Oral health status and its relation with medication and dental fear in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the ora-dental health and its relation with medication and dental fear in a group of Turkish children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Subjects and Methods

The levels of dental fear of children were determined with The Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS). The oral and dental health evaluation was performed. This study included a total of 117 children aged between 6 and 15 years and they were examined under two groups as "ADHD" (n = 59) and "Control" (n = 58). Ora-dental health variables were compared between the groups and were also analyzed in accordance with dental fear and medication.

Results

ADHD children and the control group exhibited similar CFSS-DS scores (15-32). No significant differences existed in df(t)/df(s), DMF(T)/DMF(S), d/D values, and presence of the white spot lesions. ADHD children's Mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus quantities were found significantly higher than the control group. The incidence of parafunctional habits of the ADHD children was also found high.

Conclusions

ADHD children that were medicated exhibited similar dental caries prevalence and periodontal health status. Although ADHD group had similar dental-periodontal health status and dental fear level with the control group and using ADHD medicines did not make a significant effect on the ora-dental health parameters, the patients should be carefully followed up because they were categorized in high caries risk groups.

In vitro assessment of the recurrent doses of topical gaseous ozone in the removal of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in root canals

AIM

To evaluate the potential antibacterial effect of recurrent doses of topical gaseous ozone on the Enterococcus faecalis biofilms0 growth in human root canals in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred and thirty four human single-rooted mandibular premolars were enlarged to a size 35 K-File. Each root canal were inoculated with an overnight culture of Enterococcus faecalis 0ATCC 29212 in tryptic soy broth for 24 hours and incubated for 7 days at 37°C. At 7-day interval, 4 specimens were prepared for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis to confirm the presence and purity of biofilms whilst the other contaminated root canals were irrigated and disinfected. One hundred root canals of total 134 specimens were selected to create the experimental groups and divided into 5 subgroups. In each experimental group ( n = 20) root canals), recurrent ozone doses were applied with different irrigation and disinfection protocols in 5 different time intervals. Bacterial growth was analyzed by counting viable E. faecalis on tryptic soy agar plates.

RESULTS

According to intergroup comparison results observed in the final sample collection analysis, the amount of remaining bacteria in the positive control group were found to be significantly higher compared to Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and the material control group ( P < 0.01). The remaining amount of bacteria in the last count of Group 1 were found to be significantly higher compared to Group 2 ( P < 0.05), Group 4 ( P < 0.01), Group 5 (P < 0.05) and the material control group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The application of topical gaseous ozone in recurrent doses provides a positive effect in the removal of E. faecalis biofilm from root canals. However, during disinfection procedure, the combined use of recurrent doses of topical gaseous ozone with 2% NaOCl enhanced its antibacterial effect against E. faecalis biofilm.

The relationship of the apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism Turkish Type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy

OBJECTIVE

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genetic variation which is a major constituent of plasma lipoproteins causes diabetic nephropathy progress. Chronic kidney disease is associated with increased E2 allele and the decreased E4 allele risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ApoE gene polymorphism in the development of diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 diabetes Turkish patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The objective of the study is to investigate the influence of ApoE gene polymorphism in the development of diabetic nephropathy in Turkish Type 2 diabetes. The ApoE genotypes were determined retrospectively in 46 patients with nephropathy and 56 without nephropathy and a control group of 35 healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes of the subjects using the High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit. For the detection of the presence of the three ApoE E alleles epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 (codon 112 and 158) were analyzed by the commercial LightCycler ApoE Mutation Detection Kit.

RESULTS

No differences in ApoE genotype or the allelic frequencies of epsilon2, epsilon3 or epsilon4 were found between the Type 2 diabetic patient group (with and without nephropathy) and a control group.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that the ApoE gene polymorphism is not associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy in Turkish Type 2 diabetic patients. Lack of association between ApoE gene polymorphism and Type 2 diabetic nephropathy might be due to ethnic differences.

Association of the angiotensinogen M235T and angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphisms in Turkish type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy

OBJECTIVE

Recent studies have suggested an association between a deletion variant of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and diabetic nephropathy. However, this finding has not been confirmed by all investigators. Furthermore, an M235T variant of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene has been associated with hypertension, an important risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We investigated the relationship of the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) and AGT M235T gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with and without diabetic nephropathy. A total of 102 individuals were screened for the presence of the ACE I/D and AGT M235T polymorphism: 46 individuals who had type 2 DM with diabetic nephropathy and, as controls, 56 individuals who had type 2 DM without diabetic nephropathy. Gene polymorphisms were determined by the specific melting temperature (T(m)) values of the resulting amplicons after real-time online polymerase chain reaction and melting curve analysis.

RESULTS

The frequencies of the ACE DD, ID, and II genotypes were 34.8%, 37.0%, and 28.3%, respectively, among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy, and 33.9%, 42.9%, 23.2%, respectively (P=.788), in the control subjects without diabetic nephropathy. On the other hand, the frequencies of the AGT MM, MT, and TT genotypes among the same groups were 26.1%, 52.2%, 21.7% and 26.8%, 57.1%, 16.1%, respectively (P=.758).

CONCLUSIONS

There were no differences in the frequencies of the AGT M235T and ACE I/D genotypes between Turkish patients with type 2 DM with and without nephropathy.