Psychometric Evaluation of the Food Life Questionnaire-Short Form among Brazilian Adult Women

Measures of beliefs and attitudes toward food have generally been limited to the measurement of more pathological eating attitudes (e.g., disordered eating). The Food Life Questionnaire (FLQ) and its short form (FLQ-SF) were developed to examine attitudes toward a broader range of foods; however, the factor structure of the FLQ-SF was not confirmed in any study with young women. In the present study, we performed a psychometric evaluation of the Brazilian Portuguese translation of the FLQ-SF in a sample of 604 women. We evaluated the factor structure using a two-step, split-sample exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic approach. Results supported a four-factor structure (i.e., weight concern, diet-health orientation, belief in a diet-health linkage, and food and pleasure) with 18 items (χ2/df = 2.09; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.05 (90% CI = 0.04; 0.06; p > 0.05); and SRMR = 0.08). Additionally, we found good internal consistency for all FLQ-SF subscales (McDonald's ω = 0.79-0.89) and convergent validity with measures of feelings, beliefs, and behaviors involved in food attitudes. Collectively, these results support the use of the FLQ-SF in Brazilian women and provide a foundation to expand the literature on beliefs and attitudes toward food in this population.

Validation and measurement invariance of the Compulsive Exercise Test among Brazilian and American young adults

PURPOSE

To evaluate compulsive exercise, researchers often rely on the widely used Compulsive Exercise Test (CET). However, the measure has shown unstable factor structure in several validation studies and is not available in Portuguese for use in Brazil. We aimed to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the CET to Brazilian Portuguese, to test several factor structures among Brazilian and US samples of men and women, to test measurement invariance across countries, and to evaluate its internal consistency. Furthermore, we sought to evaluate convergent validity, correlating the CET with a measure of eating disorder symptoms, and to compare compulsive exercise symptoms between countries.

METHODS

Four models of the latent structure of the CET were tested using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), three-factor structure with 15 items, three-factor structure with 18 items, four-factor structure with 21 items, and the original five-factor structure with 24 items, in a sample of 1,531 young adults (601 Brazilians and 930 Americans), aged 18-35 years.

RESULTS

A series of CFAs demonstrated that the three-factor structure with 15 items showed a better fit to the data. This model demonstrated good convergent validity and internal consistency. Results from the CET multigroup CFA showed evidence for the invariance at the configural, metric, and scalar levels across Brazilians and Americans. Furthermore, significant differences were found between Brazilians and Americans, with Brazilians demonstrating higher scores on the Avoidance and rule-driven behavior and Mood improvement subscales, whereas US participants scored higher on the Weight control exercise subscale.

CONCLUSIONS

Results support the three-factor structure with 15 items to be used as a measure of compulsive exercise among Brazilians and Americans, allowing cross-cultural comparisons between these countries.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level V, Cross-sectional, Psychometric study.

Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset - with data collected between 2020 and 2022 - to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.

Eating disorders prevention programs in Latin American countries: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review evaluates and summarizes existing eating disorder (ED) prevention programs in Latin American countries.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted using the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, PubMed, and Virtual Health Library databases up to and including July 31, 2022. All ED prevention studies published in English, Spanish or Portuguese were eligible, regardless of the study design, sample characteristics, and type of prevention programs. The Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias criteria were used to evaluate the quality of the included studies.

RESULTS

Twenty-two studies were included. Most were pilot studies that were nonrandomized, had a high risk of bias, were from Mexico and Brazil, and employed selective interventions. Dissonance-based programs and social cognitive theory were the commonly used approaches in interventions, and most of them were tested in adolescent girls and women. Short follow-ups were used, varying from 1 to 6 months. Many found significant decreases after the intervention and/or at follow-up in ED/disordered eating risk behaviors/symptoms, negative affect, body-ideal internalization, and body image disturbances.

CONCLUSIONS

This review highlights promising efforts to prevent EDs among Latin American countries. Some barriers in conducting research include funding restrictions, laws that do not allow remuneration or compensation for participants, and high costs of training. Nonetheless, the outcomes of the programs developed and evaluated so far are positive enough to merit further work on ED prevention. Efforts for future researchers should recruit samples with diverse characteristics, use robust designs and data analysis techniques, and expand the accessibility of prevention programs.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

The development of effective eating disorder (ED) prevention programs that can be broadly implemented is a public health priority. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence regarding the characteristics of ED prevention programs and their efficacy among Latin American countries. In the present study, we reviewed existing ED prevention programs adopted in Latin America, described their characteristics and outcomes, noted the limitations of available programs, and discussed the implications of these findings for efforts to prevent the development of EDs in Latin America. The outcomes of the programs developed and evaluated so far are positive enough to merit the development and rigorous evaluation of future programs and their broad dissemination in Latin American countries. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021275245.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Drive for Muscularity Scale and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Brazilian Cisgender Gay and Bisexual Adult Men

Despite high levels of muscularity concerns among sexual-minority men, most of the existing literature on the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia focuses on heterosexual men and has mainly been conducted in Western and English-speaking regions. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men who were 18-50 years old. We evaluated the factor structure of both measures using a two-step, split-sample exploratory (EFA; n = 704) and confirmatory (CFA; n = 705) factor-analytic approach, which supported the original three-factor structure of the MDDI and resulted in a reduced two-factor solution with 13 items for the DMS. Convergent validity was supported through associations of the DMS and the MDDI with eating disorder symptoms, body-ideal internalization, self-objectification beliefs and behaviors, and body appreciation measures. Additionally, we found good internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of both measures. Results support the validity and reliability of the DMS and the MDDI in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men and will support future studies exploring these constructs in Brazilian sexual-minority men.

Psychometric properties of the eating disorder examination questionnaire among Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men

OBJECTIVE

One of the most widely used assessment tools for disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), has not yet been evaluated in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual men-an at-risk population given the extent of minority stressors in Brazilian culture. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the EDE-Q among Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men.

METHOD

The Brazilian EDE-Q was administered to a sample of 1409 gay and bisexual adult men, along with measures of self-objectification, body-ideal internalization, drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, and body appreciation. The factor structure of the Brazilian EDE-Q was assessed using a two-step, split-sample exploratory (EFA; n = 704) and confirmatory factor analytic approach (CFA; n = 705). Additionally, convergent validity, internal consistency, and 2-week test-retest reliability were assessed.

RESULTS

Findings from an EFA and CFA revealed a one-factor structure with 22 items and adequate internal consistency (ω = .92, 95% CI = [.91, .93]). Moreover, the scale demonstrated good 2-week test-retest reliability (ICC = .86, 95% CI = [.82, .88], p < .001). The EDE-Q scores showed positive associations with self-objectification, body-ideal internalization, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, and drive for muscularity, as well as a negative association with body appreciation.

DISCUSSION

Results provide support for the use of the EDE-Q using a one-factor structure in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men and give insights for future studies on eating disorders in sexual minorities in Latin America.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE

The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is one of the most widely used self-report measures of eating disorder symptoms. However, there is a lack of research on the validity and reliability of the EDE-Q in Latin American countries. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the EDE-Q in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men. Our findings give insights for future studies on eating disorders in sexual minorities in Latin America.

Validation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) in Brazilian Women

Despite high levels of body dissatisfaction and an increasing drive for muscularity among Brazilian women, most of the existing literature on muscle dysmorphia focuses on men and has mainly been conducted in Western and English-speaking regions. As a result, one of the most widely used assessment tools for symptoms of the disorder, the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI), has not yet been evaluated in Brazilian women-an at-risk population. In the present study, we perform a psychometric evaluation of the Brazilian Portuguese translation of the MDDI in a sample of 515 women. We evaluated the factor structure using a two-step, split-sample exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic approach, which supported the original three-factor structure of the measure. Additionally, we found good internal consistency, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability of the measure. Collectively, these results support the use of the measure in Brazilian women and provide a foundation to expand the literature in this population.

Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention improves intuitive eating: a randomized controlled trial for Brazilian women with body dissatisfaction

PURPOSE

Investigate the efficacy of a dissonance-based (DB) intervention (i.e., the Body Project), during which some examples of intuitive eating were provided by peer leaders, in improving intuitive eating and targeting risk and protective factors for eating disorders (ED) among Brazilian women with body dissatisfaction.

METHODS

Participants were randomized to a four-session DB intervention (n = 38) or assessment-only control (AOC) (n = 36), and completed validated measures assessing intuitive eating, body appreciation, self-esteem, body-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and disordered eating pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 4- and 24-week follow-ups.

RESULTS

The DB condition demonstrated significantly greater increases in intuitive eating, body appreciation and self-esteem scores compared to AOC from pre-intervention to post-intervention (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.73-0.98), 4-week (between-condition Cohen's d = 1.25-1.87) and 24-week follow-up (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.82-1.38). Also, the DB condition showed significantly greater decreases in body-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating scores from pre-intervention to post-intervention (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.76-1.04), 4-week (between-condition Cohen's d = 1.27-1.71) and 24-week follow-up (between-condition Cohen's d = 1.04-1.19). Regarding negative affect, DB condition showed significantly greater reduction only at 24-week follow-up (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.60).

CONCLUSION

Results reinforce the efficacy of DB interventions in reducing ED risk factors for young women and support the preliminary efficacy of these programs in improving intuitive eating, body appreciation, and self-esteem.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level I, randomized controlled trial. ReBEC (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials; available at http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/ ) number of registration: RBR-2f57cs. Date of registration: June 1, 2020.

Validation and measurement invariance of the muscularity-oriented eating test among Brazilian men and women

OBJECTIVE

The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a 15-item unidimensional scale, designed to assess eating practices that occur in the pursuit of a muscular body. The aim of the present study was to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the MOET to Brazilian Portuguese, to explore its factor structure and measurement invariance, and to evaluate its internal consistency, three-week test-retest reliability, and convergent validity in a community sample of Brazilian men and women.

METHOD

After the back-translation procedure, the Brazilian MOET was administered online to a sample of 1246 adults (634 men and 612 women), along with measures of drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating behaviors, and exercise dependence.

RESULTS

Findings from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one-factor structure and adequate internal consistency for men (ω = 0.86; α = 0.86) and women (ω = .84; α = .83). Measurement invariance across gender was supported. In addition, the scale demonstrated good three week test-retest reliability for both men (ICC = .96; p < .001) and women (ICC = .92; p < .001), and the subscales revealed moderate to large associations with drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating, and exercise dependence.

CONCLUSION

This study supports the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women and represents an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults, allowing for future cross-cultural studies in this field.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE

The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating, which assess strict adherence to diet rules, including the food's macronutrient content, regulation of protein intake, and eating less or more to influence muscle gain. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Our findings represent an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults.

Disordered eating behaviors among CrossFit athletes

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate differences in disordered eating symptoms between men and women who practice CrossFit and to evaluate its predictors in this population. Methods: A cross-sectional study (April to June 2019) was carried out with 194 adults (103 women and 91 men) enrolled in private CrossFit boxes in Brazil, with a mean age of 30.19 years (SD = 5.34). Participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (disordered eating), the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (body-ideal internalization), and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (drive for muscularity). A series of Student's t-tests was applied to test differences in disordered eating symptoms between men and women. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to evaluate predictors of disordered eating for both sexes. Results: Women showed greater disordered eating symptoms, dietary restrictions and excessive concern about thinness than men. Moreover, younger women with a higher BMI are more likely to have disordered eating symptoms. Higher drive for muscularity and greater general body-ideal internalization were also associated with disordered eating among women. In men, muscularity-oriented behavior was the only predictor of disordered eating. Conclusion: These findings are relevant, as they point out that women who practice CrossFit seem to be a high risk group for the development of eating disorders. In addition, muscularity-oriented behaviors in men and the drive for muscularity, internalization of the ideal body, BMI and age in women are predictors of disordered eating in CrossFit practitioners.

Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention delivered in-person after an online training: A randomized controlled trial for Brazilian men with body dissatisfaction

OBJECTIVE

Few prevention programs have been developed and empirically evaluated to address eating disorder (ED) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms in men. Furthermore, new strategies for the broad implementation of available programs are needed. We investigated the acceptability and efficacy of a dissonance-based (DB) intervention for Brazilian undergraduate men with body dissatisfaction to target risk and protective factors for ED and MD symptoms (the Body Project: More Than Muscles) after an online training for facilitators.

METHOD

Participants were randomized to a two-session DB-intervention (n = 89) or assessment-only control (AOC) (n = 91), and completed validated measures assessing ED and MD risk and protective factors pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 4- and 24-week follow-up post-intervention.

RESULTS

Acceptability ratings were highly favorable. Regarding efficacy, the DB condition demonstrated significantly greater decreases in ED and MD risk factors compared to AOC from pre-intervention to 4-week (p-values <.05, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.35-1.10) and 24-week follow-up (p-values <.05, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.33-0.78). Results at post-intervention were not significant, with the exception that body appreciation showed significantly greater improvements in the DB condition (post-intervention: p < .01, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.40; 4-week: p < .001, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.80; and 24-week follow-up: p < .001, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.58).

DISCUSSION

Results support the acceptability and efficacy of a DB-intervention delivered in-person after an online training for facilitators up to 24-week follow-up in Brazilian men.

Uso da mídia social e sua associação com comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais em estudantes de Nutrição

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre o uso da mídia social e comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais e identificar preditores desses comportamentos. Métodos: Estudo realizado com 207 estudantes de Nutrição. Foram aplicadas três medidas para obter dados sociodemográficos, uso da mídia social e comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais (Eating Attitudes Test-26). A associação entre o uso da mídia social e os comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais foi verificada pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson (p < 0,05). Regressão logística binária foi conduzida para avaliar preditores dos comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais, considerando as razões de chance. Resultados: Comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais foram verificados em 27,9% dos estudantes de Nutrição. As variáveis de uso da mídia social associadas aos comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais incluem o hábito de acompanhar dicas alimentares e de consumir alimentos sugeridos pela mídia, o tempo de uso, seguir dieta e/ou orientação nutricional, motivação para seguir uma dieta sem um acompanhamento nutricional e consumo de alimentos e fármacos para a perda de peso. Os preditores dos comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais foram: “Já consumi alimentos propostos pela mídia com o intuito de perda de peso” e “Ao observar corpos disseminados como ‘belos’ pela mídia, me sinto motivado a seguir uma dieta sem um acompanhamento nutricional adequado por um nutricionista”. Conclusões: Diversas crenças e comportamentos orientados ao uso da mídia social estão associados aos comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais em estudantes de Nutrição, em que se destacam maiores razões de chances para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos de risco quando há consumo de alimentos para perda de peso e motivação para seguir dieta sem acompanhamento nutricional, mesmo por esse grupo.

Disordered eating and body change behaviours: support for the Tripartite Influence Model among Brazilian male university students

The Tripartite Influence Model posits that sociocultural influences mediated by internalization and social comparison are predictors of disordered eating and body change behaviours. This study aimed to test the Tripartite Influence Model among Brazilian male university students, which has not been tested yet. 707 undergraduate students of the five Brazilian regions, completed measures of sociocultural influences, internalization, social comparison, body and muscularity dissatisfaction, disordered eating and body change behaviours. Structural equation modelling analyses showed good model-fitting. Parental influence was related to internalization, while peer influence with social comparison. Media influences were related to both internalization and social comparison. Internalization and social comparison are mediating variables that are related to body dissatisfaction and muscularity dissatisfaction. Finally, muscularity dissatisfaction was associated with body change behaviours.

Validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Body Image in Pregnancy Scale

OBJECTIVES

To describe the translation and cultural adaptation, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Body Image in Pregnancy Scale when applied to Brazilian pregnant women.

BACKGROUND

Poor body image of pregnant women is associated with negative outcomes for maternal and child health. However, there is a lack of psychometric studies aiming to evaluate the body image experiences during pregnancy.

METHODS

A methodological study was carried out with 187 Brazilian pregnant women. We performed translation and cross-cultural adaptation (evidence of content validity), and evaluated the psychometric properties (factorial validity through principal component analysis, discriminant validity, and estimated internal consistency) of the Brazilian version of the Body Image in Pregnancy Scale.

RESULTS

The scale items presented semantic, idiomatic, cultural, and conceptual equivalences, showing evidence of content validity. Principal component analysis resulted in a 6-factor structure with 35 items which showed an adequate adjustment of the scale among Brazilian pregnant women. Adequate estimated internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .88) was found. The Brazilian version was not able to discriminate pregnant women from different gestational age.

CONCLUSION

The Brazilian version of the Body Image in Pregnancy Scale showed evidence of content validity, factorial validity, and estimated internal consistency.

Promovendo diálogos sobre imagem corporal com futuros professores de Educação Física

O estudo objetivou avaliar se a participação em uma intervenção foi capaz de modificar a percepção de futuros professores de Educação Física em lidar com assuntos relacionados à imagem corporal em suas aulas. Participaram do estudo 14 acadêmicos do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais – Campus Barbacena. Os voluntários responderam a entrevistas semi-estruturadas antes do início e após a realização de quatro encontros, os quais buscaram colocar o corpo no âmbito das práticas pedagógicas. A análise das entrevistas apontou a importância da abordagem de temas relacionados ao corpo e à imagem corporal com os licenciandos, de forma a propiciar uma prática docente mais abrangente e inclusiva.

Is the Drive for Muscularity Scale a valid and reliable instrument for young adult women?

There is a lack of psychometric studies on scales aiming to evaluate the drive for muscularity in women. This study aimed to test whether the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) yielded reliable and valid scores for assessing the drive for muscularity construct in young adult women. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 242 Brazilian adult women. Exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, estimated internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the DMS's scores were examined. The results of the exploratory factor analysis upheld the original unidimensional structure of the DMS for Brazilian women. The scale presented a significant but weak association with body mass index and risk behaviors for eating disorders. Adequate internal consistency and 2-week test-retest reliability were found. Future psychometric analyses (convergent and discriminant validity) of the DMS are encouraged to further our understanding of drive for muscularity in women, especially to confirm its unidimensional factor structure. Future research avenues also include examining the reliability and validity of the DMS's scores among women from various cultures.

Comparison of pregnant women from public and private health care: a psychological approach

Abstract Objectives: to compare sociodemographic, anthropometric and psychological factors in pregnant women receiving public and private health care, as well as verify the influence of eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety on body attitudes in both sectors. Methods: this study included 386 pregnant women aged 18-46 (mean of 29.32 ± 6.04 years). Instruments were applied to evaluate body attitudes, eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety. Anthropometric and obstetric data were collected. Descriptive, comparative and correlational analyses were performed. Results: troubled sociodemographic characteristics, negative body attitudes, inappropriate eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, and high levels of trait and state anxiety were significantly higher among participants receiving public health care (p<0.05). Eating attitudes and self-esteem directly influenced the body attitudes of those receiving public health care (R2 adjusted=0.336, p<0.001) and private health care (R2 adjusted=0.324, p<0.001). Conclusions: it was concluded that the sociodemographic, anthropometric, and psychological factors were more worrying in pregnant women receiving care in the public sector when compared to those of the private sector.

Exploratory study on illegal pharmacologic agents in mixed martial arts performance

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a combat sport that requires maximum physical effort during competitions. In this context, some athletes can use illicit substances in order to improve their performance. By means of paired analysis, the present study compared the motor actions of athletes who had failed an anti-doping test versus their performance in combat against a winner or loser without doping presence. For this, 267 rounds (male and female) were analyzed in professional matches. The rounds were paired by athletes in the conditions: doping, winning and losing. Motor actions were analyzed through a specific and previously-validated protocol. Of the substances detected, anabolic androgenic steroids represented 55% (p≤0.001). Doped athletes had lower pause time (83.4±68.3 vs. 131.7±95.2, p≤0.001) and longer time at high-intensity (85.2±86.6 vs. 51.2±73.3, p=0.002) compared to the losing condition. Regarding the technical-tactical analysis in standing combat, winning presented a higher mean compared to doping in all variables except for Knockdowns (p=0.08), single body strikes landed (p=0.15), single leg strikes landed (p=0.25) and single strike attempts (p=0.4). In conclusion, athletes who tested positive presented higher performance in the physical variables (effort and pause time) in comparison to the losing condition; however, doping did not reflect in better technical-tactical performance.

Insatisfação, checagem corporal e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares em estudantes de cursos da saúde

RESUMO Objetivos Comparar os níveis de insatisfação corporal, checagem corporal e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares entre graduandas de diferentes cursos da área de saúde, bem como avaliar a associação da checagem corporal e a insatisfação corporal, em cada curso de graduação. Métodos Participaram 92 universitárias com idade entre 18 e 35 anos, da cidade de Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, que responderam a instrumentos de autorrelato sobre: dados sociodemográficos, insatisfação corporal (Body Shape Questionnaire), comportamentos de checagem corporal (Body Checking Questionnaire) e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares (Eating Attitudes Test-26). Foi realizada estatística descritiva, inferencial (Kruskal-Wallis) e teste de correlação de Spearman utilizando o software SPSS 21.0 e adotando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Os testes de comparação não demonstraram diferenças para a insatisfação corporal (H (4, 92) = 3,534260, p = 0,47), checagem corporal (H (4, 92) = 3,154817, p = 0,53) e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares (H (4, 92) = 4,435904, p = 0,35) entre os cursos analisados. Foi encontrada associação significativa das variáveis checagem corporal e insatisfação corporal para quase todos os cursos, exceto Nutrição (rspearman = 0,01, p > 0,05), sendo Farmácia aquele que apresentou relação forte entre essas variáveis (rspearman superior a 0,80). Conclusões Conclui-se não haver diferenças significativas para as variáveis insatisfação corporal, checagem corporal e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares entre as estudantes dos cursos da área de saúde. Destaca-se, contudo, variações na importância de algumas variáveis, como a checagem corporal, na construção da imagem corporal dos sujeitos.

Body dissatisfaction among pregnant women: an integrative review of the literature

The body image of pregnant women is an issue that should be further investigated by professionals in the area, especially in view of the fact that maternal and infant health has gained such prominence. The scope of this integrative review is to analyze the literature relating to body image and body dissatisfaction among pregnant women. Research was based on articles extracted from the Scopus, PubMed, BVS and PsycINFO databases, by cross-referencing "pregnancy" with the keywords "body image" and "body dissatisfaction." Once the inclusion and exclusion criteria had been adopted, forty studies were analyzed. These produced inconclusive data about body dissatisfaction during pregnancy. Symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, an inadequate approach towards healthy eating and weight gain above recommended limits have been associated with a negative body image. The contradictory findings could be related to the different instruments used to measure body image. In view of the possible impact that a negative body image can have on maternal and infant health during pregnancy, it is recommended that further investigations are made, in particular related to the development of a specific tool to evaluate the body image of pregnant women.

Imagem corporal, atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima e ansiedade em gestantes de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Resumo As mudanças vivenciadas pelas gestantes podem impactar negativamente as atitudes corporais e as variáveis associadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência das atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima, ansiedade e IMC na imagem corporal de gestantes. Este estudo quantitativo e transversal contou com 386 gestantes de todas as idades gestacionais, entre 18 a 46 anos de idade (média de 29,32 ± 6,04 anos) da cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG. Foram aplicados instrumentos para avaliar atitudes corporais, atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima e ansiedade. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e obstétricos. Realizou-se análises estatísticas descritivas, comparativas e correlacionais. Os achados indicaram correlações significativas entre as atitudes corporais e: atitudes alimentares inadequadas (r = 0,478), sintomas depressivos (r = 0,387), baixa autoestima (r = 0,431) e elevado IMC (r = 0,339). Além disso, essas variáveis juntas exerceram influência de 41,4% sobre a imagem corporal negativa das gestantes. Assim, recomenda-se a avaliação e a orientação nutricional e psicológica a fim de detectar e prevenir psicopatologias, tendo em vista a saúde materna e infantil.

Body dissatisfaction in women's artistic gymnastics: A longitudinal study of psychosocial indicators

Body dissatisfaction is prevalent in women's artistic gymnastics (WAG). Cross-sectional research points to social and individual risk factors, however it does not account for potential changes in body dissatisfaction during an athletic season. This study aimed to determine how gymnasts' body dissatisfaction, risk factors for eating disorders, media internalisation, perfectionism and mood state change during pre-competition, competition and post-competition seasons and to identify how these psychosocial indicators impact on body dissatisfaction during the athletic year. The sample consisted of 20 Brazilian elite women's artistic gymnasts aged 10-16 years. Data were obtained from a 9-month study using: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ); Eating Attitude Test-26; Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3); Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS); Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Body dissatisfaction was higher during the competition season and disordered eating, perfectionism and vigour values were higher in the pre-competition season. Disordered eating has been found as the strongest predictor of body dissatisfaction during all seasons, and mood state partly contributed to body dissatisfaction in the competitive season. Stakeholders should understand that body dissatisfaction and the prevalence of disordered eating may change over time.

Imagem corporal de gestantes: um estudo longitudinal

RESUMO Objetivos Comparar atitudes corporais, atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima, ansiedade e índice de massa corporal (IMC) de gestantes em diferentes momentos ao longo da gestação, bem como verificar a influência que as variáveis estudadas exercem sobre as atitudes corporais no primeiro, segundo e terceiro trimestre gestacional. Métodos Foram incluídas 17 gestantes que frequentavam o exame pré-natal na cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG, entre 22 e 41 anos de idade (média de 30,76 ± 5,65 anos), excluindo-se aquelas com dados incompletos. Como instrumentos de avaliação utilizaram-se: Body Attitudes Questionnaire, Eating Attitudes Test-26, Beck Depression Inventory, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, a versão curta do Brazilian State-Trait Anxiety Inventory e o questionário sociodemográfico. Ademais, foram coletados dados antropométricos e obstétricos. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas, comparativas e correlacionais. Resultados O IMC, as atitudes corporais negativas e a subescala “sentimento de gordura” aumentaram progressivamente ao longo da gestação (p < 0,01). As atitudes alimentares, os sintomas depressivos, a autoestima e a ansiedade-estado não diferiram estatisticamente nos três momentos avaliados (p > 0,05). Além disso, o IMC explicou 31% da variância das atitudes direcionadas ao corpo no primeiro trimestre, enquanto as atitudes alimentares foram responsáveis por 30% e 46% das atitudes corporais no segundo e terceiro trimestre, respectivamente. Conclusões As atitudes corporais, as atitudes alimentares, os sintomas depressivos, a autoestima e a ansiedade mantiveram-se constantes ao longo da gestação. O IMC e as atitudes alimentares influenciaram a imagem corporal em gestantes. Sugere-se a criação de instrumentos específicos a fim de um melhor entendimento das preocupações relacionadas ao corpo de gestantes.

Satisfação corporal, idade gestacional e estado nutricional em gestantes

Introdução: A avaliação da imagem corporal durante a gestação é importante para que as gestantes tenham assistência especializada enquanto lidam com as transformações dessa fase. Objetivo: Avaliar a satisfação corporal de gestantes, associar esta à idade gestacional e ao índice de massa corporal (IMC) e comparar grupos por idade gestacional e por estado nutricional quanto à satisfação. Métodos: Participaram 55 gestantes que realizavam pré-natal em um consultório médico particular da cidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Para a avaliação da satisfação corporal foi aplicada a Escala de Medida em Imagem Corporal (EMIC). Foram coletados dados antropométricos (massa corporal e estatura) e obstétricos. As gestantes foram comparadas por estado nutricional e por período gestacional quanto à satisfação corporal. Ademais, buscouse verificar a relação entre a satisfação corporal e o IMC. Resultados: O escore médio e o desvio-padrão da satisfação corporal das gestantes foram de 85,7±17,98 pontos. A maioria da amostra estava no segundo trimestre gestacional e com IMC considerado adequado (45 e 38%, respectivamente). Foram encontradas associações significativas entre a massa corporal e o IMC com a satisfação corporal. Gestantes de baixo peso apresentaram satisfação corporal superiores (p<0,05) em relação às gestantes com sobrepeso e obesidade. Não foram encontradas diferenças para as pontuações da EMIC entre os grupos por estado nutricional e por idade gestacional (primeiro segundo ou terceiro trimestre). Conclusão: Gestantes com menor IMC apresentam maior satisfação corporal, independente da idade gestacional; e ainda, a massa corporal e o IMC são variáveis relacionadas à insatisfação com o corpo.

BUSCA PELA "MUSCULARIDADE" E VARIÁVEIS ASSOCIADAS EM ADULTOS JOVENS

Introdução: A busca pela "muscularidade" parece estar associada a diversas variáveis que impactam a saúde e a qualidade de vida dos sujeitos. No entanto, há uma carência de estudos sobre o construto, um baixo número de instrumentos de medida específicos para sua avaliação, além de reduzida avaliação de indivíduos do sexo masculino. Objetivo: Avaliar a busca pela "muscularidade" e associá-la a sintomas depressivos, autoestima, comportamentos de risco de transtornos alimentares e ao grau de comprometimento psicológico com o exercício físico. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 246 jovens adultos do sexo masculino. Foram utilizados instrumentos de autorrelato para avaliar a busca pela "muscularidade" (Drive for Muscularity Scale), autoestima (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), sintomas depressivos (Beck Depression Inventory), comportamentos de risco de transtornos alimentares (Eating Attitudes Test-26) e o grau de comprometimento psicológico com o exercício físico (Commitment Exercise Scale). Foi utilizado o teste de associação de Pearson para verificar relação entre as variáveis do estudo e Análise de Regressão Linear Múltipla (forward) para verificação do quanto as variáveis do estudo influenciam na busca pela "muscularidade". Resultados: A busca pela "muscularidade" esteve associada à autoestima (rpearson = 0,13; p < 0,05), aos comportamentos de risco de transtornos alimentares (rpearson = 0,20; p < 0,05) e ao grau de comprometimento psicológico ao exercício (rpearson = 0,62; p < 0,05). O grau de comprometimento psicológico com o exercício explicou 38,4% da variância total da busca pela "muscularidade", 12,3% da insatisfação com a "muscularidade" e 51,0% dos comportamentos orientados para a "muscularidade". Conclusão: A busca pela "muscularidade" está associada à baixa autoestima, aos comportamentos de risco de transtornos alimentares e, em especial, ao grau de comprometimento psicológico com o exercício físico, o que alerta profissionais de saúde sobre os riscos da busca excessiva pelo ideal de corpo hipermusculoso e comportamentos deletérios à saúde decorrentes dessa busca.

Insatisfação corporal de adolescentes atletas e não atletas de ginástica artística

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p82 The evaluation of psychological factors can help preventing eating disorders in athletes. This study aimed to verify possible links between body dissatisfaction and media influence, perfectionism, mood and risk behavior for eating disorders and to compare the study variables among artistic gymnastics elite and non-elite athletes and non-athletes. Participants were 413 adolescents of both sexes (elite and non-elite athletes and non-athletes), aged 10-18 years (mean age 12.86 ± 1.80). BSQ, EAT-26, SATAQ-3, MPS and BRUMS were applied to evaluate body dissatisfaction, risk behavior for eating disorders, media influence, perfectionism and mood, respectively. Anthropometric data were collected to estimate body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%BF). Descriptive statistical, comparative and correlational analyses were held. Only EAT-26 influenced BSQ in the three groups. In non-athletes, BMI, BRUMS and SATAQ-3 added explanation to the model. For non-elite athletes, %BF, media influence and mood were also predictors of body dissatisfaction. Elite athletes had lower BMI and %BF than the others. Non-athletes had lower perfectionism scores while non-elite athletes athletes had lower mood scores. It could be concluded that the risk behavior for eating disorders is the factor most strongly related to body dissatisfaction among elite and non-elite athletes and non-athletes.

INSATISFAÇÃO CORPORAL E COMPORTAMENTO ALIMENTAR EM ATLETAS DE ESPORTES ESTÉTICOS: UMA REVISÃO

O objetivo foi analisar a produção científica sobre insatisfação corporal e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares em adolescentes atletas de esportes estéticos. Foram analisados 45 estudos publicados entre 2008 e 2015. No Brasil, foram identificadas prevalências semelhantes de insatisfação corporal e comportamento de risco para transtorno alimentar em atletas, possivelmente pela utilização dos mesmos instrumentos de avaliação. Internacionalmente, identificou-se maior variedade de instrumentos avaliativos, o que repercutiu nas diferenças das prevalências desses comportamentos. São incentivados estudos brasileiros que utilizem métodos longitudinais e com grupo controle

[Body image of pregnant women: association with sociodemographic, anthropometric, and obstetric variables]

PURPOSE

To compare body attitudes of pregnant women in various body mass index categories, during different gestational periods and under gestational risk conditions, as well as to analyze the association of the study variables with the body attitudes of pregnant women.

METHODS

We included 386 pregnant women in all gestational periods, aged 18 to 46 years (mean 29.32 ± 6.04 years ), who attended prenatal care in the public and private sectors of a city in Southeastern Brazil, excluding women with incomplete data. The instruments for assessment were "Body Attitudes Questionnaire", "Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil", and a sociodemographic questionnaire. In addition, anthropometric and obstetric data were collected. Descriptive, comparative, and correlational statistical analyses were performed.

RESULTS

The body attitudes of pregnant women were similar in all pregnancy trimesters (F = 0.39; p = 0.9). Negative body attitudes increased gradually among low weight (108.2 ± 12.5), appropriate weight (116.2 ± 16.0), overweight (125.1 ± 14.3), and obese (132.9 ± 16.4) groups, and among pregnancy women with normal (120.0 ± 17.1) and high-risk pregnancies (124.9 ± 16.7). The sociodemographic, economic, and obstetric variables did not influence the variance of body attitudes. The body mass index explained 11.3% of the variance of body attitudes in pregnant women.

CONCLUSIONS

Nutritional status and risk conditions showed an association with negative body image and should therefore be evaluated in pregnant women for a better maternal and child health.

Imagem corporal em homens: instrumentos avaliativos

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os instrumentos disponíveis para avaliação da imagem corporal de adultos do sexo masculino, bem como verificar as qualidades psicométricas avaliadas no processo de criação/adaptação destes. Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados: Scopus, Web of Science, BIREME, e Banco de Teses da CAPES; limitadas ao período de 2009 a 2013, por meio das palavras chave: body image, scales, questionnaires, validation e translations. Esta pesquisa constatou um aumento do número de instrumentos disponíveis para a população brasileira, além de uma diversificação das populações estudadas. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os instrumentos específicos para adultos do sexo masculino. Há necessidade de criação e adaptação de novos instrumentos que contemplem a complexidade do construto da imagem corporal.

Stunkard Figure Rating Scale for Brazilian men

PURPOSE

To evaluate psychometric assessment of Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS) for Brazilian male population.

METHODS

The sample was composed of a control group (94 students) and a clinical group (20 eating disordered patients). Two questionnaires were applied: the FRS and the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire-26. Weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were collected in the control group (self-reported) and clinical group (measured). Body dissatisfaction (BD) was calculated by subtraction of ideal body (IB) from the current body (CB) score. The concurrent validity was assessed through the analysis of the correlation between the CB and BD scores and the BMI and the body weight. The discriminant validity was achieved by measurements of association between the groups studied and the scales CB, IB and BD. Reliability was assessed by the comparison of the score averages at two moments and by the intraclass coefficient correlation.

RESULTS

The questionnaire had a correlation higher than 0.67 for the measures of weight and BMI. Regarding the CB, IB and BD scores, a significant difference was not observed between the clinical and the control group. There was no difference between the scores for BD at the two moments analyzed.

CONCLUSIONS

The FRS is stable and capable of correlating with anthropometric measures. Nevertheless, for this population the questionnaire was unable to distinguish between the two groups analyzed.

Checagem corporal, atitude alimentar inadequada e insatisfação com a imagem corporal de jovens universitários

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a checagem corporal, a atitude alimentar inadequada e a insatisfação corporal em universitários de ambos os sexos. MÉTODOS: Participaram 587 indivíduos (311 homens). Foram avaliados os comportamentos de checagem (mulheres - Body Checking Questionnaire; homens - Male Body Checking Questionnaire), as atitudes alimentares inadequadas (Eating Attitudes Test-26) e a insatisfação corporal (Body Shape Questionnaire). Massa corporal e estatura foram autorreferidas para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC). Foi realizada estatística descritiva, inferencial e teste qui-quadrado (teste exato de Fisher) utilizando o software Statistic 8.0 e adotado nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A checagem corporal está associada às atitudes alimentares inadequadas e à insatisfação corporal, independentemente do sexo do indivíduo. Foram encontradas diferenças entre o sexo feminino e masculino para as variáveis avaliadas, sendo maior a frequência entre as mulheres. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a checagem corporal é um comportamento presente e de alta frequência em universitários com risco para o transtorno alimentar e também naqueles insatisfeitos com sua imagem corporal.