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François S, Filloux D, Roumagnac P, Bigot D, Gayral P, Martin DP, Froissart R, Ogliastro M. Discovery of parvovirus-related sequences in an unexpected broad range of animals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30880. [PMID: 27600734 PMCID: PMC5013282 DOI: 10.1038/srep30880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the genetic diversity and host ranges of viruses is fragmentary. This is particularly true for the Parvoviridae family. Genetic diversity studies of single stranded DNA viruses within this family have been largely focused on arthropod- and vertebrate-infecting species that cause diseases of humans and our domesticated animals: a focus that has biased our perception of parvovirus diversity. While metagenomics approaches could help rectify this bias, so too could transcriptomics studies. Large amounts of transcriptomic data are available for a diverse array of animal species and whenever this data has inadvertently been gathered from virus-infected individuals, it could contain detectable viral transcripts. We therefore performed a systematic search for parvovirus-related sequences (PRSs) within publicly available transcript, genome and protein databases and eleven new transcriptome datasets. This revealed 463 PRSs in the transcript databases of 118 animals. At least 41 of these PRSs are likely integrated within animal genomes in that they were also found within genomic sequence databases. Besides illuminating the ubiquity of parvoviruses, the number of parvoviral sequences discovered within public databases revealed numerous previously unknown parvovirus-host combinations; particularly in invertebrates. Our findings suggest that the host-ranges of extant parvoviruses might span the entire animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. François
- INRA, UMR DGIMI, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - D. Filloux
- CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, UMR BGPI, Campus International de Montferrier-Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex-5, France
| | - P. Roumagnac
- CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, UMR BGPI, Campus International de Montferrier-Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex-5, France
| | - D. Bigot
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS–Université François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | - P. Gayral
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS–Université François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
- UMR5554–Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution UMR5554, Université Montpellier–CNRS–IRD–EPHE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - D. P. Martin
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - R. Froissart
- CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, UMR BGPI, Campus International de Montferrier-Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex-5, France
- CNRS-IRD-UM, UMR 5290, MIVEGEC, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, France
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Romiguier J, Gayral P, Ballenghien M, Bernard A, Cahais V, Chenuil A, Chiari Y, Dernat R, Duret L, Faivre N, Loire E, Lourenco JM, Nabholz B, Roux C, Tsagkogeorga G, Weber AAT, Weinert LA, Belkhir K, Bierne N, Glémin S, Galtier N. Comparative population genomics in animals uncovers the determinants of genetic diversity. Nature 2014; 515:261-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lapègue S, Harrang E, Heurtebise S, Flahauw E, Donnadieu C, Gayral P, Ballenghien M, Genestout L, Barbotte L, Mahla R, Haffray P, Klopp C. Development of SNP-genotyping arrays in two shellfish species. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 14:820-30. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Lapègue
- Ifremer; SG2M-LGPMM; Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins; La Tremblade France
| | - E. Harrang
- Ifremer; SG2M-LGPMM; Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins; La Tremblade France
| | - S. Heurtebise
- Ifremer; SG2M-LGPMM; Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins; La Tremblade France
| | - E. Flahauw
- Ifremer; SG2M-LGPMM; Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins; La Tremblade France
| | - C. Donnadieu
- INRA UMR444; Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire; Plateforme GeT-PlaGe Genotoul; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - P. Gayral
- CNRS UMR 5554; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; Montpellier France
- CNRS UMR 7261; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques; Université François Rabelais; Tours France
| | - M. Ballenghien
- CNRS UMR 5554; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; Montpellier France
| | - L. Genestout
- LABOGENA; Domaine de Vilvert; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - L. Barbotte
- LABOGENA; Domaine de Vilvert; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - R. Mahla
- LABOGENA; Domaine de Vilvert; Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - P. Haffray
- SYSAAF; Station LPGP/INRA; Campus de Beaulieu; 35042 Rennes France
| | - C. Klopp
- INRA; Sigenae; UR875 Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle; Castanet-Tolosan France
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Romiguier J, Lourenco J, Gayral P, Faivre N, Weinert LA, Ravel S, Ballenghien M, Cahais V, Bernard A, Loire E, Keller L, Galtier N. Population genomics of eusocial insects: the costs of a vertebrate-like effective population size. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:593-603. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Romiguier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
| | - J. Lourenco
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
| | - P. Gayral
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l'Insecte; CNRS UMR 7261; Université François-Rabelais; Tours France
| | - N. Faivre
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
| | - L. A. Weinert
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - S. Ravel
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
| | - M. Ballenghien
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
| | - V. Cahais
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
| | - A. Bernard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
| | - E. Loire
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
| | - L. Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - N. Galtier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier; Université Montpellier 2; CNRS UMR 5554; Montpellier France
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Cahais V, Gayral P, Tsagkogeorga G, Melo-Ferreira J, Ballenghien M, Weinert L, Chiari Y, Belkhir K, Ranwez V, Galtier N. Reference-free transcriptome assembly in non-model animals from next-generation sequencing data. Mol Ecol Resour 2012. [PMID: 22540679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2012.03148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies offer the opportunity for population genomic study of non-model organisms sampled in the wild. The transcriptome is a convenient and popular target for such purposes. However, designing genetic markers from NGS transcriptome data requires assembling gene-coding sequences out of short reads. This is a complex task owing to gene duplications, genetic polymorphism, alternative splicing and transcription noise. Typical assembling programmes return thousands of predicted contigs, whose connection to the species true gene content is unclear, and from which SNP definition is uneasy. Here, the transcriptomes of five diverse non-model animal species (hare, turtle, ant, oyster and tunicate) were assembled from newly generated 454 and Illumina sequence reads. In two species for which a reference genome is available, a new procedure was introduced to annotate each predicted contig as either a full-length cDNA, fragment, chimera, allele, paralogue, genomic sequence or other, based on the number of, and overlap between, blast hits to the appropriate reference. Analyses showed that (i) the highest quality assemblies are obtained when 454 and Illumina data are combined, (ii) typical de novo assemblies include a majority of irrelevant cDNA predictions and (iii) assemblies can be appropriately cleaned by filtering contigs based on length and coverage. We conclude that robust, reference-free assembly of thousands of genes from transcriptomic NGS data is possible, opening promising perspectives for transcriptome-based population genomics in animals. A Galaxy pipeline implementing our best-performing assembling strategy is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cahais
- CNRS UMR 5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Cahais V, Gayral P, Tsagkogeorga G, Melo-Ferreira J, Ballenghien M, Weinert L, Chiari Y, Belkhir K, Ranwez V, Galtier N. Reference-free transcriptome assembly in non-model animals from next-generation sequencing data. Mol Ecol Resour 2012; 12:834-45. [PMID: 22540679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2012.03148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies offer the opportunity for population genomic study of non-model organisms sampled in the wild. The transcriptome is a convenient and popular target for such purposes. However, designing genetic markers from NGS transcriptome data requires assembling gene-coding sequences out of short reads. This is a complex task owing to gene duplications, genetic polymorphism, alternative splicing and transcription noise. Typical assembling programmes return thousands of predicted contigs, whose connection to the species true gene content is unclear, and from which SNP definition is uneasy. Here, the transcriptomes of five diverse non-model animal species (hare, turtle, ant, oyster and tunicate) were assembled from newly generated 454 and Illumina sequence reads. In two species for which a reference genome is available, a new procedure was introduced to annotate each predicted contig as either a full-length cDNA, fragment, chimera, allele, paralogue, genomic sequence or other, based on the number of, and overlap between, blast hits to the appropriate reference. Analyses showed that (i) the highest quality assemblies are obtained when 454 and Illumina data are combined, (ii) typical de novo assemblies include a majority of irrelevant cDNA predictions and (iii) assemblies can be appropriately cleaned by filtering contigs based on length and coverage. We conclude that robust, reference-free assembly of thousands of genes from transcriptomic NGS data is possible, opening promising perspectives for transcriptome-based population genomics in animals. A Galaxy pipeline implementing our best-performing assembling strategy is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cahais
- CNRS UMR 5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Inferences about the evolutionary impact of gene duplications often rely on the analysis of their long-term outcome. The fate of the majority of them must, however, be decided shortly after duplication. Here we analysed the evolutionary pattern of 10 mouse genes very recently duplicated by retrotransposition, by sequencing the retroposed copy in five to 10 closely related mouse species. In all cases the retroposed copy experienced accelerated nonsynonymous evolution whereas the divergence pattern of the source copy appeared unaffected by the duplication, consistent with the neofunctionalization model. The analysis further revealed that most retrogenes, including pseudogenes, did not experience a period of relaxed neutral evolution, but have been submitted to purifying selection ever since their retroposition. We propose that these duplicates play a biochemical role but are not indispensable. Purifying selection prevents them from acquiring a negative role until they are lost or silenced. This period of unnecessary redundancy could in rare cases give the time for new functions to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gayral
- CNRS UMR -Génome, Populations, Interactions, Adaptation, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Elkihel L, Grosclaude JM, Nembo B, Jacquot C, Gayral P, Goudey-Perriere F, Letourneux Y, Barreteau H. Synthesis and Determination of N-Acetyloctopamine by HPLC with Electrochemical Detection. Bioassay in Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis (Nematoda). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079408013522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Elkihel
- a Laboratoire de Génie Protéique-Physicochimie des Substances Naturelles , Université de La Rochelle , Pôle Sciences Av. Marillac, 17 000, La Rochelle , France
| | - J. M. Grosclaude
- b Laboratoires de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Paris-Sud , 92296, Chǎtenay-Malabry , Cedex , France
| | - B. Nembo
- c Biologie et Contrôe des Organismes Parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Paris-Sud , 92296, Chǎtenay-Malabry , Cedex , France
| | - C. Jacquot
- b Laboratoires de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Paris-Sud , 92296, Chǎtenay-Malabry , Cedex , France
| | - P. Gayral
- c Biologie et Contrôe des Organismes Parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Paris-Sud , 92296, Chǎtenay-Malabry , Cedex , France
| | - F. Goudey-Perriere
- c Biologie et Contrôe des Organismes Parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Paris-Sud , 92296, Chǎtenay-Malabry , Cedex , France
| | - Y. Letourneux
- a Laboratoire de Génie Protéique-Physicochimie des Substances Naturelles , Université de La Rochelle , Pôle Sciences Av. Marillac, 17 000, La Rochelle , France
| | - H. Barreteau
- b Laboratoires de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie , Université de Paris-Sud , 92296, Chǎtenay-Malabry , Cedex , France
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Grosclaude JM, Goudey-Perrière F, Gayral P, Jacquot C, Barreteau H. [Fluctuations of serotonin and its metabolites in the lung and intestinal mucosa in the rat infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1998; 91:133-7. [PMID: 9642465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of parasitism on host biogenic amine levels was investigated in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infected rats. Amine levels were estimated in tissues surrounding Nematods in their biological environment: the lung and intestinal mucus. D0 being the day of infestation, tissues were obtained at 24, 30 and 45 hrs, and every day between D4 and D14 (when the rat was completely deparasited by the self-cure phenomenon). Biogenic amines belonging to the serotoninergic pathway were quantified by HPLC with electrochemical detection. In the lungs and mucus, parasitism resulted in an important decrease in serotonine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels, as opposed to the immediate 5-HT precursor, the 5-hydroxy-tryptophane (5-HTP). Host response to parasitism is translated by serotoninergic pathway levels. This leads to two hypotheses: 5-HT turn-over may be accelerated, but the inhibition of 5-HT synthetic enzyme, 5-hydroxytryptophane hydroxylase, by the parasite present in the host seems more probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Grosclaude
- Laboratoire de pharmacodynamie, Faculté de pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Radembino N, Loiseau PM, Dessalles MC, Marchat L, Bories C, Gayral P, Mahuzier G. Epoxyethane-/ethynesulfonamides with antifilarial activities. Degradation kinetics and inhibitory effect on filarial malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. Arzneimittelforschung 1998; 48:294-9. [PMID: 9553689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some epoxyethane-/ethynesulfonamides had shown strong filaricidal activity with inconstant reproducibility as a result of a lack of stability in aqueous solution. The degradation in hydroxylic and aprotic solutions of two epoxyethanesulfonamides and one ethynesulfonamide was investigated using TLC, HPLC, GC and mass spectrometry. For both epoxydes, the degradation rate followed first-order kinetics and was more rapid in hydroxylic than in aprotic solutions. The degradation increased with the temperature whereas it was not modified with and without light exposure. Four kinds of degradation products were found: the first one involved the oxidation of the epoxyde bond, the second the breaking of the N-S bond, the third a desulfonation product and the fourth was not identified. In contrast, the stability of ethynesulfonamide was better than those of epoxyethanesulfonamide. These results suggest that epoxyethanesulfonamides should be kept at +4 degrees C before being injected to animals during the study of biological activity. Since epoxyde compounds are known to have inhibitory effects on parasite energy metabolism enzymes, the compunds were evaluated on two major filarial enzymes: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (MDH). Both epoxyethanesulfonamides showed only a slight inhibitory effect on filarial LDH and MDH confirming the evidence that the main mode of action of these compounds remains to discover. Moreover, ethynesulfonamide and the degradation products of both epoxyethane-sulfonamides had no effect on LDH and MDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Radembino
- Laboratoire de Méthodologies Bioanalytiques, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Gayral P. [Experimental studies of filaricides]. Ann Pharm Fr 1998; 55:239-45. [PMID: 9453168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several chemical compounds have shown filarical activities, which are presented and compared in this presentation: diethylcarbamazin, ivermectin, benzimidazoles and original compounds as epoxy and ethynesulphonamide, or carboxamides. Their metabolism and tissue distribution are depending of the host, and whether hosts are parasitized or not. Reference compounds have filaricidal activities depending of the stage of Filaria, and of the experimental model. The necessity of a good model is essential to extrapolate the results. Biochemical targets which can be identified from these animals models may be inappropriate for use in human filariasis; that is why fundamental research is still necessary in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gayral
- Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, Châtenay-Malabry
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Goudey-Perrière F, Grosclaude JM, Nembo B, Barreteau H, Jacquot C, Gayral P. Levels of biogenic amines in larvae and adults of the rat hookworm, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda). Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 1997; 118:615-23. [PMID: 9406438 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(96)00466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, octopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, N-acetyldopamine, dopamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, N-acetylserotonin, tyramine, tryptophan and serotonin in larvae (third free stage and parasitic stages) and adult males and females (at defined ages during the intestinal phase) of the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were quantified simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Biogenic amine levels depended on the stage, the age and the sex of parasites and on environmental conditions. Their physiological roles in reproductively competent adults of this nematode are discussed in relation to exuviation and egg laying. Parallel fluctuations in free ecdysteroids and norepinephrine were observed in females from the same worm populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Goudey-Perrière
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Radembino N, Dessalles MC, Trouvin JH, Loiseau PM, Gayral P, Mahuzier G, Rapp M, Labarre P, Godeneche D, Madelmont JC, Maurizis JC, Veyre A, Chabard JL. Tissue distribution and metabolism in rat of an ethynesulphonamide with filaricidal activity. Xenobiotica 1997; 27:73-85. [PMID: 9041680 DOI: 10.1080/004982597240776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. The tissue distribution and metabolism of a new filaricidal agent P903 (N-[(2-phenylethynyl)sulfonyl]morpholine) were studied in rat. 2. After s.c. administration of 14C and 13C P903, the Tmax in the blood was observed on day 2. Elimination was slow and > 95% was bound to protein. Radioactivity was distributed in the whole organism but particularly in erythrocytes and the lymphatic channel. Four days later, > 60% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine and faeces at equal amounts and 15% remained at the injection point. 3. In all biological fluids tested no P903 was found but only its metabolites. 4. One principal metabolite, the N-[(2-phenyloxo-2-ethane) sulphonyl] morpholine or oxosulphonamide was identified in blood, urine and faeces as compared with the reference compound by GC/MS and NMR. This latter molecule was detected following hydrolysis by hydrochloric acid but not with beta glucuronidase/sulphatase. 5. Unconjugated and conjugated oxosulphonamide represented > 85% of the radioactivity at all times tested in blood but only 38 and 35% respectively of urinary and faecal radioactivity on day 1 after the administration of the labelled drug. 6. Thus, P903 is rapidly converted to a reactive metabolite, probably an oxirene, which is then conjugated with endogenous components to form conjugated oxosulphonamide and an unknown metabolite. The role of this reactive metabolite in antifilarial activity seems to be very important in understanding the mechanism of action of P903.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Radembino
- Laboratoires de Méthodologies Bioanalytiques, de Parasitologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Rangel A, Spinella S, Urdaneta H, Gayral P, Rigothier MC. Entamoeba histolytica 60 kDa cysteine proteinase and its relationship with the humoral immune response. Arch Med Res 1997; 28 Spec No:262-3. [PMID: 9033094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rangel
- Clinical Immunology Institute, Facuty of Medicine, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
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Spinella S, Petek F, Gayral P, Rigothier MC. A novel cysteine protease in Entamoeba histolytica. Arch Med Res 1997; 28 Spec No:180-1. [PMID: 9033062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Spinella
- Biology and Parasite Control, Pharmacy Faculty, Chatenay-Matabry, France
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Gury C, Déchelette N, Gayral P. [Leponex: experience of the hospital pharmacist]. Encephale 1996; 22 Spec No 6:28-32. [PMID: 9102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Clozapine's monitoring, with a co-responsibility between psychiatrists and pharmacists, is very efficient for the prevention of neutropenia's side effects. This intensive drug safety has lowered the cases of agranulocytosis in France to a 0.5% prevalence. However the cost of clozapine led to a strict estimation for health expenditures. Our study, performed in a university department of psychiatry in Sainte-Anne Hospital (Paris), has included 14 patients treated with clozapine for at least 12 months and has displayed a decrease of 10% in their annual global cost, comparing with the same group of patients treated by classical neuroleptics during the preceding year. This global cost includes the treatment, the blood monitoring and the cost of different hospital or community cares. Quality of life, in the clozapine group, was much improved, as illustrated by the shortened full time hospitalization which was followed at an earlier stage by community care and earlier social readaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gury
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris
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20
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Garnier P, Grosclaude JM, Goudey-Perrière F, Gervat V, Gayral P, Jacquot C, Perrière C. Presence of norepinephrine and other biogenic amines in stonefish venom. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996; 685:364-9. [PMID: 8953181 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although fish venoms exert a cardiovascular effect, the presence of adrenergic substances was not previously demonstrated. Chromatographic analysis with electrochemical detection showed the presence of substances co-migrating with norepinephrine, dopamine and tryptophan. Serotonin, which was thought to be implicated in the intense pain following fish envenomation, was not detected. Norepinephrine was identified as a component of the stonefish Synanceia verrucosa venom by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Garnier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Université de Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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21
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Tournaire C, Caujolle R, Payard M, Commenges G, Bessières MH, Bories C, Loiseau PM, Gayral P. Synthesis and protozoocidal activities of quinones. Eur J Med Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)85172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Gayral P, Loiseau PM, Bories C, Brienne MJ, Leclercq M, Jacques J. In vitro and in vivo antifilarial activity of ethynesulfonamides, epoxyethanesulfonamides and carboxamide analogues. Arzneimittelforschung 1995; 45:1122-7. [PMID: 8595073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2-substituted trans-1,2-epoxyethanesulfonamides (1T), ethynesulfonamides (2), and their carboxamide analogues 3 (cis and trans) and 4 were evaluated for their antifilarial activity, first in vitro against the infective larvae of the filaria Molinema dessetae, then in vivo against the same filaria in Proechimys oris, its natural host. On the whole, compounds 2 displayed a high level of activity in vitro, while 4 showed a wider range and 3 were virtually inactive. The modest activity found within the series 1T was assumed to be due, in part, to the instability of the products under the conditions of the biological tests. Five new compounds within the series 1T, 2 and 4 showed a macrofilaricidal activity in vivo. There is no clear correlation between in vivo and in vitro data. It was observed, however, that within the series 2 and 4 all the compounds active in vivo were among the most potent compounds in vitro. Nevertheless, the in vitro model, although of limited value, could help in selecting compounds for further evaluation within a given series.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gayral
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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23
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Loiseau PM, Trabelsi M, Gayral P, Wolf JG. The incorporation of N,N'-bis(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-1,6 diazahexane or octane as the ligands of spiroarsoranes: their effect on trypanocidal activity. Acta Trop 1995; 59:237-41. [PMID: 7572429 DOI: 10.1016/0001-706x(95)00086-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Université de Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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24
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Gury C, Dechelette N, Gayral P. [Leponex: experience of the hospital pharmacist]. Encephale 1995; 21 Spec No 3:61-5. [PMID: 7628345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Clozapine's monitoring, with a co-responsibility between psychiatrists and pharmacists, was very efficient for the prevention of neutropenia's side effects. This intensive drug safety has lowered the agranulocytosis' cases in France to a 0.5% prevalence. However the cost of clozapine led to a strict estimation for Health expenditures. Our study, trained in an university department of psychiatry in Sainte-Anne Hospital (Paris), has included 14 patients treated with clozapine during at least 12 months and has displayed a decrease of 10% in their annual global cost, comparing to the same group of patients treated by classical neuroleptics during the preceding year. This global cost includes the treatment, the blood monitoring and the cost of different hospital or community cares. Quality of life, in clozapine group, was much improved as illustrated by lowing full time hospitalization relayed earlier by community care and precocious social readaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gury
- Praticien hospitalier, Pharmacien, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris
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25
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Caujolle R, Amarouch H, Payard M, Loiseau PM, Bories C, Gayral P, Linas MD, Seguela JP. Synthesis, antifungal and nematocidal activities of thioureines with an aminoester sequence. Eur J Med Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)88299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Elkihel L, Loiseau PM, Bourass J, Gayral P, Letourneux Y. Synthesis and orally macrofilaricidal evaluation of niclosamide lymphotropic prodrugs. Arzneimittelforschung 1994; 44:1259-64. [PMID: 7848342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of new macrofilaricidal drugs is described following a strategy for the promotion of the lymphatic transport of anthelminthic drugs by-passing the liver. The selected compound was niclosamide (CAS 50-65-7) which is very effective in vitro against infective larvae but has no significant antifilarial activity when orally administered at 200 mumol/kg. To estimate the interest of such an approach, the synthesis of 5 prodrugs was achieved in a first stage. The intrinsic antifilarial activity and the delayed effect of these compounds were evaluated in vitro. Then, in vivo tests were performed with Molinema dessetae infective larvae to select the best ligands. The prodrug V 1,3-dihexadecanamido-2-[4-chloro(2- chloro-4-nitroanilinocarbonyl)phenyloxy-carbonylpropanoyl oxy]propane (having a diamide function) was responsible for an in vitro delayed effect and an orally in vivo activity (200 mumol/kg when administered in a single dose). The biological improvement of this easily micellizable prodrug which is stable to intestinal enzymes in respect to Niclosamide confirms such a strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elkihel
- Laboratoire de Génie Protéique, Physicochimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de La Rochelle, France
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27
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Duarte Z, Gantier JC, Gayral P. Macrofilaricidal activity of albendazole-ivermectin combination: histopathological evaluation of adult Molinema dessetae. Trop Med Parasitol 1994; 45:209-13. [PMID: 7899789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The macrofilaricidal effect of albendazole in association with ivermectin was assessed in the rodent Proechimys oris, infected with Molinema dessetae. The drug combination was given to five rodents 190 days after infection. A similar group was used as control. The doses administered were 10 mg per kg for albendazole and 0.04 mg per kg for ivermectin over five days. The histological examination of intra-peritoneal nodules done six weeks after therapy revealed a clear-cut macrofilaricidal effect. The number of dead worms was significantly higher in the treated group. The histological examination revealed a lesion pattern that was related to the drug exposure. This consisted of nodules, each containing a necrotic worm that had its morphology preserved and was surrounded by a foreign body granuloma. This lesion was only seen in the treated group. A pattern related with the spontaneous death of worms was also observed. The results obtained here show the importance that albendazole-ivermectin combination could have in human filariasis therapy. Further studies in man should be done to confirm the macrofilaricidal effect of this drug combination in human filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Duarte
- Biologie et contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris XI, Châtenay Malabry, France
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28
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Loiseau PM, Deverre JR, el Kihel L, Gayral P, Letourneux Y. Study of lymphotropic targeting and macrofilaricidal activity of a melphalan prodrug on the Molinema dessetae model. J Chemother 1994; 6:230-7. [PMID: 7830099 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.1994.11741157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the design of a new macrofilaricidal drug derived from melphalan and having a lymphotropism to avoid the hepatic first pass effect and enhance bioavailability after oral administration. Melphalan was linked to a ligand leading to a prodrug called 1,3-dp-melphalan which has structural analogy to triglycerides. The Molinema dessetae/Proechimys oris model was used for antiparasitic evaluation. Melphalan was macrofilaricidal in vitro against Molinema dessetae at 1mM, inactive in vivo after an oral single dose at 164 mumol/kg while the prodrug 1,3-dp-melphalan was active against adult worms after a single dose at 82 mumol/kg. After an oral administration of the prodrug to rats, the maximum concentration and the cumulated quantities of melphalan in lymph were about 45-fold higher than those observed with the free drug under the same conditions. Moreover, the plasma concentration of melphalan was 2-fold higher than those observed after the administration of the free drug. These results are in favor of lymphotropic targeting as a novel approach to develop new orally active macrofilaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Université de Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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29
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Andrieu MC, Allegre G, Poisson N, Pointis P, Gekiere F, Gayral P. [Chemotherapy in Alzheimer's disease. Retrospective study in a specialized hospital center]. Encephale 1994; 20:437-44. [PMID: 7988408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, our aim was to analyse the prescriptions of drugs used to improve Alzheimer's disease at CHS Paul Guiraud. This study was carried out a posteriori on 16 hospitalized patients. We have seen that for our patients there is no general rule, nor therapeutic scheme but the choice of treatment is carried out according to the professional experience of the physician. The treatment therefore is composed of symptomatic drugs alone or associated with etiologic drugs. Eleven anxiolytic or hypnotic drugs were prescribed. Alimemazine is the most prescribed in the sixteen cases. The preferential use of this drug can be explained by its presentation in the form of drops. In two cases, behavioural improvements were noted, in two other cases, we noted accentuation of dementia. Meprobamate used in seven cases of the sixteen, was never used alone. We find neuroleptics in fifteen of the sixteen cases studied: In seven cases they were administered from the beginning of the hospitalisation; for the others they were introduced later during a phase of agitation or delirium. On the whole, they were effective on aggressive agitation, in particular thioridazine. Eight of the patients, were treated with halopéridol. In two cases, the behaviour disorders were not stopped; in four cases, there was a worsening of dementia. We noted depression in 6 cases from the beginning of hospitalization, and two cases during hospitalization. The anti-depressive drugs besides their main effect, reduce also anxiety. In two cases, we observed an aggravation of disorientation and confusion following of the prescription of amitryptiline and mianserine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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30
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Kraouti N, Labidalle S, Caujolle R, Payard M, Bories C, Loiseau PM, Gayral P. Synthesis and nematocidal activity of arylmercaptovinyltetrahydropyrimidines. Farmaco 1994; 49:371-3. [PMID: 8080621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A set of mercaptovinyl tetrahydropyrimidines was synthesized in good yields by lithiation of 1,2-dimethyltetrahydropyrimidine with n-butyl lithium in tetrahydrofurane, followed by condensation with aromatic thioesters. Against three nematode genera, anthelminthic screening shows little activity; 2b and 2d were the most potent against Molinema dessetae.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kraouti
- Département de Chimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Toulouse
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31
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Duarte Z, Gantier JC, Gayral P. Activity of albendazole-ivermectin combination and other filaricidal drugs against infective larvae, preadult, microfilariae and adult worms of Molinema dessetae in the rodent Proechimys oris. Parasite 1994; 1:57-64. [PMID: 9140472 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1994011057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of albendazole-ivermectin combination was tested an adult and developing stages of Molinema dessetae in the rodent Proechimys oris. Albendazole and ivermectin, both given alone, suramin and diethylcarbamazine were used as reference compounds. The drug combination (albendazole at 10 mg/kg/ day x 5 days and Ivermectin at 0.04 mg/kg/day x 5 days) was effective against infective larvae and preadult worms, and substantially reduced the number of live adult worms. The known filaricidal agents, diethylcarbamazine (400 mg/kg twice daily x 5 days), ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg/day x 5 days), and suramin (40 mg/kg/day x 5 days), as well as albendazole (50 mg/kg/day x 5 days) were active on infective larvae, preadult worms, microfilariae and adult worms. All drugs had the same level of efficacity on infective larvae. Albendazole had the highest efficacy against adult and preadult worms and diethylcarbamazine was the most active on microfilariae. Although the drug combination was not as effective against preadult and adult worms as albendazole alone, the results indicate that albendazole-ivermectin combination at a low dose had prophylactic effect and suggest a possible macrofilaricidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Duarte
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris Sud, Châtenay Malabry, France
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32
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Rigothier MC, Maccario J, Gayral P. Inhibitory activity of saccharomyces yeasts on the adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to human erythrocytes in vitro. Parasitol Res 1994; 80:10-5. [PMID: 8153119 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion to target cells represents the first step in infection by Entamoeba histolytica. Binding of axenic amoeba (HMI strain) to human red cells in vitro was employed as a model of the adhesion process. The influence of precontact of trophozoites with suspensions of live Saccharomyces boulardii yeasts, their fractions (membranes and yeast-content supernatant before and after filtration to eliminate the membrane) or yeast culture medium before and after fermentation was investigated. N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAC) was employed as the reference inhibitory sugar. The percentage of amoebae bearing red cells after pretreatment of amoebae with the various suspensions and derivates was determined. Adhesion was also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pretreatment of amoebae with the live yeast suspension led to a significant reduction in the percentage of adhesion [32% vs 70% in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control]. Reduced adhesion was also observed with the filtered and unfiltered supernatant of the yeast suspension homogenate [32% and 34%, respectively, vs 69% in the PBS control], yeast culture medium at the end of fermentation [49% vs 76% in the PBS control] and GalNAC [32% vs 72% in the PBS control]. SEM showed a decrease in the number of amoebae bearing red cells and a reduction in the number of red cells adhering to amoebae. We conclude that substances produced by the yeasts compete with red cells for adhesion sites on amoebae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rigothier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universitè Paris XI, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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33
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Loiseau PM, Bories C, Trabelsi M, Gayral P, Wolf JG. Contribution of N,N'-dialkylbenzamide groups to trypanocidal properties of spiroarsoranes. Parasitol Res 1994; 80:708-10. [PMID: 7886045 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Université de Paris, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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34
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Nembo B, Duie P, Garcia M, Breton P, Gayral P, Porcheron P, Goudey-Perriere F. Levels of ecdysteroid-like material in adults of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis during the intestinal phase. J Helminthol 1993; 67:305-15. [PMID: 8132976 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00013316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Total ecdysteroid-like immunoreactive material was assayed and quantified in adults of the parasitic nematode N. brasiliensis during the intestinal phase in the rat in order to detect possible physiological fluctuations in titre. Worms of the same sex isolated from one rat were pooled in order to quantify ecdysteroids using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The concentration of ecdysteroids fluctuated during adult life according to the sex and the age of the parasite. Important differences of levels of ecdysteroid-like compounds between the two sexes of parasites were noted particularly at 128 and 168 h post-infection. The peak at 128 h, present in female, but not in male worms, corresponds to the time of egg-laying. Following HPLC-EIA analysis, the presence of ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone and apolar ecdysteroid-like material was ascertained during this peak. The physiological role and the possible origin of ecdysteroids in this nematode are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nembo
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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35
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Loiseau PM, Rekik L, Madaule Y, Gayral P, Wolf JG. Design, synthesis and biological study of new antiparasitic spiroarsoranes. Arzneimittelforschung 1993; 43:1004-1009. [PMID: 8240448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-eight new spiroarsoranes were synthesized after structure-activity relationship studies from the first series. These compounds were predicted to cross more easily the membrane of protozoae or the cuticle of Nematodes and to reach their biological target with efficiency. The spiroarsoranes were evaluated for their antiparasitic properties, on helminths and protozoa models in regard of their parent arsonic acids. The following parasite models were used: Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro; Molinema dessetae infective larvae in vitro, adults and microfilariae in vivo; Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infective larvae in vitro. The results obtained on these models indicated that the "spiranization" of arsonic acids produced new compounds with a biological activity 10-fold superior to those of arsonic acids. Nevertheless, each parasite had its own sensitivity to spiroarsoranes. Moreover, in vivo results showed that the lipophilicity of the molecules should be optimal to avoid high toxicity in host such as arsenical encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, France
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36
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Nembo B, Goudey-Perriere F, Gayral P, Perriere C, Brousse-Gaury P. Microtopography of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda: Heligmosomatidae): parasitic larval stages and adults. J Morphol 1993; 217:273-85. [PMID: 8230234 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052170303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Specimens of the rat hookworm, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda) were recovered from lungs (third- and fourth-stage larvae) and intestine (fourth-stage larvae and adults). The following features were studied in the different stages by scanning electron microscopy: cephalic structures, especially sense organs, synlophe, cervical region, and caudal part. The main differences between the third and fourth stages concerned the lip-like structures around the oral aperture, the appearance of the cephalic space with the presence of a cephalic cap in fourth-stage larvae, the pattern of longitudinal ridges, and sexual differentiation. Pore-like papillae, not seen in third-stage larvae, developed in later stages. Deirids were observed only in adults, and phasmids were poorly discerned. Some of these morphological features, such as the cephalic sense organ apertures and cuticle pores and micropores, can be observed only by scanning electron microscopy. The possible functions of these different structures and their relationship with the behavior of the worms during their life cycle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nembo
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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37
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Nembo B, Goudey-Perriere F, Gayral P, Perriere C, Brousse-Gaury P. Microtopography of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda: Heligmosomatidae): free-living larval stages. J Morphol 1993; 217:263-71. [PMID: 8230233 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052170302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtopographic features of the various growth stages of the three free-living larval stages of the rat hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda) were surveyed by scanning electron microscopy. These worms have a rounded anterior end and an elongated tail. Cuticular annulations were observed along the body, which also bore two ribbon-like lateral alae. Two rings of six lip-like lappets were observed around the triradiate oral opening in all larval stages. The cephalic space contained two lateral amphidial pits. The excretory pore in the third anterior part was observed in a ventral view of the larvae. No deirids were observed. The anus with a crescent-shape opening was located posteriorly. Phasmidial apertures, only observed in the third-stage larvae, opened on the lateral alae in the tail region.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nembo
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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38
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Loiseau P, Marchat L, Depreux P, Gayral P, Petek F. Research for new filaricides by using phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase from Molinema dessetae (Nematoda: Filarioidea) as biochemical target. Int J Parasitol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(93)90182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Alves AJ, Leite AC, De Santana DP, Beltrao TM, Coelho MR, Gayral P. Synthesis of some 4-oxo-delta 2-thiazolin-2-ylhydrazones as potential antiprotozoal agents. Farmaco 1993; 48:1167-71. [PMID: 8216678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several 4-oxo-delta 2-thiazolin-2-ylhydrazone derivatives 6 (6-1 - 6-19) derived from the cyclization reaction between the thiosemicarbazones 5 and homologous alpha-chloroacids were prepared. Only compound 6-2 was found to be active against Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Alves
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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40
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Loiseau PM, Wolf JG, Gayral P. Spiroarsoranes of second generation: evaluation of trypanocidal properties against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Trop Med Parasitol 1993; 44:32-6. [PMID: 8516630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The spiroarsoranes are a series of pentavalent arsenicals having interesting trypanocidal properties. They are less toxic than trivalent arsenicals but their activity appear at higher doses and concentrations. The structure-activity relationships study from the first series led to a new generation of spiroarsoranes which has been synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo against Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream forms. Among 40 compounds, 5 were active in vitro at concentrations less than 10 mumol/l and 7 were active in vivo. The most interesting compound of this series (compound I e 2) showed an in vitro activity at 125 mumol/l after 24 hours incubation time and in vivo all the mice were cured after a subcutaneous treatment at 600 mumol/kg in one single dose. The spiranization and the substitution of para-arsanilic acid allowed to obtain a better mean survival time at 300 mumol/kg comparatively to para-arsanilic acid itself used as reference compound. Nevertheless, this second generation of compounds was less active than the selected compound of the first series which was efficient at 150 mumol/kg in subcutaneously one single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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41
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Goudey-Perriere F, Simo BF, Maccario J, Perriere C, Gayral P. Effects of ecdysteroids on reproductive physiology of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda) in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993; 103:105-9. [PMID: 1360363 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The influence of ecdysteroids (ecdysone and ecdysterone) was investigated on the control of reproduction in the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in vivo. 2. Infestive larvae (L3) were immersed in solutions of ecdysteroids (2.2 microM) at 37 degrees C for 4 hr before injection into the host. The effect on egg-laying was observed two stages later. 3. The treatment increased egg-laying, but had no influence on the timing of the reproductive period. The greatest effect was observed with ecdysone, ecdysterone only inducing a small and non-significant stimulation under our experimental conditions. 4. The physiological role of ecdysteroids in meiosis and gonadal development in nematodes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Goudey-Perriere
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Contrôle des Organsimes parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université de Paris Sud, France
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42
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Loiseau PM, Maarouf M, Gayral P, Petek F. Comparative effects of anthelmintics on c-MDH from Molinema dessetae (Nematoda: Filarioidea) and from a mammal. Parasitol Res 1993; 79:397-401. [PMID: 8415545 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) (E.C.1.1.1.37) activity was detected in the filaria Molinema dessetae at a level similar to those found in other filariae. In M. dessetae, the cytoplasmic form (c-MDH) predominated and the study was performed on partially purified fractions. The pH optimum for oxaloacetate reduction was 6.1, with maximal activity at 7811 nmol min-1 mg protein-1, but high concentrations of oxaloacetate inhibited MDH activity. The Km value for oxaloacetate was determined as 22 microM for M. dessetae c-MDH and 33 microM for mammalian c-MDH. Anthelmintic drugs were compared as potential inhibitors of filarial and mammalian c-MDH. Among the compounds evaluated, amocarzine showed a specific inhibitory effect on filarial c-MDH through only at high concentrations. Suramin alone showed an inhibitory effect at low concentrations (Ki = 1.15 microM) but without selective action towards filarial c-MDH. The suramin type of inhibition was found to be competitive. Suramin probably acts on both enzymes in the same manner. Nevertheless, M. dessetae c-MDH is proposed as a suitable enzyme assay model to screen MDH inhibitors as potential filaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Université de Paris XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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43
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Caujolle R, Baziard-Mouysset G, Favrot JD, Payard M, Loiseau PR, Amarouch H, Linas MD, Seguela JP, Loiseau PM, Bories C, Gayral P. Synthèse, activités anti-parasitaire et anti-fongique d'arylalkyl- et d'arylvinylthiazolines. Eur J Med Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(93)90076-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Loiseau PM, Gayral P, Petek F. Purification and properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Molinema dessetae (Nematoda: Filarioidea). Parasitology 1993; 106 ( Pt 1):55-61. [PMID: 8479801 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000074813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31), an enzyme at the branchpoint of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle was detected in the Filaria Molinema dessetae. This enzyme has not previously been identified in Helminths, which have so far been found to only possess a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32). This enzyme had a level of activity comparable to that of pyruvate kinase, and was relatively less active than enzymes such as malate dehydrogenase or lactate dehydrogenase. We propose here a method of purification of M. dessetae PEP-carboxylase. When purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, the enzyme had a molecular weight of 64 kDa. Kinetic studies indicated that the carboxylation reaction had an optimal pH of 5.8. The enzyme was inhibited by cations such as Fe2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ but required the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+. The enzyme was thermostable. The apparent Km value of 2.38 mmol for phosphoenolpyruvate for the carboxylation reaction was higher than previously reported values. The Km value for KHCO3 was found to be 1.6 mmol. PEP-carboxylase did not catalyse the reverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Université de Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry
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45
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Deverre JR, Loiseau P, Puisieux F, Gayral P, Letourneux Y, Couvreur P, Benoit JP. Synthesis of the orally macrofilaricidal and stable glycerolipidic prodrug of melphalan, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-(4'(bis(2''-chloroethyl)amino)phenylalaninoyl)gl ycerol. Arzneimittelforschung 1992; 42:1153-6. [PMID: 1445485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy is presented to develop macrofilaricidal compounds orally administered and able to concentrate in the lymphatic system. A diglyceride derivative of melphalan, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-(4'(bis(2''-chloroethyl)amino)phenylalaninoyl)gl y cerol, was synthesized. The esterification of melphalan by 1,3-dipalmitin allowed chemical stabilization of the alkylating agent in aqueous dispersion. No degradation of this prodrug was observed after a 3-month storage of an aqueous dispersion at 4 degrees C. The filaricidal activity of the prodrug was compared with those of melphalan in vitro against adults, infective larvae and microfilariae of Molinema dessetae, and evaluated in vivo on Molinema dessetae infected Proechimy oris. In vitro, melphalan and the glycerolipidic prodrug were inactive against microfilariae but active at 1 mmol/l against infective larvae and adults. In vivo studies were performed with rodents subcutaneously inoculated with infective larvae from Aedes aegypti. The number of macrofilariae was significantly reduced following treatment with a single oral dose of the alkylating agent prodrug (0.082 mmol/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Deverre
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Surfaces et Innovation en Pharmacotechnie, Université de Paris XI, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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46
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Loiseau PM, Craciunescu DG, Doadrio-Villarejo JC, Certad-Fombona G, Gayral P. Pharmacomodulations on new organometallic complexes of Ir, Pt, Rh, Pd, Os: in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal study against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Trop Med Parasitol 1992; 43:110-4. [PMID: 1519021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
New organometallic complexes have been synthesized by association of an active organic molecule with a metallic element such as Pt, Rh, Ir, Pd, Os. Their trypanocidal activity was studied in vitro and in vivo against T. b. brucei. The more active compounds were pentamidine derivatives. The Ir- COD-pentamidine complex, and Iridium (I) cationic and organometallic complex showed and in vitro activity at 60 micrograms/l. Moreover, all infected mice were cured by this compound subcutaneously administered in a single dose at 0.5 mg/kg (0.317 mumol/kg). In the same conditions, pentamidine cured all the mice at 5 mumol/kg. Ir-COD-pentamidine (or P1995) was 16 fold more efficient than pentamidine. Since the chemotherapeutic index of this molecule was 7.5 fold higher than those of pentamidine, P1995 can be considered as a potential trypanocidal drug of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Loiseau
- Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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47
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Rigothier MC, Coconnier MH, Servin AL, Gayral P. A new in vitro model of Entamoeba histolytica adhesion, using the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2: scanning electron microscopic study. Infect Immun 1991; 59:4142-6. [PMID: 1937772 PMCID: PMC259008 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.11.4142-4146.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2, which is widely used to study the adhesion and cytotoxicity of enterobacteria, was used to investigate the adhesion of the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. We observed a high percentage of adhesion of amoebae to Caco-2 cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that amoebial membrane structures were involved in adhesion and the cytolytic action. These differentiated cells should prove to be a useful model system for investigation of the pathogenic action of amoebae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rigothier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Université de Paris XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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48
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Goudey-Perrière F, Barreteau H, Perrière C, Gayral P, Jacquot C, Brousse-Gaury P. Biogenic amine levels in the cockroach Blaberus craniifer Burm. nervous system. Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 1991; 100:451-5. [PMID: 1687541 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90023-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Apart from octopamine, the same indolamines and catecholamines were detected in the whole nervous system of the cockroach Blaberus craniifer Burm., at the same time. 2. However, levels were found to depend on sex, age, and the anatomic region within the nervous system. 3. Although not established, it is thought that these substances act synchronously from the ganglia. 4. The differences in levels between males and females and between anatomical regions during imaginal life suggest, in this species of cockroach, the physiological importance of the metameric organization in metabolic pathways or functional aspects of biogenic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Goudey-Perrière
- Laboratoire de Biologie, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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49
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Goudey-Perrière F, Perrière C, Baly F, Gayral P, Brousse-Gaury P. Indolamines and onset of vitellogenesis in the imaginal molt-decapitated cockroach Blaberus craniifer Burm. Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 1991; 98:407-10. [PMID: 1712693 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90225-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine on oocytes of Blaberus craniifer, in which vitellogenesis was prevented by imaginal molt decapitation, were investigated. 2. Sites binding anti-egg-protein antibodies were detected in the periphery of basal oocytes of treated females, with individual variability. 3. In this ovoviviparous cockroach, the onset of vitellogenesis may thus not be triggered solely by juvenile hormone, and indolamines may play a role in the uptake of haemolymphatic proteins by oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Goudey-Perrière
- Laboratoire de Biologie Animale Appliquèe, Biologie et Contrôle des Organismes Parasites, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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50
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Barreteau H, Perrière C, Brousse-Gaury P, Trouvin JH, Binet P, Gayral P, Jacquot C, Goudey-Perrière F. Biogenic amines in newly-ecdysed cockroaches. Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 1991; 98:399-405. [PMID: 1712692 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90224-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Simultaneous quantification (HPLC and electrochemical detection) of biological extracts have shown dopamine, N-acetyl dopamine, tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, a 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid-like substance in nervous tissue and hemolymph of Blaberus craniifer and Periplaneta americana. 2. 5-Hydroxytryptophan was only detected in head and thoraco-abdominal nerve cord. 3. Octopamine, but not N-acetyl-5-HT was quantified in the hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Barreteau
- Laboratoires de Pharmacodynamie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, France
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