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Mietzsch M, Nelson AR, Hsi J, Zachary J, Potts L, Chipman P, Ghanem M, Khandekar N, Alexander IE, Logan GJ, Huiskonen JT, McKenna R. Structural characterization of antibody-responses from Zolgensma treatment provides the blueprint for the engineering of an AAV capsid suitable for redosing. bioRxiv 2024:2024.05.01.590489. [PMID: 38746165 PMCID: PMC11092599 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.590489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are useful tools to dissect the neutralizing antibody response against the adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids used as gene therapy delivery vectors. This study structurally characterizes the interactions of 21 human-derived antibodies from patients treated with the AAV9 vector, Zolgensma ® , utilizing high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy. The majority of the bound antibodies do not conform to the icosahedral symmetry of the capsid, thus requiring localized reconstructions. These complex structures provide unprecedented details of the mAbs binding interfaces, with some antibodies inducing structural perturbations of the capsid upon binding. Key surface capsid amino acid residues were identified facilitating the design of capsid variants with an antibody escape phenotype, with the potential to expand the patient cohort treatable with AAV9 vectors to include those that were previously excluded due to their pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, and possibly also to those requiring redosing.
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Logan GJ, Mietzsch M, Khandekar N, D'Silva A, Anderson D, Mandwie M, Hsi J, Nelson AR, Chipman P, Jackson J, Schofield P, Christ D, Goodnow CC, Reed JH, Farrar MA, McKenna R, Alexander IE. Structural and functional characterization of capsid binding by anti-AAV9 monoclonal antibodies from infants after SMA gene therapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1979-1993. [PMID: 37012705 PMCID: PMC10362397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Success in the treatment of infants with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) underscores the potential of vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV). However, a major obstacle to the full realization of this potential is pre-existing natural and therapy-induced anti-capsid humoral immunity. Structure-guided capsid engineering is one possible approach to surmounting this challenge but necessitates an understanding of capsid-antibody interactions at high molecular resolution. Currently, only mouse-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are available to structurally map these interactions, which presupposes that mouse and human-derived antibodies are functionally equivalent. In this study, we have characterized the polyclonal antibody responses of infants following AAV9-mediated gene therapy for SMA and recovered 35 anti-capsid mAbs from the abundance of switched-memory B (smB) cells present in these infants. For 21 of these mAbs, seven from each of three infants, we have undertaken functional and structural analysis measuring neutralization, affinities, and binding patterns by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM). Four distinct patterns were observed akin to those reported for mouse-derived mAbs, but with early evidence of differing binding pattern preference and underlying molecular interactions. This is the first human and largest series of anti-capsid mAbs to have been comprehensively characterized and will prove to be powerful tools for basic discovery and applied purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Arlene D'Silva
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Anderson
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Mawj Mandwie
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane Hsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Austin R Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer Jackson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle A Farrar
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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Zhu P, Zhang ZH, Huang XF, Shi YC, Khandekar N, Yang HQ, Liang SY, Song ZY, Lin S. Cold exposure promotes obesity and impairs glucose homeostasis in mice subjected to a high‑fat diet. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3923-3931. [PMID: 30106124 PMCID: PMC6131648 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure is considered to be a form of stress and has various adverse effects on the body. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic daily cold exposure on food intake, body weight, serum glucose levels and the central energy balance regulatory pathway in mice fed with a high‑fat diet (HFD). C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups, which were fed with a standard chow or with a HFD. Half of the mice in each group were exposed to ice‑cold water for 1 h/day for 7 weeks, while the controls were exposed to room temperature. Chronic daily cold exposure significantly increased energy intake, body weight and serum glucose levels in HFD‑fed mice compared with the control group. In addition, 1 h after the final cold exposure, c‑fos immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the central amygdala of HFD‑fed mice compared with HFD‑fed mice without cold exposure, indicating neuronal activation in this brain region. Notably, 61% of these c‑fos neurons co‑expressed the neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the orexigenic peptide levels were significantly increased in the central amygdala of cold‑exposed mice compared with control mice. Notably, cold exposure significantly decreased the anorexigenic brain‑derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and increased growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus. NPY‑ergic neurons in the central amygdala were activated by chronic cold exposure in mice on HFD via neuronal pathways to decrease BDNF and increase GHRH mRNA expression, possibly contributing to the development of obesity and impairment of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - He-Qin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Yu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Zhu P, Zhang Z, Huang X, Liang S, Khandekar N, Song Z, Lin S. RANKL Reduces Body Weight and Food Intake via the Modulation of Hypothalamic NPY/CART Expression. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:969-977. [PMID: 30013437 PMCID: PMC6036154 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.24373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) modulates energy metabolism. However, how RANKL regulates energy homeostasis is still not clear. This study aims to investigate the central mechanisms by which central administration of RANKL inhibits food intake and causes weight loss in mice. We carried out a systematic and in-depth analysis of the neuronal pathways by which RANKL mediates catabolic effects. After intracerebroventricle (i.c.v.) injection of RANKL, the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA in the Arc was significantly decreased, while the CART mRNA expression dramatically increased in the Arc and DMH. However, the agouti-related protein (AgRP) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA had no significant changes compared with control groups. Together, the results suggest that central administration of RANKL reduces food intake and causes weight loss via modulating the hypothalamic NPY/CART pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Xufeng Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shiyu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Zhiyuan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia
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Logan GJ, Dane AP, Hallwirth CV, Smyth CM, Wilkie EE, Amaya AK, Zhu E, Khandekar N, Ginn SL, Liao SHY, Cunningham SC, Sasaki N, Cabanes-Creus M, Tam PPL, Russell DW, Lisowski L, Alexander IE. Identification of liver-specific enhancer-promoter activity in the 3' untranslated region of the wild-type AAV2 genome. Nat Genet 2017. [PMID: 28628105 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vectors based on adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) are powerful tools for gene transfer and genome editing applications. The level of interest in this system has recently surged in response to reports of therapeutic efficacy in human clinical trials, most notably for those in patients with hemophilia B (ref. 3). Understandably, a recent report drawing an association between AAV2 integration events and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has generated controversy about the causal or incidental nature of this association and the implications for AAV vector safety. Here we describe and functionally characterize a previously unknown liver-specific enhancer-promoter element in the wild-type AAV2 genome that is found between the stop codon of the cap gene, which encodes proteins that form the capsid, and the right-hand inverted terminal repeat. This 124-nt sequence is within the 163-nt common insertion region of the AAV genome, which has been implicated in the dysregulation of known HCC driver genes and thus offers added insight into the possible link between AAV integration events and the multifactorial pathogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allison P Dane
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christine M Smyth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emilie E Wilkie
- Bioinformatics Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natsuki Sasaki
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martí Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Immunology Unit, Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David W Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Zhang Y, Zhang SW, Khandekar N, Tong SF, Yang HQ, Wang WR, Huang XF, Song ZY, Lin S. Reduced serum levels of oestradiol and brain derived neurotrophic factor in both diabetic women and HFD-feeding female mice. Endocrine 2017; 56:65-72. [PMID: 27981512 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen levels in the pre and post menstrual phases interact with brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a complex manner, which influences the overall state of the body. To study the role of oestradiol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in modulating obesity related type 2 diabetes and the interactions between two factors, we enrolled 15 diabetic premenopausal women and 15 diabetic postmenopausal women respectively, the same number of healthy pre and postmenopausal women were recruited as two control groups. The fasting blood glucose, insulin, lipids, estrogen, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were measured through clinical tests. Additionally, we set up obese female mouse model to mimic human trial stated above, to verify the relationship between estrogen and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Our findings revealed that there is a moderately positive correlation between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oestradiol in females, and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor may worsen impaired insulin function. The results further confirmed that high fat diet-fed mice which exhibited impaired glucose tolerance, showed lower levels of oestradiol and decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the ventromedial hypothalamus. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduced on condition that the level of oestradiol is sufficiently low, such as women in postmenopausal period, which aggravates diabetes through feeding-related pathways. Increasing the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor may help to alleviate the progression of the disease in postmenopausal women with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Quanzhou first Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shan-Wen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Shi-Fei Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - He-Qin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wan-Ru Wang
- Quanzhou first Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Zhi-Yuan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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Flanagan JL, Khandekar N, Zhu H, Watanabe K, Markoulli M, Flanagan JT, Papas E. Glycerol Monolaurate Inhibits Lipase Production by Clinical Ocular Isolates Without Affecting Bacterial Cell Viability. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:544-50. [PMID: 26873514 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine the relative lipase production of a range of ocular bacterial isolates and to assess the efficacy of glycerol monolaurate (GML) in inhibiting this lipase production in high lipase-producing bacteria without affecting bacterial cell growth. METHODS Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis,Propionibacterium acnes, and Corynebacterium spp. were inoculated at a density of 10(6)/mL in varying concentrations of GML up to 25 μg/mL for 24 hours at 37 °C with constant shaking. Bacterial suspensions were centrifuged, bacterial cell density was determined, and production of bacterial lipase was quantified using a commercial lipase assay kit. RESULTS Staphylococcus spp. produced high levels of lipase activity compared with P. acnes and Corynebacterium spp. GML inhibited lipase production by Staphylococcal spp. in a dose-dependent manner, with S. epidermidis lipase production consistently more sensitive to GML than S. aureus. Glycerol monolaurate showed significant (P < 0.05) lipase inhibition above concentrations of 15 μg/mL in S. aureus and was not cytotoxic up to 25 μg/mL. For S. epidermidis, GML showed significant (P < 0.05) lipase inhibition above 7.5 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Lipase activity varied between species and between strains. Staphylococcal spp. produced higher lipase activity compared with P. acnes and Corynebacterium spp. Glycerol monolaurate inhibited lipase production by S. aureus and S. epidermidis at concentrations that did not adversely affect bacterial cell growth. GML can be used to inhibit ocular bacterial lipase production without proving detrimental to commensal bacteria viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Louise Flanagan
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Sydney, Australia 2School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Hua Zhu
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Sydney, Australia 2School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 3Vision Cooperative Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Eric Papas
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Sydney, Australia 2School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 3Vision Cooperative Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
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Khandekar N, Berning BA, Sainsbury A, Lin S. The role of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 1:33-41. [PMID: 26123585 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imbalances in normal regulation of food intake can cause obesity and related disorders. Inadequate therapies for such disorders necessitate better understanding of mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), a robust anorexigenic hormone, effectively modulates food intake and energy homeostasis, thus potentially aiding anti-obesity therapeutics. Intra-gastric and intra-intestinal infusion of nutrients stimulate PP secretion from the gastrointestinal tract, leading to vagal stimulation that mediates complex actions via the neuropeptide Y4 receptor in arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, subsequently activating key hypothalamic nuclei and dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem to influence energy homeostasis and body composition. Novel studies indicate affinity of PP for the relatively underexplored neuropeptide y6 receptor, mediating actions via the suprachiasmatic nucleus and pathways involving vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and insulin like growth factor 1. This review highlights detailed mechanisms by which PP mediates its actions on energy balance through various areas in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Khandekar
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Britt A Berning
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shu Lin
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Khandekar N, Lie KH, Sachdev PS, Sidhu KS. Amyloid precursor proteins, neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and its relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:997-1006. [PMID: 22122714 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of age-related dementia that is characterized by an extensive loss of neurons and synaptic transmission. The pathological hallmarks of AD are neurofibrillary tangles and deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques. Previous research has investigated how Aβ fragments disrupt synaptic mechanisms in the vulnerable regions of the brain. There is a tremendous potential for stem cell technology to extend upon this research, not only in terms of developing therapeutic applications, but also in modeling AD. Indeed, the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell technology has opened up exciting new avenues for generating patient and disease-specific cell lines from somatic cells that may be used to model AD. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key protein in neuronal development and this article reviews the role of APP in AD. Stem cell technology offers the opportunity to make use of APP in the directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into functional neurons, a process that may help generate a model of AD and thereby facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms underlying this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Khandekar
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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