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Campana SE, Smoliński S, Black BA, Morrongiello JR, Alexandroff SJ, Andersson C, Bogstad B, Butler PG, Denechaud C, Frank DC, Geffen AJ, Godiksen JA, Grønkjaer P, Hjörleifsson E, Jónsdóttir IG, Meekan M, Mette M, Tanner SE, van der Sleen P, von Leesen G. Growth portfolios buffer climate-linked environmental change in marine systems. Ecology 2023; 104:e3918. [PMID: 36342309 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale, climate-induced synchrony in the productivity of fish populations is becoming more pronounced in the world's oceans. As synchrony increases, a population's "portfolio" of responses can be diminished, in turn reducing its resilience to strong perturbation. Here we argue that the costs and benefits of trait synchronization, such as the expression of growth rate, are context dependent. Contrary to prevailing views, synchrony among individuals could actually be beneficial for populations if growth synchrony increases during favorable conditions, and then declines under poor conditions when a broader portfolio of responses could be useful. Importantly, growth synchrony among individuals within populations has seldom been measured, despite well-documented evidence of synchrony across populations. Here, we used century-scale time series of annual otolith growth to test for changes in growth synchronization among individuals within multiple populations of a marine keystone species (Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua). On the basis of 74,662 annual growth increments recorded in 13,749 otoliths, we detected a rising conformity in long-term growth rates within five northeast Atlantic cod populations in response to both favorable growth conditions and a large-scale, multidecadal mode of climate variability similar to the East Atlantic Pattern. The within-population synchrony was distinct from the across-population synchrony commonly reported for large-scale environmental drivers. Climate-linked, among-individual growth synchrony was also identified in other Northeast Atlantic pelagic, deep-sea and bivalve species. We hypothesize that growth synchrony in good years and growth asynchrony in poorer years reflects adaptive trait optimization and bet hedging, respectively, that could confer an unexpected, but pervasive and stabilizing, impact on marine population productivity in response to large-scale environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Campana
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Szymon Smoliński
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Bryan A Black
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, USA
| | - John R Morrongiello
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stella J Alexandroff
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Carin Andersson
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Paul G Butler
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Côme Denechaud
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - David C Frank
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, USA
| | - Audrey J Geffen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Peter Grønkjaer
- Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mark Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Madelyn Mette
- U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Susanne E Tanner
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter van der Sleen
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group and Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gotje von Leesen
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Estrella-Martínez J, Ascough PL, Schöne BR, Scourse JD, Butler PG. 8.2 ka event North Sea hydrography determined by bivalve shell stable isotope geochemistry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6753. [PMID: 31043648 PMCID: PMC6494846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The abrupt 8.2 ka cold event has been widely described from Greenland and North Atlantic records. However, its expression in shelf seas is poorly documented, and the temporal resolution of most marine records is inadequate to precisely determine the chronology of major events. A robust hydrographical reconstruction can provide an insight on climatic reaction times to perturbations to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Here we present an annually-resolved temperature and water column stratification reconstruction based on stable isotope geochemistry of Arctica islandica shells from the Fladen Ground (northern North Sea) temporally coherent with Greenland ice core records. Our age model is based on a growth increment chronology obtained from four radiometrically-dated shells covering the 8290–8100 cal BP interval. Our results indicate that a sudden sea level rise (SSLR) event-driven column stratification occurred between ages 8320–8220 cal BP. Thirty years later, cold conditions inhibited water column stratification but an eventual incursion of sub-Arctic waters into the North Sea re-established density-driven stratification. The water temperatures reached their minimum of ~3.7 °C 55 years after the SSLR. Intermittently-mixed conditions were later established when the sub-Arctic waters receded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippa L Ascough
- NERC Radiocarbon Facility, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - Bernd R Schöne
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, J.-J.-Becher-Weg 21, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - James D Scourse
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Paul G Butler
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
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Black BA, Andersson C, Butler PG, Carroll ML, DeLong KL, Reynolds DJ, Schöne BR, Scourse J, van der Sleen P, Wanamaker AD, Witbaard R. The revolution of crossdating in marine palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20180665. [PMID: 30958223 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, the dendrochronology technique of crossdating has been widely used to generate a global network of tree-ring chronologies that serves as a leading indicator of environmental variability and change. Only recently, however, has this same approach been applied to growth increments in calcified structures of bivalves, fish and corals in the world's oceans. As in trees, these crossdated marine chronologies are well replicated, annually resolved and absolutely dated, providing uninterrupted multi-decadal to millennial histories of ocean palaeoclimatic and palaeoecological processes. Moreover, they span an extensive geographical range, multiple trophic levels, habitats and functional types, and can be readily integrated with observational physical or biological records. Increment width is the most commonly measured parameter and reflects growth or productivity, though isotopic and elemental composition capture complementary aspects of environmental variability. As such, crossdated marine chronologies constitute powerful observational templates to establish climate-biology relationships, test hypotheses of ecosystem functioning, conduct multi-proxy reconstructions, provide constraints for numerical climate models, and evaluate the precise timing and nature of ocean-atmosphere interactions. These 'present-past-future' perspectives provide new insights into the mechanisms and feedbacks between the atmosphere and marine systems while providing indicators relevant to ecosystem-based approaches of fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Black
- 1 Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona , 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA
| | - Carin Andersson
- 2 NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research , Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen , Norway
| | - Paul G Butler
- 3 CGES, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Penryn Campus, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ , UK
| | - Michael L Carroll
- 4 Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment , PO Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Kristine L DeLong
- 5 Department of Geography & Anthropology and the Coastal Studies institute, Louisiana State University , 227 Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex E326, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 , USA
| | - David J Reynolds
- 6 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3AT , UK
| | - Bernd R Schöne
- 7 Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz , Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - James Scourse
- 8 CGES, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Penryn Campus, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ , UK
| | - Peter van der Sleen
- 9 Department of Wetland Ecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Josefstrasse 1, Rastatt 76437 , Germany
| | - Alan D Wanamaker
- 10 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University , 2237 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011 , USA
| | - Rob Witbaard
- 11 Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) , PO Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke , the Netherlands
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Featherstone AM, Butler PG, Peharda M, Chauvaud L, Thébault J. Influence of riverine input on the growth of Glycymeris glycymeris in the Bay of Brest, North-West France. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189782. [PMID: 29261749 PMCID: PMC5738111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A crossdated, replicated, chronology of 114 years (1901–2014) was developed from internal growth increments in the shells of Glycymeris glycymeris samples collected monthly from the Bay of Brest, France. Bivalve sampling was undertaken between 2014 and 2015 using a dredge. In total 401 live specimens and 243 articulated paired valves from dead specimens were collected, of which 38 individuals were used to build the chronology. Chronology strength, assessed as the Expressed Population Signal, was above 0.7 throughout, falling below the generally accepted threshold of 0.85 before 1975 because of reduced sample depth. Significant positive correlations were identified between the shell growth and the annual averages of rainfall (1975–2008; r = 0.34) and inflow from the river Elorn (1989–2009; r = 0.60). A significant negative correlation was identified between shell growth and the annual average salinity (1998–2014; r = -0.62). Analysis of the monthly averages indicates that these correlations are associated with the winter months (November–February) preceding the G. glycymeris growth season suggesting that winter conditions predispose the benthic environment for later shell growth. Concentration of suspended particulate matter within the river in February is also positively correlated with shell growth, leading to the conclusion that food availability is also important to the growth of G. glycymeris in the Bay of Brest. With the addition of principle components analysis, we were able to determine that inflow from the River Elorn, nitrite levels and salinity were the fundamental drivers of G. glycymeris growth and that these environmental parameters were all linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Featherstone
- Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Plouzané, France
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Plouzané, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul G. Butler
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laurent Chauvaud
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Plouzané, France
| | - Julien Thébault
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Plouzané, France
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Reynolds DJ, Scourse JD, Halloran PR, Nederbragt AJ, Wanamaker AD, Butler PG, Richardson CA, Heinemeier J, Eiríksson J, Knudsen KL, Hall IR. Annually resolved North Atlantic marine climate over the last millennium. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13502. [PMID: 27922004 PMCID: PMC5150573 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the lack of absolutely dated oceanographic information before the modern instrumental period, there is currently significant debate as to the role played by North Atlantic Ocean dynamics in previous climate transitions (for example, Medieval Climate Anomaly-Little Ice Age, MCA-LIA). Here we present analyses of a millennial-length, annually resolved and absolutely dated marine δ18O archive. We interpret our record of oxygen isotope ratios from the shells of the long-lived marine bivalve Arctica islandica (δ18O-shell), from the North Icelandic shelf, in relation to seawater density variability and demonstrate that solar and volcanic forcing coupled with ocean circulation dynamics are key drivers of climate variability over the last millennium. During the pre-industrial period (AD 1000–1800) variability in the sub-polar North Atlantic leads changes in Northern Hemisphere surface air temperatures at multi-decadal timescales, indicating that North Atlantic Ocean dynamics played an active role in modulating the response of the atmosphere to solar and volcanic forcing. A lack of annually resolved climate records from the marine archive limits our understanding of oceanic processes. Here, the authors present a millennial-length, annually-resolved and absolutely-dated marine δ18O record from the shells of marine bivalves and offer insight into North Atlantic climate dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Reynolds
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - J D Scourse
- School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Science, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - P R Halloran
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - A J Nederbragt
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - A D Wanamaker
- Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3212, USA
| | - P G Butler
- School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Science, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - C A Richardson
- School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Science, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - J Heinemeier
- Aarhus AMS Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J Eiríksson
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - K L Knudsen
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - I R Hall
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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Karney GB, Butler PG, Scourse JD, Richardson CA, Lau KH, Czernuszka JT, Grovenor CRM. Identification of growth increments in the shell of the bivalve mollusc Arctica islandica using backscattered electron imaging. J Microsc 2011; 241:29-36. [PMID: 21118202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Annually resolved growth increments in the shell of the bivalve mollusc Arctica islandica have previously been used in combination with geochemical measurements to successfully construct high-resolution proxy records of past marine environmental conditions. However, to ensure the accuracy of these paleoenvironmental reconstructions it is essential that the annual growth series of increments within the examined shells are reliably identified, and can be distinguished from spurious lines caused by nonannual perturbations such as those resulting from storm disturbance. The current methods used for identifying the growth increment series are sometimes compromised because of ambiguity that results from the employed preparation methods. Here it is shown that backscattered electron imaging of polished shell cross sections may be used to clearly discriminate between the two compositionally and structurally distinct increments that comprise 1 year of outer shell growth. This method, involving minimal specimen preparation, is likely to be primarily useful as a validation technique of particular value in cases where increment identification using existing methods is difficult or ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Karney
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, U.K.
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Butler PG. The influence of time and the reexcision of malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 14:854-5. [PMID: 3711394 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(86)80552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Levamisole has been successfully used therapeutically in twenty-eight cases of chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is suggested that repeated sandfly bites not initiating a clinical lesion may immunize against later infection by the formation of blocking antibodies to Leishmania tropica or by denying the parasite a locus in which it can become established. Late-appearing lesions in natives of endemic areas should raise the suspicion of impaired immunity from systemic disease such as malignancy.
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Butler PG. Levamisole therapy of chronic Leishmania tropica. J Trop Med Hyg 1978; 81:221-4. [PMID: 731764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in parts of Saudi Arabia. Levamisole used as a stimulant of cell mediated immunity has been shown in this study to produce good therapeutic response in clinical trials in the chronic form of this disease. Levamisole may prove to be the treatment of choice in the chronic form of Leishmania tropica.
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Abstract
An electron density map of the TMV disk at 5A resolution has been obtained using isomorphous replacement and non-crystallographic symmetry. The polypeptide chain can be traced with little ambiguity. The axial contacts between protein subunits are unlike those in the virus, the disk being a more open structure apparently designed for rapid interaction with the RNA.
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