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Tolson KP, Marooki N, Wolfe A, Smith JT, Kauffman AS. Cre/lox generation of a novel whole-body Kiss1r KO mouse line recapitulates a hypogonadal, obese, and metabolically-impaired phenotype. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110559. [PMID: 31442544 PMCID: PMC6814569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin and its receptor, Kiss1r, act centrally to stimulate reproduction. Recent evidence indicates that kisspeptin is also important for body weight and metabolism, as whole-body Kiss1r KO mice, developed with gene trap technology, display obesity and reduced metabolism. Kiss1r is expressed in brain and multiple peripheral tissues, but it is unknown which is responsible for the metabolic phenotype. Here, we sought to confirm that 1) the metabolic phenotype of the gene trap Kiss1r KOs is due to disruption of kisspeptin signaling and not off-target effects of viral mutagenesis, and 2) the Kiss1r flox line is suitable for creating conditional KOs to study the metabolic phenotype. We used Cre/lox technology (Zp3-Cre/Kiss1r flox) to develop a new global Kiss1r KO ("Kiss1r gKO") to compare with the original gene trap KO phenotype. We confirmed that deleting exon 2 of Kiss1r from the entire body induces hypogonadism in both sexes. Moreover, global deletion of Kiss1r induced obesity in females, but not males, along with increased adiposity and impaired glucose tolerance, similar to the gene trap Kiss1r KOs. Likewise, Kiss1r gKO females had decreased VO2 and VCO2, likely underlying their obesity. These findings support that our previous results in gene trap Kiss1r KOs are due to disrupted kisspeptin signaling, and further highlight a role for Kiss1r signaling in energy expenditure and metabolism besides controlling reproduction. Moreover, given Kiss1r expression in multiple cell-types, our findings indicate that the Kiss1r flox line is viable for future investigations to isolate specific target cells of kisspeptin's metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Tolson
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nuha Marooki
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Wolfe
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy T Smith
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Tolson KP, Marooki N, De Bond JAP, Walenta E, Stephens SBZ, Liaw RB, Savur R, Wolfe A, Oh DY, Smith JT, Kauffman AS. Conditional knockout of kisspeptin signaling in brown adipose tissue increases metabolic rate and body temperature and lowers body weight. FASEB J 2019; 34:107-121. [PMID: 31914628 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901600r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The peptide kisspeptin and its receptor, Kiss1r, act centrally to stimulate reproduction. Evidence indicates that kisspeptin signaling is also important for body weight (BW) and metabolism. We recently reported that Kiss1r KO mice develop obesity, along with reduced metabolism and energy expenditure, independent of estradiol levels. Outside the brain, Kiss1r is expressed in several metabolic tissues, including brown adipose tissue (BAT), but it is unknown which specific tissue is responsible for the metabolic phenotype in Kiss1r KOs. We first determined that global Kiss1r KO mice have significant alterations in body temperature and BAT thermogenic gene expression, perhaps contributing to their obesity. Next, to test whether kisspeptin signaling specifically in BAT influences BW, metabolism, or body temperature, we used Cre/lox technology to generate conditional Kiss1r knockout exclusively in BAT (BAT-Kiss1r KO). Unlike global Kiss1r KOs, BAT-Kiss1r KOs (lacking Kiss1r in just BAT) were not hypogonadal, as expected. Surprisingly, however, BAT-Kiss1r KOs of both sexes displayed significantly lower BW and adiposity than controls. This novel BAT-Kiss1r KO phenotype was of greater magnitude in females and was associated with improved glucose tolerance, increased metabolism, energy expenditure, and locomotor activity, along with increased body temperature and BAT gene expression, specifically Cox8b. Our findings suggest that the previously observed obesity and decreased metabolism in global Kiss1r KOs reflect impaired kisspeptin signaling in non-BAT tissues. However, the novel finding of increased metabolism and body temperature and lower BW in BAT-Kiss1r KOs reveal a previously unidentified role for endogenous kisspeptin signaling in BAT in modulating metabolic and thermogenic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Tolson
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nuha Marooki
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Julie-Ann P De Bond
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Evelyn Walenta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shannon B Z Stephens
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Reanna B Liaw
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rishi Savur
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Wolfe
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Da Young Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy T Smith
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Wong KA, Harker JA, Dolgoter A, Marooki N, Zuniga EI. T Cell-Intrinsic IL-6R Signaling Is Required for Optimal ICOS Expression and Viral Control during Chronic Infection. J Immunol 2019; 203:1509-1520. [PMID: 31413107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 plays an integral role not only in innate inflammatory responses but also in the activation and differentiation of lymphocyte subsets. In this study, by using a conditional knockout (cKO) model with selective IL-6 receptor deletion in T cells (IL-6R-cKO), we demonstrated that T cell-specific IL-6R signaling is essential for viral control during persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 infection. Strikingly, we observed that in contrast to previous studies with ubiquitous IL-6 deletion or blockade, specific IL-6R deletion in T cells did not affect T follicular helper (Tfh) cell accumulation unless IL-6R-deficient T cells were competing with wild-type cells in mixed bone marrow chimeras. In contrast, Tfh cells from IL-6R-cKO-infected mice exhibited reduced ICOS expression in both chimeric and nonchimeric settings, and this sole identifiable Tfh defect was associated with reduced germinal centers, compromised Ig switch and low avidity of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific Abs despite intact IL-6R expression in B cells. We posit that IL-6R cis-signaling is absolutely required for appropriate ICOS expression in Tfh cells and provides a competitive advantage for Tfh accumulation, enabling generation of optimal B cell and Ab responses, and ultimately viral control during in vivo chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Wong
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - James A Harker
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Aleksandr Dolgoter
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nuha Marooki
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elina I Zuniga
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Loureiro ME, Zorzetto-Fernandes AL, Radoshitzky S, Chi X, Dallari S, Marooki N, Lèger P, Foscaldi S, Harjono V, Sharma S, Zid BM, López N, de la Torre JC, Bavari S, Zúñiga E. DDX3 suppresses type I interferons and favors viral replication during Arenavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007125. [PMID: 30001425 PMCID: PMC6042795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) diseases that are associated with high morbidity and mortality in humans. Accordingly, HF arenaviruses have been listed as top-priority emerging diseases for which countermeasures are urgently needed. Because arenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) plays critical roles in both virus multiplication and immune-evasion, we used an unbiased proteomic approach to identify NP-interacting proteins in human cells. DDX3, a DEAD-box ATP-dependent-RNA-helicase, interacted with NP in both NP-transfected and virus-infected cells. Importantly, DDX3 deficiency compromised the propagation of both Old and New World arenaviruses, including the HF arenaviruses Lassa and Junin viruses. The DDX3 role in promoting arenavirus multiplication associated with both a previously un-recognized DDX3 inhibitory role in type I interferon production in arenavirus infected cells and a positive DDX3 effect on arenavirus RNA synthesis that was dependent on its ATPase and Helicase activities. Our results uncover novel mechanisms used by arenaviruses to exploit the host machinery and subvert immunity, singling out DDX3 as a potential host target for developing new therapies against highly pathogenic arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Loureiro
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Sheli Radoshitzky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Chi
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Simone Dallari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nuha Marooki
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Psylvia Lèger
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Foscaldi
- Centro de Virología Animal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vince Harjono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sonia Sharma
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Zid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nora López
- Centro de Virología Animal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Elina Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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Tolson KP, Garcia C, Delgado I, Marooki N, Kauffman AS. Metabolism and Energy Expenditure, But Not Feeding or Glucose Tolerance, Are Impaired in Young Kiss1r KO Female Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4192-4199. [PMID: 27649089 PMCID: PMC5086529 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin regulates reproduction via signaling through the receptor, Kiss1r, in GnRH neurons. However, both kisspeptin and Kiss1r are produced in several peripheral tissues, and recent studies have highlighted a role for kisspeptin signaling in metabolism and glucose homeostasis. We recently reported that Kiss1r knockout (KO) mice display a sexually dimorphic metabolic phenotype, with KO females displaying obesity, impaired metabolism, and glucose intolerance at 4-5 months of age. However, it remains unclear when this metabolic phenotype first emerges in development, or which aspects of the pleiotropic phenotype underlie the metabolic defects and which are secondary to the obesity. Here, we studied Kiss1r KO females at different ages, including several weeks before the emergence of body weight (BW) differences and later when obesity is present. We determined that at young adult ages (6 wk old), KO females already exhibit altered adiposity, leptin levels, metabolism, and energy expenditure, despite having normal BWs at this time. In contrast, food intake, water intake, and glucose tolerance are normal at young ages and only show impairments at older adult ages, suggesting that these impairments may be secondary to earlier alterations in metabolism and adiposity. We also demonstrate that, in addition to BW, all other facets of the adult metabolic phenotype persist even when gonadal sex steroids are similar between genotypes. Collectively, these data highlight the developmental emergence of a metabolic phenotype induced by disrupted kisspeptin signaling and reveal that multiple, but not all, aspects of this phenotype are already disrupted before detectable changes in BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Tolson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Christian Garcia
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Iris Delgado
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nuha Marooki
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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