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Karuthedath S, Gorenflot J, Firdaus Y, Chaturvedi N, De Castro CSP, Harrison GT, Khan JI, Markina A, Balawi AH, Peña TAD, Liu W, Liang RZ, Sharma A, Paleti SHK, Zhang W, Lin Y, Alarousu E, Lopatin S, Anjum DH, Beaujuge PM, De Wolf S, McCulloch I, Anthopoulos TD, Baran D, Andrienko D, Laquai F. Author Correction: Intrinsic efficiency limits in low-bandgap non-fullerene acceptor organic solar cells. Nat Mater 2022; 21:378. [PMID: 34845365 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Safakath Karuthedath
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Julien Gorenflot
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Neha Chaturvedi
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine S P De Castro
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George T Harrison
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jafar I Khan
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed H Balawi
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Top Archie Dela Peña
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ru-Ze Liang
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sri H K Paleti
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Weimin Zhang
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Erkki Alarousu
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergei Lopatin
- Imaging and Characterization Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalaver H Anjum
- Imaging and Characterization Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Derya Baran
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Frédéric Laquai
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Karuthedath S, Gorenflot J, Firdaus Y, Chaturvedi N, De Castro CSP, Harrison GT, Khan JI, Markina A, Balawi AH, Peña TAD, Liu W, Liang RZ, Sharma A, Paleti SHK, Zhang W, Lin Y, Alarousu E, Lopatin S, Anjum DH, Beaujuge PM, De Wolf S, McCulloch I, Anthopoulos TD, Baran D, Andrienko D, Laquai F. Intrinsic efficiency limits in low-bandgap non-fullerene acceptor organic solar cells. Nat Mater 2021; 20:378-384. [PMID: 33106652 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) both the electron affinity (EA) and ionization energy (IE) offsets at the donor-acceptor interface should equally control exciton dissociation. Here, we demonstrate that in low-bandgap non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) BHJs ultrafast donor-to-acceptor energy transfer precedes hole transfer from the acceptor to the donor and thus renders the EA offset virtually unimportant. Moreover, sizeable bulk IE offsets of about 0.5 eV are needed for efficient charge transfer and high internal quantum efficiencies, since energy level bending at the donor-NFA interface caused by the acceptors' quadrupole moments prevents efficient exciton-to-charge-transfer state conversion at low IE offsets. The same bending, however, is the origin of the barrier-less charge transfer state to free charge conversion. Our results provide a comprehensive picture of the photophysics of NFA-based blends, and show that sizeable bulk IE offsets are essential to design efficient BHJ OSCs based on low-bandgap NFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safakath Karuthedath
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Julien Gorenflot
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Neha Chaturvedi
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine S P De Castro
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George T Harrison
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jafar I Khan
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed H Balawi
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Top Archie Dela Peña
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ru-Ze Liang
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sri H K Paleti
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Weimin Zhang
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Erkki Alarousu
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergei Lopatin
- Imaging and Characterization Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalaver H Anjum
- Imaging and Characterization Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Derya Baran
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Frédéric Laquai
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Michels JJ, Zhang K, Wucher P, Beaujuge PM, Pisula W, Marszalek T. Predictive modelling of structure formation in semiconductor films produced by meniscus-guided coating. Nat Mater 2021; 20:68-75. [PMID: 32778811 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Meniscus-guided coating methods, such as zone casting, dip coating and solution shearing, are scalable laboratory models for large-area solution coating of functional materials for thin-film electronics. Unfortunately, the general lack of understanding of how the coating parameters affect the dry-film morphology upholds trial-and-error experimentation and delays lab-to-fab translation. We present herein a model that predicts dry-film morphologies produced by meniscus-guided coating of a crystallizing solute. Our model reveals how the interplay between coating velocity and evaporation rate determines the crystalline domain size, shape anisotropy and regularity. If coating is fast, evaporation drives the system quickly past supersaturation, giving isotropic domain structures. If coating is slow, depletion due to crystallization stretches domains in the coating direction. The predicted morphologies have been experimentally confirmed by zone-casting experiments of the organic semiconductor 4-tolyl-bithiophenyl-diketopyrrolopyrrole. Although here we considered a small molecular solute, our model can be applied broadly to polymers and organic-inorganic hybrids such as perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wucher
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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4
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Michels JJ, Zhang K, Wucher P, Beaujuge PM, Pisula W, Marszalek T. Author Correction: Predictive modelling of structure formation in semiconductor films produced by meniscus-guided coating. Nat Mater 2021; 20:119. [PMID: 32860022 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wucher
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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Michels JJ, Zhang K, Wucher P, Beaujuge PM, Pisula W, Marszalek T. Publisher Correction: Predictive modelling of structure formation in semiconductor films produced by meniscus-guided coating. Nat Mater 2021; 20:119. [PMID: 32963354 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wucher
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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Michels JJ, Zhang K, Wucher P, Beaujuge PM, Pisula W, Marszalek T. Publisher Correction: Predictive modelling of structure formation in semiconductor films produced by meniscus-guided coating. Nat Mater 2021; 20:119. [PMID: 33005031 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wucher
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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Savikhin V, Steinrück HG, Liang RZ, Collins BA, Oosterhout SD, Beaujuge PM, Toney MF. GIWAXS-SIIRkit: scattering intensity, indexing and refraction calculation toolkit for grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering of organic materials. J Appl Crystallogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720005476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) has become an increasingly popular technique for quantitative structural characterization and comparison of thin films. For this purpose, accurate intensity normalization and peak position determination are crucial. At present, few tools exist to estimate the uncertainties of these measurements. Here, a simulation package is introduced called GIWAXS-SIIRkit, where SIIR stands for scattering intensity, indexing and refraction. The package contains several tools that are freely available for download and can be executed in MATLAB. The package includes three functionalities: estimation of the relative scattering intensity and the corresponding uncertainty based on experimental setup and sample dimensions; extraction and indexing of peak positions to approximate the crystal structure of organic materials starting from calibrated GIWAXS patterns; and analysis of the effects of refraction on peak positions. Each tool is based on a graphical user interface and designed to have a short learning curve. A user guide is provided with detailed usage instruction, tips for adding functionality and customization, and exemplary files.
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Cruciani F, Babics M, Liu S, Carja D, Mantione D, Beaujuge PM. N
‐Acylisoindigo Derivatives as Polymer Acceptors for “All‐Polymer” Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cruciani
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO – UMR 5629)Bordeaux INPUniversité de Bordeaux, CNRS 16 Av., Pey‐Berland 33607 Pessac France
- Physical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maxime Babics
- Physical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shengjian Liu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and EnvironmentGuangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and StorageGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and StorageSouth China Normal University Guanghzou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Daniela Carja
- Physical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Mantione
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO – UMR 5629)Bordeaux INPUniversité de Bordeaux, CNRS 16 Av., Pey‐Berland 33607 Pessac France
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
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Firdaus Y, Le Corre VM, Khan JI, Kan Z, Laquai F, Beaujuge PM, Anthopoulos TD. Key Parameters Requirements for Non-Fullerene-Based Organic Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiency >20. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1802028. [PMID: 31065524 PMCID: PMC6498106 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The reported power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) based organic photovoltaics (OPVs) now exceed 14% and 17% for single-junction and two-terminal tandem cells, respectively. However, increasing the PCE further requires an improved understanding of the factors limiting the device efficiency. Here, the efficiency limits of single-junction and two-terminal tandem NFA-based OPV cells are examined with the aid of a numerical device simulator that takes into account the optical properties of the active material(s), charge recombination effects, and the hole and electron mobilities in the active layer of the device. The simulations reveal that single-junction NFA OPVs can potentially reach PCE values in excess of 18% with mobility values readily achievable in existing material systems. Furthermore, it is found that balanced electron and hole mobilities of >10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 in combination with low nongeminate recombination rate constants of 10-12 cm3 s-1 could lead to PCE values in excess of 20% and 25% for single-junction and two-terminal tandem OPV cells, respectively. This analysis provides the first tangible description of the practical performance targets and useful design rules for single-junction and tandem OPVs based on NFA materials, emphasizing the need for developing new material systems that combine these desired characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringThuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent M. Le Corre
- University of GroningenZernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jafar I. Khan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringThuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringThuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringThuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringThuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)Division of Physical Sciences and EngineeringThuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
- Department of PhysicsImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZUK
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Liu S, Firdaus Y, Thomas S, Kan Z, Cruciani F, Lopatin S, Bredas JL, Beaujuge PM. Isoindigo-3,4-Difluorothiophene Polymer Acceptors Yield "All-Polymer" Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with over 7 % Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:531-535. [PMID: 29154413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(isoindigo-alt-3,4-difluorothiophene) (PIID[2F]T) analogues used as "polymer acceptors" in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells achieve >7 % efficiency when used in conjunction with the polymer donor PBFTAZ (model system; copolymer of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene and 5,6-difluorobenzotriazole). Considering that most efficient polymer-acceptor alternatives to fullerenes (e.g. PC61 BM or its C71 derivative) are based on perylenediimide or naphthalenediimide motifs thus far, branched alkyl-substituted PIID[2F]T polymers are particularly promising non-fullerene candidates for "all-polymer" BHJ solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjian Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simil Thomas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergei Lopatin
- Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Liu S, Firdaus Y, Thomas S, Kan Z, Cruciani F, Lopatin S, Bredas JL, Beaujuge PM. Isoindigo-3,4-Difluorothiophene Polymer Acceptors Yield “All-Polymer” Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with over 7 % Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjian Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division; Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- Physical Science and Engineering Division; Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Simil Thomas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE); Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332-0400 USA
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- Physical Science and Engineering Division; Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division; Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergei Lopatin
- Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE); Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332-0400 USA
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Physical Science and Engineering Division; Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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12
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Kim T, Palmiano E, Liang RZ, Hu H, Murali B, Kirmani AR, Firdaus Y, Gao Y, Sheikh A, Yuan M, Mohammed OF, Hoogland S, Beaujuge PM, Sargent EH, Amassian A. Hybrid tandem quantum dot/organic photovoltaic cells with complementary near infrared absorption. Appl Phys Lett 2017; 110:223903. [PMID: 28652643 PMCID: PMC5453788 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Monolithically integrated hybrid tandem solar cells that effectively combine solution-processed colloidal quantum dot (CQD) and organic bulk heterojunction subcells to achieve tandem performance that surpasses the individual subcell efficiencies have not been demonstrated to date. In this work, we demonstrate hybrid tandem cells with a low bandgap PbS CQD subcell harvesting the visible and near-infrared photons and a polymer:fullerene-poly (diketopyrrolopyrrole-terthiophene) (PDPP3T):[6,6]-phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM)-top cell absorbing effectively the red and near-infrared photons of the solar spectrum in a complementary fashion. The two subcells are connected in series via an interconnecting layer (ICL) composed of a metal oxide layer, a conjugated polyelectrolyte, and an ultrathin layer of Au. The ultrathin layer of Au forms nano-islands in the ICL, reducing the series resistance, increasing the shunt resistance, and enhancing the device fill-factor. The hybrid tandems reach a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.9%, significantly higher than the PCE of the corresponding individual single cells, representing one of the highest efficiencies reported to date for hybrid tandem solar cells based on CQD and polymer subcells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesoo Kim
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elenita Palmiano
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Ru-Ze Liang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanlin Hu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Banavoth Murali
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad R Kirmani
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yangqin Gao
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Sheikh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mingjian Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sjoerd Hoogland
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Aram Amassian
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), and Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Liu S, Kan Z, Thomas S, Cruciani F, Brédas JL, Beaujuge PM. Thieno[3,4-c
]pyrrole-4,6-dione-3,4-difluorothiophene Polymer Acceptors for Efficient All-Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjian Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Simil Thomas
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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14
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Liu S, Kan Z, Thomas S, Cruciani F, Brédas JL, Beaujuge PM. Thieno[3,4-c
]pyrrole-4,6-dione-3,4-difluorothiophene Polymer Acceptors for Efficient All-Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12996-13000. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjian Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Simil Thomas
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center (SPERC); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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15
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Do K, Saleem Q, Ravva MK, Cruciani F, Kan Z, Wolf J, Hansen MR, Beaujuge PM, Brédas JL. Impact of Fluorine Substituents on π-Conjugated Polymer Main-Chain Conformations, Packing, and Electronic Couplings. Adv Mater 2016; 28:8197-8205. [PMID: 27411743 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Taking the π-conjugated polymers PBDT[2X]T (X = H, F) as model systems, the effects of fluorine substitution on main-chain conformations, packing, and electronic couplings are examined. This combination of molecular dynamics simulations and solid-state NMR shows that a higher propensity for backbone planarity in PBDT[2F]T leads to more pronounced, yet staggered, chain stacking, which generally leads to higher electronic couplings and binding energy between neighboring chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Do
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Qasim Saleem
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahesh Kumar Ravva
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jannic Wolf
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Ringk A, Lignie A, Hou Y, Alshareef HN, Beaujuge PM. Electropolymerized Star-Shaped Benzotrithiophenes Yield π-Conjugated Hierarchical Networks with High Areal Capacitance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:12091-12100. [PMID: 27028665 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED High-surface-area π-conjugated polymeric networks have the potential to lend outstanding capacitance to supercapacitors because of the pronounced faradaic processes that take place across the dense intimate interface between active material and electrolytes. In this report, we describe how benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b″]trithiophene (BTT) and tris(ethylenedioxythiophene)benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b″]trithiophene (TEBTT) can serve as 2D (trivalent) building blocks in the development of electropolymerized hierarchical π-conjugated frameworks with particularly high areal capacitance. In comparing electropolymerized networks of BTT, TEBTT, and their copolymers with EDOT, we show that TEBTT/EDOT-based copolymers, i.e., P(TEBTT/EDOT), can achieve higher areal capacitance (e.g., as high as 443.8 mF cm(-2) at 1 mA cm(-2)) than those achieved by their respective homopolymers (PTEBTT and PEDOT) in the same experimental conditions of electrodeposition (PTEBTT: 271.1 mF cm(-2) (at 1 mA cm(-2)) and PEDOT 12.1 mF cm(-2) (at 1 mA cm(-2))). For example, P(TEBTT/EDOT)-based frameworks synthesized in a 1:1 monomer-to-comonomer ratio show a ca. 35× capacitance improvement over PEDOT. The high areal capacitance measured for P(TEBTT/EDOT)-based frameworks can be explained by the open, highly porous hierarchical morphologies formed during the electropolymerization step. With >70% capacitance retention over 1000 cycles (up to 89% achieved), both PTEBTT- and P(TEBTT/EDOT)-based frameworks are resilient to repeated electrochemical cycling and can be considered promising systems for high life cycle capacitive electrode applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ringk
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adrien Lignie
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanfang Hou
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam N Alshareef
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Gao Y, Le Corre VM, Gaïtis A, Neophytou M, Hamid MA, Takanabe K, Beaujuge PM. Homo-Tandem Polymer Solar Cells with VOC >1.8 V for Efficient PV-Driven Water Splitting. Adv Mater 2016; 28:3366-73. [PMID: 26946165 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Efficient homo-tandem and triple-junction polymer solar cells are constructed by stacking identical subcells composed of the wide-bandgap polymer PBDTTPD, achieving power conversion efficiencies >8% paralleled by open-circuit voltages >1.8 V. The high-voltage homo-tandem is used to demonstrate PV-driven electrochemical water splitting with an estimated solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of ≈6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqin Gao
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent M Le Corre
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandre Gaïtis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marios Neophytou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Abdul Hamid
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kazuhiro Takanabe
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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18
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El Labban A, Warnan J, Cabanetos C, Ratel O, Tassone C, Toney MF, Beaujuge PM. Dependence of crystallite formation and preferential backbone orientations on the side chain pattern in PBDTTPD polymers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:19477-19481. [PMID: 25347287 DOI: 10.1021/am505280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl substituents appended to the π-conjugated main chain account for the solution-processability and film-forming properties of most π-conjugated polymers for organic electronic device applications, including field-effect transistors (FETs) and bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Beyond film-forming properties, recent work has emphasized the determining role that side-chain substituents play on polymer self-assembly and thin-film nanostructural order, and, in turn, on device performance. However, the factors that determine polymer crystallite orientation in thin-films, implying preferential backbone orientation relative to the device substrate, are a matter of some debate, and these structural changes remain difficult to anticipate. In this report, we show how systematic changes in the side-chain pattern of poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-alt-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione) (PBDTTPD) polymers can (i) influence the propensity of the polymer to order in the π-stacking direction, and (ii) direct the preferential orientation of the polymer crystallites in thin films (e.g., "face-on" vs "edge-on"). Oriented crystallites, specifically crystallites that are well-ordered in the π-stacking direction, are believed to be a key contributor to improved thin-film device performance in both FETs and BHJ solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman El Labban
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Warnan J, Cabanetos C, El Labban A, Hansen MR, Tassone C, Toney MF, Beaujuge PM. Ordering effects in benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione polymers with >7% solar cell efficiency. Adv Mater 2014; 26:4357-4362. [PMID: 24829168 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Graham KR, Cabanetos C, Jahnke JP, Idso MN, El Labban A, Ngongang Ndjawa GO, Heumueller T, Vandewal K, Salleo A, Chmelka BF, Amassian A, Beaujuge PM, McGehee MD. Importance of the Donor:Fullerene Intermolecular Arrangement for High-Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9608-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502985g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Graham
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Clement Cabanetos
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Justin P. Jahnke
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew N. Idso
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Abdulrahman El Labban
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guy O. Ngongang Ndjawa
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Heumueller
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bradley F. Chmelka
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael D. McGehee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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21
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Gao Y, Gereige I, El Labban A, Cha D, Isimjan TT, Beaujuge PM. Highly transparent and UV-resistant superhydrophobic SiO(2)-coated ZnO nanorod arrays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:2219-23. [PMID: 24495100 PMCID: PMC3985694 DOI: 10.1021/am405513k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Highly transparent and UV-resistant superhydrophobic arrays of SiO2-coated ZnO nanorods are prepared in a sequence of low-temperature (<150 °C) steps on both glass and thin sheets of PET (2 × 2 in.(2)), and the superhydrophobic nanocomposite is shown to have minimal impact on solar cell device performance under AM1.5G illumination. Flexible plastics can serve as front cell and backing materials in the manufacture of flexible displays and solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqin Gao
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division and Advanced Nanofabrication, Imaging & Characterization Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Issam Gereige
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division and Advanced Nanofabrication, Imaging & Characterization Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman El Labban
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division and Advanced Nanofabrication, Imaging & Characterization Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dongkyu Cha
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division and Advanced Nanofabrication, Imaging & Characterization Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tayirjan T. Isimjan
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division and Advanced Nanofabrication, Imaging & Characterization Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- E-mail:
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division and Advanced Nanofabrication, Imaging & Characterization Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- E-mail:
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22
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Schmidt K, Tassone CJ, Niskala JR, Yiu AT, Lee OP, Weiss TM, Wang C, Fréchet JMJ, Beaujuge PM, Toney MF. A mechanistic understanding of processing additive-induced efficiency enhancement in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. Adv Mater 2014; 26:300-305. [PMID: 24174401 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The addition of processing additives is a widely used approach to increase power conversion efficiencies for many organic solar cells. We present how additives change the polymer conformation in the casting solution leading to a more intermixed phase-segregated network structure of the active layer which in turn results in a 5-fold enhancement in efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schmidt
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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23
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Beiley ZM, Christoforo MG, Gratia P, Bowring AR, Eberspacher P, Margulis GY, Cabanetos C, Beaujuge PM, Salleo A, McGehee MD. Semi-transparent polymer solar cells with excellent sub-bandgap transmission for third generation photovoltaics. Adv Mater 2013; 25:7020-7026. [PMID: 24123497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Semi-transparent organic photovoltaics are of interest for a variety of photovoltaic applications, including solar windows and hybrid tandem photovoltaics. The figure shows a photograph of our semi-transparent solar cell, which has a power conversion efficiency of 5.0%, with an above bandgap transmission of 34% and a sub-bandgap transmission of 81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach M Beiley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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24
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Chen MS, Lee OP, Niskala JR, Yiu AT, Tassone CJ, Schmidt K, Beaujuge PM, Onishi SS, Toney MF, Zettl A, Fréchet JMJ. Enhanced solid-state order and field-effect hole mobility through control of nanoscale polymer aggregation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:19229-36. [PMID: 24295228 DOI: 10.1021/ja4088665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient charge carrier transport in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) often requires thin films that display long-range order and close π-π packing that is oriented in-plane with the substrate. Although some polymers have achieved high field-effect mobility with such solid-state properties, there are currently few general strategies for controlling the orientation of π-stacking within polymer films. In order to probe structural effects on polymer-packing alignment, furan-containing diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) polymers with similar optoelectronic properties were synthesized with either linear hexadecyl or branched 2-butyloctyl side chains. Differences in polymer solubility were observed and attributed to variation in side-chain shape and polymer backbone curvature. Averaged field-effect hole mobilities of the polymers range from 0.19 to 1.82 cm(2)/V·s, where PDPP3F-C16 is the least soluble polymer and provides the highest maximum mobility of 2.25 cm(2)/V·s. Analysis of the films by AFM and GIXD reveal that less soluble polymers with linear side chains exhibit larger crystalline domains, pack considerably more closely, and align with a greater preference for in-plane π-π packing. Characterization of the polymer solutions prior to spin-coating shows a correlation between early onset nanoscale aggregation and the formation of films with highly oriented in-plane π-stacking. This effect is further observed when nonsolvent is added to PDPP3F-BO solutions to induce aggregation, which results in films with increased nanostructural order, in-plane π-π orientation, and field-effect hole mobilities. Since nearly all π-conjugated materials may be coaxed to aggregate, this strategy for enhancing solid-state properties and OFET performance has applicability to a wide variety of organic electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Chen
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and #Physics, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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25
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Peng W, Mahfouz R, Pan J, Hou Y, Beaujuge PM, Bakr OM. Gram-scale fractionation of nanodiamonds by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Nanoscale 2013; 5:5017-5026. [PMID: 23636671 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Size is a defining characteristic of nanoparticles; it influences their optical and electronic properties as well as their interactions with molecules and macromolecules. Producing nanoparticles with narrow size distributions remains one of the main challenges to their utilization. At this time, the number of practical approaches to optimize the size distribution of nanoparticles in many interesting materials systems, including diamond nanocrystals, remains limited. Diamond nanocrystals synthesized by detonation protocols - so-called detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) - are promising systems for drug delivery, photonics, and composites. DNDs are composed of primary particles with diameters mainly <10 nm and their aggregates (ca. 10-500 nm). Here, we introduce a large-scale approach to rate-zonal density gradient ultracentrifugation to obtain monodispersed fractions of nanoparticles in high yields. We use this method to fractionate a highly concentrated and stable aqueous solution of DNDs and to investigate the size distribution of various fractions by dynamic light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. This fractionation method enabled us to separate gram-scale amounts of DNDs into several size ranges within a relatively short period of time. In addition, the high product yields obtained for each fraction allowed us to apply the fractionation method iteratively to a particular size range of particles and to collect various fractions of highly monodispersed primary particles. Our method paves the way for in-depth studies of the physical and optical properties, growth, and aggregation mechanism of DNDs. Applications requiring DNDs with specific particle or aggregate sizes are now within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Cabanetos C, El Labban A, Bartelt JA, Douglas JD, Mateker WR, Fréchet JMJ, McGehee MD, Beaujuge PM. Linear Side Chains in Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene–Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione Polymers Direct Self-Assembly and Solar Cell Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4656-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400365b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cabanetos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman El Labban
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan A. Bartelt
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,
California 94305, United States
| | - Jessica D. Douglas
- Department of Chemistry and Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William R. Mateker
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,
California 94305, United States
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900,
Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry and Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael D. McGehee
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,
California 94305, United States
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900,
Saudi Arabia
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27
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Beaujuge PM, Tsao HN, Hansen MR, Amb CM, Risko C, Subbiah J, Choudhury KR, Mavrinskiy A, Pisula W, Brédas JL, So F, Müllen K, Reynolds JR. Synthetic Principles Directing Charge Transport in Low-Band-Gap Dithienosilole–Benzothiadiazole Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8944-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ja301898h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler
Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and
Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Hoi Nok Tsao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Chad M. Amb
- The George and Josephine Butler
Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and
Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Center for Organic Photonics
and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Jegadesan Subbiah
- Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kaushik Roy Choudhury
- Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alexei Mavrinskiy
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Center for Organic Photonics
and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Franky So
- Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler
Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and
Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Organic Photonics
and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
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28
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Yiu AT, Beaujuge PM, Lee OP, Woo CH, Toney MF, Fréchet JMJ. Side-Chain Tunability of Furan-Containing Low-Band-Gap Polymers Provides Control of Structural Order in Efficient Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2180-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2089662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan T. Yiu
- Materials Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Materials Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia 23955-6900
| | - Olivia P. Lee
- Materials Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Claire H. Woo
- Materials Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- Materials Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia 23955-6900
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29
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Lee OP, Yiu AT, Beaujuge PM, Woo CH, Holcombe TW, Millstone JE, Douglas JD, Chen MS, Fréchet JMJ. Efficient small molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells with high fill factors via pyrene-directed molecular self-assembly. Adv Mater 2011; 23:5359-5363. [PMID: 22021084 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Efficient organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are constructed by attaching completely planar, symmetric end-groups to donor-acceptor electroactive small molecules. Appending C2-pyrene as the small molecule end-group to a diketopyrrolopyrrole core leads to materials with a tight, aligned crystal packing and favorable morphology dictated by π-π interactions, resulting in high power conversion efficiencies and high fill factors. The use of end-groups to direct molecular self-assembly is an effective strategy for designing high-performance small molecule OPV devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia P Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 94720-1460, USA
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30
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Beaujuge PM, Fréchet JMJ. Molecular Design and Ordering Effects in π-Functional Materials for Transistor and Solar Cell Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20009-29. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2073643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1268] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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31
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Vasilyeva SV, Beaujuge PM, Wang S, Babiarz JE, Ballarotto VW, Reynolds JR. Material strategies for black-to-transmissive window-type polymer electrochromic devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011; 3:1022-1032. [PMID: 21395243 DOI: 10.1021/am101148s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Black-to-transmissive switching polymer electrochromic devices (ECDs) were designed using a set of spray-processable cathodically coloring polymers, a non-color-changing electroactive polymer poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) as the charge-compensating counter electrode, and a highly conducting gel electrolyte (6.5 mS cm(-1)). The color "black" was obtained by utilizing (1) individual copolymers absorbing across the visible spectrum, and (2) blends and bilayers of several polymer electrochromes with complementary spectral absorption. Neutral-state black and ink-like dark purple-blue (or "ink-black") donor-acceptor (DA) copolymers composed of the electron-donor 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) and the electron-acceptor 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) building units, which possess relatively homogeneous absorption profiles across the visible spectrum, were chosen for their propensity to switch to transmissive states upon electrochemical oxidation. A blend of magenta and cyan polymers (PProDOT-(CH(2)OEtHx)(2) and P(ProDOT-BTD-ProDOT), respectively) was produced with the goal of generating the same dark purple-blue color as that obtained with the "ink-black" DA copolymer. While the multi-polymer ECDs demonstrate high contrasts (up to 50%T), and switch from a saturated purple-blue color (L*=32, a*=13, b*=-46) to a light green-blue transmissive state (L*=83, a*=-3, b*=-6), devices made with the DA electrochromic copolymers switch more than two times faster (0.7 s to attain 95% of the full optical change) than those involving the polymer blends (1.6 s), and exhibit more neutral achromatic colors (L*=38, a*=5, b*=-25 for the colored state and L*=87, a*=-3, b*=-2 for the bleached state, correspondingly). The results obtained suggest that these materials should prove to be applicable in both transmissive- (window-type) and reflective-type ECDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Vasilyeva
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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32
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Beaujuge PM, Amb CM, Reynolds JR. A side-chain defunctionalization approach yields a polymer electrochrome spray-processable from water. Adv Mater 2010; 22:5383-7. [PMID: 20979239 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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33
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Abstract
With the development of light-harvesting organic materials for solar cell applications and molecular systems with fine-tuned colors for nonemissive electrochromic devices (e.g., smart windows, e-papers), a number of technical challenges remain to be overcome. Over the years, the concept of "spectral engineering" (tailoring the complex interplay between molecular physics and the various optical phenomena occurring across the electromagnetic spectrum) has become increasingly relevant in the field of π-conjugated organic polymers. Within the spectral engineering toolbox, the "donor-acceptor" approach uses alternating electron-rich and electron-deficient moieties along a π-conjugated backbone. This approach has proved especially valuable in the synthesis of dual-band and broadly absorbing chromophores with useful photovoltaic and electrochromic properties. In this Account, we highlight and provide insight into a present controversy surrounding the origin of the dual band of absorption sometimes encountered in semiconducting polymers structured using the "donor-acceptor" approach. Based on empirical evidence, we provide some schematic representations to describe the possible mechanisms governing the evolution of the two-band spectral absorption observed on varying the relative composition of electron-rich and electron-deficient substituents along the π-conjugated backbone. In parallel, we draw attention to the choice of the method employed to estimate and compare the absorption coefficients of polymer chromophores exhibiting distinct repeat unit lengths, and containing various extents of solubilizing side-chains along their backbone. Finally, we discuss the common assumption that "donor-acceptor" systems should have systematically lower absorption coefficients than their "all-donor" counterparts. The proposed models point toward important theoretical parameters which could be further explored at the macromolecular level to help researchers take full advantage of the complex interactions taking place in π-conjugated polymers with intramolecular "donor-acceptor" characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Chad M. Amb
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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34
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Woo CH, Beaujuge PM, Holcombe TW, Lee OP, Fréchet JMJ. Incorporation of Furan into Low Band-Gap Polymers for Efficient Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15547-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja108115y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire H. Woo
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Thomas W. Holcombe
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Olivia P. Lee
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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35
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Piliego C, Holcombe TW, Douglas JD, Woo CH, Beaujuge PM, Fréchet JMJ. Synthetic Control of Structural Order in N-Alkylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-Based Polymers for Efficient Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7595-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja103275u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 854] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Piliego
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Thomas W. Holcombe
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Jessica D. Douglas
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Claire H. Woo
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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36
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Amb CM, Beaujuge PM, Reynolds JR. Spray-processable blue-to-highly transmissive switching polymer electrochromes via the donor-acceptor approach. Adv Mater 2010; 22:724-728. [PMID: 20217778 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Amb
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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38
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Beaujuge PM, Pisula W, Tsao HN, Ellinger S, Müllen K, Reynolds JR. Tailoring structure-property relationships in dithienosilole-benzothiadiazole donor-acceptor copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7514-5. [PMID: 19445510 DOI: 10.1021/ja900519k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four new DTS-BTD copolymers (P1-P4) differing by the concentration of electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents along the backbone have been synthesized and characterized by 2D-WAXS and in bottom-contact FETs. While all copolymers can self-assemble into lamellar superstructures, only P2 and P4 show a propensity to pi-stack. P4 exhibits a hole mobility as high as 0.02 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) in excellent agreement with the close pi-stacking and lamellar distances found by structural analysis (0.36 and 1.84 nm, respectively) and absorbs homogenously across the entire visible spectrum as solar cell applications require.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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39
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Subbiah J, Beaujuge PM, Choudhury KR, Ellinger S, Reynolds JR, So F. Efficient green solar cells via a chemically polymerizable donor-acceptor heterocyclic pentamer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2009; 1:1154-1158. [PMID: 20355905 DOI: 10.1021/am900116p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report on bulk-heterojunction solar cells using a solution-processable neutral green conjugated copolymer based on 3,4-dioxythiophene and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole as the donor and [6,6]phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the acceptor. We have found that the short-circuit current is very sensitive to the composition of the donor-acceptor blend and it increases with increasing acceptor concentration. The device with a donor-acceptor ratio of 1:8 gives the best performance with a short-circuit current of 5.56 mA/cm(2), an open-circuit voltage of 0.77 V, and a power conversion efficiency of 1.9% under AM 1.5 solar illumination. The incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) of the green solar cells shows two bands, one with a maximum of 57% in the UV region corresponding to absorption of PCBM and a second one with a maximum of 42% at longer wavelengths corresponding to the absorption of the green polymer.
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40
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Beaujuge PM, Vasilyeva SV, Ellinger S, McCarley TD, Reynolds JR. Unsaturated Linkages in Dioxythiophene−Benzothiadiazole Donor−Acceptor Electrochromic Polymers: The Key Role of Conformational Freedom. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9002787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Svetlana V. Vasilyeva
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Stefan Ellinger
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Tracy D. McCarley
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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41
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Beaujuge PM, Ellinger S, Reynolds JR. The donor-acceptor approach allows a black-to-transmissive switching polymeric electrochrome. Nat Mater 2008; 7:795-9. [PMID: 18758455 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the fast-growing demand for innovative high-performance display technologies, the perspective of manufacturing low-cost functional materials that can be easily processed over large areas or finely printed into individual pixels, while being mechanically deformable, has motivated the development of novel electronically active organic components fulfilling the requirements for flexible displays and portable applications. Among all technologies relying on a low-power stimulated optical change, non-emissive organic electrochromic devices (ECDs) offer the advantage of being operational under a wide range of viewing angles and lighting conditions spanning direct sunlight as desired for various applications including signage, information tags and electronic paper. Combining mechanical flexibility, high contrast ratios and fast response times, along with colour tunability through structural control, polymeric electrochromes constitute the most attractive organic electronics for tomorrow's reflective/transmissive ECDs and displays. Although red, blue and most recently green electrochromic polymers (ECPs) required for additive primary colour space were investigated, attempts to make saturated black ECPs have not been reported, probably owing to the complexity of designing materials absorbing effectively over the whole visible spectrum. Here, we report on the use of the donor-acceptor approach to make the first neutral-state black polymeric electrochrome. Processable black-to-transmissive ECPs promise to affect the development of both reflective and transmissive ECDs by providing lower fabrication and processing costs through printing, spraying and coating methods, along with good scalability when compared with their traditional inorganic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Beaujuge PM, Ellinger S, Reynolds JR. Spray Processable Green to Highly Transmissive Electrochromics via Chemically Polymerizable Donor-Acceptor Heterocyclic Pentamers. Adv Mater 2008; 20:2772-2776. [PMID: 25213905 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200800280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic polymers (ECPs) of tunable green: Two symmetrical donor-acceptor based oligomers were designed, synthesized and chemically polymerized affording solution-processable conjugated polymers of distinct green hues in their neutral state. The polyheterocyclic hybrids exhibited highly transmissive oxidized states, excellent optical contrasts both in the visible and in the near infrared, fast switching times and long-term redox switching stability as expected for practical ECP devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Florida Gainesville, FL, 32611 (USA)
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