On the Selectivity in the Synthesis of 3-Fluoropiperidines Using BF3-Activated Hypervalent Iodine Reagents

Fluorinated piperidines find wide applications, most notably in the development of novel therapies and agrochemicals. Cyclization of alkenyl N-tosylamides promoted by BF₃-activated aryliodine(III) carboxylates is an attractive strategy to construct 3-fluoropiperidines, but it suffers from selectivity issues arising from competitive oxoaminations and the inability to easily modulate the reactions diastereoselectivity. Herein, we report an itemized optimization of the reaction conditions carried out on both cyclic and acyclic substrates and outline the origins of substrate- and reagent-based stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity. Extensive mechanistic studies encompassing multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, deuterium labeling, rearrangements on stereodefined substrates, and careful structural analyses (NMR and X-ray) of the reaction products are performed. This revealed the processes and interactions crucial for achieving controlled preparation of 3-fluoropiperidines using I(III) chemistry and has provided an advanced understanding of the reaction mechanism. In brief, we propose that BF₃-coordinated I(III) reagents attack C═C to produce the corresponding iodiranium(III) ion, which then undergoes diastereodetermining 5-exo-cyclization. Transiently formed pyrrolidines with an exocyclic σ-alkyl-I(III) moiety can further undergo aziridinium ion formation or reductive ligand coupling processes, which dictate not only the final product's ring size but also the chemoselectivity. Importantly, the selectivity of the reaction depends on the nature of the ligand bound to I(III) and the presence of electrolytes such as TBABF₄. Reported findings will facilitate the usage of ArI(III)-dicarboxylates in the reliable construction of fluorinated azaheterocycles.

Metabolomic Profiling of Bipolar Disorder by 1H-NMR in Serbian Patients

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a brain disorder that causes changes in a person's mood, energy, and ability to function. It has a prevalence of 60 million people worldwide, and it is among the top 20 diseases with the highest global burden. The complexity of this disease, including diverse genetic, environmental, and biochemical factors, and diagnoses based on the subjective recognition of symptoms without any clinical test of biomarker identification create significant difficulties in understanding and diagnosing BD. A ¹H-NMR-based metabolomic study applying chemometrics of serum samples of Serbian patients with BD (33) and healthy controls (39) was explored, providing the identification of 22 metabolites for this disease. A biomarker set including threonine, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, serine, and mannose was established for the first time in BD serum samples by an NMR-based metabolomics study. Six identified metabolites (3-hydroxybutyric acid, arginine, lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and glycerol) are in agreement with the previously determined NMR-based sets of serum biomarkers in Brazilian and/or Chinese patient samples. The same established metabolites (lactate, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamine, glutamate, glucose, and choline) in three different ethnic and geographic origins (Serbia, Brazil, and China) might have a crucial role in the realization of a universal set of NMR biomarkers for BD.

The COVID-19 pandemic - related psychological distress and job burnout among Serbian pharmacy practitioners: a cross-sectional online study

OBJECTIVE

The current COVID-19 pandemic has increased occupational stress for all healthcare providers, making job burnout one of the most common and largely unrecognized mental health issues among healthcare professionals. Besides physicians and nurses, pharmacy practitioners were "front-line" healthcare professionals with a critical and unique role in the public health crisis. Considering this, the aim of this study was to examine distress levels and the prevalence of job burnout among Serbian pharmacy practitioners in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional online study was conducted in April and May of 2020. A total of 176 pharmacy practitioners anonymously and voluntarily completed the two-section questionnaire, consisting of Copenhagen burnout inventory, CBI and 4DSQ Distress subscale. The two-section questionnaire was distributed online, among various social-media groups of pharmacy practitioners, as well as by personal contacts following the "snowball" sampling method.

RESULTS

Results revealed moderately high burnout scores in our sample. The majority of the participants showed signs of personal-related job burnout, followed by work-related and client-related burnout. A strongly elevated distress level was obtained in almost two-thirds of study respondents. In addition, a significant and high correlation of all CBI subscales with distress was found, as well as medium correlations with sleep duration shortening as a mediator between distress and job burnout.

CONCLUSIONS

Results of our study showed that job burnout significantly increased among pharmacy practitioners during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, we discovered that stress has an indirect impact on study participants' burnout via insufficient sleep.

Cytotoxic triterpenoids and triterpene sugar esters from the medicinal mushroom Fomitopsis betulina

Thirteen undescribed 24-methylene lanostane triterpenoids, named polyporenic acids E-M and fomitosides L-O, as well as seventeen known analogues, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Fomitopsis betulina. Their structures were determined using 1D, 2D NMR, IR, and HRESIMS. Fomitoside L and fomitoside N exhibited cytotoxicity against HL60 leukemia cells (IC₅₀ = 15.8 and 23.7 μM, respectively). Among the known compounds, notable cytotoxicities against HL60 leukemia cells and selectivity with respect to MRC-5 healthy cells were noticed for dehydropachymic acid (IC₅₀ = 10.9 μM, SI 8.6), pachymic acid (IC₅₀ = 11.0 μM, SI 9.8), 3-epi-dehydrotumulosic acid (IC₅₀ = 19.9 μM, SI 5.8) and 12α-hydroxy-3α-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxycarbonyl-3'-methylbutyryloxy)-24-methyllanosta-8,24 (31)-dien-26-oic acid (IC₅₀ = 19.2 μM, SI 2.2).

Occurrence and transfer of mycotoxins from ingredients to fish feed and fish meat of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Serbia

As fish has been known for its high protein content and other health benefits, aquaculture production has started to flourish in Serbia. Common carp is the predominant species being farmed, comprising more than 80% of the total fish production in Serbia. The primary ingredients in fish feed are plant-based products, which present a risk of mycotoxin contamination, posing a potential risk to consumers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the mycotoxin status of carp aquaculture in Serbia. At the beginning of the feeding season, May to June 2019, 27 samples of feed ingredients, 8 of finished feed and 14 of edible fish meat were analysed. The fish feed and feed ingredients were sampled from local producers, while the fish were sampled from fish farms that were reported to use the sampled feed. The feed ingredients were locally produced maize and maize products, sunflower meal, soybean and soybean products, wheat, bone meal, yeast and distillers dried grains with solubles, which were ground together, mixed and pelleted in different sizes. All samples were tested for the presence of aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (fumonisin B1 and B2), HT-2 and T-2 toxins. The most prevalent mycotoxins were OTA (91.4%), fumonisin B1+B2 (68.6%) and AFB1 (48.6%). Only one sample of the plant-based ingredients was below limit of quantification (LOQ), and more than 85% of the samples had more than one mycotoxin detected, ranging from 0.43 μg/kg of AFB1 to 3,168.5 μg/kg of fumonisin B1+B2. However, all the samples of edible fish meat were under the LOQ. We suggest that further research should be conducted on the effects of co-occurring mycotoxins; we also recommend stricter regulations on fish feed to reduce the impacts of mycotoxins on fish health and productivity.

Estimation of absorbed gamma dose rate from granite by Monte Carlo simulation approach

Apart from the continuous exposure of humans to background ionising radiation, an increased level of radiation may also originate from the use of building materials with an enhanced level of radioactivity. Thus, it is necessary to examine the content of radionuclides present in building materials, as well as the corresponding dose which may be received by residents from these materials. In this paper, particular attention was dedicated to finding the absorbed dose rate and annual effective dose caused by the presence of naturally occurring radioisotopes ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in granite, a widely used building material, by means of Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, the obtained dose rate simulation results were compared with values estimated from commonly used simple equations, relating to the dose rate emitted by granite plates, covering the interior of a standard room. In the simulation, a room was constructed with standard dimensions (4 m × 5 m × 2.8 m), and with floor and walls covered with 3 cm thick granite. A water cylinder (approximate mass 65 kg) was positioned in the center of the room, representing a human body. The emission of the most intense gamma rays from ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th progenies, as well as from ⁴⁰K, emanating from the granite matrix, was simulated. The number of generated photons in each simulation (typically it was an order of magnitude of ~10⁶) precisely represented actual activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in granite samples. All processes playing a role in the interactions of gamma photons with the granite matrix itself, the outer concrete shell, the air within the room, and the water cylinder, were taken into account by GEANT4 simulation software, after which the spectra of deposited energy inside of the water cylinder were obtained. Based on the deposited energy, the absorbed dose rate and annual effective dose were calculated for 6 analysed granite samples, each with different ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K contents. Furthermore, the effect of the position of the water cylinder in the simulated room on the absorbed dose rate was considered, as well as the distribution of the deposited energy within the water cylinder. The absorbed dose rates, and consequently annual effective dose, obtained in the simulations were found to be 30%-40% higher than the values obtained from using a standard formula.

EFFECTS OF A 6-WEEK CONTROLED EXERCISE PROGRAM AND SEMI-CONTROLED DIET ON BODY FAT AND SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS IN ADULTS

Aim. To investigate the effects of a 6-week of controlled exercise program followed by a semi-controlled dietary regimen on indicators of body fat mass (BF) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) of adults. Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 28 particpants with the main characteristics of the sample being: age = 29.70 ± 8.35 years, body height (BH) = 177.35 ± 9.36 cm, and body mass (BM) = 105.20 ± 27.06 kg. Body composition parameters, BM, body fat mass (BF), trunk fat (TF), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), percent of body fat (PBF), percent of skeletal muscle mass (PSMM), body mass index (BMI), and index of hypokinesia (IH) were collected before and after six weeks of exercise program and semi-controlled diet regimen. A Paired sample T-test and effect size (ES) were used to determine the effects and their magnitude of the treatment applied. Results. A 6-week treatment significantly affected investigated variables, wherein BF (–6.75 kg, p < 0.001), TF (–3.28 kg, p < 0.001), and SMM (–0.91 kg, p = 0.003) tissue decreased in a different degree, leading to a small but highly significant increase in PSMM (2.60 %, p < 0.001). A decrease in BF and SMM resulted in a significant reduction in BMI, while IH decreased in a smaller degree than BMI because PBF and PSMM changed inversely. Conclusion. Six weeks of a controlled exercise program 3 times/week and semi-controlled diet is an effective approach to the reduction of BM, BF, and TF and to increasing the movement potential by changing the proportions of PBF and PSMM.

Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected (±)-3-Amino-4-anilidopiperidines and (±)-3-N-Carbomethoxyfentanyl

The synthesis of orthogonally protected cis- and trans-3-amino-4-anilidopiperidine derivatives has been accomplished in six steps, starting from readily accessible 4-piperidone derivatives. The last three steps, i.e., N-acylation, Hofmann rearrangement, and carbamate cleavage, involved separated (±)-cis and (±)-trans intermediates. Complete retention of configuration was observed at position 3 of the piperidine ring. Specifically protected positions 1 and 3 at the piperidine scaffold allow for selective deprotection and introduction of diverse substituents at the respective nitrogen sites. The orthogonally protected anilidopiperidines open avenues to potentially pharmacologically active compounds, including opioids and various bivalent ligands for G protein-coupled receptors. In addition, a prototype of a novel class of fentanyl derivatives, possessing a 3-amino group, was synthesized by using the same approach.

Diarylheptanoids from the bark of black alder inhibit the growth of sensitive and multi-drug resistant non-small cell lung carcinoma cells

An extended study of minor diarylheptanoids from the bark of black alder has resulted in the isolation of twenty diarylheptanoids, ten of which have not previously been reported (14-18, 20-24). The structures and configurations of all compounds were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS, UV, IR, and CD. The anti-cancer potency of twenty diarylheptanoids and four previously isolated compounds (7, 10, 12, 13) was investigated in human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines (sensitive and multi-drug resistant variants) as well as in normal human keratinocytes. Diarylheptanoids with a p-coumaroyl group, 14 and 18, platyphylloside (1), platyphyllonol-5-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (2), alnuside B (4) and hirsutenone (9) exhibited strong anti-cancer activity, considerably higher than diarylheptanoid curcumin, which served as a positive control. Compounds 4, 9, 14, and 18 displayed significant selectivity towards the cancer cells. Structure/activity analysis of twenty-four closely related diarylheptanoids revealed a high dependence of cytotoxic action on the presence of a carbonyl group at C-3. Substitution of a heptane chain on C-5 and a number of hydroxyl groups in the aromatic rings also emerged as a significant structural feature that influenced their cytotoxic potential.

Diarylheptanoids from Alnus glutinosa bark and their chemoprotective effect on human lymphocytes DNA

A study of secondary metabolites from the bark of Alnus glutinosa led to the isolation of fourteen diarylheptanoids: oregonin (1), platyphylloside (2), rubranoside A (3), rubranoside B (4), hirsutanonol (5), hirsutenone (6), hirsutanonol-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), platyphyllonol-5-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (8), aceroside VII (9), alnuside A (10), alnuside B (11), 1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-heptane-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (12), (5S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-heptan-3-one (13), and (5S)-1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-O-β-D-[6-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamoylglucopyranosyl)]-heptan-3-one (14). All of the diarylheptanoids, except 1 and 5, were found in A. glutinosa for the first time, while 13 and 14 were new compounds. The structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques: 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, FTIR, UV, and CD. All isolated compounds were analyzed for an in vitro protective effect on chromosome aberrations in peripheral human lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The majority of them, including the new compounds 13 and 14, exerted a pronounced effect in decreasing DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Diarylheptanoids 1, 2, 5, 13, and 14 at a concentration of 1 µg/mL decreased the frequency of micronuclei by 52.8 %, 43.8 %, 63.6 %, 44.4 %, and 56.0 %, respectively, exerting a much stronger effect than the synthetic protector amifostine (17.2 %, c = 1 µg/mL).

Antiproliferative activity and QSAR studies of a series of new 4-aminomethylidene derivatives of some pyrazol-5-ones

Twenty five 4-aminomethylidene derivatives obtained from 3-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one and 1,3-diphenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one were synthesized and tested for their antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer MDA-MB-361 and MDA-MB-453 cell lines. The compounds derived from 1,3-diphenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one exhibited the most remarkable activity in the treatment of both cell lines. In vitro antiproliferative activities were accompanied by an important apoptotic fraction of both cell lines; also, compounds inhibited key endothelial cell functions implicated in invasion and angiogenesis. QSAR methods were performed in order to analyze the influence of structural features of the compounds investigated on the antiproliferative potential on MDA-MB-361 and MDA-MB-453 cancer cells. One-parameter heuristic analysis was performed and different whole molecule and fragmental descriptors were considered for rationalization of mechanism of interaction of these compounds with active place of hypothetical target included in tumorigenesis.

A chemotype that inhibits three unrelated pathogenic targets: the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain, P. falciparum malaria, and the Ebola filovirus

A 1,7-bis(alkylamino)diazachrysene-based small molecule was previously identified as an inhibitor of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain metalloprotease. Subsequently, a variety of derivatives of this chemotype were synthesized to develop structure-activity relationships, and all are inhibitors of the BoNT/A LC. Three-dimensional analyses indicated that half of the originally discovered 1,7-DAAC structure superimposed well with 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline-based antimalarial agents. This observation led to the discovery that several of the 1,7-DAAC derivatives are potent in vitro inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and, in general, are more efficacious against CQ-resistant strains than against CQ-susceptible strains. In addition, by inhibiting β-hematin formation, the most efficacious 1,7-DAAC-based antimalarials employ a mechanism of action analogous to that of 4,7-ACQ-based antimalarials and are well tolerated by normal cells. One candidate was also effective when administered orally in a rodent-based malaria model. Finally, the 1,7-DAAC-based derivatives were examined for Ebola filovirus inhibition in an assay employing Vero76 cells, and three provided promising antiviral activities and acceptably low toxicities.

Influence of the microenvironment of thiol groups in low molecular mass thiols and serum albumin on the reaction with methylglyoxal

Methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive alpha-oxoaldehyde that is produced in higher quantities in diabetes, uremia, oxidative stress, aging and inflammation, reacts with the thiol groups (in addition to the amino and guanidino groups) of proteins. This causes protein modification, formation of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) and cross-linking. Low molecular mass thiols can be used as competitive targets for MG, preventing the reactions mentioned above. Therefore, this paper investigated how the microenvironment of the thiol group in low molecular mass thiols (cysteine, N-acetylcysteine (NAcCys), carboxymethylcysteine (CMC) and glutathione (GSH)) and human serum albumin (HSA) affected the thiol reaction with MG. The SH group reaction course was monitored by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy and spectrophotometric quantification. Changes in the HSA molecules were monitored by SDS-PAGE. The microenvironment of the SH group had a major effect on its reactivity and on the product yield. The reactivity of SH groups decreased in the order Cys>GSH>NAcCys. CMC did not react. The percentages of the reacted SH groups in the equilibrium state were almost equal, regardless of the ratio of thiol compound/MG (1:1, 1:2, 1:5): 38.1 + or - 0.9%; 38.2 + or - 0.7% and 39.0 + or - 0.8% for Cys; 26.5 + or - 0.6%; 26.6 + or - 2.6% and 27.4 + or - 2.5% for GSH; 10.8 + or - 0.9%; and 11.2 + or - 0.7% and 12.2 + or - 0.9% for NAcCys, respectively. Our results explain why substances containing alpha-amino-beta-mercapto-ethane as a pharmacophore are successful scavengers of MG. In equilibrium, HSA SH reacted in high percentages both with an insufficient amount and with an excess of MG (55% and 65%, respectively). An analysis of the hydrophobicity of the microenvironment of the SH group on the HSA surface showed that it could contribute to high levels of SH modification, leading to an increase in the scavenging activity of the albumin thiol.

Antioxidant properties of grape seed extract on human lymphocyte oxidative defence

The distribution of polyphenolic compounds in a grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract (GSE) was determined using LC/ESI-TOF MS, HPLC/DAD, and (13)C-NMR. The 17 identified compounds comprised gallic and protocatechuic acid, catechin and epicatechin monomers, procyanidin oligomers, and procyanidin gallates. This study addresses the in vitro effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the frequency of micronuclei with reference to the antioxidant status in human lymphocytes. To establish the most effective protective support, we used four different concentrations of GSE, in the range 1-6 microg/mL. Treatment of lymphocytes with GSE at a concentration of 2.5 microg/mL induced a significant decrease in the frequency of micronuclei by 40%, reduction of malonyldialdehyde production by 30%, while a concentration of 5 microg/mL increased catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity by 10% and 15%, respectively. These results demonstrate that GSE may be effective in the prevention of oxidative lymphocyte damage by ROS.

Stereochemistry and conformations of natural 1,2-epoxy-guaianolides based on 1D and 2D NMR data and semiempirical calculations

From detailed study of 1D and 2D NMR spectra of ten natural 1,2-epoxyguaianolides (bis-1,2:3,4-epoxyguaianolides and guaianolide-1,2-epoxychlorohydrins), we identified general spectral traits helpful for stereochemical assignment of such sesquiterpene lactones. We found that the chemical shifts of certain (1)H and (13)C nuclei are consistently dependent on the configuration of 1,2-epoxy-ring which could be used as a simple rule for establishing this configuration. Then, from 1D and 2D (COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC) NMR data, applying the observed rule, the structure and stereochemistry of two new, diastereomeric guaianolide-1,2-epoxychlorohydrins, isolated from Achillea serbica, are determined. The NMR data, namely, nuclear overhauser enhancement (NOE) correlations, pointed out two conformations of guaianolide's cycloheptane ring. The semiempirical calculations (AM1 and PM3 methods), performed in order to gain additional information regarding conformations, resulted in three geometries of investigated lactones. Even so, the conformations derived from the NMR data agreed well with those calculated by semiempirical methods.

Indoor radon in rural dwellings of the South-Pannonian region

The results of indoor radon survey in the South-Pannonian Province Vojvodina (Serbia and Montenegro) are presented. The sampling strategy was oriented towards suburban and urban regions in the Province. For the dwellings typical for such regions the geometric mean annual radon activity concentration of 76.1 Bq m(-3) is measured (1000 measurements). This result leads to the annual dose estimate of 4.3 mSv y(-1), which is above the recommended action limit of ICRP. For urban dwellings in Novi Sad (the Province capital), the annual mean value of 54 Bq m(-3) (220 measurements) is obtained. By comparison of these two results it is concluded that radon surveys based on measurements in urban environment may seriously underestimate the radon-related health risk. The elevated radon levels could not be explained by elevated uranium levels of surface soil.

DNA triplex stabilization by a delta-carboline derivative tethered to third strand oligonucleotides

A delta-carboline derivative was covalently coupled to a 7 mer oligonucleotide at its 5'- or 3'-end. The stability of triplexes formed from the conjugates and a double-helical target was studied by UV melting experiments. Compared to the unmodified control triple helices, triplexes with the conjugate exhibit a significantly higher stability. However, the degree of stabilization depends on the particular triplex structure formed.

Mixed cobalt(III) complexes with aromatic amino acids and diamine. Part IV. Influence of noncovalent intra-and interligand interactions on rotamer population of the S-phenylalaninato and S-tyrosinato side groups in (1,2-diaminoethane)bis-(S-aminocarboxylato)cobalt(III) complexes

Rotamer population of S-tyrosinato and S-phenylalaninato ligands side groups in diastereomers of (1,2-diaminoethane)bis-(S-aminocarboxylato)cobalt(III) complexes is calculated by vicinal alpha and beta proton coupling constant analysis. The effect of noncovalent intra- and interligand interactions on the population of rotamers in D20 solution is discussed. It has been established that in all the complexes investigated the most abundant is rotamer t, in which aromatic voluminous moiety and carboxylic group are in an anti position. In almost all complexes the lowest content is of rotamer g, in which these two groups are in the nearest position. Relatively high population of rotamer h in complex 5 tyr, in spite of high steric hindrances, is due to intra- and interligand NH...pi interactions.

Further sesquiterpene lactones from Anthemis carpatica

A new germacranolide, (E)-1alpha, 10beta-epoxy-3beta-acetoxy-6alpha-hydroxygermacra-4,11 (13)-dien-12,8alpha-olide, together with nine new highly oxygenated guaiadien-12,6alpha-olides of anthemolide, and cumambrin type were identified in the repeated examination of the aerial parts of the flowering Anthemis carpatica. In addition, six known guaianolides belonging to the same groups, also isolated previously from A. carpatica, along with two guaianolides, 2beta-hydroxyepiligustrin and cumambrin B, not found before in this species, were isolated this time.

Guaianolides from Centaurea nicolai: antifungal activity

A new guaianolide, 3-deacetyl-9-O-acetylsalograviolide A, along with four known closely related lactones, salograviolide A, 9-O-acetylsalograviolide A, kandavanolide and salograviolide B were detected in the aerial parts of the flowering plant Centaurea nicolai. Antifungal tests performed on salograviolide A and its 9-O-acetyl and 3-O-deacetyl-9-O-acetyl derivatives revealed inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Penicillium ochrochloron, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium tricinctum and Phomopsis helianthi. Neither of them was active against Trichoderma viride.