Local Recurrence of Melanoma Is Higher After Wide Local Excision Versus Mohs Micrographic Surgery or Staged Excision: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Complete removal of melanoma is a primary goal of excision, and local recurrence is one measure to evaluate the efficacy of surgical technique.

OBJECTIVE

To compare published local recurrence rates for melanoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) or staged excision versus wide local excision (WLE).

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Search of 6 databases identified comparative and noncomparative studies that reported local recurrence rates after MMS, staged excision, or WLE for melanoma. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) from comparative studies and event rates from noncomparative studies.

RESULTS

Of the 71 studies included (16,575 patients), 12 were comparative studies (2,683 patients) and 56 were noncomparative studies (13,698 patients). Comparative studies showed increased recurrence after WLE compared with MMS or staged excision (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.6) and compared with MMS alone (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.8-5.9). Pooled data from comparative and noncomparative studies showed a local recurrence rate of 7% after WLE (95% CI, 5%-11%), 3% after staged excision (95% CI, 2%-4%), and less than 1% after MMS (95% CI, 0%-1%). Statistical heterogeneity was moderate to high.

CONCLUSION

Local recurrence of melanoma is significantly lower after MMS (<1%) and staged excision (3%) compared with WLE (7%).

Recurrence and mortality rates with different treatment approaches of Merkel cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Comprehensive treatment recommendations for Merkel cell carcinoma are complex. We aimed to systematically review the published data on recurrence and mortality rates associated with various treatment approaches for Merkel cell carcinoma.

METHODS

Search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to August 2015. Studies were included that reported comparative survival and recurrence data for two or more treatment modalities. Two reviewers independently reviewed and abstracted recurrence and mortality rates. Event rates for individual treatment arms in each study were pooled and meta-analyzed across studies using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

Fifty-two retrospective studies met inclusion criteria, revealing a total of 1,804 patients with primary Merkel cell carcinoma with data available for analyses. The recurrence rate was higher for surgery alone (55.0%) versus a combination of surgery and radiotherapy (39.0%) (odds ratio, 2.089; 95% CI, 1.374-3.177; P < 0.001). Combination therapy including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy had a higher mortality rate (44.6%) than did combined surgery and radiotherapy (23.2%) (odds ratio, 2.688; 95% CI, 1.196-6.037; P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma with surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy may produce lower recurrence rates.

Health Literacy and Outcomes Among Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to determine if health literacy is associated with mortality, hospitalizations, or emergency department (ED) visits among patients living with heart failure (HF).

BACKGROUND

Growing evidence suggests an association between health literacy and health-related outcomes in patients with HF.

METHODS

We searched Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EBSCO CINAHL from inception through January 1, 2019, with the help of a medical librarian. Eligible studies evaluated health literacy among patients with HF and assessed mortality, hospitalizations, and ED visits for all causes with no exclusion by time, geography, or language. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality of the identified studies.

RESULTS

We included 15 studies, 11 with an overall high methodological quality. Among the observational studies, an average of 24% of patients had inadequate or marginal health literacy. Inadequate health literacy was associated with higher unadjusted risk for mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18 to 2.36), hospitalizations (RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.29), and ED visits (RR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.32). When the adjusted measurements were combined, inadequate health literacy remained statistically associated with mortality (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.88) and hospitalizations (RR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.25). Among the 4 interventional studies, 2 effectively improved outcomes among patients with inadequate health literacy.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the estimated prevalence of inadequate health literacy was high, and inadequate health literacy was associated with increased risk of death and hospitalizations. These findings have important clinical and public health implications and warrant measurement of health literacy and deployment of interventions to improve outcomes.

Efficacy and safety of percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy in patients with mitral stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aims

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy PMBV is an acceptable alternative to Mitral valve surgery for patients with mitral stenosis. The purpose of this study was to explore the immediate results of PMBV with respect to echocardiographic changes, outcomes, and complications, using a meta-analysis approach.

Methods

MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched (01/2012 to 10/2018) for original research articles regarding the efficacy and safety of PMBV. Two reviewers independently screened references for inclusion and abstracted data including article details and echocardiographic parameters before and 24–72 h after PMBV, follow-up duration, and acute complications. Disagreements were resolved by third adjudicator. Quality of all included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale NOS.

Results

44/990 references met the inclusion criteria representing 6537 patients. Our findings suggest that PMBV leads to a significant increase in MVA (MD = 0.81 cm²; 0.76–0.87, p < 0.00001), LVEDP (MD = 1.89 mmHg; 0.52–3.26, p = 0.007), LVEDV EDV (MD = 5.81 ml; 2.65–8.97, p = 0.0003) and decrease in MPG (MD = −7.96 mmHg; −8.73 to −7.20, p < 0.00001), LAP (MD = −10.09 mmHg; −11.06 to −9.12, p < 0.00001), and SPAP (MD = −15.55 mmHg; −17.92 to −13.18, p < 0.00001). On short term basis, the pooled overall incidence estimates of repeat PMBV, mitral valve surgery, post-PMBV severe MR, and post-PMBV stroke, and systemic thromboembolism were 0.5%, 2%, 1.4%, 0.4%, and 0.7%% respectively. On long term basis, the pooled overall incidence estimates of repeat PMBV, mitral valve surgery, post-PMBV severe MR, and post-PMBV stroke, systemic thromboembolism were 5%, 11.5%, 5.5%, 2.7%, and 1.7% respectively

Conclusion

PMBV represents a successful approach for patients with mitral stenosis as evidenced by improvement in echocardiographic parameters and low rate of complications.

Association of Thyroid Function with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis describing the association of thyroid function with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults.

METHODS

The authors conducted a comprehensive search from databases' inception to July 20, 2018. The meta-analysis included studies that reported mean values and standard deviation (SD) of thyroid hormone levels (thyroid-stimulating hormone &lsqb;TSH], free thyroxine &lsqb;FT4], free triiodothyronine &lsqb;FT3], total T4 &lsqb;TT4], and total T3 &lsqb;TT3]) in patients with PTSD compared with controls. Five reviewers worked independently, in duplicate, to determine study inclusion, extract data, and assess risk of bias. The mean value and SD of the thyroid function tests were used to calculate the mean difference for each variable. Random-effects models for meta-analyses were applied.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis included 10 observational studies at low-to-moderate risk of bias. Studies included 674 adults (373 PTSD, 301 controls). The meta-analytic estimates showed higher levels of FT3 (+0.28 pg/mL; P = .001) and TT3 (+18.90 ng/dL; P = .005) in patients with PTSD compared to controls. There were no differences in TSH, FT4, or TT4 levels between groups. In the subgroup analysis, patients with combat-related PTSD still had higher FT3 (+0.36 pg/mL; P = .0004) and higher TT3 (+31.62 ng/dL; P<.00001) compared with controls. Conversely, patients with non-combat-related PTSD did not have differences in FT3 or TT3 levels compared with controls.

CONCLUSION

There is scarce evidence regarding the association of thyroid disorders with PTSD. These findings add to the growing literature suggesting that thyroid function changes may be associated with PTSD.

A Systematic Review of Intra-Articular Ketamine for Postoperative Analgesia

BACKGROUND

This systematic review appraises the evidence from human clinical trials comparing postoperative pain scores and opioid consumption in patients receiving intra-articular ketamine versus other modalities of analgesia after orthopedic joint procedures.

METHODS

Studies were identified from Embase, Scopus, and OVID Medline databases. Included studies compared patients receiving intra-articular ketamine versus other modalities of analgesia. The primary outcome of interest was postprocedural pain score and total opioid consumption, whereas secondary outcomes included time to rescue analgesic medication request, active range of motion, time to mobilization, and adverse effects.

RESULTS

Seventeen studies were included. Dosage of ketamine varied widely from 0.25 to 2 mg/kg. Fifteen of 17 demonstrated decreased overall pain scores and decreased total postoperative opioid consumption in patients receiving intra-articular ketamine versus control groups. Included studies generally demonstrated reduced time to mobilization and increased latency until rescue analgesic medication in the intra-articular ketamine group.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who received intra-articular ketamine generally reported lower pain scores and had lower postoperative opioid consumption after orthopedic joint procedures. This suggests that the intra-articular route of ketamine delivery may be a useful analgesic modality, although future larger-scale trials should explore its pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing, safety, and cost-effectiveness.

Antifungal prophylaxis in lung transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

No consensus exists regarding optimal strategy for antifungal prophylaxis following lung transplant.

OBJECTIVE

To review data regarding antifungal prophylaxis on the development of fungal infections.

STUDY SELECTION/APPRAISAL

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus for eligible articles through December 10, 2019. Observational or controlled trials published after January 1, 2001, that pertained to the prevention of fungal infections in adult lung recipients were reviewed independently by two reviewers for inclusion.

METHODS

Of 1702 articles screened, 24 were included. Data were pooled using random effects model to evaluate for the primary outcome of fungal infection. Studies were stratified by prophylactic strategy, medication, and duration (short term < 6 months and long term ≥ 6 months).

RESULTS

We found no difference in the odds of fungal infection with universal prophylaxis (49/101) compared to no prophylaxis (36/93) (OR 0.76, CI: 0.03-17.98; I2  = 93%) and preemptive therapy (25/195) compared to universal prophylaxis (35/222) (OR 0.91, CI: 0.06-13.80; I2  = 93%). The cumulative incidence of fungal infections within 12 months was not different with nebulized amphotericin (0.08, CI: 0.04-0.13; I2  = 87%) compared to systemic triazoles (0.07, CI: 0.03-0.11; I2  = 21%) (P = .65). Likewise, duration of prophylaxis did not impact the incidence of fungal infections (short term: 0.11, CI: 0.05-0.17; I2  = 89%; long term: 0.06, CI: 0.03-0.08; I2  = 51%; P = .39).

CONCLUSIONS

We have insufficient evidence to support or exclude a benefit of antifungal prophylaxis.

Educational programs to teach shared decision making to medical trainees: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Shared decision-making (SDM) is a process of collaboration between patients and clinicians. An increasing number of educational programs to teach SDM have been developed. We aimed to summarize and evaluate the body of evidence assessing the outcomes of these programs.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of studies that aimed to teach SDM to medical trainees. Reviewers worked independently and in duplicate to select studies, extract data and evaluate the risk of bias.

RESULTS

Eighteen studies were included. Most studies focused on residents/fellows (61 %) and combined a didactic component with a practical experience (50 % used a standardized patient). Overall, participants reported satisfaction with the courses. The effects on knowledge, attitudes/confidence and comfort with SDM were small; no clear improvement on SDM skills was noted. Evaluation of clinical behavior and outcomes was limited (3/18 studies). Studies had moderate risk of bias.

CONCLUSION

Very low quality evidence suggests that educational programs for teaching SDM to medical trainees are viewed as satisfactory and have a small impact on knowledge and comfort with SDM. Their impact on clinical skills, behaviors and patient outcomes is less clear.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

Integration of formal and systematic outcomes evaluation (effects on behavior/clinical practice) should be part of future programs.

Endocarditis risk with bioprosthetic and mechanical valves: systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Bioprosthetic valves are being used with increased frequency for valve replacement, with controversy regarding risk:benefit ratio compared with mechanical valves in younger patients. However, prior studies have been too small to provide comparative estimates of less common but serious adverse events such as infective endocarditis. We aimed to compare the incidence of infective endocarditis between bioprosthetic valves and mechanical valves.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science from inception to April 2018 for studies comparing left-sided aortic and mitral bioprosthetic to mechanical valves for randomised trials or observational studies with propensity matching. We used random-effects model for our meta-analysis. Our primary outcome of interest was the rate of infective endocarditis at follow-up.

RESULTS

13 comparison groups with 43 941 patients were included. Mean age was 59±7 years with a mean follow-up of 10.4±5.0 years. Patients with bioprosthetic valves had a higher risk of infective endocarditis compared with patients receiving mechanical valves (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.88, p<0.001) with an absolute risk reduction of 9 per 1000 (95% CI 6 to 14). Heterogeneity within the included studies was low (I²=0%). Exclusion of the study with maximum weight did not change the results of the analysis (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.17, p=0.006). A meta-regression of follow-up time on incidence of infective endocarditis was not statistically significant (p=0.788) indicating difference in follow-up times did not alter the pooled risk of infective endocarditis.

CONCLUSIONS

Bioprosthetic valves may be associated with a higher risk of infective endocarditis. These data should help guide the discussion when deciding between bioprosthetic and mechanical valves in individual patients.

High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure and Do-Not-Intubate or Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen may provide tailored benefits in patients with preset treatment limitations. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of HFNC oxygen in patients with do-not-intubate (DNI) and/or do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of interventional and observational studies. A search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science, from inception to October 15, 2018.

RESULTS

We included six studies evaluating 293 patients. All studies had a high risk of bias. The hospital mortality rates of patients with DNI and/or DNR orders receiving HFNC oxygen were variable and ranged from 40% to 87%. In two before and after studies, the initiation of HFNC oxygen was associated with improved oxygenation and reduced respiratory rates. One comparative study found no difference in dyspnea reduction or morphine doses between patients using HFNC oxygen versus conventional oxygen. No studies evaluated quality of life in survivors or quality of death in nonsurvivors. HFNC was generally well tolerated with few adverse events identified.

CONCLUSIONS

While HFNC oxygen remains a viable treatment option for hospitalized patients who have acute respiratory failure and a DNI and/or DNR order, there is a paucity of high-quality, comparative, effectiveness data to guide the usage of HFNC oxygen compared with other treatments, such as noninvasive ventilation, conventional oxygen, and palliative opioids.

Do-not-intubate orders in patients with acute respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To assess the rates and variability of do-not-intubate orders in patients with acute respiratory failure.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of observational studies that enrolled adult patients with acute respiratory failure requiring noninvasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula oxygen from inception to 2019.

RESULTS

Twenty-six studies evaluating 10,755 patients were included. The overall pooled rate of do-not-intubate orders was 27%. The pooled rate of do-not-intubate orders in studies from North America was 14% (range 9-22%), from Europe was 28% (range 13-58%), and from Asia was 38% (range 9-83%), p = 0.001. Do-not-intubate rates were higher in studies with higher patient age and in studies where do-not-intubate decisions were made without reported patient/family input. There were no significant differences in do-not-intubate orders according to illness severity, observed mortality, malignancy comorbidity, or methodological quality. Rates of do-not-intubate orders increased over time from 9% in 2000-2004 to 32% in 2015-2019. Only 12 studies (46%) reported information about do-not-intubate decision-making processes. Only 4 studies (15%) also reported rates of do-not-resuscitate.

CONCLUSIONS

One in four patients with acute respiratory failure (who receive noninvasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula oxygen) has a do-not-intubate order. The rate of do-not-intubate orders has increased over time. There is high inter-study variability in do-not-intubate rates-even when accounting for age and illness severity. There is high variability in patient/family involvement in do-not-intubate decision making processes. Few studies reported differences in rates of do-not-resuscitate and do-not-intubate-even though recovery is very different for acute respiratory failure and cardiac arrest.

Systematic review of patient-reported measures of treatment burden in stroke

OBJECTIVES

Treatment burden is the workload of healthcare for people with long-term conditions (LTC) and its impact on well-being. A method of measurement is required to identify those experiencing high burden and to measure intervention efficacy. Our aim was to identify, examine and appraise validated patient-reported measures (PRMs) of treatment burden in stroke. Here, stroke serves as an exemplar LTC of older adults.

DESIGN

A systematic review of published studies that describe the development and validation of PRMs measuring treatment burden in stroke survivors.

DATA SOURCES

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO electronic databases.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Studies published between January 2000 and 12 April 2019 inclusive, in English language. No restrictions were set based on clinical setting or geographical location.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Screening, data extraction and quality appraisal were conducted by two independent reviewers. Content of the PRMs was compared with a published taxonomy of treatment burden. Quality appraisal was conducted using International Society for Quality of Life Research standards.

RESULTS

From 3993 articles, 6 relevant PRMs were identified: 3 were stroke specific: The Satisfaction with Stroke Care questionnaire; The Stroke Patient-Reported Outcome Measure and The Barriers to Physical Activity after Stroke scale. Three were generic but validated in stroke: The WHO Quality of Life-100; The Patient's Questionnaire on Participation in Discharge Planning and The Chao Perception of Continuity scale. None comprehensively measured treatment burden. Examples of omitted burdens included developing coping strategies, managing finances and returning to driving. The most notable issue regarding quality appraisal was that three PRMs lacked any underpinning qualitative research relevant to the sample.

CONCLUSION

There is a need to develop a comprehensive PRM of treatment burden for use in stroke, with potential for use in other older populations.

Implementation strategies for interventions to improve the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by primary care clinicians: protocol for a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

There is a considerable implementation gap in managing early stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) in primary care despite the high prevalence and risk for increased morbidity and mortality associated with CKD. This systematic review aims to synthesise the evidence of efficacy of implementation interventions aimed at primary care practitioners (PCPs) to improve CKD identification and management. We further aim to describe the interventions' behavioural change components.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We will conduct a systematic review of studies from 2000 to October 2017 that evaluate implementation interventions targeting PCPs and which include at least one clinically meaningful CKD outcome. We will search several electronic data bases and conduct reference mining of related systematic reviews and publications. An interdisciplinary team will independently and in duplicate, screen publications, extract data and assess the risk of bias. Clinical outcomes will include all clinically meaningful medical management outcomes relevant to CKD management in primary care such as blood pressure, chronic heart disease and diabetes target achievements. Quantitative evidence synthesis will be performed, where possible. Planned subgroup analyses include by (1) study design, (2) length of follow-up, (3) type of intervention, (4) type of implementation strategy, (5) whether a behavioural or implementation theory was used to guide study, (6) baseline CKD severity, (7) patient minority status, (8) study location and (9) academic setting or not.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Approval by research ethics board is not required since the review will only include published and publicly accessible data. Review findings will inform a future trial of an intervention to promote uptake of CKD diagnosis and treatment guidelines in our primary care setting and the development of complementary tools to support its successful adoption and implementation. We will publish our findings in a peer-reviewed journal and develop accessible summaries of the results.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42018102441.

Prediction of Risk of Death for Patients Starting Dialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Dialysis is a preference-sensitive decision where prognosis may play an important role. Although patients desire risk prediction, nephrologists are wary of sharing this information. We reviewed the performance of prognostic indices for patients starting dialysis to facilitate bedside translation.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS

Systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Ovid Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus for eligible studies of patients starting dialysis published from inception to December 31, 2018.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Articles describing validated prognostic indices predicting mortality at the start of dialysis. We excluded studies limited to prevalent dialysis patients, AKI and studies excluding mortality in the first 1-3 months. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts, performed full text assessment of inclusion criteria and extracted: study design, setting, population demographics, index performance and risk of bias. Pre-planned random effects meta-analysis was performed stratified by index and predictive window to reduce heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Of 12,132 articles screened and 214 reviewed in full text, 36 studies were included describing 32 prognostic indices. Predictive windows ranged from 3 months to 10 years, cohort sizes from 46 to 52,796. Meta-analysis showed discrimination area under the curve (AUC) of 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 073) with high heterogeneity (I2=99.12). Meta-analysis by index showed highest AUC for The Obi, Ivory, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI)=0.74, also CCI was the most commonly used (ten studies). Other commonly used indices were Kahn-Wright index (eight studies, AUC 0.68), Hemmelgarn modification of the CCI (six studies, AUC 0.66) and REIN index (five studies, AUC 0.69). Of the indices, ten have been validated externally, 16 internally and nine were pre-existing validated indices. Limitations include heterogeneity and exclusion of large cohort studies in prevalent patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Several well validated indices with good discrimination are available for predicting survival at dialysis start.

Effects of Promotility Agents on Gastric Emptying and Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Studies have reported a lack of association between improvements in gastric emptying (GE) and upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms with promotility drugs. However, GE test methods were suboptimal in some studies. We assessed improvements in GE and UGI symptoms in patients given promotility agents in studies with optimal or moderate test methods (scintigraphy or breath test, solid meal, >2 hours duration) compared to studies with suboptimal GE test methods.

METHODS

With an expert librarian, we completed an extensive search of publications in the Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to present), EMBASE (1988 to January 2018), and EBM Reviews Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, without restrictions on language or year. Two independent reviewers evaluated the following inclusion criteria: randomized, blinded, parallel, or crossover trials of 5HT₄ agonists, D₂ receptor antagonist, or ghrelin agonists; trials that measured change in GE (T_1/2) or composite UGI symptoms; trials of patients with functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis; and trials of GE test methods. Standardized mean differences (units expressed as SD) were used to standardize symptom assessments that were not uniform across studies. Random effects model was used to analyze data and meta-regression was used to evaluate the association between change in GE and UGI symptoms.

RESULTS

Of 899 studies considered, 22 studies assessed change in GE; 23 evaluated UGI symptoms; and 14 evaluated GE and UGI symptoms. Promotility agents significantly accelerated GE (T_1/2) in all studies (mean reduction in T_1/2, 16.3 minutes; 95% confidence interval, -22.1 to -10.6 minutes) and in studies that used optimal GE test methods (mean reduction in T_1/2, 23.6 minutes; 95% confidence interval, -32.3 to -14.9 minutes). Promotility agents also significantly reduced UGI symptoms (mean reduction, 0.25 SD; 95% confidence interval, -0.37 to -0.13 SD). Meta-regression found no significant association between change in GE and UGI symptoms. However, when only studies with optimal GE test methods were evaluated, there was a significant positive association between improvement in GE and UGI symptoms (P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS

In a meta-analysis of published trials, we found promotility agents to significantly accelerate GE (when optimal test methods were used) and to produce significant improvements in UGI symptoms.

Association between delayed gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The relationship between delayed gastric emptying and upper GI symptoms (UGI Sx) is controversial.

OBJECTIVE

To assess association between gastric emptying and UGI Sx, independent of treatment.

DESIGN

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature from 2007 to 2017, review of references and additional papers identified by content expert. We included studies evaluating the association between gastric emptying and nausea, vomiting, early satiety/postprandial fullness, abdominal pain and bloating. Covariate analyses included optimal gastric emptying test method, gastric emptying type (breath test or scintigraphy) and patient category. Meta-regression compared the differences based on type of gastric emptying tests.

RESULTS

Systematic review included 92 gastric emptying studies (26 breath test, 62 scintigraphy, 1 ultrasound and 3 wireless motility capsule); 25 of these studies provided quantitative data for meta-analysis (15 scintigraphy studies enrolling 4056 participants and 10 breath test studies enrolling 2231 participants). Meta-regression demonstrated a significant difference between optimal and suboptimal gastric emptying test methods when comparing delayed gastric emptying with nausea and vomiting. On evaluating studies using optimal gastric emptying test methodology, there were significant associations between gastric emptying and nausea (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4 to 1.8), vomiting (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.7), abdominal pain (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.2) and early satiety/fullness (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6) for patients with UGI Sx; gastric emptying and early satiety/fullness in patients with diabetes; gastric emptying and nausea in patients with gastroparesis.

CONCLUSIONS

The systematic review and meta-analysis supports an association between optimally measured delayed gastric emptying and UGI Sx.

Humanistic communication in the evaluation of shared decision making: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To assess the extent to which evaluations of shared decision making (SDM) assess the extent and quality of humanistic communication (i.e., respect, compassion, empathy).

METHODS

We systematically searched Web of Science and Scopus for prospective studies published between 2012 and February 2018 that evaluated SDM in actual clinical decisions using validated SDM measures. Two reviewers working independently and in duplicate extracted all statements from eligible studies and all items from SDM measurement instruments that referred to humanistic patient-clinician communication.

RESULTS

Of the 154 eligible studies, 14 (9%) included ≥1 statements regarding humanistic communication, either in framing the study (N = 2), measuring impact (e.g., empathy, respect, interpersonal skills; N = 9), as patients'/clinicians' accounts of SDM (N = 2), in interpreting study results (N = 3), and in discussing implications of study findings (N = 3). Of the 192 items within the 11 SDM measurement instruments deployed in the included studies, 7 (3.6%) items assessed humanistic communication.

CONCLUSION

Assessments of the quality of SDM focus narrowly on SDM technique and rarely assess humanistic aspects of patient-clinician communication.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Considering SDM as merely a technique may reduce SDM's patient-centeredness and undermine its' contribution to patient care.

Prediction of the Renal Elimination of Drugs With Cystatin C vs Creatinine: A Systematic Review

Serum cystatin C has been proposed as a kidney biomarker to inform drug dosing. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize available data for the association between serum cystatin C and drug pharmacokinetics, dosing, and clinical outcomes in adults (≥18 years). PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, EBSCO CINAHL, and Scopus were systematically searched from 1946 to September 2017 to identify candidate studies. Studies of cystatin C as a predictor for acute kidney injury or for management of contrast-associated acute kidney injury were excluded. Also, studies were excluded if drug concentrations were unavailable and if a reference standard for drug dosing (eg, serum creatinine) was not concurrently reported. The outcomes of interest included drug clearance (L/h), concentrations (mg/L), target level achievement (%), therapeutic failure (%), and drug toxicity (%). We included 28 articles that evaluated 16 different medications in 3455 participants. Vancomycin was the most well-studied drug. Overall, cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR_{Cystatin C}) was more predictive of drug levels and drug clearance than eGFR_Creatinine. In only one study were target attainment and outcomes compared between 2 drug-dosing regimens, one based on eGFR_{Creatinine-Cystatin C} and one dosed with the Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance equation. Compared with eGFR_Creatinine, use of eGFR_{Cystatin C} to predict elimination of medications via the kidney was as accurate, if not superior, in most studies, but infrequently were data on target attainment or clinical outcomes reported. Drug-specific dosing protocols that use cystatin C to estimate kidney function should be tested for clinical application.

Office-Based Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disease: A Systematic Review of Recent Human Studies

Background

The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in clinical applications for the treatment of musculoskeletal disease is steadily increasing in office-based practice. The so-called “first generation” of MSCs is defined as autologous stem cells that have undergone minimal manipulation and are used for a homologous purpose. Systematic reviews of the clinical trials completed to date of such MSCs enable practitioners to better understand what is currently known about the outcomes and side effects of such treatments.

Study Design

A systematic review of human clinical studies of office-based MSC therapy for the treatment of painful degenerative musculoskeletal conditions.

Methods

A search of the Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus databases was conducted from 2006 through September 2016. Seven hundred sixty-one records were identified from database searching, and two records from reference review of included papers. Studies with human subjects that evaluated treatment of musculoskeletal disease with minimally manipulated MSCs were included.

Results

Eight studies were included in this review based on selection criteria. A total of 941 patients were included, 841 of whom received cellular products, and no significant adverse events were reported. Symptomatology generally improved, though no differences were seen over controls where present.

Conclusion

Support in the literature is strongest for the use of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) injections for the treatment of knee pain, but applications of the use of BMAC and peripheral blood–derived MSCs for the treatment of hip pain, tendon pain, and disc pain have all been reported. Further research is required, with large randomized controlled trials.

Impact of decision aids used during clinical encounters on clinician outcomes and consultation length: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Clinicians' satisfaction with encounter decision aids is an important component in facilitating implementation of these tools. We aimed to determine the impact of decision aids supporting shared decision making (SDM) during the clinical encounter on clinician outcomes.

METHODS

We searched nine databases from inception to June 2017. Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of decision aids used during clinical encounters with an unaided control group were eligible for inclusion. Due to heterogeneity among included studies, we used a narrative evidence synthesis approach.

RESULTS

Twenty-five papers met inclusion criteria including 22 RCTs and 3 qualitative or mixed-methods studies nested in an RCT, together representing 23 unique trials. These trials evaluated healthcare decisions for cardiovascular prevention and treatment (n=8), treatment of diabetes mellitus (n=3), treatment of osteoporosis (n=2), treatment of depression (n=2), antibiotics to treat acute respiratory infections (n=3), cancer prevention and treatment (n=4) and prenatal diagnosis (n=1). Clinician outcomes were measured in only a minority of studies. Clinicians' satisfaction with decision making was assessed in only 8 (and only 2 of them showed statistically significantly greater satisfaction with the decision aid); only three trials asked if clinicians would recommend the decision aid to colleagues and only five asked if clinicians would use decision aids in the future. Outpatient consultations were not prolonged when a decision aid was used in 9 out of 13 trials. The overall strength of the evidence was low, with the major risk of bias related to lack of blinding of participants and/or outcome assessors.

CONCLUSION

Decision aids can improve clinicians' satisfaction with medical decision making and provide helpful information without affecting length of consultation time. Most SDM trials, however, omit outcomes related to clinicians' perspective on the decision making process or the likelihood of using a decision aid in the future.

Implementing bedside rounds to improve patient-centred outcomes: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Bedside rounds (BR) have been proposed as an ideal method to promote patient-centred hospital care, but there is substantial variation in their implementation and effects. Our objectives were to describe the implementation of BR in hospital settings and determine their effect on patient-centred outcomes.

METHODS

Data sources included Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Scopus and Ovid Cochrane Central Registry of Clinical Trials from database inception through 28 July 2017. We included experimental studies comparing BR to another form of rounds in a hospital-based setting (ie, medical/surgical unit, intensive care unit (ICU)) and reporting a quantitative patient-reported or objectively measured clinical outcome. We used random effects models to calculate pooled Cohen's d effect size estimates for the patient knowledge and patient experience outcome domains.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine studies met inclusion criteria, including 20 from adult care (17 non-ICU, 3 ICU), and nine from paediatrics (5 non-ICU, 4 ICU), the majority of which (n=23) were conducted in the USA. Thirteen studies implemented BR with cointerventions as part of a 'bundle'. Studies most commonly reported outcomes in the domains of patient experience (n=24) and patient knowledge (n=10). We found a small, statistically significant improvement in patient experience with BR (summary Cohen's d=0.09, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.14, p<0.001, I²=56%), but no significant association between BR and patient knowledge (Cohen's d=0.21, 95% CI -0.004 to -0.43, p=0.054, I²=92%). Risk of bias was moderate to high, with methodological limitations most often relating to selective reporting, low adherence rates and missing data.

CONCLUSIONS

BR have been implemented in a variety of hospital settings, often 'bundled' with cointerventions. However, BR have demonstrated limited effect on patient-centred outcomes.

Atypical fibroxanthoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery or excision

BACKGROUND

Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a fibrohistiocytic tumor with relatively high local recurrence rates but low metastatic potential. Wide local excision (WLE) and Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) are common treatments, although no consensus exists regarding optimal therapy.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review evidence of AFX recurrence and metastatic rates after different surgical modalities.

METHODS

A comprehensive search was performed for articles published from 1946 or database inception to March 20, 2017. Studies selected included those that had 5 or more patients with atypical fibroxanthoma treated surgically. Two reviewers independently abstracted the data. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Main outcomes and measures included recurrence and metastasis.

RESULTS

In total, 23 studies were selected (907 patients and 914 tumors); 175 patients were treated with MMS (recurrence rate 2.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0%-4.1%; metastatic rate 1.9%, 95% CI 0.1%-3.8%), and 732 were treated with WLE (recurrence rate 8.7%, 95% CI 5%-12.3%; metastasis rate 1%, 95% CI 0.2%-1.9%). Among immunocompromised patients, no recurrence or metastases developed in the MMS subgroup, although 4 of 10 recurred and 1 of 10 metastasized in the WLE subgroup.

LIMITATIONS

Low quality of the studies published.

CONCLUSION

MMS for atypical fibroxanthoma is associated with a lower recurrence rate than WLE.

Treatment Options for Hirsutism: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Several pharmacologic treatments for hirsutism are used in practice; however, their relative efficacy is unclear.

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL through January 2017 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with follow-up of at least 6 months that evaluated antiandrogens, insulin sensitizers, and oral contraceptives in women with hirsutism. Independent pairs of reviewers selected and appraised trials. Random-effects network meta-analysis was used to compare individual drugs and classes.

RESULTS

We included 43 trials. Estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives pills (OCPs), antiandrogens, and insulin sensitizers were superior to placebo, with standardized mean reductions (95% confidence intervals) of -0.94 (-1.49 to -0.38), -1.29 (-1.80 to -0.79), and -0.62 (-1.00 to -0.23), respectively. Antiandrogen monotherapy, the combination of OCP and antiandrogen, the combination of OCPs and insulin sensitizer, and the combination of antiandrogen and insulin sensitizer were superior to insulin sensitizer monotherapy. The combination of OCPs and antiandrogen was superior to OCPs. Antiandrogen monotherapy with flutamide, finasteride, and spironolactone were each superior to placebo but similar to each other in efficacy. OCPs containing levonorgestrel, cyproterone acetate, or drospirenone were similar in effectiveness to other OCPs or had trivial differences. The certainty in comparisons with placebo was moderate and for head-to-head comparisons was low.

CONCLUSIONS

Estrogen-progestin OCPs, antiandrogens, and insulin sensitizers are superior to placebo for the treatment of hirsutism.

Clinical care review systems in healthcare: a systematic review

Background

Clinical care review is the process of retrospectively examining potential errors or gaps in medical care, aiming for future practice improvement. The objective of our systematic review is to identify the current state of care review reported in peer-reviewed publications and to identify domains that contribute to successful systems of care review.

Methods

A librarian designed and conducted a comprehensive literature search of eight electronic databases. We evaluated publications from January 1, 2000, through May 31, 2016, and identified common domains for care review. Sixteen domains were identified for further abstraction.

Results

We found that there were few publications that described a comprehensive care review system and more focus on individual pathways within the overall systems. There is inconsistent inclusion of the identified domains of care review.

Conclusion

While guidelines for some aspects of care review exist and have gained traction, there is no comprehensive standardized process for care review with widespread implementation.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12245-018-0166-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Differences of energy expenditure while sitting versus standing: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Replacing sitting with standing is one of several recommendations to decrease sedentary time and increase the daily energy expenditure, but the difference in energy expenditure between standing versus sitting has been controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine this difference. Designs and methods We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar for observational and experimental studies that compared the energy expenditure of standing versus sitting. We calculated mean differences and 95% confidence intervals using a random effects model. We conducted different predefined subgroup analyses based on characteristics of participants and study design. Results We identified 658 studies and included 46 studies with 1184 participants for the final analysis. The mean difference in energy expenditure between sitting and standing was 0.15 kcal/min (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12-0.17). The difference among women was 0.1 kcal/min (95% CI 0.0-0.21), and was 0.19 kcal/min (95% CI 0.05-0.33) in men. Observational studies had a lower difference in energy expenditure (0.11 kcal/min, 95% CI 0.08-0.14) compared to randomised trials (0.2 kcal/min, 95% CI 0.12-0.28). By substituting sitting with standing for 6 hours/day, a 65 kg person will expend an additional 54 kcal/day. Assuming no increase in energy intake, this difference in energy expenditure would be translated into the energy content of about 2.5 kg of body fat mass in 1 year. Conclusions The substitution of sitting with standing could be a potential solution for a sedentary lifestyle to prevent weight gain in the long term. Future studies should aim to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of this strategy.

Correction to: Estrogen-based hormone therapy in women with primary ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review

In the original publication, the given and family name of the author Mohammad Hassan Murad was incorrect. This has been corrected with this erratum.

Estrogen-based hormone therapy in women with primary ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review

PURPOSE

Sex hormones play a role in bone density, cardiovascular health, and wellbeing throughout reproductive lifespan. Women with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) have lower estrogen levels requiring hormone therapy (HT) to manage symptoms and to protect against adverse long-term health outcomes. Yet, the effectiveness of HT in preventing adverse outcomes has not been systematically assessed. We summarize the evidence regarding effects of HT on bone and cardiovascular health in women with POI.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus was conducted by a medical reference librarian from database inception to January 2016. Randomized trials and observational cohort studies with an estrogen-based HT intervention in women with POI under the age of 40 were included. Reviewers worked independently and in duplicate to assess eligibility and risk of bias, and extract data of interest from each study.

RESULTS

The search identified 1670 articles; 12 met inclusion criteria. Four randomized clinical trials and eight cohort studies at high risk of bias enrolled 806 women with POI. The most common HT formulations were transdermal estradiol and oral conjugated equine estrogen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Bone mineral density was the most frequent outcome, with three out of eight studies showing HT associated increase benefits. Only one study reported effects on fractures or vasomotor symptoms and none on cardiovascular mortality. Results regarding lipid profiles were inconsistent.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence supporting bone and cardiovascular benefits of HT in women with POI is limited by high risk of bias, reliance on surrogate outcomes, and heterogeneity of trials regarding the formulation, dose, route of administration, and regimen of HT. Further research addressing patient important outcomes such as fractures, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality are crucial to optimize benefits of this therapy.

Comparison of efficacy of pharmacological treatments for chronic idiopathic constipation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To compare efficacy of pharmacotherapies for chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) based on comparisons to placebo using Bayesian network meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES

We conducted searches (inception to May 2015) of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Cochrane Central, as well as original data from authors or drug companies for the medications used for CIC.

STUDY SELECTION

Phase IIB and phase III randomised, placebo-controlled trials (RCT) of ≥4 weeks' treatment for CIC in adults with Rome II or III criteria for functional constipation; trials included at least one of four end points.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Two investigators independently evaluated all full-text articles that met inclusion criteria and extracted data for primary and secondary end points, risk of bias and quality of evidence.

OUTCOMES

Primary end points were ≥3 complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM)/week and increase over baseline by ≥1 CSBM/week. Secondary end points were change from baseline (Δ_b) in the number of SBM/week and Δ_b CSBM/week.

RESULTS

Twenty-one RCTs (9189 patients) met inclusion and end point criteria: 9 prucalopride, 3 lubiprostone, 3 linaclotide, 2 tegaserod, 1 each velusetrag, elobixibat, bisacodyl and sodium picosulphate (NaP). All prespecified end points were unavailable in four polyethylene glycol studies. Bisacodyl, NaP, prucalopride and velusetrag were superior to placebo for the ≥3 CSBM/week end point. No drug was superior at improving the primary end points on network meta-analysis. Bisacodyl appeared superior to the other drugs for the secondary end point, Δ_b in number of SBM/week.

CONCLUSIONS

Current drugs for CIC show similar efficacy. Bisacodyl may be superior to prescription medications for Δ_b in the number of SBM/week in CIC.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials of social network interventions in type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVES

In the care of patients with type 2 diabetes, self-management is emphasised and studied while theory and observations suggest that patients also benefit from social support. We sought to assess the effect of social network interventions on social support, glycaemic control and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EBM Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL through April 2017 for randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of social network interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes. Reviewers working independently and in duplicate assessed eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data from eligible RCTs. We pooled estimates using inverse variance random effects meta-analysis.

RESULTS

We found 19 eligible RCTs enrolling 2319 participants. Social network interventions were commonly based on individual behaviour change rather than social or interpersonal theories of self-management, were educational, and sought to engage social network members for their knowledge and experience. Interventions improved social support (0.74 SD (95% CI 0.32 to 1.15), I2=89%, 8 RCTs) and haemoglobin A1c at 3 months (-0.25 percentage points (95% CI -0.40 to -0.11), I2=12%, 9 RCTs), but not quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite a compelling theoretical base, researchers have only minimally studied the value of interventions targeting patients' social networks on diabetes care. Although the body of evidence to date is limited, and based on individual behaviour change theories, the results are promising. This review challenges the scientific community to design and test theory-based interventions that go beyond self-management approaches to focus on the largely untapped potential of social networks to improve diabetes care.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION

CRD42016036117.

Systematic reviews of diagnostic tests in endocrinology: an audit of methods, reporting, and performance

BACKGROUND

Systematic reviews provide clinicians and policymakers estimates of diagnostic test accuracy and their usefulness in clinical practice. We identified all available systematic reviews of diagnosis in endocrinology, summarized the diagnostic accuracy of the tests included, and assessed the credibility and clinical usefulness of the methods and reporting.

METHODS

We searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to December 2015 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting accuracy measures of diagnostic tests in endocrinology. Experienced reviewers independently screened for eligible studies and collected data. We summarized the results, methods, and reporting of the reviews. We performed subgroup analyses to categorize diagnostic tests as most useful based on their accuracy.

RESULTS

We identified 84 systematic reviews; half of the tests included were classified as helpful when positive, one-fourth as helpful when negative. Most authors adequately reported how studies were identified and selected and how their trustworthiness (risk of bias) was judged. Only one in three reviews, however, reported an overall judgment about trustworthiness and one in five reported using adequate meta-analytic methods. One in four reported contacting authors for further information and about half included only patients with diagnostic uncertainty.

CONCLUSION

Up to half of the diagnostic endocrine tests in which the likelihood ratio was calculated or provided are likely to be helpful in practice when positive as are one-quarter when negative. Most diagnostic systematic reviews in endocrine lack methodological rigor, protection against bias, and offer limited credibility. Substantial efforts, therefore, seem necessary to improve the quality of diagnostic systematic reviews in endocrinology.

Does Health Coaching Grow Capacity in Cancer Survivors? A Systematic Review

Interventions that grow patient capacity to do the work of health care and life are needed to support the health of cancer survivors. Health coaching may grow capacity. This systematic review of health coaching interventions explored coaching's ability to grow capacity of cancer survivors. The authors included randomized trials or quasi-experimental studies comparing coaching to alternative interventions, and adhered to PRISMA reporting guidelines. Data were analyzed using the Theory of Patient Capacity (BREWS: Capacity is affected by factors that influence ability to reframe Biography ["B"], mobilize or recruit Resources ["R"], interact with the Environment of care ["E"], accomplish Work ["W"]), and function Socially ["S"]). The authors reviewed 2210 references and selected 12 studies (6 randomized trials and 6 pre-post). These studies included 1038 cancer survivors, mean age 57.2 years, with various type of cancers: breast, colorectal, prostate, and lung. Health coaching was associated with improved quality of life, mood, and physical activity but not self-efficacy. Classified by potential to support growth in patient capacity, 67% of included studies reported statistically significant outcomes that support "B" (quality of life, acceptance, spirituality), 75% "R" (decreased fatigue, pain), 67% "W" (increased physical activity), and 33% "S" (social deprivation index). None addressed changing the patient's environment of care. In cancer survivors, health coaching improved quality of life and supported patient capacity by several mechanisms, suggesting an important role for "Capacity Coaching." Future interventions that improve self-efficacy and patients' environments of care are needed. Capacity Coaching may improve health and quality of life of cancer survivors.

Comparison of Sterile vs Nonsterile Gloves in Cutaneous Surgery and Common Outpatient Dental Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

IMPORTANCE

Whether the use of sterile vs nonsterile gloves in outpatient cutaneous procedures affects the rate of postoperative wound infection is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To explore rates of surgical site infection (SSI) with the use of sterile vs nonsterile gloves in outpatient cutaneous surgical procedures.

DATA SOURCES

This systematic review and meta-analysis identified studies from Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to present), Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1991 to present), Ovid EMBASE (1988 to present), EBSCO Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1980 to present), Scopus (1996 to present), and Web of Science (1975 to present).

STUDY SELECTION

Studies with information on sterile vs nonsterile gloves in outpatient surgical procedures were retrieved. Only randomized clinical trials and comparative studies were included for final analysis.

DATA EXTRACTION

Data of trial design, surgery characteristics, and outcomes from published manuscripts and unpublished data were independently extracted.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Randomized clinical trials were considered high quality if randomization, allocation concealment, blinding, and follow-up completeness were appropriate. Relative risk and 95% CIs were derived for postoperative wound infections.

RESULTS

Fourteen articles met eligibility and inclusion criteria for systematic review; they included 12 275 unique patients who had undergone 12 275 unique outpatient procedures with sterile or nonsterile gloves and had follow-up regarding SSI. With the exclusion of 1 single-arm observational study of 1204 patients, 11 071 patients from 13 studies remained in the meta-analysis. Of these, 228 patients were documented as having postoperative SSI (2.1%), including 107 of 5031 patients in the nonsterile glove group (2.1%) and 121 of 6040 patients in the sterile glove group (2.0%). Overall relative risk for SSI with nonsterile glove use was 1.06 (95% CI, 0.81-1.39).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

No difference was found in the rate of postoperative SSI between outpatient surgical procedures performed with sterile vs nonsterile gloves.

Indirect comparisons of the efficacy of biological agents in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Patients with ankylosing (AS) often do not have a satisfactory response to, or could not tolerate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Several biologic agents are available for such patients. However, the comparative efficacy of these treatments remains unknown as head-to-head randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not available. RCTs examining the efficacy of biologic agents in patients with AS who had inadequate response to, or could not tolerate, NSAIDs were identified. If at least two RCTs were available for a given biologic agent, the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of achieving 20% improvement according to the Ankylosing Spondylitis Assessment Study group response criteria 20 (ASAS20) across trials were calculated. The pooled OR for each biologic agent was then compared to each other using the indirect comparison technique. A total of 14 RCTs of older TNF inhibitors, two RCTs of secukinumab, one RCT of certolizumab, and one RCT of tofacitinib were identified. No significant difference in any indirect comparisons was observed with the p values ranging from 0.12 to 0.74. The likelihood of achieving the ASAS20 response in patients AS who failed or could not tolerate NSAIDs was not significantly different between older TNF inhibitors, secukinumab, certolizumab, and tofacitinib. However, the analysis is limited by the small sample size with only one RCT for certolizumab and tofacitinib.

Prognostic value of segment involvement score compared to other measures of coronary atherosclerosis by computed tomography: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The segment involvement score (SIS) is a semiquantitative measure of the extent of atherosclerosis burden by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). We sought to evaluate by meta-analysis the prognostic value of SIS, and to compare it with other CTA measures of coronary artery disease (CAD).

METHODS

Electronic databases from 1946 to January 2016 were searched. Studies reporting SIS, or an equivalent measure by coronary CTA, and clinical outcomes were included. Maximally adjusted hazard ratios (HR), predominantly for clinical variables, were extracted for SIS, obstructive CAD, Agatston coronary artery calcium score, and plaque composition. These were pooled using DerSimonian-Laird random effects models.

RESULTS

Eleven nonrandomized studies with good methodological quality enrolling 9777 subjects (mean age 61 ± 11 years, 57% male, mean follow up 3.3 years) who had 472 (4.8%) MACE (cardiac or all cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or late revascularization), were included. SIS (per segment increase) had pooled HR of 1.25 (95% CI: 1.16,1.35; I² = 71.4%, p < 0.001) for MACE. HR for MACE was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.32,1.42; I² = 95.6%, p < 0.001) for number of segments with stenosis (per segment increase), 3.39 (95% CI: 1.65,6.99; I² = 87.8%, p = 0.001) for obstructive CAD (binary variable) and 1.00 (95% CI: 1.00,1.01; I² = 75.0%, p = 0.490) for Agatston score (per unit increase). HRs by plaque composition (calcified, non-calcified and mixed; per segment change) were 1.24 (95% CI: 1.10,1.39; I² = 81.6%, p = 0.001), 1.20 (95% CI: 0.97,1.48; I² = 92.9%, p = 0.093) and 1.27 (95% CI: 1.03,1.58; I² = 89.8%, p = 0.029), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Despite heterogeneity in endpoints, extent of CAD as quantified by SIS on coronary CTA is a strong, independent predictor of cardiovascular events.

Vitamin D and food allergies in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Vitamin D insufficiency has been associated with immune dysfunction and linked to the epidemic of atopic diseases in the Western hemisphere, yet there are studies with conflicting results, and the risk has not been quantified uniformly across studies.

OBJECTIVE

To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate and quantify if vitamin D deficiency is associated with the presence and persistence of food allergy.

METHODS

A systematic review was undertaken to assess for the association between food allergy and vitamin D status in children.

RESULTS

A total of 368 citations relevant to this systematic review were identified. In the whole review, 5105 children were included. We did not find a significant association between 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) status and risk of food allergy in children (odds ratio [OR] 1.35 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.79-2.29]; p = 0.27, I2 = 58.3%). We conducted subgroup analyses based on different cutoffs of the 25(OH)D status (20 versus 30 ng/mL). Only one study used 30 ng/mL and found that children with <30 ng/mL were more likely to report food allergy than children with a 25(OH)D status of ≥30 ng/mL (OR 2.04 [95% CI, 1.02-4.04]; p = 0.04). Four studies compared children with a 25(OH)D status of <20 ng/mL to children with a 25(OH)D status of ≥20 ng/mL and found no significant differences (OR 1.18 [95% CI, 0.62-2.27]; p = 0.62, I2 = 62.7%).

CONCLUSION

Based on the studies analyzed, this systematic review did not identify a significant association between vitamin D status and food allergy. Interpretation of the included studies was limited by a lack of a standard definition for vitamin D deficiency and insufficient knowledge regarding the optimal vitamin D status needed to impact immune function. Longitudinal studies are warranted to assess if vitamin D might contribute to the development of food allergy.

Meta-Analysis of Usefulness of Concomitant Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement for Moderate Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation With Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is often present in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). However, the clinical benefit of repairing moderate MR during CABG is unproven. We searched multiple databases to identify original studies comparing isolated CABG versus combined CABG and MR surgery (mitral valve surgery with coronary artery bypass grafting [MVCABG]); survival (either early or midterm) was the primary end point. Risk ratio (RR) or standardize mean difference was selected as the effect estimates; survival was compared by pooling hazard ratios. All results are presented with 95% CIs; p <0.05 is statistically significant. Eleven studies (7 retrospective and 4 randomized controlled trials; 547 MVCABG and 900 CABG patients) were included in our meta-analysis. Concomitant mitral valve repair significantly prolonged surgical duration (p <0.01). Early mortality (MVCABG 6.9% and CABG 6%) was comparable (RR 1.3 [0.9 to 1.8]; p = 0.11). At follow-up, the MVCABG patients had similar New York Heart Association class (standardize mean difference -0.73 (-1.64 to 0.18; p = 0.11). However, patients who underwent concomitant mitral valve surgery had less MR at follow-up (recurrent significant MR, RR 0.37 [0.22 to 0.62]; p = 0.001; mean MR grade, mean difference = 0.39 [0.26 to 0.59]; p <0.001). Midterm survival rate (mean follow-up 5 years) was comparable in both groups (hazard ratio for mortality in the MVCABG cohort 1.1 [0.9 to 1.3]; p = 0.38). In conclusion, concomitant repair of moderate ischemic MR leads to improved mitral valve competence at follow-up; however, this was not translated into any functional or survival benefit for adding valve repair to CABG for these patients at 5 years of follow-up.

Urinary Leukotriene E4 to Determine Aspirin Intolerance in Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Urinary leukotriene E4 (ULTE4) may be a biomarker that distinguishes aspirin-intolerant asthma from other asthma subtypes.

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the diagnostic testing accuracy of ULTE4 as a marker of aspirin intolerance in patients with asthma using previously published studies.

METHODS

We identified relevant clinical studies from a systematic review of English and non-English articles using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL (inception to February 10, 2015). Articles were screened at the abstract and full-text level by 2 independent reviewers. We included previously published studies that analyzed ULTE4 in human subjects with asthma characterized as having or not having aspirin intolerance on the basis of a specified definition: convincing history of aspirin intolerance, positive aspirin challenge, or both as the criterion standard. Individual-level data points from all included studies were obtained and analyzed.

RESULTS

The search strategy identified 867 potential articles, of which 86 were reviewed at the full-text level and 10 met criteria for inclusion. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values of ULTE4 to determine aspirin intolerance in subjects with asthma were 0.55, 0.82, 0.75, and 0.66 (Amersham-enzyme immunoassay); 0.76, 0.77, 0.70, and 0.78 (Cayman-enzyme immunoassay); 0.70, 0.81, 0.86, and 0.79 (mass spectrometry); and 0.81,0.79, 0.65, and 0.88 (radioimmunoassay) at optimal thresholds of 192, 510, 167 to 173, and 66 to 69 pg/mg Cr, respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio for each methodology was 6.0, 11.9, 10.5, and 19.1, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

ULTE4 is a marker for aspirin-intolerant asthma and could potentially be used as a clinical test to identify the risk of aspirin intolerance in subjects with asthma.

Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on bone and cardiovascular outcomes in women with turner syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Patients with Turner syndrome have adverse bone and cardiovascular outcomes from chronic estrogen deficiency. Hence, long-term estrogen replacement therapy is the cornerstone treatment. The estimates of its effect and optimal use, however, remain uncertain. We aimed to summarize the benefits and harms of estrogen replacement therapy on bone, cardiovascular, vasomotor and quality of life outcomes in patients with Turner syndrome. A comprehensive search of four databases was performed from inception through January 2016. Randomized clinical trials and observational cohort studies studying the effect of estrogen replacement therapy in patients with Turner syndrome under the age of 40 were included. Independently and in duplicate reviewers selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Subgroup analyses were based on route of administration and type of estrogen formulation. Twenty-five studies at moderate to high risk of bias (12 randomized trials, 13 cohort studies) with 771 patients were included. Using random-effects models, estrogen replacement therapy showed an increase in bone mineral density [weighted mean change from baseline 0.09 g/cm2 (0.04-0.14)] that differed by type of estrogen but not route of administration. Oral estrogen replacement therapy showed a higher increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when compared to transdermal [weighted mean difference 9.33 mg/dl (4.82-13.85)] with no significant effect on other lipid fractions. The current evidence suggests possible benefit of estrogen replacement therapy on bone mineral density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Whether this improvement translates into changes in patient important outcomes (cardiovascular events or fractures) remains uncertain. Larger randomized clinical trials with direct comparisons on patient important outcomes are necessary.

Randomized trials addressing a similar question are commonly published after a trial stopped early for benefit

OBJECTIVE

We explored how investigators of ongoing or planned trials respond to the publication of a trial stopped early for benefit addressing a similar question.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

We searched multiple databases from the date of publication of the truncated trial through August, 2015. Independent reviewers selected trials and extracted data.

RESULTS

We identified 207 trials truncated for early benefit; of which 102 (49%) were followed by subsequent trials (262 subsequent trials, median 2 per truncated trial, range 1-13). Only 99 (38%) provided a rationale justifying conducting a trial despite prior stopping. The top reasons were to address different population or setting (33%), skepticism of truncated trials findings because of small sample size (12%), inconsistency with other evidence (11%), or increased risk of bias (7%). We did not identify significant associations between subsequent trials and characteristics of truncated ones (risk of bias, precision, funding, or rigor of stopping decision).

CONCLUSION

About half of the trials stopped early for benefit were followed by subsequent trials addressing a similar question. This suggests that future trialists may have been skeptic about the decision to stop prior trials. A more rigorous threshold for stopping early for benefit is needed.

Interventions to prevent and reduce physician burnout: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Physician burnout has reached epidemic levels, as documented in national studies of both physicians in training and practising physicians. The consequences are negative effects on patient care, professionalism, physicians' own care and safety, and the viability of health-care systems. A more complete understanding than at present of the quality and outcomes of the literature on approaches to prevent and reduce burnout is necessary.

METHODS

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Education Resources Information Center from inception to Jan 15, 2016, for studies of interventions to prevent and reduce physician burnout, including single-arm pre-post comparison studies. We required studies to provide physician-specific burnout data using burnout measures with validity support from commonly accepted sources of evidence. We excluded studies of medical students and non-physician health-care providers. We considered potential eligibility of the abstracts and extracted data from eligible studies using a standardised form. Outcomes were changes in overall burnout, emotional exhaustion score (and high emotional exhaustion), and depersonalisation score (and high depersonalisation). We used random-effects models to calculate pooled mean difference estimates for changes in each outcome.

FINDINGS

We identified 2617 articles, of which 15 randomised trials including 716 physicians and 37 cohort studies including 2914 physicians met inclusion criteria. Overall burnout decreased from 54% to 44% (difference 10% [95% CI 5-14]; p<0·0001; I²=15%; 14 studies), emotional exhaustion score decreased from 23·82 points to 21·17 points (2·65 points [1·67-3·64]; p<0·0001; I²=82%; 40 studies), and depersonalisation score decreased from 9·05 to 8·41 (0·64 points [0·15-1·14]; p=0·01; I²=58%; 36 studies). High emotional exhaustion decreased from 38% to 24% (14% [11-18]; p<0·0001; I²=0%; 21 studies) and high depersonalisation decreased from 38% to 34% (4% [0-8]; p=0·04; I²=0%; 16 studies).

INTERPRETATION

The literature indicates that both individual-focused and structural or organisational strategies can result in clinically meaningful reductions in burnout among physicians. Further research is needed to establish which interventions are most effective in specific populations, as well as how individual and organisational solutions might be combined to deliver even greater improvements in physician wellbeing than those achieved with individual solutions.

FUNDING

Arnold P Gold Foundation Research Institute.

Role of statins in delirium prevention in critical ill and cardiac surgery patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The data evaluating the role of statins in delirium prevention in the intensive care unit are conflicting and limited.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature from 1975 to 2015. All English-language adult studies evaluating delirium incidence in statin and statin nonusers were included and studies without a control group were excluded. Mantel-Haenszel model was used to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was defined as CI not including unity and P value less than .05.

RESULTS

Of a total 57 identified studies, 6 were included. The studies showed high heterogeneity (I² = 73%) for all and moderate for cardiac surgery studies (I² = 55%). Of 289 773 patients, statins were used in 22 292 (7.7%). Cardiac surgery was performed in 4382 (1.5%) patients and 2321 (53.0%) used statins. Delirium was noted in 710 (3.2%) and 3478 (1.3%) of the patients in the statin and nonstatin groups, respectively, with no difference between groups in the total cohort (RR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.85-1.29]; P = .56) or in cardiac surgery patients (RR, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.68-1.56]; P = .89).

CONCLUSIONS

In critically ill and cardiac surgery patients, this meta-analysis did not show a benefit with statin therapy in the prevention of delirium.

Nonselective β-Blockers and Survival in Patients With Cirrhosis and Ascites: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Nonselective β-blockers (NSBBs), given to reduce the risk of variceal bleeding, have been associated with increased mortality in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites in some, but not all, studies. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of NSBBs on all-cause mortality in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites.

METHODS

We performed a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases through January 2015, supplemented with a manual search. Trial-specific risk ratios (RRs) were pooled using the random-effects model.

RESULTS

Our analysis included 3 randomized control trials and 8 observational studies of propranolol, carvedilol, nadolol, and metoprolol, reporting 1206 deaths among 3145 patients with ascites. The control groups received other interventions to prevent variceal bleeding. NSBB use was not associated with increased all-cause mortality in all patients with ascites (RR, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-1.35); nonrefractory ascites alone (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.50-1.82), or refractory ascites alone (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.57-1.61). Results were similar in randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Use of NSBBs was not associated with increased mortality at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Overall, the included studies had a medium to high risk of bias, except for 3 clinical trials in which the risk of biased was determined to be low.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of NSBBs was not associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality in patients with cirrhosis and ascites or refractory ascites. Certainty in the available estimates is low; a randomized trial of only patients with ascites is needed to answer this question. This meta-analysis does not support the position that NSBBs routinely be withheld from patients with ascites.