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Leone C, Di Pietro G, Salman Y, Galosi E, Di Stefano G, Caspani O, Garcia-Larrea L, Mouraux A, Treede RD, Truini A. Modulation of the spinal N13 SEP component by high- and low-frequency electrical stimulation. Experimental pain models matter. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 156:28-37. [PMID: 37856896 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The N13 component of somatosensory evoked potential (N13 SEP) represents the segmental response of cervical dorsal horn neurons. Neurophysiological studies in healthy participants showed that capsaicin-induced central sensitization causes an increase of the N13 SEP amplitude. Consequently, in human research, this spinal component may serve as a valuable readout of central sensitization. In this study, we wanted to verify if the sensitivity of the N13 SEP for detecting central sensitization is consistent across different experimental pain models inducing central sensitization and secondary hyperalgesia, namely high and low-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS and LFS). METHODS In 18 healthy participants, we recorded SEP after bilateral ulnar nerve stimulation before and after secondary hyperalgesia was induced through HFS and LFS applied on the ulnar nerve territory of the hand of one side. The area of secondary hyperalgesia was mapped with a calibrated 128-mN pinprick probe, and the mechanical pain sensitivity with three calibrated 16-64-256-mN pinprick probes. RESULTS Although both HFS and LFS successfully induced secondary hyperalgesia only LFS increased the amplitude of the N13 SEP. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the sensitivity of the N13 SEP for detecting dorsal horn excitability changes may critically depend on the different experimental pain models. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that LFS and HFS could trigger central sensitization at the dorsal horn level through distinct mechanisms, however this still needs confirmation by replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leone
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - G Di Pietro
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Y Salman
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Faculty of Medicine, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - E Galosi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Stefano
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - O Caspani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - L Garcia-Larrea
- Lyon Neurosciences Center Research Unit Inserm U 1028, Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - A Mouraux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Faculty of Medicine, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - R-D Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Truini
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Leone C, Di Lionardo A, Di Pietro G, Di Stefano G, Falco P, Blockeel AJ, Caspani O, Garcia-Larrea L, Mouraux A, Phillips KG, Treede RD, Truini A. How different experimental models of secondary hyperalgesia change the nociceptive flexion reflex. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2989-2995. [PMID: 34715423 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this neurophysiological study in healthy humans, we assessed how central sensitization induced by either high-frequency stimulation (HFS) or topical capsaicin application modulates features of the RIII reflex response. The ability of these stimuli to engage the endogenous pain modulatory system was also tested. METHODS In 26 healthy participants we elicited an RIII reflex using suprathreshold stimulation of the sural nerve. Subsequently HFS or capsaicin were applied to the foot and the RIII reflex repeated after 15 minutes. Contact heating of the volar forearm served as the heterotopic test stimulus to probe activation of the endogenous pain modulatory system. RESULTS HFS significantly reduced the pain threshold by 29% and the RIII reflex threshold by 20%. Capsaicin significantly reduced the pain threshold by 17% and the RIII reflex threshold by 18%. Both HFS and capsaicin left RIII reflex size unaffected. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores elicited by the heterotopic noxious heat stimulus were unaffected by capsaicin and slightly increased by HFS. CONCLUSIONS HFS and capsaicin similarly modulated the pain threshold and RIII reflex threshold, without a concomitant inhibitory effect of the endogenous pain modulatory system. SIGNIFICANCE Our neurophysiological study supports the use of the RIII reflex in investigating central sensitization in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leone
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - A Di Lionardo
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Pietro
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Stefano
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - P Falco
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - A J Blockeel
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - O Caspani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - L Garcia-Larrea
- Lyon Neurosciences Center Research Unit Inserm U 1028, Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; Pain Center, Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - A Mouraux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Faculty of Medicine, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - K G Phillips
- Lilly United Kingdom Erl Wood Manor Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - R D Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Truini
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Di Lionardo A, Di Stefano G, Leone C, Di Pietro G, Sgro E, Malara E, Cosentino C, Mollica C, Blockeel AJ, Caspani O, Garcia-Larrea L, Mouraux A, Treede RD, Phillips KG, Valeriani M, Truini A. Modulation of the N13 component of the somatosensory evoked potentials in an experimental model of central sensitization in humans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20838. [PMID: 34675309 PMCID: PMC8531029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The N13 component of somatosensory evoked potential (N13 SEP) represents the segmental response of dorsal horn neurons. In this neurophysiological study, we aimed to verify whether N13 SEP might reflect excitability changes of dorsal horn neurons during central sensitization. In 22 healthy participants, we investigated how central sensitization induced by application of topical capsaicin to the ulnar nerve territory of the hand dorsum modulated N13 SEP elicited by ulnar nerve stimulation. Using a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, we also tested whether pregabalin, an analgesic drug with proven efficacy on the dorsal horn, influenced capsaicin-induced N13 SEP modulation. Topical application of capsaicin produced an area of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia, a sign of central sensitization, and increased the N13 SEP amplitude but not the peripheral N9 nor the cortical N20-P25 amplitude. This increase in N13 SEP amplitude paralleled the mechanical hyperalgesia and persisted for 120 min. Pregabalin prevented the N13 SEP modulation associated with capsaicin-induced central sensitization, whereas capsaicin application still increased N13 SEP amplitude in the placebo treatment session. Our neurophysiological study showed that capsaicin application specifically modulates N13 SEP and that this modulation is prevented by pregabalin, thus suggesting that N13 SEP may reflect changes in dorsal horn excitability and represent a useful biomarker of central sensitization in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Lionardo
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University Sapienza, Viale Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Stefano
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University Sapienza, Viale Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - C Leone
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University Sapienza, Viale Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Pietro
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University Sapienza, Viale Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - E Sgro
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University Sapienza, Viale Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - E Malara
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University Sapienza, Viale Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - C Cosentino
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University Sapienza, Viale Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - C Mollica
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - A J Blockeel
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - O Caspani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - L Garcia-Larrea
- Lyon Neurosciences Center Research Unit Inserm U 1028, Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,Pain Center, Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - A Mouraux
- UCLouvain, Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - R D Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - K G Phillips
- Neuroscience Next Generation Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Innovation Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - M Valeriani
- Department of Neuroscience, Headache Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andrea Truini
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University Sapienza, Viale Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Heid C, Mouraux A, Treede RD, Schuh-Hofer S, Rupp A, Baumgärtner U. Early gamma-oscillations as correlate of localized nociceptive processing in primary sensorimotor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1711-1726. [PMID: 32208893 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00444.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies put forward the idea that stimulus-evoked gamma-band oscillations (GBOs; 30-100 Hz) play a specific role in nociception. So far, evidence for the specificity of GBOs for nociception, their possible involvement in nociceptive sensory discriminatory abilities, and knowledge regarding their cortical sources is just starting to grow. To address these questions, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity evoked by phasic nociceptive laser stimuli and tactile stimuli applied at different intensities to the right hand and foot of 12 healthy volunteers. The EEG was analyzed in the time domain to extract phase-locked event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and in three regions of interest in the time-frequency domain (delta/theta, 40-Hz gamma, 70-Hz gamma) to extract stimulus-evoked changes in the magnitude of non-phase-locked brain oscillations. Both nociceptive and tactile stimuli, matched with respect to subjective intensity, elicited phase locked ERPs of increasing amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity. In contrast, only nociceptive stimuli elicited a significant enhancement of GBOs (65-85 Hz, 150-230 ms after stimulus onset), whose magnitude encoded stimulus intensity, whereas tactile stimuli led to a GBO decrease. Following nociceptive hand stimulation, the topographical distribution of GBOs was maximal at contralateral electrode C3, whereas maximum activity following foot stimulation was recorded at the midline electrode Cz, compatible with generation of GBOs in the representations of the hand and foot of the primary sensorimotor cortex, respectively. The differential behavior of high-frequency GBOs and low-frequency 40-Hz GBOs is indicating different functional roles and regions in sensory processing.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gamma-band oscillations show hand-foot somatotopy compatible with generation in primary sensorimotor cortex and are present following nociceptive but not tactile stimulation of the hand and foot in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Heid
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Mouraux
- Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - R-D Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Schuh-Hofer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Rupp
- Department of Neurology, Section of Biomagnetism, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - U Baumgärtner
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg (MSH), Hamburg, Germany
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de Azambuja G, Hortscht U, Hoheisel U, Oliveira Fusaro MC, Mense S, Treede RD. Short-term swimming exercise attenuates the sensitization of dorsal horn neurons in rats with NGF-induced low back pain. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:1409-1418. [PMID: 29635722 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise has been shown to be an effective therapy for non-specific low back pain. The study investigated if swimming exercise is a means to reduce the spinal sensitization in an animal model of non-specific low back pain. METHODS In deeply anesthetized rats, dorsal horn neurons were recorded in spinal segment L2. To induce sensitization of dorsal horn neurons, two injections of nerve growth factor were made into the lumbar multifidus muscle at an interval of 5 days. Swimming exercise for 30 min was performed on the 5 days between both NGF injections. A control group received the NGF injections without exercise treatment. RESULTS Swimming exercise caused a significant decrease in the NGF-induced hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons. Compared to control, the proportion of neurons with input from deep somatic tissues and of convergent neurons with input from at least two types of different tissues decreased significantly (50% vs. 25% and 37% vs. 15%; both p < 0.05). Swimming exercise also reduced the NGF-induced increase in neuronal resting activity. Both the proportion of active neurons and the mean discharge frequency of all neurons decreased significantly (60%, 76.3 ± 23.1 imp/min; vs. 25%, 51.7 ± 35.1 imp/min; both p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In our animal model of low back pain, short-term swimming exercise effectively reduced the latent sensitization of spinal dorsal horn neurons. Swimming exercise decreased the hyperexcitability of the neurons to low back input and lowered the resting activity of sensitized neurons. SIGNIFICANCE Physical exercise is a common treatment for low back pain. The possible mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise are probably multifold. This work shows that swimming exercise prevents sensitization of dorsal horn neurons, which may be one mechanism for the positive effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Azambuja
- Department of Neurophysiology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation Research, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - U Hortscht
- Department of Neurophysiology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - U Hoheisel
- Department of Neurophysiology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M C Oliveira Fusaro
- Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation Research, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - S Mense
- Department of Neurophysiology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R-D Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Nawroth PP, Bendszus M, Pham M, Jende J, Heiland S, Ries S, Schumann C, Schmelz M, Schuh-Hofer S, Treede RD, Kuner R, Oikonomou D, Groener JB, Kopf S. The Quest for more Research on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. Neuroscience 2017; 387:28-37. [PMID: 28942323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A 62-year-old diabetologist diagnosed himself to have diabetes type-2, with an HbA1c of 9.5. Five months after lifestyle intervention and a multi-drug approach, HbA1c was 6.3, systolic blood pressure was below 135mmHg and BMI reduced to 27. But he suffered from severe painful diabetic neuropathy. Therefore he decided to visit his friend, a famous neuroscientist at an even more famous university. He asked him several plain questions: 1. What is the natural course of painful diabetic neuropathy? 2. Why do I have, despite almost normalizing HbA1c, more problems than before? 3. Are you sure my problems are due to diabetes or should we do a nerve biopsy? 4. Are there imaging techniques helpful for the diagnosis of this diabetic complication, starting in the distal nerve endings of the foot and slowly moving ahead? 5. Can you suggest any drug, specific and effective, for relieving painful diabetic neuropathy? This review will use the experts' answers to the questions of the diabetologist, not only to give a summary of the current knowledge, but even more to highlight areas of research needed for improving the fate of patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Based on the unknowns, which exceed the knowns in diabetic neuropathy, a quest for more public support of research is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Nawroth
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Internal Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Helmholtz-Zentrum, München, Germany.
| | - M Bendszus
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Pham
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neuroradiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Jende
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Heiland
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Ries
- Neuro Centrum Odenwald, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Schumann
- Neuro Centrum Odenwald, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Schmelz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Schuh-Hofer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Centre of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R D Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Centre of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R Kuner
- University of Heidelberg, Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Oikonomou
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Internal Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J B Groener
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Internal Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - S Kopf
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Internal Medicine 1 and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
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Baron R, Treede RD, Birklein F, Cegla T, Freynhagen R, Heskamp ML, Kern KU, Maier C, Rolke R, Seddigh S, Sommer C, Ständer S, Maihöfner C. Treatment of painful radiculopathies with capsaicin 8% cutaneous patch. Curr Med Res Opin 2017; 33:1401-1411. [PMID: 28436279 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1322569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The treatment of neuropathic pain due to low-back (lumbosacral) radiculopathies, a common source of neuropathic pain, is challenging and often requires a multimodal therapeutic approach. The capsaicin 8% patch is the first topical analgesic licensed for peripheral neuropathic pain. To evaluate this treatment, a subset of patients with painful radiculopathy (lumbar and cervical, including ventral and dorsal rami) enrolled into the multicenter, non-interventional QUEPP study (Qutenza 2 - safety and effectiveness in peripheral neuropathic pain) was analyzed. METHODS Of the 1044 study participants, 50 were diagnosed with painful radiculopathy as only peripheral neuropathic pain syndrome and were eligible for evaluation. Patients received a single treatment (visit 1) with follow-up visits 2-5 at weeks 1-2, 4, 8 and 12. Parameters assessed at all visits included pain intensity, neuropathy symptoms and side effects. Quality of life (SF-12) and painDETECT 1 questionnaires were completed at baseline and final visit. Data was analyzed by patch application site and duration of pain. RESULTS Topical treatment led to a significant decrease of pain intensity between weeks 1/2 and week 12 versus baseline at the application sites representing dermatomes of ventral (N = 26) and dorsal rami (N = 13) of spinal nerves. A significant decline (p ≤ .001) of numeric pain rating scale scores was observed between weeks 1/2 following patch application and the end of observation (week 12) in the overall radiculopathy group (N = 50), and the groups with either 3 months to 2 years (N = 14) or >2 years (N = 23) duration of pain. Pain relief of at least 30% was observed in 50.0%, 71.4% and 39.1% of patients in the respective groups. Four patients experienced in total seven adverse drug reactions (application site pain or pruritus). CONCLUSION Effective neuropathic pain relief was observed after patch application within the innervation territories of both dorsal and ventral branches of the spinal nerve. Further controlled randomized trials are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baron
- a Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology , Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Kiel , Germany
| | - R D Treede
- b Chair of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim , Heidelberg University , Germany
| | - F Birklein
- c Department of Neurology , University of Mainz , Germany
| | - T Cegla
- d Department of Anesthesiology and Pain therapy , St. Josef Hospital , Wuppertal , Germany
| | - R Freynhagen
- e Department of Anaesthesiology , Benedictus Hospital Tutzing and Technische Universität München , Germany
| | - M L Heskamp
- f Medical Department , Astellas Pharma GmbH , Germany
| | - K U Kern
- g Institute of Pain Medicine/Pain Practice , Wiesbaden , Germany
| | - C Maier
- h Department of Pain Medicine , BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil GmbH, Ruhr-University Bochum , Germany
| | - R Rolke
- i Department of Palliative Medicine , Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University , Germany
| | - S Seddigh
- j Department of Neurology , BG-Klinikum Duisburg , Germany
| | - C Sommer
- k Department of Neurology , University of Würzburg , Germany
| | - S Ständer
- l Competence Center Chronic Pruritus, Department of Dermatology , University Hospital of Münster , Germany
| | - C Maihöfner
- m Department of Neurology , General Hospital Fürth , Fürth , Germany
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Groener JB, Cheko R, Kender Z, Oikonomou D, Kuner R, Magerl W, Treede RD, Jende J, Nawroth PP, Kopf S. Skin auto-fluorescence and impairment in thermal sensory testing in diabetes mellitus type 2. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1601793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JB Groener
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Innere Medizin I Endokrinologie und Klinische Chemie, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Cheko
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Innere Medizin I Endokrinologie und Klinische Chemie, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Z Kender
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Innere Medizin I Endokrinologie und Klinische Chemie, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Oikonomou
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Innere Medizin I Endokrinologie und Klinische Chemie, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Kuner
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Magerl
- Centrum für Biomedizin und Medizintechnik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Neurophysiologie, Mannheim, Germany
| | - RD Treede
- Centrum für Biomedizin und Medizintechnik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Neurophysiologie, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Jende
- Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Neuroradiologie, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - PP Nawroth
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Innere Medizin I Endokrinologie und Klinische Chemie, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kopf
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Innere Medizin I Endokrinologie und Klinische Chemie, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Background and objective Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common chronic pain conditions. This paper reviews the available literature on the role of neuropathic mechanisms in chronic LBP and discusses implications for its clinical management, with a particular focus on pharmacological treatments. Databases and data treatment Literature searches were performed in PubMed, key pain congresses and ProQuest Dialog to identify published evidence on neuropathic back pain and its management. All titles were assessed for relevant literature. Results Chronic LBP comprises both nociceptive and neuropathic components, however, the neuropathic component appears under‐recognized and undertreated. Neuropathic pain (NP) is challenging to manage. Many patients with chronic LBP have pain that is refractory to existing treatments. Typically, less than half of patients experience clinically meaningful analgesia with oral pharmacotherapies; these are also associated with risks of adverse effects. Paracetamol and NSAIDs, although widely used for LBP, are unlikely to ameliorate the neuropathic component and data on the use of NP medications such as antidepressants and gabapentin/pregabalin are limited. While there is an unmet need for improved treatment options, recent data have shown tapentadol to have efficacy in the neuropathic component of LBP, and studies suggest that the capsaicin 8% patch and lidocaine 5% medicated plaster, topical analgesics available for the treatment of peripheral NP, may be a valuable additional approach for the management of neuropathic LBP. Conclusions Chronic LBP often has an under‐recognized neuropathic component, which can be challenging to manage, and requires improved understanding and better diagnosis and treatment. What does this review add? Increased recognition and improved understanding of the neuropathic component of low back pain raises the potential for the development of mechanism‐based therapies. Open and retrospective studies suggest that agents like tapentadol and topical analgesics — such as the capsaicin 8% patch and the lidocaine 5% medicated plaster — may be effective options for the treatment of neuropathic low back pain in defined patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baron
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - A Binder
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - N Attal
- INSERM U 987 and Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement De La Douleur, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - R Casale
- Habilita Care & Research Hospitals, 24040, Zingonia di Ciserano, Italy
| | - A H Dickenson
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, UK
| | - R-D Treede
- Centre of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Dusch M, van der Ham J, Weinkauf B, Benrath J, Rukwied R, Ringkamp M, Schmelz M, Treede RD, Baumgärtner U. Laser-evoked potentials mediated by mechano-insensitive nociceptors in human skin. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:845-54. [PMID: 26492533 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Laser-evoked potentials (LEP) were assessed after peripheral nerve block of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) in healthy volunteers from partially anesthetized skin areas to differentially stimulate mechano-insensitive nociceptors. METHODS An ultrasound-guided nerve block of the LFCN was performed in 12 healthy male subjects with Ropivacain 1%. After 30 min, the nerve block induced significantly larger anesthetic areas to mechanical stimuli than to electrical stimuli revealing an area of differential sensitivity. LEPs, reaction times and pain ratings were recorded in response to the laser stimuli of (1) completely anesthetic skin, (2) mechano-insensitive, but electrically excitable skin ('differential sensitivity'), (3) normal skin. RESULTS LEP latencies in the area of differential sensitivity were increased compared to unaffected skin (228 ± 8.5 ms, vs. 181 ± 3.6 ms, p < 0.01) and LEP amplitudes were reduced (14.8 ± 1.2 μV vs. 24.6 ± 1.7 μV, p < 0.01). Correspondingly, psychophysically assessed response latencies in the differentially anesthetic skin were increased (649 ms vs. 427 ms, p < 0.01) and pain ratings reduced (1.5/10 vs. 5/10 NRS, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The increase in LEP latency suggests that mechano-insensitive heat-sensitive Aδ nociceptors (MIA, type II) have a slower conduction velocity or higher utilization time than mechano-sensitive type II Aδ nociceptors. Moreover, widely branched, slowly conducting and mechano-insensitive branches of Aδ nociceptors can explain our finding. LEPs in the differentially anesthetized skin provide specific information about a mechanically insensitive but heat-sensitive subpopulation of Aδ nociceptors. These findings support the concept that A-fibre nociceptors exhibit a similar degree of modality specificity as C-fibre nociceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dusch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J van der Ham
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - B Weinkauf
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Benrath
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R Rukwied
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Ringkamp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - M Schmelz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R-D Treede
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - U Baumgärtner
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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11
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Schuh-Hofer S, Baumgärtner U, Treede RD. Effect of sleep deprivation on the electrophysiological signature of habituation to noxious laser stimuli. Eur J Pain 2015; 19:1197-209. [PMID: 25851512 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation induces hyperalgesia. However, this pro-nociceptive effect is not reflected at the electrophysiological level, since sleep restricted subjects show amplitude reduction of Laser-evoked Potentials (LEP). We aimed to explore the contribution of habituation to this paradoxical LEP amplitude decline. METHODS We compared LEP's of 12 healthy students (23.2 ± 1.1 years) after habitual sleep (HS) and a night of total sleep deprivation (TSD). Twelve repetitive laser stimulus blocks (each comprising twenty stimuli) were applied under three attention conditions ('focusing' - 'neutral' - 'distraction' condition). Stimulus blocks were split in part 1 (stimulus 1-10) and part 2 (stimulus 11-20). The contribution of habituation to the TSD-induced LEP amplitude decline was studied by calculating the percentage amplitude reduction of part 2 as compared to part 1. Individual sleepiness levels were correlated with (1) averaged LEP's and (2) the degree of habituation. RESULTS TSD induced hyperalgesia to laser stimuli (p < 0.001). In contrast, depending on the attention condition, the P2 amplitude of the N2P2-complex was significantly reduced ('focusing': p = 0.004; 'neutral': p = 0.017; distraction: p = 0.71). Habituation of the P2 amplitude to radiant heat was increased after TSD ('focusing': p = 0.04; 'neutral': p < 0.001; distraction: p = 0.88). TSD had no significant effect on N1 amplitudes (p > 0.05). Individual sleepiness correlated negatively with averaged P2 amplitudes (p = 0.02), but not with the degree of habituation (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION TSD induces hyperalgesia and results in attention-dependent enhanced habituation of the P2 component. Increased habituation may--to a substantial degree--explain the TSD-induced LEP-amplitude decline. For this article, a commentary is available at the Wiley Online Library.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schuh-Hofer
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Centre of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - U Baumgärtner
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Centre of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R-D Treede
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Centre of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- R-D Treede
- Lehrstuhl für Neurophysiologie, Zentrum für Biomedizin und Medizintechnik Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland,
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13
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Wodarski R, Schuh-Hofer S, Yurek DA, Wafford KA, Gilmour G, Treede RD, Kennedy JD. Development and pharmacological characterization of a model of sleep disruption-induced hypersensitivity in the rat. Eur J Pain 2014; 19:554-66. [PMID: 25195796 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance is a commonly reported co-morbidity in chronic pain patients, and conversely, disruption of sleep can cause acute and long-lasting hypersensitivity to painful stimuli. The underlying mechanisms of sleep disruption-induced pain hypersensitivity are poorly understood. Confounding factors of previous studies have been the sleep disruption protocols, such as the 'pedestal over water' or 'inverted flower pot' methods, that can cause large stress responses and therefore may significantly affect pain outcome measures. METHODS Sleep disruption was induced by placing rats for 8 h in a slowly rotating cylindrical cage causing arousal via the righting reflex. Mechanical (Von Frey filaments) and thermal (Hargreaves) nociceptive thresholds were assessed, and plasma corticosterone levels were measured (mass spectroscopy). Sleep disruption-induced hypersensitivity was pharmacologically characterized with drugs relevant for pain treatment, including gabapentin (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg), Ica-6p (Kv7.2/7.3 potassium channel opener; 10 mg/kg), ibuprofen (30 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (10 mg/kg). RESULTS Eight hours of sleep disruption caused robust mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in the absence of a measurable change in plasma corticosterone levels. Gabapentin had no effect on reduced nociceptive thresholds. Ibuprofen attenuated mechanical thresholds, while Ica-6p and amitriptyline attenuated only reduced thermal nociceptive thresholds. CONCLUSIONS These results show that acute and low-stress sleep disruption causes mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in rats. Mechanical and heat hypersensitivity exhibited differential sensitivity to pharmacological agents, thus suggesting dissociable mechanisms for those two modalities. Ultimately, this model could help identify underlying mechanisms linking sleep disruption and hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wodarski
- Eli Lilly & Company, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK
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14
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Tesarz J, Gerhardt A, Treede RD, Eich W. [Pain perception in athletes: characteristic features in pain processing by athletes compared to non-athletes]. Schmerz 2014; 28:184-7. [PMID: 24718749 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-014-1400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Tesarz
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin und Psychosomatik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland,
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15
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zu Eulenburg P, Baumgärtner U, Treede RD, Dieterich M. Interoceptive and multimodal functions of the operculo-insular cortex: tactile, nociceptive and vestibular representations. Neuroimage 2013; 83:75-86. [PMID: 23800791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The operculo-insular cortex has been termed the 'homeostatic control center' or 'general magnitude estimator' of the human mind. In this study, somatosensory, nociceptive and caloric vestibular stimuli were applied to reveal, whether there are mainly common, or possibly specific regions activated by one modality alone and whether lateralization effects, time pattern differences or influences of the aversive nature of the stimuli could be observed. Activation of the dorsal posterior insula was caused by all stimuli alike thus terming this area multimodal. Early phases of the noxious heat and caloric vestibular stimulation led to responses in the anterior insula. Using conjunction analyses we found that left- and right-sided tactile stimulation, but not nociceptive stimulation, caused a joint activation of the cytoarchitectonic area OP1 and nociceptive but not tactile stimulation of the anterior insula bilaterally. Tactile activation in the parietal operculum (SII, OP1) was distinct from nociceptive activation (OP3 and frontal operculum). The joint activation by all three stimuli located in the dorsal posterior insula argues for the presence of multisensory structures. The distinct activation of the anterior insula by aversive stimuli and the posterior insula by multisensory signals supports the concept of a partitioned insular cortex recently introduced based on connectivity studies and meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P zu Eulenburg
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Treede RD, Wagner T, Kern KU, Husstedt IW, Arendt G, Birklein F, Cegla T, Freynhagen R, Gockel HH, Heskamp ML, Jager H, Joppich R, Maier C, Leffler A, Nagelein HH, Rolke R, Seddigh S, Sommer C, Stander S, Wasner G, Baron R. Mechanism- and experience-based strategies to optimize treatment response to the capsaicin 8% cutaneous patch in patients with localized neuropathic pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29:527-38. [PMID: 23444968 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2013.781019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The capsaicin 8% cutaneous patch is an emergent new treatment option for patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. In randomized controlled clinical studies relevant pain relief for 12 weeks was achieved in about one third of patients following a single application. The first part of this paper is a review of the pathophysiology, pharmacology, and published clinical trials with the capsaicin 8% cutaneous patch. The second part reports on outcomes of an interdisciplinary expert workshop, where new treatment results of three major German pain centers were presented and reviewed with the objectives of obtaining responder rates for different pain syndromes, assessing maintenance of effect under real-life conditions, and giving recommendations for practical care. The 12 week responder rates with pain relief of ≥ 30% were comparable in patients with mononeuropathies (37.9%) and postherpetic neuralgia (38.8%). Similar responder rates were seen in a subgroup of patients with cervical spine radiculopathy and back pain (46.7%). In HIV-associated neuropathy the responder rates were high (47.8%) but lower in patients with other polyneuropathies (17.6%). Response rates were nearly identical after 1 week (46.6%) and 4 weeks (43.3) and dropped only slightly at 12 weeks (37.4%). In a subgroup of 54 patients who underwent a second treatment, efficacy was maintained. Response rates in patients with or without lidocaine pretreatment were comparable. Treatment with the capsaicin 8% cutaneous patch was generally safe and well tolerated. The workshop panel recommended further investigation of opportunities to improve the application procedure and to perform studies on the skin penetration and distribution of capsaicin. A modified quantitative sensory testing (QST) should be developed for clinical practice in order to better understand the correlation of sensory profiles and response to capsaicin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-D Treede
- Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Henrich F, Magerl W, Treede RD. Der relative Beitrag von nozizeptiven C- und A-Faser-Afferenzen bei der Auslösung von LTP-ähnlicher Schmerzplastizität beim Menschen. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1337191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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der Heydt CV, Baumgärtner U, Treede RD. Einfluss des Cold-Pressor-Tests auf Laser-evozierte Potentiale. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1337194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schilder A, Magerl W, Benrath J, Treede RD, Klein T. Der relative Beitrag der Fascia thoracolumbalis an der Entstehung von Rückenschmerzen beim Menschen. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1337192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Finnerup NB, Scholz J, Attal N, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Raja SN, Rice ASC, Rief W, Rowbotham MC, Simpson DM, Treede RD. Neuropathic pain needs systematic classification. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:953-6. [PMID: 23339030 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N B Finnerup
- Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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21
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Bryce TN, Biering-Sørensen F, Finnerup NB, Cardenas DD, Defrin R, Lundeberg T, Norrbrink C, Richards JS, Siddall P, Stripling T, Treede RD, Waxman SG, Widerström-Noga E, Yezierski RP, Dijkers M. International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification: part I. Background and description. Spinal Cord 2011; 50:413-7. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2011.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Felden L, Walter C, Harder S, Treede RD, Kayser H, Drover D, Geisslinger G, Lötsch J. Comparative clinical effects of hydromorphone and morphine: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:319-28. [PMID: 21841049 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have conducted a meta-analysis of the clinical effects of morphine and hydromorphone to compare their benefit in analgesia. Embase and Medline were searched with an end-date of June 2009 for randomized, controlled trials or observational studies that addressed comparative analgesic and side-effects or particular side-effects. Two researchers independently identified included studies and extracted the data. Estimates of opioid effects were combined by using a random-effects model. Meta-analysis of eight studies suggested that hydromorphone (494 patients) provides slightly better (P=0.012) clinical analgesia than morphine (510 patients). The effect-size was small (Cohen's d=0.266) and disappeared when one study was removed, although the advantage of hydromorphone was more evident in studies of better quality (Jadad's rating). Side-effects were similar, for example, nausea (P=0.383, nine studies, 456 patients receiving hydromorphone and 460 morphine); vomiting (P=0.306, six studies, 246 patients receiving hydromorphone and 239 morphine); or itching (P=0.249, eight studies, 405 patients receiving hydromorphone, 410 morphine). This suggests some advantage of hydromorphone over morphine for analgesia. Additional potential clinical pharmacological advantages with regard to side-effects, such as safety in renal failure or during acute analgesia titration, are based on limited evidence and require substantiation by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Felden
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bekkering GE, Soares-Weiser K, Reid K, Kessels AG, Dahan A, Treede RD, Kleijnen J. Can morphine still be considered to be the standard for treating chronic pain? A systematic review including pair-wise and network meta-analyses. Curr Med Res Opin 2011; 27:1477-91. [PMID: 21635191 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2011.586332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For chronic pain treatment many health care authorities consider morphine to be the reference standard for strategic decisions in pain therapy. Although morphine's effectiveness is clear and its cost is low, it's unclear whether morphine should remain the first choice or reference treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a systematic review to evaluate the evidence available to support the position of morphine as the reference standard for step III opioids based on efficacy and tolerability outcomes. RESULTS The search yielded 5,675 titles and 56 studies were included. Considerable heterogeneity precluded pair-wise meta-analysis on change of pain intensity and no difference between morphine and other opioids were found for tolerability outcomes. The network meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference in change of pain intensity between morphine and oxycodone, methadone and oxymorphone. Compared to morphine, patients using buprenorphine are more likely to discontinue treatment due to lack of effect (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.37 to 3.95). Patients using methadone are more likely to discontinue due to adverse events (OR 3.09, 95% CI 1.14 to 8.36), whereas this risk is decreased for patients using fentanyl (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.50) or buprenorphine (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.53). The most important limitation of this review is that the included studies are heterogeneous with regard to study population and intervention, which may affect the pooled effect estimates. The main strength is that we only included parallel RCTs, the strongest design for intervention studies. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence is moderate, both in respect to the number of directly comparative studies and in the quality of reporting of these studies. No clear superiority in efficacy and tolerability of morphine over other opioids was found in pair-wise and network analyses. Based on these results, a justification for the placement of morphine as the reference standard for the treatment of severe chronic pain cannot be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Bekkering
- BeSyRe Bekkering Systematic Reviews, Geel, Belgium; Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Müller-Schwefe G, Freytag A, Höer A, Schiffhorst G, Becker A, Casser HR, Glaeske G, Thoma R, Treede RD. Healthcare utilization of back pain patients: results of a claims data analysis. J Med Econ 2011; 14:816-23. [PMID: 21992218 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2011.625067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The high life-time prevalence of chronic back pain (25-30% according to surveys in small samples) suggests that it may be a major source of healthcare cost and that prevention of chronic back pain may be both ethically and economically recommendable. To obtain valid economic data on the cost of back pain in Germany, a retrospective claims data analysis was performed. METHODS Using data from 2006 of 5.2 million beneficiaries of a German statutory health insurance fund (DAK Unternehmen Leben) covering ~7% of the German population, mean value analyses report on key healthcare utilization figures from a sickness funds? perspective. In contrast to other studies, cost data are primary data and not extrapolated, but clinical characteristics include surrogate markers as no clinical case descriptions were available. RESULTS Based on previously investigated diagnosis patterns three types of back pain could be identified: (other) specific back pain (n=211,216), pain due to spinal disk disease (n=195,712), and non-specific back pain (n=534,272). Of all back pain patients, 25.8% were identified as at risk to develop chronic pain, where only 2.6% were detected as patients with chronic back pain. Mean resource utilization and related healthcare costs were significantly higher for beneficiaries with indicators for chronic back pain than for beneficiaries with only risk factors for developing chronic back pain. This especially holds for outpatient analgesic prescriptions (p<0.05), for in-hospital multimodal pain therapy (p<0.05), for in-hospital care in general (p<0.05), as well as for direct cost of care (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results show the potential that could be made accessible by an early detection of back pain patients who bear a risk of pain becoming chronic, both in terms of quality-of-life as well as in financial terms.
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Baumgärtner U, Vogel H, Ohara S, Treede RD, Lenz F. The P22 median nerve SEP component: precentral or postcentral origin? Dipole source analysis from subdural grid recordings. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Spreckelmeyer KN, Paulzen M, Weymanns A, Van Waesberghe J, Zalewski J, Vernaleken I, Raptis M, Schaefer KM, Treede RD, Baltus T, Rösch F, Gründer G. Low dopamine D2/3 receptor availability is associated with high sensitivity to pain in detoxified alcoholics and healthy controls. Pharmacopsychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1240228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ludäscher P, Greffrath W, Schmahl C, Kleindienst N, Kraus A, Baumgärtner U, Magerl W, Treede RD, Bohus M. A cross-sectional investigation of discontinuation of self-injury and normalizing pain perception in patients with borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 120:62-70. [PMID: 19133877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have shown reduced pain perception in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and current self-injurious behavior (SIB). The aim of the present study was to test whether pain perception in patients with current SIB is different from that of patients who had stopped SIB, and whether pain perception of the latter group differs from healthy controls (HC). METHOD We investigated 24 borderline patients and 24 HC. Thirteen patients showed current SIB (BPD-SIB) and 11 patients did not exhibit SIB anymore (BPD-non-SIB). Pain thresholds were assessed using thermal stimuli and laser radiant heat pulses. RESULTS We found significant linear trends for all pain measures. The BPD-SIB group was less sensitive than the BPD-non-SIB group and the latter were less sensitive than HC. The pain sensitivity negatively correlated with borderline symptom severity. CONCLUSION The results suggest an association between the termination of SIB, decline of psychopathology and normalization of pain perception in borderline patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ludäscher
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim
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29
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Jantsch HHF, Gawlitza M, Geber C, Baumgärtner U, Krämer HH, Magerl W, Treede RD, Birklein F. Explicit episodic memory for sensory-discriminative components of capsaicin-induced pain: immediate and delayed ratings. Pain 2009; 143:97-105. [PMID: 19269743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pain memory is thought to affect future pain sensitivity and thus contribute to clinical pain conditions. Systematic investigations of the human capacity to remember sensory features of experimental pain are sparse. In order to address long-term pain memory, nine healthy male volunteers received intradermal injections of three doses of capsaicin (0.05, 1 and 20 microg, separated by 15 min breaks), each given three times in a balanced design across three sessions at one week intervals. Pain rating was performed using a computerized visual analogue scale (0-100) digitized at 1/s, either immediately online or one hour or one day after injection. Subjects also recalled their pains one week later. Capsaicin injection reliably induced a dose-dependent flare (p<0.001) without any difference within or across sessions. The strong burning pain decayed exponentially within a few minutes. Subjects were able to reliably discriminate pain magnitude and duration across capsaicin doses (both p<0.001), regardless of whether first-time ratings were requested immediately, after one hour or after one day. Pain recall after one week was similarly precise (magnitude: p<0.01, duration: p<0.05). Correlation with rating recall after one week was best when first-time ratings were requested as late as one day after injection (R(2)=0.79) indicating that both rating retrievals utilized similar memory traces. These results indicate a reliable memory for magnitude and duration of experimentally induced pain. The data further suggest that the consolidation of this memory is an important interim stage, and may take up to one day.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H F Jantsch
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Bachmann C, Rolke R, Sommer M, Happe S, Treede RD, Paulus W. Thermal hypoesthesia differentiates secondary RLS due to small fibre neuropathy from primary RLS. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1216195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Baumgärtner U, Tiede W, Treede RD, Greffrath W. Cool-evoked potentials as a new method to examine somatosensory pathways. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1216194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Treede RD. Das nozizeptive Netzwerk im parasylvischen Kortex. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1216054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kobayashi K, Winberry J, Liu CC, Treede RD, Lenz FA. A painful cutaneous laser stimulus evokes responses from single neurons in the human thalamic principal somatic sensory nucleus ventral caudal (Vc). J Neurophysiol 2009; 101:2210-7. [PMID: 19244350 DOI: 10.1152/jn.91347.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous application of painful radiant heat laser pulses evokes potentials (laser-evoked potentials) that can be recorded from scalp or intracranial electrodes. We have now tested the hypothesis that the response of thalamic neurons to a cutaneous laser stimulus occurs at latencies predicted by the conduction delay between the periphery and the thalamus. We have carried out recordings from human thalamic neurons in the principal sensory nucleus (ventral caudal) in patients undergoing awake surgery for the treatment of tremor. The results demonstrate that many neurons respond to the laser with early and/or late latency peaks of activity, consistent with conduction of the response to the laser stimulus through pathways from Adelta and C fibers to the thalamus. These peaks were of short duration, perhaps due to the somatotopic- and modality-specific arrangements of afferent pathways to the thalamus. The responses of these thalamic neurons to the laser stimulus sometimes included low-threshold spike (LTS) bursts of action potentials, consistent with previous studies of different painful stimuli. A prior study has demonstrated that spike trains characterized by common LTS bursts such as the intermediate (I) category spontaneously change their category more commonly than do those without LTS bursts (NG: nongrouped category) during changes in the cognitive task. Spike trains of laser-responsive neurons were more common in the I category, whereas those of laser nonresponsive neurons were more common in the NG category. Therefore neuronal spike trains in the I category may mediate shifts in endogenous or cognitive pain-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Meyer Building 8-181, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-7713, USA
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Cruccu G, Aminoff MJ, Curio G, Guerit JM, Kakigi R, Mauguiere F, Rossini PM, Treede RD, Garcia-Larrea L. Recommendations for the clinical use of somatosensory-evoked potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:1705-1719. [PMID: 18486546 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN) is in the process of updating its Recommendations for clinical practice published in 1999. These new recommendations dedicated to somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) update the methodological aspects and general clinical applications of standard SEPs, and introduce new sections dedicated to the anatomical-functional organization of the somatosensory system and to special clinical applications, such as intraoperative monitoring, recordings in the intensive care unit, pain-related evoked potentials, and trigeminal and pudendal SEPs. Standard SEPs have gained an established role in the health system, and the special clinical applications we describe here are drawing increasing interest. However, to prove clinically useful each of them requires a dedicated knowledge, both technical and pathophysiological. In this article we give technical advice, report normative values, and discuss clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cruccu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, La Sapienza University, viale Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - M J Aminoff
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - G Curio
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J M Guerit
- Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, CHIREC, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - F Mauguiere
- Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France; INSERM U879 - Central Integration of Pain Unit, Neurological Hospital Lyon, France
| | - P M Rossini
- Neurology, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; IRCCS, S.Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - R-D Treede
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - L Garcia-Larrea
- Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France; INSERM U879 - Central Integration of Pain Unit, Neurological Hospital Lyon, France
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Baumgärtner U, Tiede W, Magerl W, Durrer B, Treede RD. The impact of partial sleep deprivation on the modulation of pain: Psychophysical and neurophysiological correlates. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1072829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jung P, Baumgärtner U, Treede RD. Structural and functional asymmetry in human parietal opercular cortex. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1072945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 2007; 70:1630-5. [PMID: 18003941 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1784] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain usually results from activation of nociceptive afferents by actually or potentially tissue-damaging stimuli. Pain may also arise by activity generated within the nervous system without adequate stimulation of its peripheral sensory endings. For this type of pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain introduced the term neuropathic pain, defined as "pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system." While this definition has been useful in distinguishing some characteristics of neuropathic and nociceptive types of pain, it lacks defined boundaries. Since the sensitivity of the nociceptive system is modulated by its adequate activation (e.g., by central sensitization), it has been difficult to distinguish neuropathic dysfunction from physiologic neuroplasticity. We present a more precise definition developed by a group of experts from the neurologic and pain community: pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. This revised definition fits into the nosology of neurologic disorders. The reference to the somatosensory system was derived from a wide range of neuropathic pain conditions ranging from painful neuropathy to central poststroke pain. Because of the lack of a specific diagnostic tool for neuropathic pain, a grading system of definite, probable, and possible neuropathic pain is proposed. The grade possible can only be regarded as a working hypothesis, which does not exclude but does not diagnose neuropathic pain. The grades probable and definite require confirmatory evidence from a neurologic examination. This grading system is proposed for clinical and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-D Treede
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Jung P, Baumgärtner U, Magerl W, Treede RD. Hemisphärenasymmetrie von Dipolgeneratoren im primären somatosensorischen Kortex nach elektrischer Stimulation des Nervus medianus. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Baumgärtner U, Greffrath W, Treede RD. Hitzeschmerz-evozierte Potentiale: Kontakthitze vs. Laser verschiedener Wellenlängen. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Bachmann CG, Muschinsky S, Nitsche MA, Rolke R, Magerl W, Treede RD, Paulus W, Happe S. Transkranielle Gleichtstromstimulation induziert Veränderungen von A-Faser-vermittelter Temperaturempfindung sowie mechanischer Detektion und Schmerzsensitivität. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jantsch HHF, Gawlitza M, Geber C, Magerl W, Birklein F, Treede RD, Baumgärtner U, Krämer HH. Experimentelles Schmerzgedächtnis – Eine Capsaicinstudie. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Rolke R, Freynhagen R, Baron R, Tölle TR, Rutjes A, Schu S, Treede RD. Pseudoradikulärer und radikulärer Rückenschmerz – ein Krankheitskontinuum oder verschiedene Krankheitsentitäten? Antworten mittels quantitativer sensorischer Testung. Akt Neurol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-988044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Geber C, Egenolf C, Dieterich M, Treede RD, Birklein F, Vogt T. Sensorische Profile bei schmerzhaften und schmerzlosen Polyneuropathien am Beispiel der Chemotherapie-induzierten Neuropathie. Akt Neurol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-987530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Firner M, Greffrath W, Treede RD. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related protein kinase is required for rapid facilitation of heat-induced currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neuroscience 2006; 143:253-63. [PMID: 16973292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A subgroup of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons responds to noxious heat with an influx of cations carried by specific ion channels such as the transient receptor potential channel of the vanilloid receptor type, subtype 1 (TRPV1). Application of capsaicin induces a reversible facilitation of these currents. This facilitation could be an interaction of two agonists at their common receptor or be caused by an influx of calcium ions into the cell. Calcium influx into the cell can activate protein kinases such as the extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK) pathway. This study explored the kinetics, calcium-dependency and intracellular signals following application of capsaicin and leading to facilitation of heat-induced currents (Iheat) in rat DRG neurons. Application of 0.5 microM capsaicin caused a 2.65-fold increase of Iheat within 2 s, which was significantly correlated to a small capsaicin-induced current. Intracellular application of 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), a fast calcium chelator, did not change capsaicin-induced currents or Iheat itself, but inhibited facilitation of Iheat by capsaicin. ERK is activated by calcium influx and membrane depolarization via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related protein kinase kinase (MEK). Application of the MEK inhibitor U0126 also inhibited facilitation of Iheat by capsaicin. We conclude that the MEK/ERK cascade is an intracellular signaling pathway playing a vital role in the regulation of nociceptive neurons' sensitivity. The very fast kinetics (less than two seconds) are only explainable with a membrane-attached or at least membrane-near localization of these kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Firner
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Saarstrasse 21, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Binzen U, Greffrath W, Hennessy S, Bausen M, Saaler-Reinhardt S, Treede RD. Co-expression of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.4 with transient receptor potential channels (TRPV1 and TRPV2) and the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neuroscience 2006; 142:527-39. [PMID: 16889902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Potassium channels contribute to basic neuronal excitability and modulation. Here, we examined expression patterns of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.4, the nociceptive transduction channels TRPV1 and TRPV2 as well as the putative anti-nociceptive cannabinoid receptor CB1 by immunofluorescence double-labelings in sections of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Kv1.4, TRPV1 and CB1 were each detected in about one third of neurons (35.7+/-0.5%, 29.4+/-1.1% and 36.4+/-0.5%, respectively, mean diameter 19.1+/-0.3 microm). TRPV2 was present in 4.4+/-0.4% of all neurons that were significantly larger in diameter (27.4+/-0.7 microm; P < 0.001). Antibody double-labeling revealed that the majority of Kv1.4-positive neurons co-expressed TRPV1 (73.9+/-1.5%) whereas none expressed TRPV2. The largest overlap was found with CB1 (93.1+/-0.1%). CB1 expression resembled that seen for Kv1.4 since the majority of neurons expressing CB1-protein also expressed TRPV1 (69.4+/-6.5%) but not TRPV2 (0.6+/-0.3%). When CB1-mRNA was detected using in situ hybridizations an additional subset of larger neurons was labeled including 82.4+/-17.7% of the TRPV2 expressing neurons. However, co-localization of Kv1.4 with CB1-mRNA (92%, mean diameter: 18.5 microm) was essentially the same as with CB1-protein. The almost complete overlap of CB1 and Kv1.4 in nociceptive DRG neurons suggests a functional synergistic action between Kv1.4 and CB1. The potassium channel may have two important roles in nociception. As the molecular basis of A-type current it could be involved in the control of repetitive discharges at peripheral terminals and as a downstream signal transduction site of CB1 in the control of presynaptic transmitter release at central terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Binzen
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Saarstrasse 21, D-55099, Mainz, Germany
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Jochims A, Ludäscher P, Bohus M, Treede RD, Schmahl C. Schmerzverarbeitung bei Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung, Fibromyalgie und Posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung. Schmerz 2006; 20:140-50. [PMID: 15983783 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-005-0405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The authors review relevant experimental studies on pain perception and processing in psychiatric disorders with traumatic stress as an etiological factor. In borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and fibromyalgia neurophysiological and neuropsychological patterns of pain processing appear to be different. Experimental studies in borderline patients show a desensitization of pain thresholds whereas patients with fibromyalgia show an opposite pattern, which could be explained by a central augmentation of pain processing. Furthermore, the authors outline methods to assess pain perception (peripheral and central) and describe the neurobiological mechanisms of pain processing, particularly the distinction between the sensory-discriminative lateral system and the affective-motivational medial system. Finally, suggestions for further research and implications for therapy are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jochims
- Klinik für Psychosomatik und Psychotherapeutische Medizin, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit Mannheim
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47
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Baumgärtner U, Buchholz HG, Bellosevich A, Magerl W, Siessmeier T, Höhnemann S, Wester HJ, Rösch F, Stoeter P, Bartenstein P, Treede RD, Schreckenberger M. High opiate receptor binding potential in the human lateral pain system: A (FEDPN)PET study. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-939091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Schreckenberger M, Siessmeier T, Viertmann A, Landvogt C, Buchholz HG, Rolke R, Treede RD, Bartenstein P, Birklein F. The unpleasantness of tonic pain is encoded by the insular cortex. Neurology 2006; 64:1175-83. [PMID: 15824343 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000156353.17305.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle pain differs from skin pain with respect to quality, accuracy of localization, and unpleasantness. This study was conducted to identify the brain regions associated with the affective-motivational component of tonic skin and muscle pain. METHODS Forty healthy volunteers were investigated in three groups with different F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET activation scans. A verbal rating scale (VRS) was used to quantify pain intensity and unpleasantness. One group was investigated during painful infusion of an acidified phosphate buffer (pH 5.2) into either muscle or skin for 30 minutes. Muscle and skin infusions were adjusted to achieve pain intensity rating of VRS = 40. The second group received sham stimulation of muscle and skin by infusion of non-acidified phosphate buffer (pH 7.3 to 7.4, pain intensity = 0). The third group underwent only one PET scan without sensory stimulation. RESULTS Unpleasantness ratings were higher (VRS 38.3 vs 25.5) during IM compared to intracutaneous stimulation, despite the same pain intensity (VRS = 40). Sham stimulation revealed no pain or unpleasantness. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism during sham stimulation showed similar findings for intracutaneous and IM infusions with significant activations of the bilateral anterior cingulate, bilateral frontal (premotor) cortex, and the ipsilateral parietal operculum. The comparison of pain vs sham stimulation revealed activations of the bilateral insula for IM but not intracutaneous stimulation. The unpleasantness perception in skin and muscle stimulation was positively correlated to the bilateral insular metabolism. CONCLUSION The data suggest that the insula represents one main structure where the unpleasantness of tonic pain perception is encoded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schreckenberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Rolke R, Magerl W, Campbell KA, Schalber C, Caspari S, Birklein F, Treede RD. Quantitative sensory testing: a comprehensive protocol for clinical trials. Eur J Pain 2006; 10:77-88. [PMID: 16291301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 979] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have compiled a comprehensive QST protocol as part of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS) using well established tests for nearly all aspects of somatosensation. This protocol encompasses thermal as well as mechanical testing procedures. Our rationale was to test for patterns of sensory loss (small and large nerve fiber functions) or gain (hyperalgesia, allodynia, hyperpathia), and to assess both cutaneous and deep pain sensitivity. The practicality of the QST protocol was tested in 18 healthy subjects, 21-58 years, half of them female. All subjects were tested bilaterally over face, hand and foot. We determined thermal detection and pain thresholds including a test for the presence of paradoxical heat sensations, mechanical detection thresholds to von Frey filaments and a 64-Hz tuning fork, mechanical pain thresholds to pinprick stimuli and blunt pressure, stimulus-response-functions for pinprick and dynamic mechanical allodynia (pain to light touch), and pain summation (wind-up ratio) using repetitive pinprick stimulation. The full protocol took 27+/-2.3 min per test area. The majority of QST parameters were normally distributed only after logarithmic transformation (secondary normalization) except for the frequency of paradoxical heat sensations, cold and heat pain thresholds, and for vibration detection thresholds. Thresholds were usually lowest over face, followed by hand, and then foot. Only thermal pain thresholds, wind-up ratio and vibration detection thresholds were not significantly dependent on the body region. There was no significant right-to-left difference for any of the QST parameters; left-to-right correlation coefficients ranged between 0.78 and 0.97, thus explaining between 61% and 94% of the variance. This study has shown that a complete somatosensory profile of one affected area and one unaffected control area, which will be necessary to characterize patients with a variety of diseases, can be obtained within 1 h. Case examples of selected patients illustrate the value of z-transformed QST data for an easy survey of individual symptom profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rolke
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Saarstr. 21, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
Strokes and other forms of injury to the central nervous system cause changes in function because of the injuries themselves and indirectly because injuries cause expression of neural plasticity. Studies in humans undergoing neurosurgical procedures for implantation of electrodes for deep brain stimulation and for making lesions in the brain have contributed understanding of both normal and abnormal functions of the somatic sensory system. This chapter will specifically discuss the reorganization of the ventral caudal (Vc) sensory nucleus of the thalamus that occurs in connection with pain conditions after strokes and spinal cord injuries. It is shown that pain is associated with expression of neural plasticity that alters maps of noxious and innocuous stimulation in the thalamus and affect processing of sensory information. Results from studies of neural activity in the thalamus in humans will be compared with results from animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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