml and above concentrations showed inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The MIC for Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 100 and 200mg/ml in CHE respectively. The MIC of Ciprofloxacin was 1μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and 1.5μg/ml against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The MIC of Ciprofloxacin was the lowest in comparison to MICs of CHE for the test organisms. This study showed that Chloroform Henna extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against food borne pathogens. It is clearly observed that there is definite antibacterial effect of the Chloroform extract of Henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis) against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Antibacterial Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Henna (Lawsonia inermis) Against Two Most Common Pathogenic Organisms: Gram Positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-Negative Escherichia coli

Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of Methanolic extracts isolated from Henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaf against two nosocomial infection causing pathogens, gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. This interventional study was carried out during the period of January 2021 to December 2021 in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration with the Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The antibacterial activity was tested at different concentrations of Methanolic Henna leaf extracts by using disc diffusion and broth dilution method. The extract was prepared by using solvents Methanol and 0.1% DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide). The test microorganisms were also tested for their activity against a standard antibiotic Ciprofloxacin by broth dilution method and the result was compared with that of Methanolic leaf extracts. Methanolic Henna leaf Extracts (MHE) were used initially in nine different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mg/ml) and later in selected concentrations as needed to confirm the more precise margin of antimicrobial sensitivity of the extracts. Among different concentrations of the MHE, 100mg/ml and above concentrations showed inhibitory effect against aforesaid bacteria. The MIC for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 100 and 200 mg/ml in MHE respectively. The MIC of Ciprofloxacin was 1μg/ml against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The MIC of Ciprofloxacin was the lowest in comparison to MICs of MHE for the test organisms. The present study showed that Methanol Henna extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against nosocomial infection pathogens. From this study, it is clearly observed that there are definite antibacterial effects of the methanolic extract of Henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Serum Albumin and C-reactive protein in Hospital Admitted Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Adequate knowledge about the causes of chronic kidney disease and their potential prevention can improve poor clinical outcome in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The study was designed to evaluate the serum albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in hospitalized patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh with the collaboration of the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, from January 2021 to December 2021. The subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria by purposive and convenient sampling method. A total of 110 subjects were included in this study. Among them, 55 were diagnosed CKD patients denoted as Group I and 55 were normal healthy individuals denoted as Group II. In this study, serum albumin and CRP levels were measured. All values were expressed as Mean±SD. All statistical analysis was done by using SPSS (statistical package for social science) windows package version 21.0. Statistical significance of difference between Group I and Group II were evaluated by using student's unpaired 't'-test and the significance was defined as p<0.05. Correlation was done by using Pearson's correlation coefficient test. Mean age of Group I was 52.65±4.93 and Group II was 51.15±6.32 (p=0.165). The mean±SD of BMI was 24.46±1.84 for Group I and 24.50±1.05 for Group II (p=0.886). The mean±SD values of serum albumin were 3.62±0.26g/dl and 4.16±0.69g/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. We found highly significant (p<0.001) decrease in serum albumin. The mean±SD values of CRP were 24.00±16.73mg/L and <6.0±0.00mg/L in Group I and Group II respectively. So, we found significant (p<0.05) increase in CRP levels. There was negative correlation between serum albumin and CRP. Analyzing the findings of this study, significant decrease in serum albumin and significant increase in CRP levels were observed in CKD patients.

Correlation between Antero-posterior Diameter and Vertical Diameter of Both Ends of Fully Ossified Dry Human Clavicle

Clavicle is an upper limb locomotory bone which helps in formation of pectoral girdle and connected the upper limb with axial skeleton. There is no baseline data of clavicle in contrast to demographic variation in our country, so the study was designed to obtain baseline data on clavicle for anthropological, forensic and clinical use. This descriptive cross-sectional study was done among 150 (65 right and 85 left) fully ossified dry human clavicle in Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. Sample was collected by the help of nonrandom purposive sampling technique from Department of Anatomy of Mymensingh Medical College and Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh, Mymensingh. The parameters were the antero-posterior diameter and vertical diameter of sternal and acromial ends of clavicle, measured with the help of digital vernier slide caliper and expressed in millimeter. In the current study the mean±SD antero-posterior diameter of sternal end of 65 clavicles of right side was 21.97±2.889mm and 85 clavicles of left side were 20.30±3.459mm. The mean±SD antero-posterior diameter of acromial end of 65 right sided clavicles was 21.96±5.161mm and 85 clavicles of left side were 21.00±4.002mm. Correlation was done in between antero-posterior diameter and vertical diameter of sternal end of clavicle and the differences were highly significant on both sides. Similarly, when correlation was done for the acromial end of clavicle the difference was found non-significant on right side and highly significant on left side.