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Poeggeler B, Reiter RJ, Hardeland R, Tan DX, Barlow-Walden LR. Melatonin and structurally-related, endogenous indoles act as potent electron donors and radical scavengers in vitro. Redox Rep 2016; 2:179-84. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1996.11747046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Tan DX, Hardeland R, Manchester LC, Galano A, Reiter RJ. Cyclic-3-hydroxymelatonin (C3HOM), a potent antioxidant, scavenges free radicals and suppresses oxidative reactions. Curr Med Chem 2015; 21:1557-65. [PMID: 24304286 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666131129113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (C3HOM) is an immediate product of melatonin's interaction with reactive oxygen species. Its presence has been detected in mice, rats and humans. In the current study, the antioxidant capacity and reducing power of this molecule have been systematically studied. C3HOM is found to be a more potent antioxidant than melatonin or vitamin C in terms of its ability to scavenge the hydroxyl radical (HO.) and to recover oxidized horseradish peroxidase to its ground state. The antioxidative mechanism of C3HOM is similar to that of the classic antioxidant, vitamin C, rather than to its precursor melatonin. C3HOM effectively prevents the oxidative degradation of cytochrome C induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It is speculated that some antioxidative activities of melatonin may be mediated by its metabolite, C3HOM. C3HOM prevents mitochondrial cytochrome C injury and, thus, it is likely to inhibit cellular apoptosis induced by the release of oxidized cytochrome C from mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.
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Abstract
A new flavone sulfonic acid 1 named niruriflavone was isolated from the 70% ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae), together with 6,10,14-trimethyl-2- pentadecanone, hypophyllanthin, gallic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, methyl brevifolin carboxylate, isoquercetin, quercetin-3-O-β -D-glucopyranosyl(1→ 4)-α-rhamnopyranoside, corilagin, and isocorilagin, whose structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and comparison with published data. In an ABTS cation radical reduction assay, niruriflavone (1) exhibited potent radical scavenging properties. A biological test system based on bioluminescence of the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum did not reveal any prooxidant properties of 1 at 50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Than
- Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon, P.O. 11041, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - S. Fotso
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - B. Poeggeler
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Straße 28, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. Hardeland
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Straße 28, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - H. Laatsch
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Hardeland R, Poeggeler B. Melatonin and synthetic melatonergic agonists: actions and metabolism in the central nervous system. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2013; 12:189-216. [PMID: 22640220 DOI: 10.2174/187152412802430129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The CNS is both source and target of melatonin. This methoxyindole formed in the pineal gland is also produced in other CNS regions and additionally enters the brain by uptake from the circulation as well as via the pineal recess. The mammalian circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), not only controls the pineal, but also receives a feedback information on darkness. Two G protein-coupled melatonin receptors, MT1 and MT2, are responsible for the transduction of many melatonergic actions. High receptor densities are especially found in the SCN, but their presence at lower expression levels in other areas is functionally important. Various metabolites and analogs are formed in the CNS, such as N-acetylserotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxytryptophol, 5-methoxylated kynuramines, and even 6-sulfatoxymelatonin. The chronobiological effects of melatonin go beyond the resetting of a single circadian oscillator. They contribute to phase relationships between oscillatory subsets and are required for robust rhythm amplitudes. CNS effects of melatonin comprise sleep initiation, antiexcitatory, antiepileptic, antinociceptive, anxiolytic, proneurotrophic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and other neuroprotective actions. The role as a sleep-promoting compound, which is limited by its short half-life in the circulation, has led to the development of controlled-release formulations and of various synthetic agonists, such as ramelteon, agomelatine, tasimelteon, TIK-301, UCM765 and UCM924. Their differences concerning receptor affinities, preferences for receptor subtypes, and pharmacokinetics are discussed, as well as additional antidepressive actions of agomelatine and TIK-301 based on properties as antagonists of the serotonergic 5-HT2C receptor. Indirect antidepressive effects by melatonergic drugs are largely explained by circadian readjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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Fuhrberg B, Hardeland R, Poeggeler B, Behrmann C. Dramatic Rises of Melatonin and 5-Methoxytryptamine in Gonyaulax Exposed to Decreased Temperature. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1076/brhm.28.1.144.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Burkhardt S, Meyer TJ, Hardeland R, Poeggeler B, Fuhrberg B, Balzer I. Requirement of Indoleamines and a V-type Proton ATPase for the Expression of the Circadian Glow Rhythm in Gonyaulax polyedra. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1076/brhm.28.1.151.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hardeland R. BOOK REVIEW Cronobiologia: Princípios e Aplicações, edited by N. Marques and L. Menna-Barreto. Grupo Multidisciplinar de Desenvolvimento e Ritmos Biológicos, University of São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Editora da Universidade de São Paulo–Editora Fiocruz, 1997, 328 pages; ISBN 85-314-0400-2. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1076/0929-1016(200002)31:1;1-0;ft120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hardeland R, Hardeland R. Which mechanisms are involved in the protective actions of melatonin against oxidative stress? KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Krug HF, Hardeland R. Effects of cycloheximide and changes in lighting regimen on the diurnal rhythm of rat liver protein synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018409359841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Thiel G, Hardeland R, Michel U. On the chronobiology ofTetrahymena. II. Further evidence for the persistence of ultradian rhythmicity in the absence of protein synthesis and cell growth∗∗. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018509359866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hardeland R. Circadian rhythms of bioluminescence in two species ofpyrocystis (dinophyta)measurements in cell populations and in single cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018209359762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Michel U, Hardeland R. On the chronobiology ofTetrahymena. III. Temperature compensation and temperature dependence in the ultradian oscillation of tyrosine aminotransferase∗∗. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018509359867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Töpperwien F, Hardeland R. Free‐running circadian rhythm of plastid movements in individual cells ofpyrocystis lunula(dinophyta). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018009359717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Krug H, Hardeland R. Diurnal rhythms of hepatic mRNA activities for integral membrane proteins, as determined byin vitrotranslation in a cell‐free system from rat liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018109359723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kämmerer J, Hardeland R. On the chronobiology oftetrahymena. I. Ultradian rhythmicity in tyrosine aminotransferase activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018209359789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Balzer I, Hardeland R. Advance shifts of the bioluminescence rhythm inGonyaulax polyedraby Pharmaca potentially acting on membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018109359722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Stahr U, Hardeland R, Hoffmann J. Diurnal rhythmicity of protein synthesis under controlled amino acid and energy conditions: Measurements of3h‐leucine incorporation in anin vitrosystem from rat liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018009359683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hardeland R, Backhaus C, Fadavi A, Hess M. N(1)-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine contrasts with other tryptophan metabolites by a peculiar type of NO scavenging: cyclization to a cinnolinone prevents formation of unstable nitrosamines. J Pineal Res 2007; 43:104-5. [PMID: 17614842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule and widely distributed in nature, with functional activity occurring in unicellular organisms, plants, fungi and animals. In most vertebrates, including humans, melatonin is synthesized primarily in the pineal gland and is regulated by the environmental light/dark cycle via the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Pinealocytes function as 'neuroendocrine transducers' to secrete melatonin during the dark phase of the light/dark cycle and, consequently, melatonin is often called the 'hormone of darkness'. Melatonin is principally secreted at night and is centrally involved in sleep regulation, as well as in a number of other cyclical bodily activities. Melatonin is exclusively involved in signaling the 'time of day' and 'time of year' (hence considered to help both clock and calendar functions) to all tissues and is thus considered to be the body's chronological pacemaker or 'Zeitgeber'. Synthesis of melatonin also occurs in other areas of the body, including the retina, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, bone marrow and in lymphocytes, from which it may influence other physiological functions through paracrine signaling. Melatonin has also been extracted from the seeds and leaves of a number of plants and its concentration in some of this material is several orders of magnitude higher than its night-time plasma value in humans. Melatonin participates in diverse physiological functions. In addition to its timekeeping functions, melatonin is an effective antioxidant which scavenges free radicals and up-regulates several antioxidant enzymes. It also has a strong antiapoptotic signaling function, an effect which it exerts even during ischemia. Melatonin's cytoprotective properties have practical implications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Melatonin also has immune-enhancing and oncostatic properties. Its 'chronobiotic' properties have been shown to have value in treating various circadian rhythm sleep disorders, such as jet lag or shift-work sleep disorder. Melatonin acting as an 'internal sleep facilitator' promotes sleep, and melatonin's sleep-facilitating properties have been found to be useful for treating insomnia symptoms in elderly and depressive patients. A recently introduced melatonin analog, agomelatine, is also efficient for the treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder. Melatonin's role as a 'photoperiodic molecule' in seasonal reproduction has been established in photoperiodic species, although its regulatory influence in humans remains under investigation. Taken together, this evidence implicates melatonin in a broad range of effects with a significant regulatory influence over many of the body's physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Pandi-Perumal
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Srinivasan V, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP, Poeggeler B, Hardeland R. Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Behav Brain Funct 2006; 2:15. [PMID: 16674804 PMCID: PMC1483829 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified as common pathophysiological phenomena associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). As the age-related decline in the production of melatonin may contribute to increased levels of oxidative stress in the elderly, the role of this neuroprotective agent is attracting increasing attention. Melatonin has multiple actions as a regulator of antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, radical scavenger and antagonist of mitochondrial radical formation. The ability of melatonin and its kynuramine metabolites to interact directly with the electron transport chain by increasing the electron flow and reducing electron leakage are unique features by which melatonin is able to increase the survival of neurons under enhanced oxidative stress. Moreover, antifibrillogenic actions have been demonstrated in vitro, also in the presence of profibrillogenic apoE4 or apoE3, and in vivo, in a transgenic mouse model. Amyloid-β toxicity is antagonized by melatonin and one of its kynuramine metabolites. Cytoskeletal disorganization and protein hyperphosphorylation, as induced in several cell-line models, have been attenuated by melatonin, effects comprising stress kinase downregulation and extending to neurotrophin expression. Various experimental models of AD, PD and HD indicate the usefulness of melatonin in antagonizing disease progression and/or mitigating some of the symptoms. Melatonin secretion has been found to be altered in AD and PD. Attempts to compensate for age- and disease-dependent melatonin deficiency have shown that administration of this compound can improve sleep efficiency in AD and PD and, to some extent, cognitive function in AD patients. Exogenous melatonin has also been reported to alleviate behavioral symptoms such as sundowning. Taken together, these findings suggest that melatonin, its analogues and kynuric metabolites may have potential value in prevention and treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kampus Kesihatan, 16150, Kubang kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - SR Pandi-Perumal
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1176 – 5Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - DP Cardinali
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Poeggeler
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - R Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
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Jozsa R, Halberg F, Cornélissen G, Zeman M, Kazsaki J, Csernus V, Katinas GS, Wendt HW, Schwartzkopff O, Stebelova K, Dulkova K, Chibisov SM, Engebretson M, Pan W, Bubenik GA, Nagy G, Herold M, Hardeland R, Hüther G, Pöggeler B, Tarquini R, Perfetto F, Salti R, Olah A, Csokas N, Delmore P, Otsuka K, Bakken EE, Allen J, Amory-Mazaudin C. Chronomics, neuroendocrine feedsidewards and the recording and consulting of nowcasts--forecasts of geomagnetics. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59 Suppl 1:S24-30. [PMID: 16275503 PMCID: PMC2593644 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(05)80006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-center four-hourly sampling of many tissues for 7 days (00:00 on April 5-20:00 to April 11, 2004), on rats standardized for 1 month in two rooms on antiphasic lighting regimens happened to start on the day after the second extremum of a moderate double magnetic storm gauged by the planetary geomagnetic Kp index (which at each extremum reached 6.3 international [arbitrary] units) and by an equatorial index Dst falling to -112 and -81 nT, respectively, the latter on the first day of the sampling. Neuroendocrine chronomes (specifically circadian time structures) differed during magnetically affected and quiet days. The circadian melatonin rhythm had a lower MESOR and lower circadian amplitude and tended to advance in acrophase, while the MESOR and amplitude of the hypothalamic circadian melatonin rhythm were higher during the days with the storm. The circadian parameters of circulating corticosterone were more labile during the days including the storm than during the last three quiet days. Feedsidewards within the pineal-hypothalamic-adrenocortical network constitute a mechanism underlying physiological and probably also pathological associations of the brain and heart with magnetic storms. Investigators in many fields can gain from at least recording calendar dates in any publication so that freely available information on geomagnetic, solar and other physical environmental activity can be looked up. In planning studies and before starting, one may gain from consulting forecasts and the highly reliable nowcasts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jozsa
- University Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Stebelova K, Zeman M, Cornélissen G, Bubenik G, Jozsa R, Hardeland R, Poeggeler B, Huether G, Olah A, Nagy G, Csernus V, Kazsaki J, Pan W, Otsuka K, Bakken EE, Halberg F. Chronomics reveal and quantify circadian rhythmic melatonin in duodenum of rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59 Suppl 1:S209-12. [PMID: 16275496 PMCID: PMC2577083 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(05)80033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A circadian rhythm is documented in duodenal melatonin in rats, peaking 16.8 hours after light onset. This component is more readily detected after log10-transformation of the data. It differs between male and female rats, females having a larger circadian amplitude and an earlier acrophase. The circadian rhythm in duodenal melatonin is also found to lead that of pineal melatonin. The results are qualified by the presence at the start of mapping of the second extremum of a double magnetic storm.
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Zeman M, Józsa R, Cornélissen G, Stebelova K, Bubenik G, Olah A, Poeggeler B, Huether G, Hardeland R, Nagy G, Czernus V, Pan W, Otsuka K, Halberg F. Chronomics: circadian lead of extrapineal vs. pineal melatonin rhythms with an infradian hypothalamic exploration. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59 Suppl 1:S213-9. [PMID: 16275497 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(05)80034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A circadian rhythm is documented for plasma, pineal, and hypothalamic melatonin of male and female rats kept on staggered lighting regimens. Log[_10]-transformation of the data usually normalizes, when need be, the distribution of residuals from the 24-hour cosine curve fits. A tentative circadian acrophase chart is presented that shows a lead in circadian acrophase of duodenal over pineal melatonin. The use of antiphasic lighting regimens facilitates circadian studies that can be carried out for several days, thereby allowing the assessment of infradian components such as a circasemiseptan variation in hypothalamic melatonin documented herein. The results are qualified by the presence of a second extremum of a double magnetic storm at the start of mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zeman
- Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Halberg F, Cornélissen G, Faraone P, Poeggeler B, Hardeland R, Katinas G, Schwartzkopff O, Otsuka K, Bakken EE. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic unicellular chronomics. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59 Suppl 1:S192-202. [PMID: 16275493 PMCID: PMC3082478 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(05)80031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An impeccable time series, published in 1930, consisting of hourly observations on colony advance in a fluid culture of E. coli, was analyzed by a periodogram and power spectrum in 1961. While the original senior author had emphasized specifically periodicity with no estimate of period length, he welcomed further analyses. After consulting his technician, he knew of no environmental periodicity related to human schedules other than an hourly photography. A periodogram analysis in 1961 showed a 20.75-h period. It was emphasized that "... the circadian period disclosed is not of exactly 24-h length." Confirmations notwithstanding, a committee ruled out microbial circadian rhythms based on grounds that could have led to a different conclusion, namely first, the inability of some committee members to see (presumably by eyeballing) the rhythms in their own data, and second, what hardly follows, that there were "too many analyses" in the published papers. Our point in dealing with microbes and humans is that analyses are indispensable for quantification and for discovering a biologically novel spectrum of cyclicities, matching physical ones. The scope of circadian organization estimated in 1961 has become broader, including about 7-day, about half-yearly, about-yearly and ex-yearly and decadal periodisms, among others. Microbial circadians have become a field of their own with eyeballing, yet time-microscopy can quantify characteristics with their uncertainties and can assess broad chronomes (time structures) with features beyond circadians. As yet only suggestive differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes further broaden the perspective and may lead to life's sites of origin and to new temporal aspects of life's development as a chronomic tree by eventual rhythm dating in ontogeny and phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Halberg
- Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 8609, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Corresponding authors. E-mail address: corne001 @umn.edu(G. Cornélissen); (F. Halberg). Website: http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg
| | - G. Cornélissen
- Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 8609, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Corresponding authors. E-mail address: corne001 @umn.edu(G. Cornélissen); (F. Halberg). Website: http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg
| | | | | | | | - G. Katinas
- Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 8609, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - O. Schwartzkopff
- Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 8609, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - K. Otsuka
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E. E. Bakken
- North Hawaii Community Hospital, Kamuela, HI, USA
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Poeggeler B, Cornélissen G, Huether G, Hardeland R, Józsa R, Zeman M, Stebelova K, Oláh A, Bubenik G, Pan W, Otsuka K, Schwartzkopff O, Bakken EE, Halberg F. Chronomics affirm extending scope of lead in phase of duodenal vs. pineal circadian melatonin rhythms. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59 Suppl 1:S220-4. [PMID: 16275498 PMCID: PMC2662383 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(05)80035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In Göttingen, Germany, circadian variations in melatonin had been determined time-macroscopically in pineal glands, blood plasma and duodenum of chicken and rats. When these data were meta-analyzed, they agreed with the results from an independent survey on tissues from rats collected in a laboratory in Pécs, Hungary. In the latter study, tissues were analyzed chemically in Bratislava, Slovakia, and numerically in Minneapolis, MN, USA, all by single- and multiple-component cosinor and parameter tests. In rats and chickens, these inferential statistical procedures clearly demonstrated a lead in phase of the 24-h cosine curves best fitting all of the duodenal vs. those best fitting all of the pineal melatonin values in each species in 2 geographic (geomagnetic) locations. The 24-h cosine curve of circulating melatonin was found to be in an intermediate phase position. Mechanisms of the phase differences and the contribution of gastrointestinal melatonin to circulating hormone concentrations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Poeggeler
- Institute of Zoology, Anthropology and Developmental Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
The pineal product melatonin has remarkable antioxidant properties. It scavenges hydroxyl, carbonate and various organic radicals, peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species. Melatonyl radicals formed by scavenging combine with and, thereby, detoxify superoxide anions in processes terminating the radical reaction chains. Melatonin also enhances the antioxidant potential of the cell by stimulating the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, and by augmenting glutathione levels. The decline in melatonin production in aged individuals has been suggested as one of the primary contributing factors for the development of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., Alzheimer's disease. Melatonin has been shown to be effective in arresting neurodegenerative phenomena seen in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism and ischemic stroke. Melatonin preserves mitochondrial homeostasis, reduces free radical generation, e.g., by enhancing mitochondrial glutathione levels, and safeguards proton potential and ATP synthesis by stimulating complex I and IV activities. Therapeutic trials with melatonin have been effective in slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease but not of Parkinson's disease. Melatonin's efficacy in combating free radical damage in the brain suggests that it may be a valuable therapeutic agent in the treatment of cerebral edema after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kampus Kesihatan, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Zsizsik BK, Hardeland R. Formation of kynurenic and xanthurenic acids from kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine in the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum: role of a novel, oxidative pathway. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 133:383-92. [PMID: 12379423 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (syn. Gonyaulax polyedra) was used as a model organism for studying the effects of high and low physiological oxidative stress on the formation of kynurenic and xanthurenic acids from kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine. Cell were incubated with the precursors and exposed to light (high physiological stress due to photosynthetically formed oxidants) or kept in darkness (low stress). In cultures of less than 0.5 ml cell volume/l of medium, cells took up approximately one half of 0.1 mM extracellular kynurenine within 18 h. The amino acid was partially converted to kynurenic acid, most of which was released to the medium; however, intracellular concentrations of the product were by approximately 10-fold higher than extracellular levels. Rates of kynurenic acid release exceeded by far those explained by kynurenine and tryptophan aminotransferase activities, the latter representing an additional source of kynurenic acid formation via indole-3-pyruvic acid. Light enhanced the release of kynurenic acid by approximately 4-fold; these rates were further increased by exposure to continuous light. Diurnal rhythmicity of kynurenic acid release was clearly exogenous and did not match with the circadian pattern of kynurenine or tryptophan aminotransferase activities; no rhythm was detected in constant darkness. Similar findings were obtained on turnover of 3-hydroxykynurenine to xanthurenic acid and release of the product to the medium. However, light/dark differences were relatively smaller, and additional products were formed, according to HPLC data obtained with electrochemical detection. Results are most easily explained on the basis of a recently discovered pathway of kynurenic acid formation from kynurenine, involving either non-enzymatic oxidation by H(2)O(2) or, at higher rates, enzymatic catalysis by hemoperoxidase. A corresponding mechanism may exist for the hydroxylated analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Zsizsik
- Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Burkhardt S, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Hardeland R, Reiter RJ. Detection and quantification of the antioxidant melatonin in Montmorency and Balaton tart cherries (Prunus cerasus). J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:4898-902. [PMID: 11600041 DOI: 10.1021/jf010321+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant melatonin was recently identified in a variety of edible plants and seeds in high concentrations. In plants, as in animals, melatonin is believed to function as a free radical scavenger and possibly in photoperiodism. In this study, melatonin was detected and quantified in fresh-frozen Balaton and Montmorency tart cherries (Prunus cerasus) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Both cherry species contain high levels of melatonin compared to the melatonin concentrations in the blood of mammals. Montmorency cherries (13.46 +/- 1.10 ng/g) contain approximately 6 times more melatonin than do Balaton cherries (2.06 +/- 0.17 ng/g). Neither the orchard of origin nor the time of harvest influenced the amount of melatonin in fresh cherries. The implication of the current findings is that consuming cherries could be an important source of dietary melatonin inasmuch as melatonin is readily absorbed when taken orally. Also, previously published data and the results presented here show that melatonin is not only endogenously produced but also present in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Burkhardt
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Mail Code 7762, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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Tan DX, Manchester LC, Burkhardt S, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Kohen R, Shohami E, Huo YS, Hardeland R, Reiter RJ. N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, a biogenic amine and melatonin metabolite, functions as a potent antioxidant. FASEB J 2001; 15:2294-6. [PMID: 11511530 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0309fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic amine The biogenic amine N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) was investigated for its potential antioxidative capacity. AFMK is a metabolite generated through either an enzymatic or a chemical reaction pathway from melatonin. The physiological function of AFMK remains unknown. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document the potent antioxidant action of this biogenic amine. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows that AFMK donates two electrons at potentials of 456 mV and 668 mV, and therefore it functions as a reductive force. This function contrasts with all other physiological antioxidants that donate a single electron only when they neutralize free radicals. AFMK reduced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation induced by the incubation of DNA with oxidants significantly. Lipid peroxidation resulting from free radical damage to rat liver homogenates was also prevented by the addition of AFMK. The inhibitory effects of AFMK on both DNA and lipid damage appear to be dose-response related. In cell culture, AFMK efficiently reduced hippocampal neuronal death induced by either hydrogen peroxide, glutamate, or amyloid b25-35 peptide. AFMK is a naturally occurring molecule with potent free radical scavenging capacity (donating two electrons/molecule) and thus may be a valuable new antioxidant for preventing and treating free radical-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D X Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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Coto-Montes A, Tomás-Zapico C, Rodríguez-Colunga MJ, Tolivia-Cadrecha D, Martínez-Fraga J, Hardeland R, Tolivia D. Effects of the circadian mutation 'tau' on the Harderian glands of Syrian hamsters. J Cell Biochem 2001; 83:426-34. [PMID: 11596111 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Syrian hamster Harderian gland (HG) is an organ continually exposed to oxidative stress caused by high concentrations of porphyric metabolites. According to previous studies, melatonin, which is rhythmically secreted by the pineal gland and tonically produced by the HG, antagonizes the oxidative damage. HGs exhibit a strong gender-dependent correlation between porphyrins, melatonin, and histological appearance. In HGs of both sexes, we have investigated effects of a single gene defect in the circadian clock system (tau mutation) causing a shortened free-running period and an advanced maximum of circulating melatonin. Comparisons were made with wild-type animals, one group of which received daily pharmacological injections of melatonin in late photophase. Changes were observed in histological characteristics, porphyrin content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and damage of proteins and lipids. HGs of tau hamsters showed morphological changes which can be partially interpreted in terms of increased damage. Additionally, tau females exhibited a many-fold augmentation in the percentage of so-called type II cells, which are otherwise typical for the male glands. In tau hamsters of both sexes, major antioxidative enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase) were markedly enhanced, a presumably compensatory response to increased oxidative stress. Higher oxidative damage in tau HGs was directly demonstrable by a many-fold increase in protein carbonyl. Rises in antioxidative enzymes were also observed upon injections of melatonin; this was, however, not accompanied by changes in protein carbonyl, so that enzyme inductions by the hormone should be understood as protective actions. Our data are not only in accordance with findings on protective effects by melatonin, but also with our earlier observation made in Drosophila that perturbations in the circadian system lead to increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coto-Montes
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Burkhardt S, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Hardeland R, Cabrera J, Karbownik M. DNA oxidatively damaged by chromium(III) and H(2)O(2) is protected by the antioxidants melatonin, N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, resveratrol and uric acid. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001; 33:775-83. [PMID: 11404181 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(01)00052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) compounds are widely used industrial chemicals and well known carcinogens. Cr(III) was earlier found to induce oxidative damage as documented by examining the levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), an index for DNA damage, in isolated calf thymus DNA incubated with CrCl(3) and H(2)O(2). In the present in vitro study, we compared the ability of the free radical scavengers melatonin, N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), resveratrol and uric acid to reduce DNA damage induced by Cr(III). Each of these scavengers markedly reduced the DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. The concentrations that reduced 8-OH-dG formation by 50% (IC(50)) were 0.10 microM for both resveratrol and melatonin, and 0.27 microM for AFMK. However, the efficacy of the fourth endogenous antioxidant, i.e. uric acid, in terms of its inhibition of DNA damage in the same in vitro system was about 60--150 times less effective than the other scavengers; the IC(50) for uric acid was 15.24 microM. These findings suggest that three of the four antioxidants tested in these studies may have utility in protecting against the environmental pollutant Cr and that the protective effects of these free radical scavengers against Cr(III)-induced carcinogenesis may relate to their direct hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. In the present study, the formation of 8-OH-dG was likely due to a Cr(III)-mediated Fenton-type reaction that generates hydroxyl radicals, which in turn damage DNA. Once formed, 8-OH-dG can mutate eventually leading to cancer; thus the implication is that these antioxidants may reduce the incidence of Cr-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Burkhardt
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Mail Code 7762, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78299-3900, USA
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Maliszewska M, Mäder M, Schöll U, Azeh I, Hardeland R, Felgenhauer K, Beuche W, Weber F. Development of an ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay for the determination of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels in normal human cerebrospinal fluid. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 116:233-7. [PMID: 11438179 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Determination of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to study blood-brain barrier impairment and immune cell migration in inflammatory neurological diseases recently became a matter of major interest. Regularly, MMP-9 was determined qualitatively or semi-quantitatively by zymography (gelatin gel electrophoresis) or quantitatively by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). As yet, it was not possible by either method to detect MMP-9 in CSF of controls (patients without pathologically increased CSF parameters). We developed an ultrasensitive two-side enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which allows for the first time to measure reliably MMP-9 concentrations in CSF of controls. This ELISA uses a monoclonal as capture and a polyclonal as detector antibody. The detection limit of the assay is below 10 pg/ml and the assay range is 15-2000 pg/ml. Intra-assay precision is 2.5% for low and 3.7% for high, inter-assay precision is 11% for low and 10.7% for high values, respectively. The determination of the MMP-9 concentration in 50 control CSF gave the following results: range, 22-146 pg/ml; median, 76 pg/ml. The measurement of native and recombinant MMP-9 was carried out with three commercially available ELISAs, most widely employed in MMP-9 research, and compared to the newly developed one. All ELISAs recognize recombinant MMP-9 by factors of 5-20 less sensitively than native MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maliszewska
- Department of Neurology, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Felkel C, Schöll U, Mäder M, Schwartz P, Felgenhauer K, Hardeland R, Beuche W, Weber F. Migration of human granulocytes through reconstituted basement membrane is not dependent on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). J Neuroimmunol 2001; 116:49-55. [PMID: 11311329 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transmigration of human granulocytes across a basal lamina equivalent was studied in vitro. Transwell inserts were coated with Matrigel, a reconstituted basement membrane. Granulocytes (2x10(6)) were applied to the upper chamber. As chemoattractant interleukin-8 (IL-8; 25 ng/ml) was added to the lower chamber. After 1 h of migration, cells were counted in the lower chamber. Specific hydroxamate inhibitors of MMPs (BB-3103, Ro 31-9790) or of serine proteases (Pefabloc, leupeptin) were added at various concentrations to both chambers before the start of migration. Additional experiments were performed with alpha(2)-macroglobulin, a natural inhibitor of MMPs and a monoclonal antibody which specifically blocks the activity of MMP-9. Migration of granulocytes through Matrigel could not be reduced significantly by any of the MMP inhibitors. A dose-dependent impairment of transmigration was only found with Pefabloc, however, this substance also induced severe morphological changes of the cells. The other inhibitor of serine proteases, leupeptin, did not influence migration at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Felkel
- Department of Neurology, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Tomás-Zapico C, Rodríguez-Colunga MJ, Martínez-Fraga J, Tolivia-Cadrecha D, Menéndez G, Hardeland R, Tolivia D. Porphyric enzymes in hamster Harderian gland, a model of damage by porphyrins and their precursors. A chronobiological study on the role of sex differences. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 134:135-49. [PMID: 11311210 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Syrian hamster Harderian gland (HG), representing a highly porphyrogenic organ, was used as a model system for studying physiologically occurring damage of biomolecules by porphyrins and their precursors, phenomena associated with from the pathological situation of porphyrias. The species used exhibits the peculiarity of much higher porphyrogenesis in females than in males, offering possibilities for comparison of effects by different porphyrin levels in one species. Since concentrations of free, and therefore, radical-generating porphyric metabolites are difficult to determine in the presence of high amounts of secreted and crystallizing porphyrins, which are, moreover, mainly surface-reactive, and since indications existed for temporal changes in the oxidative stress caused by these molecules, the following approach was chosen: in HGs of both females and males, activities of the relevant porphyric enzymes, delta-aminolevulinate synthase (ALA-S), delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D), were determined throughout the circadian cycle. Results were compared with the temporal patterns of lipid peroxidation and protein damage in the same glands. In females, a strong correspondence was observed between protein carbonyl and lipid peroxidation, peaking at the end of both photophase and scotophase; maximal activities of the three porphyric enzymes ALA-S, ALA-D, and PBG-D either coincided or slightly preceded the peaks of oxidative damage. In males, lower enzyme activities, especially in PBG-D, were associated with weakly expressed rhythmicity. Correspondingly, lipid peroxidation was lower and exhibited a smaller rhythm amplitude; protein carbonyl of males showed a temporal pattern differing from that of females, with regard to amplitude and phasing. These data are in agreement with morphological observations demonstrating particularly severe cell damage in the female HG under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coto-Montes
- Departamento de Moifología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n, E-33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Tomás-Zapico C, Rodríguez-Colunga MJ, Martínez-Fraga J, Tolivia-Cadrecha D, Menéndez G, Hardeland R, Tolivia D. Physiological oxidative stress model: Syrian hamster Harderian gland-sex differences in antioxidant enzymes. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30:785-92. [PMID: 11275478 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Syrian hamster Harderian gland, a juxtaorbital organ exhibiting marked gender-associated differences in contents of porphyrins and melatonin, was used as a model system for comparing strong (in females) and moderate (in males) physiological oxidative stress. Histological differences showing much higher cell damage in females were studied in conjunction with lipid peroxidation and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Lipid peroxidation and enzyme activities were measured throughout the circadian cycle, revealing the importance of dynamical processes in oxidative stress. Especially in lipid peroxidation and in catalase, short-lasting rises exhibited strongest gender differences. Peaks of lipid peroxidation were about three times higher in females, compared to males. Catalase peaks of females exceeded those in males by several hundred-fold. Average levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were about three or two times higher in females, respectively. A clear-cut diurnally peaking rhythm was found in glutathione peroxidase of females, which was not apparent in males. Glutathione reductase showed differences in time patterns, but less in average activities. The time courses of lipid peroxidation and of protective enzymes are not explained by circulating melatonin, whereas melatonin formed in the Harderian gland should contribute to differences in average levels. Neither damage nor antioxidative defense simply reflect the illumination cycle and are, therefore, not only a consequence of photoreactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coto-Montes
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Hardeland R, Burkhardt S, Antolín I, Fuhrberg B, Coto-Montes A. Melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine in the bioluminescent dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra. Restoration of the circadian glow peak after suppression of indoleamine biosynthesis or oxidative stress. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 460:387-90. [PMID: 10810538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Hardeland
- Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany
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