Feasibility of social cognitive theory-based fall prevention intervention for people with intellectual disabilities living in group-home

BACKGROUND

Adults with intellectual disability (ID) have a higher rate of fall events than the general population. Consequently, interventions for reducing fall events and improving health are highly required for individuals with ID. One essential step towards effectively delivering fall prevention interventions among adults with ID involves evaluating their feasibility. This study examined the feasibility of a home-based exercise intervention, supplemented with behavioural change strategies, among individuals with ID living in residential settings.

METHOD

This study provided an 8-week intervention, consisting of a workshop for support workers and sessions for participants with ID, focusing on behavioural reward/s, education regarding fall prevention/exercise and exercise training. One week prior to and 1 week following such an intervention, such participants underwent measurements for (1) physical performance, (2) fall efficacy, (3) self-efficacy for activity and (4) social support.

RESULTS

Participants having ID (n = 33), support workers (n = 11) and one administrator participated in this study. There were no adverse events during the intervention, and the mean adherence rate was 70.8 ± 19.5%. Two participants with ID dropped out of the programme due to a lack of interest. The participants with ID significantly improved individual physical performance, self-efficacy for activity, fall efficacy and support from friends and support workers.

CONCLUSIONS

Fall prevention interventions for adults with ID living in group-homes were highly promising for eventual large-scale implementation within such communities.

Predicting the rate of oxygen uptake from step counts using ActiGraph waist-worn accelerometers in adults with Down syndrome

BACKGROUND

Step rate predicts ambulatory intensity as reflected in the rate of oxygen uptake (VO₂ ) - a measure of energy expenditure. Whether step rate as measured by an accelerometer predicts VO₂ in adults with Down syndrome (DS) is unknown. We examined whether step rate predicts VO₂ in adults with and without DS. We also developed an equation for predicting VO₂ and examined its accuracy.

METHOD

Sixteen adults with DS (6 women and 10 men; age 31 ± 15 years) and 19 adults without DS (9 women and 10 men; age 25 ± 6 years) performed standing and walking at their preferred speed, 0.8 and 1.4 m·s^-1 . We measured VO₂ with a portable spirometer and step rate with a triaxial accelerometer (wGT3X-BT; ActiGraph) on the non-dominant hip, using the low-frequency extension filter. We ran multilevel regression for predicting VO₂ from linear and quadratic terms for step rate, group (1 = DS; 0 = non-DS), body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), leg length and sex. We estimated VO₂ with the resultant equation and calculated the equation's absolute per cent error, which we compared between groups.

RESULTS

VO₂ was higher in persons with than without DS only at the fast walking speed (P = 0.018). DS did not predict VO₂ . Step rate, step rate squared and BMI were significant predictors of VO₂ (P < 0.001; R²  = 0.80). Absolute error across walking speeds was 13.5-18.8% and 11.7-13.4% for adults with and without DS, respectively, and did not differ between groups or speeds.

CONCLUSIONS

Step rate, step rate squared and BMI predict VO₂ in adults with and without DS. Prediction error does not differ between groups.

Effects of meal composition on postprandial incretin, glucose and insulin responses after surgical and medical weight loss

Background

Meal tolerance tests are frequently used to study dynamic incretin and insulin responses in the postprandial state; however, the optimal meal that is best tolerated and suited for hormonal response following surgical and medical weight loss has yet to be determined.

Objective

To evaluate the tolerability and effectiveness of different test meals in inducing detectable changes in markers of glucose metabolism in individuals who have undergone a weight loss intervention.

Methods

Six individuals who underwent surgical or medical weight loss (two Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, two sleeve gastrectomy and two medical weight loss) each completed three meal tolerance tests using liquid‐mixed, solid‐mixed and high‐fat test meals. The tolerability of each test meal, as determined by the total amount consumed and palatability, as well as fasting and meal‐stimulated glucagon‐like peptide, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, insulin and glucose were measured.

Results

Among the six individuals, the liquid‐mixed meal was better and more uniformly tolerated with a median meal completion rate of 99%. Among the four bariatric surgical patients, liquid‐mixed meal stimulated on average a higher glucagon‐like peptide (percent difference: 83.7, 89), insulin secretion (percent difference: 155.1, 158.7) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (percent difference: 113.5, 34.3) compared with solid‐mixed and high‐fat meals.

Conclusions

The liquid‐mixed meal was better tolerated with higher incretin and insulin response compared with the high‐fat and solid‐mixed meals and is best suited for the evaluation of stimulated glucose homeostasis.

Atomic scale investigation of non-equilibrium segregation of boron in a quenched Mo-free martensitic steel

B-added low carbon steels exhibit excellent hardenability. The reason has been frequently attributed to B segregation at prior austenite grain boundaries, which prevents the austenite to ferrite transformation and favors the formation of martensite. The segregation behavior of B at prior austenite grain boundaries is strongly influenced by processing conditions such as austenitization temperatures and cooling rates and by alloying elements such as Mo, Cr, and Nb. Here an local electrode atom probe was employed to investigate the segregation behavior of B and other alloying elements (C, Mn, Si, and Cr) in a Cr-added Mo-free martensitic steel. Similar to our previous results on a Mo-added steel, we found that in both steels B is segregated at prior austenite grain boundaries with similar excess values, whereas B is neither detected in the martensitic matrix nor at martensite-martensite boundaries at the given cooling rate of 30K/s. These results are in agreement with the literature reporting that Cr has the same effect on hardenability of steels as Mo in the case of high cooling rates. The absence of B at martensite-martensite boundaries suggests that B segregates to prior austenite grain boundaries via a non-equilibrium mechanism. Segregation of C at all boundaries such as prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite-martensite boundaries may occur by an equilibrium mechanism.

Combining structural and chemical information at the nanometer scale by correlative transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography

In many cases, the three-dimensional reconstructions from atom probe tomography (APT) are not sufficiently accurate to resolve crystallographic features such as lattice planes, shear bands, stacking faults, dislocations or grain boundaries. Hence, correlative crystallographic characterization is required in addition to APT at the exact same location of the specimen. Also, for the site-specific preparation of APT tips containing regions of interest (e.g. grain boundaries) correlative electron microscopy is often inevitable. Here we present a versatile experimental setup that enables performing correlative focused ion beam milling, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and APT under optimized characterization conditions. The setup was designed for high throughput, robustness and practicability. We demonstrate that atom probe tips can be characterized by TEM in the same way as a standard TEM sample. In particular, the use of scanning nanobeam diffraction provides valuable complementary crystallographic information when being performed on atom probe tips. This technique enables the measurement of orientation and phase maps as known from electron backscattering diffraction with a spatial resolution down to one nanometer.

Atomic-scale quantification of grain boundary segregation in nanocrystalline material

Grain boundary segregation leads to nanoscale chemical variations that can alter a material's performance by orders of magnitude (e.g., embrittlement). To understand this phenomenon, a large number of grain boundaries must be characterized in terms of both their five crystallographic interface parameters and their atomic-scale chemical composition. We demonstrate how this can be achieved using an approach that combines the accuracy of structural characterization in transmission electron microscopy with the 3D chemical sensitivity of atom probe tomography. We find a linear trend between carbon segregation and the misorientation angle ω for low-angle grain boundaries in ferrite, which indicates that ω is the most influential crystallographic parameter in this regime. However, there are significant deviations from this linear trend indicating an additional strong influence of other crystallographic parameters (grain boundary plane, rotation axis). For high-angle grain boundaries, no general trend between carbon excess and ω is observed; i.e., the grain boundary plane and rotation axis have an even higher influence on the segregation behavior in this regime. Slight deviations from special grain boundary configurations are shown to lead to unexpectedly high levels of segregation.

Neuraxial block, death and serious cardiovascular morbidity in the POISE trial

BACKGROUND

This post hoc analysis aimed to determine whether neuraxial block was associated with a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and non-fatal cardiac arrest within 30 days of randomization in POISE trial patients.

METHODS

A total of 8351 non-cardiac surgical patients at high risk of cardiovascular complications were randomized to β-blocker or placebo. Neuraxial block was defined as spinal, lumbar or thoracic epidural anaesthesia. Logistic regression, with weighting using estimated propensity scores, was used to determine the association between neuraxial block and primary and secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

Neuraxial block was associated with an increased risk of the primary outcome [287 (7.3%) vs 229 (5.7%); odds ratio (OR), 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.49; P=0.03] and MI [230 (5.9%) vs 177 (4.4%); OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.07-1.64; P=0.009] but not stroke [23 (0.6%) vs 32 (0.8%); OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.44-1.33; P=0.34], death [96 (2.5%) vs 111 (2.8%); OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.65-1.17; P=0.37] or clinically significant hypotension [522 (13.4%) vs 484 (12.1%); OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.99-1.30; P=0.08]. Thoracic epidural with general anaesthesia was associated with a worse primary outcome than general anaesthesia alone [86 (12.1%) vs 119 (5.4%); OR, 2.95; 95% CI, 2.00-4.35; P<0.001].

CONCLUSIONS

In patients at high risk of cardiovascular morbidity, neuraxial block was associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, which could be causal or because of residual confounding.

Detailed deletion mapping on the short arm of chromosome-3 in nasopharyngeal carcinomas

Allelic loss on the short arm of chromosome 3 is one of the most consistent molecular genetic alterations observed in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Detailed mapping of the region of common deletion on chromosome 3p will help to locate the site of candidate tumor suppressor gene(s) involved in the pathogenesis of NPC. We have examined allelic deletion in 27 primary undifferentiated NPC at 11 chromosomal loci (spanning from 3p13-3p25) using microsatellite polymorphic markers. Allelic loss was observed in 18 of 27 primary tumors (67%) when comparing tumor DNA with normal constitutional DNA of the same patient. Among these 18 cases, 10 showed allelic loss in all informative loci of chromosome 3p and 8 showed partial or interstitial deletion, The highest frequency of allelic loss was found in three loci, D3S1038 (52%), D3S1228 (50%) and D3S659 (50%). In 5 of the 8 cases with partial deletion of chromosome 3p, a common deletion region within 3p13 to 3p14.3, flanked by two loci, D3S1079 (3p13) proximally and D3S1228 (3p14.1-14.3) distally, was identified. These results suggest strongly the presence of tumor suppressor gene(s) within the 3p13 to 3p14.3 region, the deletion of which represent a critical event in the development of NPC. In the remaining 3 cases with partial chromosomal deletion, the pattern of allelic loss suggests the presence of two other regions of deletion distal to the commonly deleted region (3p13-14.3) identified. The presence of multiple deleted regions on chromosome 3p in NPC suggests that more than one tumor suppressor gene on 3p may be involved in the development of NPC.

Prevalence and correlates of community re-entry challenges faced by HIV-infected male prisoners in Malaysia

HIV-infected prisoners face an inordinate number of community re-entry challenges. In 2007, 102 HIV-infected prisoners in Malaysia were surveyed anonymously within six months prior to release to assess the prevalence and correlates of community re-entry challenges. Staying out of prison (60.8%), remaining off drugs (39.2%), finding employment (35.3%) and obtaining HIV care (32.4%) were the re-entry challenges reported most frequently. Global stigma, negative self-image and public attitudes-related stigma were independently associated with challenges to obtaining HIV care. In multivariate analyses, those with previous incarcerations (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-7.6), higher HIV-related symptoms (AOR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0-4.1) and higher public attitudes-related stigma (AOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.1) had a significantly higher likelihood of identifying more re-entry challenges. Targeted interventions, such as effective drug treatment, HIV care and public awareness campaigns, are crucial for stemming the HIV epidemic and improving health outcomes among HIV-infected prisoners in Malaysia.

A phase II study of weekly docetaxel combined with carboplatin for elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer

18174

Background: Combination chemotherapy has been shown to extend survival and improve symptoms for patients with advanced stage, unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, chemotheraputic agents sometimes show significant toxicities that restrict their usefulness and not well tolerated in elderly and/or poor performance status patients. Docetaxel has shown efficacy with manageable toxicities when used alone or in combination with a platinum compound in a sequential manner before localized radical radiotherapy in advanced stage NSCLC. We performed this study to explore the efficacy and safety of weekly docetaxel plus carboplatin in patients with advanced NSCLC aged 60 years or older. Methods: From January 2005 to August 2006, 45 patients with advanced NSCLC patients aged 60 years or older were enrolled in the study. Patients received docetaxel 25mg/m2 by IV infusion over 30–60 min and carboplatin, AUC = 2, infused IV over 15–30 min weekly. Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred, at which time the patient was taken off treatment. Maximum doses were 18 and evaluated the patients received at least 9 doses. Results: Of 45 patients, 24 patients received at least 9 dose of study drug. 21 patients stopped the treatment before the completion of 9 cycles; 9 (42.9%) due to poor general condition, 7 (33.3%) due to disease progression, and 5 (23.8%) due to volitional withdrawal. Of the 24 patients who received more than 9 cycles, final results were complete response in 1 (4.2%) patient, partial response in 16 (66.7%) patients, stable disease in 1 (4.2%) patient, and progressive disease in 6 (25%) patients. The most common hematological grade 3/4 adverse event was neutropenia(25%). There was no treatment-related death. Conclusion: Weekly docetaxel at low doses plus carboplatin in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer provides acceptable response rate and toxicity. However, further study with large population will be needed to confirm its effectiveness and toxicity.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea (OSAH) are predisposed to developing hypertension, and therapy with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may reduce blood pressure (BP). The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of CPAP therapy on BP in patients with OSAH. We performed a comprehensive literature search up to July 2006 [Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Cochrane controlled trials register (CCTR), and Database of Abstract and Reviews of Effect (DARE)] to identify clinical studies and systemic reviews that examined the impact of CPAP on BP. Studies were included if they (1) were randomized controlled trials with an appropriate control group, (2) included systolic and diastolic BP measurements before and after CPAP/control in patients with OSAH, and (3) contained adequate data to perform a meta-analysis. To calculate pooled results, studies were weighted by inverse variances, with either a fixed or a random effects model used depending on the presence of heterogeneity (assessed with Q test). Ten studies met our inclusion criteria (587 patients): three studies were crossover (149 patients) and seven were parallel in design. Seven studies (421 patients) used 24-h ambulatory BP and three used one-time measurements. Two studies were of patients with heart failure (41 patients). Overall, the effects of CPAP were modest and not statistically significant; CPAP (compared to control) reduced systolic BP (SBP) by 1.38 mmHg (95% CI: 3.6 to -0.88, p = 0.23) and diastolic BP (DBP) by 1.52 mmHg (CI: 3.1 to -0.07; p = 0.06). Six of the trials studied more severe OSAH (mean AHI > 30/h, 313 patients); in these six trials, CPAP reduced SBP by 3.03 mmHg (CI 6.7 to -0.61; p = 0.10) and DBP by 2.03 mmHg (CI: 4.1 to -0.002; p = 0.05). There was a trend for SBP reduction to be associated with CPAP compliance. In unselected patients with sleep apnea, CPAP has very modest effects on BP. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that certain subgroups of patients may have more robust responses-this may include patients with more severe OSAH or difficult-to-control hypertension. Future randomized controlled trials in this area should potentially concentrate on these subgroups of patients.

Linkage analysis of the genetic determinants of T-cell IL-4 secretion, and identification of Flj20274 as a putative candidate gene

The activation-induced differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells generates functionally divergent type 1 helper T cells (Th1) or type 2 helper T cells (Th2) effector cell populations, characterized by secretion of Interferon (IFN)-gamma or Interleukin (IL)-4, respectively. Inappropriate generation of Th subsets may contribute to immune dysfunction. The decision to generate Th1/Th2 lineages is critically regulated by cytokines, such that IL-12 induces Th1 differentiation, while IL-4 induces Th2 differentiation. Genetic factors influence the pathway of Th differentiation, as displayed by the preferential generation of divergent Th populations by different inbred strains of mice. We employ two complementary genetic techniques to identify genes that regulate the default IL-4 secretion profiles of T cells from BALB/c and B6 mice. We performed a genome-wide linkage analysis of the progeny of a backcross between BALB/c and B6 mice to identify three loci, T-cell secretion of interleukin-4 (Tsi)1-3, on chromosomes 7, 19 and 15, respectively, which regulate in vitro T-cell IL-4 production. We have also employed mRNA representational difference analysis to isolate a gene, Flj20274, which is differentially expressed in T cells that secrete high levels of IL-4. Significantly, Flj20274 was mapped to the point of peak linkage within Tsi1 and is a strong candidate for Tsi1.

Cellular and molecular characterization of a murine non-union model

PURPOSE

We have developed a method to study the molecular and cellular events underlying delayed skeletal repair in a model that utilizes distraction osteogenesis.

METHODS

The clinical states of delayed union and non-union were reproduced in this murine model by altering distraction parameters such as the inclusion and exclusion of a latency phase and variations in the rate and rhythm of distraction. Radiographic, cellular, and molecular analyses were performed on the distraction tissues.

RESULTS

Eliminating the latency period delayed bony union, but did not appreciably alter the extent of platelet endothelial cell adhesion marker (PECAM) immunostaining. Following elimination of a latency phase and a threefold increase in the rate of distraction, there was a further delay in bone regeneration and a higher rate of non-union (60%). Instead of bone, the distraction gap was comprised of adipose or fibrous tissue. Once again, despite the rigorous distraction protocol, we detected equivalent PECAM staining within the distraction gap. In a minority of cases, cartilage and osseous tissues occupied the distraction gap likely by a prolonged process of endochondral ossification.

CONCLUSIONS

Here, we have altered the mechanical environment in such a way to reproducibly create delays in skeletal regeneration. These delays in skeletal tissue regeneration appear to develop even in the presence of endothelial cells, which suggests that mechanisms other than a disruption to the vascular network can account for some cases of non-union.

SEPT5_v2 is a parkin-binding protein

Mutations in parkin are associated with various inherited forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin is a ubiquitin ligase enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins destined for proteasomal degradation. The substrates of parkin-mediated ubiquitination have yet to be completely identified. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we isolated the septin, human SEPT5_v2 (also known as cell division control-related protein 2), as a putative parkin-binding protein. SEPT5_v2 is highly homologous to another septin, SEPT5, which was recently identified as a target for parkin-mediated ubiquitination. SEPT5_v2 binds to parkin at the amino terminus and in the ring finger domains. Several lines of evidence have validated the putative link between parkin and SEPT5_v2. Parkin co-precipitates with SEPT5_v2 from human substantia nigra lysates. Parkin ubiquitinates SEPT5_v2 in vitro, and both SEPT5_v1 and SEPT5_v2 accumulate in brains of patients with ARJP, suggesting that parkin is essential for the normal metabolism of these proteins. These findings suggest that an important relationship exists between parkin and septins.

Concurrent chemotherapy-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: progression-free survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial

PURPOSE

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is highly sensitive to both radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy. This randomized phase III trial compared concurrent cisplatin-RT (CRT) with RT alone in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with Ho's N2 or N3 stage or N1 stage with nodal size > or = 4 cm were randomized to receive cisplatin 40 mg/m(2) weekly up to 8 weeks concurrently with radical RT (CRT) or RT alone. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS).

RESULTS

Three hundred fifty eligible patients were randomized. Baseline patient characteristics were comparable in both arms. There were significantly more toxicities, including mucositis, myelosuppression, and weight loss in the CRT arm. There were no treatment-related deaths in the CRT arm, and one patient died during treatment in the RT-alone arm. At a median follow-up of 2.71 years, the 2-year PFS was 76% in the CRT arm and 69% in the RT-alone arm (P =.10) with a hazards ratio of 1.367 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93 to 2.00). The treatment effect had a significant covariate interaction with tumor stage, and a subgroup analysis demonstrated a highly significant difference in favor of the CRT arm in Ho's stage T3 (P =.0075) with a hazards ratio of 2.328 (95% CI, 1.26 to 4.28). For T3 stage, the time to first distant failure was statistically significantly different in favor of the CRT arm (P =.016).

CONCLUSION

Concurrent CRT is well tolerated in patients with advanced NPC in endemic areas. Although PFS was not significantly different between the concurrent CRT arm and the RT-alone arm in the overall comparison, PFS was significantly prolonged in patients with advanced tumor and node stages.

Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis

Postoperative cardiac morbidity and mortality continue to pose considerable risks to surgical patients. Postoperative epidural analgesia is considered to have beneficial effects on cardiac outcomes. The use in high-risk cardiac patients remains controversial. No study has shown that postoperative epidural analgesia decreases postoperative myocardial infarction (PMI) or death. All studies are underpowered to show such a result, and the cost of conducting a large trial is prohibitive. We performed a metaanalysis to determine whether postoperative epidural analgesia continued for more than 24 h after surgery reduces PMI or in-hospital death. The available databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of epidural analgesia that was extended at least 24 h into the postoperative period. The search yielded 17 studies, of which 11 were randomized controlled trials comprising 1173 patients. Metaanalysis was conducted by using the fixed-effects model, calculating both an odds ratio and a rate difference. Postoperative epidural analgesia resulted in better analgesia for the first 24 h after surgery. The rate of PMI was 6.3%, with lower rates in the Epidural group (rate difference, -3.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI] -7.4%, -0.2%; P = 0.049). The frequency of in-hospital death was 3.3%, with no significant difference between Epidural and Nonepidural groups (rate difference, -1.3%; 95% CI, -3.8%, 1.2%, P = 0.091). Subgroup analysis of postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia showed a significant reduction in PMI in the Epidural group (rate difference, -5.3%; 95% CI, -9.9%, -0.7%; P = 0.04).

IMPLICATIONS

Postoperative epidural analgesia, especially thoracic epidural analgesia, continued for more than 24 h reduces postoperative myocardial infarctions.

Co-association of parkin and alpha-synuclein

Parkin and alpha-synuclein are two proteins that are associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin is present in Lewy bodies and axonal spheroids in brains affected by PD, and mutations in parkin cause hereditary forms of Parkinsonism. Alpha-synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies and is associated with rare cases of PD. We now show that parkin binds to alpha-synuclein, including conditions associated with alpha-synuclein aggregation. Parkin and alpha-synuclein complexes were observed in BE-M17 cells under basal conditions, in BE- M17 cells under oxidative conditions and in brains from control or PD donors. Double staining of PD brains shows parkin and alpha-synuclein co-localize to the same pathological structures (both Lewy bodies and axonal spheroids). These results suggest that parkin interacts with alpha-synuclein and could contribute to the pathophysiology of PD more generally than was previously considered.