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Pathak R, Sarin R, Wadasadawala T, Krishnamurthy R, Karmakar S, Khandavalli A. Largest Real-World Data of Regional Nodal Irradiation Using Ultra-Hypofractionated 5-Fraction Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer from a Single Institute in India. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:S7. [PMID: 37784555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Safety data for ultra-hypofractionated (UHFRT) 5-daily fractions of the supraclavicular fossa (SCF) radiation therapy (RT) have been reported only on 384 patients treated in trial setting in UK-FAST-Forward (n = 286) and HYPORT study (n = 98). Internal Mammary nodal (IMN) RT has been reported only in 6 patients from HYPORT study. We report acute and late toxicities in largest real world regional nodal irradiation (RNI) cohort of not only with 5-daily but also with 5-weekly once RT regimen. MATERIALS/METHODS Of 1435 patients (1463 breasts) who received 5-fraction RT in an IEC approved registry and prospectively followed, we report 999 consecutive cases receiving RNI with a median age of 49 years (IQR:42-56years). During pandemic all patients were treated with 5-fr regimens only to limit hospital visits whereas prior to and subsequently only in patients with advanced age or with issues precluding daily 15-20 treatments. Of these, 431 (43.1%) had locally advanced BC, and 280 (28%) patients presented with ≥cN2 disease. Median cT and pT sizes were 4cm (IQR:3-6cm) and 2.8cm (IQR:1.5-4cm) respectively. Tumor was Her2 positive in 290(29%) and TNBC in 220(22%). Of these 999 cases, 611 received NACT, 647 had mastectomy and 351 had breast conserving surgery (BCS). Simultaneous integrated tumor bed boost (SIB) was given in 341 (97.1%) of BCS cases. RESULTS The fractionation used was 26 Gy/5-daily fractions (SIB = 32 Gy) in 762 and 28.5 Gy/ 5 once weekly fractionation (SIB = 33 Gy) in 232 cases. RNI included SCF in all 999 and IMN in 168 patients. Of the 831 cases not requiring IMN RT, 573 (70.4%) had 3D conformal RT (n = 573/831,70.4%) whereas Inverse-planned intensity modulated RT was used in 152/168 (90.4%) patients requiring IMN RT. All Mono-isocentric technique was used for all RNI cases treated with 3D CRT. Nearly half of the patients treated with SIB received additional boost dose with electrons (50.5%) and the remaining with IMRT. In these 999 patients treated with UHFRT the peak RTOG grade ≥II skin and pharyngeal toxicity was 7.2% and 8.1% respectively. Among the 341 BCS cases who received SIB with UHFRT, the RTOG acute grade II and III skin toxicity was seen in 6.6% and 0.3% cases respectively. The maximum skin toxicity at 2 weeks after completion of RT of grade ≥II was significantly higher with 5-weekly compared to daily regimen (16.1 vs 4.6, p<0.01). In contrast, the maximum pharyngeal toxicity of grade ≥II was significantly higher with 5-daily compared to weekly fractionation (8.8% vs 5.2%, p = 0.04). At median follow-up of 25 months (CI:23.6-26.3 months), none of our patients had developed symptomatic radiation pneumonitis, brachial plexopathy or any major cardiac event. CONCLUSION Five-fraction adjuvant breast cancer RT is well tolerated with low acute toxicity burden even among patients requiring regional nodal irradiation. No brachial plexopathy was observed in cases treated with mono-isocentric RNI but longer follow-up is required to inform about the late toxicities and locoregional control rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pathak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - R Sarin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - T Wadasadawala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - R Krishnamurthy
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - S Karmakar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kokilaben Dhirubai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - A Khandavalli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Wadasadawala T, Anup A, Johnny C, Sarin R, Pathak R, Krishnamurthy R, Gupta S, Parmar V, Ghosh J, Bajpai J, Gulia S. A Pilot Study of CONcurrent ChEmotherapy and RadioTherapy in Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer (CONCERT). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sathikumaran R, Madhuvandhi J, Priya KK, Sridevi A, Krishnamurthy R, Thilagam H. Evaluation of benzo[a]pyrene-induced toxicity in the estuarine thornfish Therapon jarbua. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:720-727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Siddhi PS, Rayasandra G, Plant AJ, Krishnamurthy R, Bhaduri A, Muhammed BJ. COVID-19 in a Preterm- Leading to Remodelling of Care. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:759. [PMID: 32594429 PMCID: PMC7320240 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P S Siddhi
- Department of Neonatology, Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall, UK.
| | - G Rayasandra
- Department of Neonatology, Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall, UK
| | - A J Plant
- Department of Neonatology, Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall, UK
| | - R Krishnamurthy
- Department of Neonatology, Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall, UK
| | - A Bhaduri
- Department of Neonatology, Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall, UK
| | - B J Muhammed
- Department of Neonatology, Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall, UK
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Korzynska D, Krishnamurthy R. Case study: abdominal functional electrical stimulation to enhance lung function in quadriplegia. Physiotherapy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2020.03.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Patel P, Rajkumar B, Parmar P, Shah R, Krishnamurthy R. Assessment of genetic diversity in Colletotrichum falcatum Went accessions based on RAPD and ISSR markers. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:153-159. [PMID: 30647717 PMCID: PMC6296630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sugarcane is susceptible to red rot disease caused by phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum falcatum Went which ultimately affect the economy of farmers as well as sugar based industry. One of the various ways to control this devastating disease is to develop disease resistance sugarcane cultivar and this requires the complete understanding of genetic makeup of pathogen. Although South Gujarat is well known sugarcane cultivating area, less published data can be found about PCR-based genetic diversity in prevalent C. falcatum accessions. So, present investigation aims at finding molecular variation among the ten accessions of C. falcatum using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers. A total of 35 RAPD and 39 ISSR primers were screened across 10 C. falcatum accessions, of which 15 RAPD and 21 ISSR primers have showed consistent amplification. Statistics related to genetic variation were estimated using NTSYS-PC by means of Dice's coefficient. The results revealed 80.6% and 68.07% polymorphism and similarity coefficient ranged from 0.43 to 0.91 and 0.73 to 0.93 in RPAD and ISSR analysis respectively. The dendrogram generated using RAPD, ISSR and combined RAPD-ISSR grouped accessions into different clusters which reveal considerable level molecular variation among the C. falcatum accessions. It is also evident from PCA plots that accessions are rather dispersed with tested marker systems indicating good genetic base. So, in nut shell, we found considerable genetic variation and relatedness within C. falcatum accessions collected from different areas of south Gujarat, India using RAPD and ISSR markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prittesh Patel
- C G Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Gujarat 394350, India
| | - B.K. Rajkumar
- Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agriculture University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Preeti Parmar
- Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agriculture University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Rusabh Shah
- C G Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Gujarat 394350, India
| | - R. Krishnamurthy
- C G Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Gujarat 394350, India
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Chakraborty D, Anandhanarayanan K, Raj A, Shah V, Krishnamurthy R. Separation Dynamics of Air-to-Air Missile and Validation with Flight Data. DEFENCE SCI J 2017. [DOI: 10.14429/dsj.68.11480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
<p class="p1">Prediction of flight characteristics of a store in the vicinity of an aircraft is vitally important for ensuring the safety of the aircraft and effectiveness of the store to meet the mission objective. Separation dynamics of an agile air-to-air-Missile from a fighter aircraft is numerically simulated using an integrated store separation dynamics suite. Chimera cloud of points along with a grid-free Euler solver is used to obtain aerodynamic force on the missile and the force is integrated using a rigid body dynamics code to obtain the missile position. In the present work, the suite is applied to a flight test case and sensitivity of trajectory variables on launch parameters is studied. Further, the results of the suite are compared with the flight data. The predicted body rates and Euler angles of missile compare well with the flight data.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S.-L. Shieh
- Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, EG&G Idaho, Inc. P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415
| | - R. Krishnamurthy
- Pacific Nuclear, 1111 Pasquinelli Drive, Suite 100, Westmont, Illinois 60559
| | - V. H. Ransom
- Purdue University, Department of Nuclear Engineering West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Wadasadawala T, Krishnamurthy R, Gayake U, Phurailatpam R, Paul S, Sarin R. PO-0923: Does catheter entry-exit dosimetry correlate with grade of skin marks after breast brachytherapy? Radiother Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(17)31360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Naik A, Prajapat P, Krishnamurthy R, Pathak JM. Assessment of genetic diversity in Costus pictus accessions based on RAPD and ISSR markers. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:70. [PMID: 28452016 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Costus pictus, belonging to the family Costaceae, is one of the valuable medicinal plants with its anti-diabetic property. Despite ever-increasing demand from the pharmaceutical industry, this species is being less exploited at molecular level. Hence, an effort has been made in the present study to characterize the 15 accessions of C. pictus collected from different geographical regions of India through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. A total of 25 RAPD and 20 ISSR primers were used in the present study. The RAPD analysis generated 343 loci, of which 124 were polymorphic with an average of 4.96 loci per primer. While, ISSR primers produced 177 loci, of which 77 were polymorphic with an average of 3.85 loci per primer. The similarity coefficients ranged from 0.86-0.99, 0.84-0.95 and 0.86-0.96 for RAPD, ISSR and combined RAPD-ISSR, respectively. The UPGMA dendrogram generated using these data showed low level of divergence among the accessions from South and West regions. Further, accession-specific bands were also revealed by RAPD and ISSR markers which might be contributed to specific trait. This investigation was an understanding of genetic variation within the C. pictus accessions. The present finding indicates that both the marker tools RAPD and ISSR combined or individually can be used in determining the genetic relationship between the accessions. It may be concluded that data of hereditary differences appeared among the C. pictus accessions could be utilized for their conservation and reproducing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Naik
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadia, Surat, Gujarat, 396350, India
| | - Pravin Prajapat
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Gujarat, 387310, India
| | - R Krishnamurthy
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadia, Surat, Gujarat, 396350, India.
| | - J M Pathak
- Zandu Foundation for Health Care, Pardi, Valsad, Gujarat, 396145, India
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Balan ASS, Vijayaraghavan L, Krishnamurthy R, Kuppan P, Oyyaravelu R. An experimental assessment on the performance of different lubrication techniques in grinding of Inconel 751. J Adv Res 2016; 7:709-18. [PMID: 27621941 PMCID: PMC5007657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of emulsion for combined heat extraction and lubrication requires continuous monitoring of the quality of emulsion to sustain a desired grinding environment; this is applicable to other grinding fluids as well. Thus to sustain a controlled grinding environment, it is necessary to adopt an effectively lubricated wheel-work interface. The current study was undertaken to assess experimentally the effects of different grinding environments such as dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and Cryo-MQL on performance, such as grinding force, temperature, surface roughness and chip morphology on Inconel 751, a higher heat resistance material posing thermal problems and wheel loading. The results show that grinding with the combination of both liquid nitrogen (LN2) and MQL lowers temperature, cutting forces, and surface roughness as compared with MQL and dry grinding. Specific cutting energy is widely used as an inverse measure of process efficiency in machining. It is found from the results that specific cutting energy of Cryo-MQL assisted grinding is 50–65% lower than conventional dry grinding. The grindability of Inconel 751 superalloy can be enhanced with Cryo-MQL condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S S Balan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - L Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - R Krishnamurthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - P Kuppan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - R Oyyaravelu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
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13
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Chandrashekara S, Rajendran A, Bai Jaganath A, Krishnamurthy R. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, pain perception, and disease activity score may serve as important predictive markers for sustained remission in rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatismo 2015; 67:109-15. [PMID: 26876190 DOI: 10.4081/reumatismo.2015.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of new treatment strategies based on current recommendations has enabled a greater number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to achieve remission. However, there are no definite predictors of sustained remission. Moreover, the absence of clear consensus on the time of withdrawal or reduction of treatment further adds to the treatment burden. This pilot study was intended to evaluate the prognostic potential of various RA-related parameters. All the enrolled subjects (n=124) were clinically evaluated on the basis of various parameters including age, gender, duration of illness before the initiation of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, tender and swollen joints (28 joints), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin percentage, lymphocyte count, total white-blood cell counts, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Student's t-test and discriminant function analysis were performed. The specificity of all parameters and their best possible cut-off to predict relapse were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. A significant difference in terms of pain perception, NLR, tendency to have a significant tender joint count and absolute lymphocyte counts was identified between the patients in sustained remission and those in relapse. The ROC analysis indicated that NLR was consistent in predicting remission. CRP, ESR, and/or disease activity score may not be very effective in differentiating patients with sustainable remission/low disease activity. NLR along with patient's perception of pain may assist in predicting sustained remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandrashekara
- ChanRe Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Basaweswaranagar, Bangalore.
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Al-Shorbaji N, Haux R, Krishnamurthy R, Marschollek M, Mattfeld DC, Bartolomeos K, Reynolds TA. Road Traffic Related Injury Research and Informatics. New Opportunities for Biomedical and Health Informatics as a Contribution to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals? Methods Inf Med 2015; 54:474-6. [PMID: 26395205 DOI: 10.3414/me15-05-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The United Nations has recently adopted 17 sustainable development goals for 2030, including ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages, and making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Road injuries remain among the ten leading causes of death in the world, and are projected to increase with rapidly increasing motorisation globally. Lack of comprehensive data on road injuries has been identified as one of the barriers for effective implementation of proven road safety interventions. Building, linking and analysing electronic patient records in conjunction with establishing injury event and care registries can substantially contribute to healthy lives and safe transportation. Appropriate use of new technological approaches and health informatics best practices could provide significant added value to WHO's global road safety work and assist Member States in identifying prevention targets, monitoring progress and improving quality of care to reduce injury-related deaths. This paper encourages the initiation of new multidisciplinary research at a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Haux
- Prof. Dr. Reinhold Haux, E-mail:
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Krishnamurthy R. MO-DE-207-04. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4925348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Hahn G, Kunze C, Bhargava R, Fleck R, Krishnamurthy R, Burrowes D, Sutter G, Santiuste M, Mentzel H. Multizentrische, offeneStudie zu Pharmakokinetik und Sicherheit bei Kindern unter 2 Jahren nach kontrastverstärkter MRT mit i.v.-Injektion einer gewichtsadaptierten Standarddosis Gadobutrol. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1551132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
An intramolecular nucleosidation approach, using orotate as a leaving group, provides easy access to orotidine in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.-K. Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- The Scripps Research Institute
- California
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Samuel BS, Krishnamurthy R, Rajasekaran R. Effect of L-aspartic acid on the growth, structure and spectral studies of Zinc (tris) Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) single crystals. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 132:526-532. [PMID: 24892530 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single crystals of pure and L-aspartic acid doped Zinc (Tris) Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) were grown from aqueous solution by solution growth method. The cell parameters and structure of the grown crystals were determined by X-ray diffraction studies. The presence of functional group in the compound has been confirmed by FTIR and FT-Raman analysis. The optical transparency range has been studied through UV-Vis spectroscopy. TGA/DTA studies show thermal stability of the grown crystals. Microhardness study reveals that the hardness number (Hv) increases with load for pure and doped ZTS crystals. Dielectric studies have been carried out and the results are discussed. The second harmonic generation was confirmed for l-aspartic acid doped ZTS which is greater than pure ZTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bincy Susan Samuel
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; Department of Physics, SKP Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai 606 611, India
| | - R Krishnamurthy
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; Department of Physics, SKP Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai 606 611, India.
| | - R Rajasekaran
- Govt. Arts and Science College, Viruthachalam, India
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Abstract
Microwave-assisted phosphitylation of nucleosides is an efficient method for the preparation of phosphoramidites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Meher
- Department of Chemistry
- The Scripps Research Institute
- La Jolla, USA
| | - T. Efthymiou
- Department of Chemistry
- The Scripps Research Institute
- La Jolla, USA
| | - M. Stoop
- Department of Chemistry
- The Scripps Research Institute
- La Jolla, USA
| | - R. Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemistry
- The Scripps Research Institute
- La Jolla, USA
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Arora K, Shah V, Anandhanarayanan K, Krishnamurthy R, Chakraborty D. Influence of Aircraft Flow Field on the Longitudinal Stability of a Missile. DEFENCE SCI J 2013. [DOI: 10.14429/dsj.63.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Krishnamurthy R, Hernandez A, Kavuk S, Annam A, Pimpalwar S. Dynamic magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL): a new technique to image the central conducting lymphatics (CCL). J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Krishnamurthy R, Rajasekaran R, Samuel BS. Growth and characterization of KDP crystals doped with L-aspartic acid. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 104:310-314. [PMID: 23274258 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) doped with L-aspartic acid has been grown by solvent slow evaporation technique from a mixture of aqueous solution of KDP and 0.7% of L-aspartic acid at room temperature. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, UV-visible, FTIR analysis. The doping of aspartic acid was confirmed by FTIR spectrum. The Nonlinear optical property (SHG) of L-aspartic acid doped KDP has been confirmed. Microhardness studies were carried out on the grown crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnamurthy
- Physics Department, SKP Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai 606 611, India.
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Santos XM, Krishnamurthy R, Bercaw-Pratt JL, Dietrich JE. The utility of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging versus surgery for the characterization of müllerian anomalies in the pediatric and adolescent population. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012; 25:181-4. [PMID: 22357190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of transabdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of American Society for Reproductive Medicine (†)(ASRM)-classified müllerian anomalies compared to surgical findings in the pediatric and adolescent population. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Tertiary academic center. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-eight patients with müllerian anomalies seen in our pediatric and adolescent gynecology clinic were identified both on the basis of ICD-9 codes and having magnetic resonance imaging at Texas Children's Hospital between 2004 and 2009. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE Correlation among transabdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings with surgical findings. RESULTS Mean age was 12.2 (± 4.1) years. Twenty-eight patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging and required surgical intervention, and 88.5% demonstrated correlative consistency with surgical findings. Twenty-two patients underwent ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgery, which revealed consistency among ultrasound and surgical findings (59.1%) and consistency among magnetic resonance imaging and surgical findings (90.9%). In ASRM diagnoses evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, surgical findings correlated in 92% (Pearson 0.89). Overall, 55.2% of patients had a renal malformation. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard imaging modality for müllerian anomalies and is an effective technique for noninvasive evaluation and accurate classification of the type of anomaly in the pediatric and adolescent population. Magnetic resonance imaging should be considered as an adjunct to transabdominal ultrasound to evaluate müllerian anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Santos
- Section of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Samson SL, Sathyanarayana P, Jogi M, Gonzalez EV, Gutierrez A, Krishnamurthy R, Muthupillai R, Chan L, Bajaj M. Exenatide decreases hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a mouse model of obesity and in a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2011; 54:3093-100. [PMID: 21956711 PMCID: PMC3658171 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Systemic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21 levels and hepatic FGF21 production are increased in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients, suggesting FGF21 resistance. We examined the effects of exenatide on FGF21 in patients with type 2 diabetes and in a diet-induced mouse model of obesity (DIO). METHODS Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (n = 24) on diet and/or metformin were randomised (using a table of random numbers) to receive additional treatment consisting of pioglitazone 45 mg/day or combined therapy with pioglitazone (45 mg/day) and exenatide (10 μg twice daily) for 12 months in an open label parallel study at the Baylor Clinic. RESULTS Twenty-one patients completed the entire study and were included in the analysis. Pioglitazone treatment (n = 10) reduced hepatic fat as assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, despite a significant increase in body weight (Δ = 3.7 kg); plasma FGF21 levels did not change (1.9 ± 0.6 to 2.2 ± 0.6 ng/ml [mean ± SEM]). However, combined pioglitazone and exenatide therapy (n = 11) was associated with a significant reduction of FGF21 levels (2.3 ± 0.5 to 1.1 ± 0.3 ng/ml) and a greater decrease in hepatic fat. Besides weight gain observed in the pioglitazone-treated patients, lower extremity oedema was observed as a side effect in two of the ten patients. Three patients who received pioglitazone and exenatide combination therapy complained of significant nausea that was self-limiting and did not require them to leave the study. In DIO mice, exendin-4 for 4 weeks significantly reduced hepatic triacylglycerol content, decreased hepatic FGF21 protein and mRNA, and enhanced phosphorylation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, although no significant difference in weight and body fat was observed. Hepatic FGF21 correlated inversely with hepatic AMPK phosphorylation CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In type 2 diabetes mellitus, combined pioglitazone and exenatide therapy is associated with a reduction in plasma FGF21 levels, as well as a greater decrease in hepatic fat than that achieved with pioglitazone therapy. In DIO mice, exendin-4 treatment reduces hepatic triacylglycerol and FGF21 protein, and enhances hepatic AMPK phosphorylation, suggesting an improvement of hepatic FGF21 resistance. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 01432405.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Samson
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology Division, Baylor College of Medicine, 1709 Dryden Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Fraley SI, Feng Y, Krishnamurthy R, Kim DH, Celedon A, Longmore GD, Wirtz D. A distinctive role for focal adhesion proteins in three-dimensional cell motility. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:598-604. [PMID: 20473295 PMCID: PMC3116660 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesions are large multi-protein assemblies that form at the basal surface of cells on planar dishes, and that mediate cell signalling, force transduction and adhesion to the substratum. Although much is known about focal adhesion components in two-dimensional (2D) systems, their role in migrating cells in a more physiological three-dimensional (3D) matrix is largely unknown. Live-cell microscopy shows that for cells fully embedded in a 3D matrix, focal adhesion proteins, including vinculin, paxillin, talin, alpha-actinin, zyxin, VASP, FAK and p130Cas, do not form aggregates but are diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Despite the absence of detectable focal adhesions, focal adhesion proteins still modulate cell motility, but in a manner distinct from cells on planar substrates. Rather, focal adhesion proteins in matrix-embedded cells regulate cell speed and persistence by affecting protrusion activity and matrix deformation, two processes that have no direct role in controlling 2D cell speed. This study shows that membrane protrusions constitute a critical motility/matrix-traction module that drives cell motility in a 3D matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I Fraley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Bajpai S, Feng Y, Krishnamurthy R, Longmore GD, Wirtz D. Loss of alpha-catenin decreases the strength of single E-cadherin bonds between human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18252-9. [PMID: 19458087 PMCID: PMC2709389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of several human cancers correlates with the loss of cytoplasmic protein alpha-catenin from E-cadherin-rich intercellular junctions and loss of adhesion. However, the potential role of alpha-catenin in directly modulating the adhesive function of individual E-cadherin molecules in human cancer is unknown. Here we use single-molecule force spectroscopy to probe the tensile strength, unstressed bond lifetime, and interaction energy between E-cadherins expressed on the surface of live human parental breast cancer cells lacking alpha-catenin and these cells where alpha-catenin is re-expressed. We find that the tensile strength and the lifetime of single E-cadherin/E-cadherin bonds between parental cells are significantly lower over a wide range of loading rates. Statistical analysis of the force displacement spectra reveals that single cadherin bonds between cancer cells feature an exceedingly low energy barrier against tensile forces and low molecular stiffness. Disassembly of filamentous actin using latrunculin B has no significant effect on the strength of single intercellular E-cadherin bonds. The absence of alpha-catenin causes a dominant negative effect on both global cell-cell adhesion and single E-cadherin bond strength. These results suggest that the loss of alpha-catenin alone drastically reduces the adhesive force between individual cadherin pairs on adjoining cells, explain the global loss of cell adhesion in human breast cancer cells, and show that the forced expression of alpha-catenin in cancer cells can restore both higher intercellular avidity and intercellular E-cadherin bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumendra Bajpai
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Yunfeng Feng
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Ranjini Krishnamurthy
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Gregory D. Longmore
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Denis Wirtz
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- the Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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Abstract
Terrorist activities in India are increasing day by day with sophistication in modus operandi. Mumbai the economic center of India was attacked by a series of bomb blasts at twelve different places within a span of an hour on 12th March 1993. The main explosive used was RDX [Krishnamurthy R, Malve MK, Shinde BM. J Indian Acad Forensic Sci 1996;35(1& 2):46-61.]. After about 10 years, terrorist activity of late has again erupted taking a toll on innocent lives, with the use of explosives causing death and destruction. On 2.12.02 a public bus at Ghatkopar was blown up by an improvised explosive device (IED) with two casualties. On 27.1.03 the public vegetable market at Vileparle was targeted causing heavy damage and panic among common people. On 13.3.03 a fully packed local train compartment at Mulund railway station was blown up by an improved explosive device and the casualties ranged up to 10. In most of the explosions the explosives used were RDX, NC-NG, etc. The blasts that occurred at the Zaveri bazaar and the gateway of India on 25/8/03 showed the presence of big craters at the blast site and on analysis the presence of RDX and petroleum oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnamurthy
- Directorate of Forensic Science Laboratories, Kalina, Vidyanagari, Santacruz(E), Mumbai 400 098, India.
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Krishnamurthy R, Taylor R. A nonequilibrium stage model of multicomponent separation processes. Part I: Model description and method of solution. AIChE J 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690310312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ratna D, Becker O, Krishnamurthy R, Simon G, Varley R. Nanocomposites based on a combination of epoxy resin, hyperbranched epoxy and a layered silicate. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lipari M, Krishnamurthy R, Eigenbrot C, Meng YG, Wong T, Moran P, Bullens S, Kirchhofer D. Differential use of variable domains of D3H44 antibody in binding to tissue factor or to an anti-idiotypic antibody. J Thromb Haemost 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2003.tb04446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wippo H, Reck F, Kudick R, Ramaseshan M, Ceulemans G, Bolli M, Krishnamurthy R, Eschenmoser A. Pentopyranosyl oligonucleotide systems. Part 11: Systems with shortened backbones: (D)-beta-ribopyranosyl-(4'-->3')- and (L)-alpha-lyxopyranosyl-(4'-->3')-oligonucleotides. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:2411-28. [PMID: 11553483 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The (L)-alpha-lyxopyranosyl-(4'-->3')-oligonucleotide system-a member of a pentopyranosyl oligonucleotide family containing a shortened backbone-is capable of cooperative base-pairing and of cross-pairing with DNA and RNA. In contrast, corresponding (D)-beta-ribopyransoyl-(4'-->3')-oligonucleotides do not show base-pairing under similar conditions. We conclude that oligonucleotide systems can violate the 'six-bonds-per-backbone-unit' rule by having five bonds instead, if their vicinally bound phosphodiester bridges can assume an antiperiplanar conformation. An additional structural feature that seems relevant to the cross-pairing capability of the (L)-alpha-lyxopyranosyl-(4'-->3')-oligonucleotide system is its (small) backbone/basepair axes inclination. An inclination which is similar to that in B-DNA seems to be a prerequisite for an oligonucleotide system's capability to cross-pair with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wippo
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Rajkumar S, Krishnamurthy R. Isolation of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci in the tonsillopharynx of school children in Madras City and correlation with their clinical features. Jpn J Infect Dis 2001; 54:137-9. [PMID: 11684781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Today, rheumatic fever is the most common cause of heart disease in children and young adults, and it accounts for about half of all cardiovascular diseases causing death in the first four decades of life, in India. In the present study, conducted during 1991-1992 at Chennai, India, a total of 666 school girls aged 5-15 years were examined clinically for one or more of the following signs and symptoms: repeated sore throat, joint pain/swelling, epistaxis, chest pain, breathlessness, palpitation, abdominal pains, etc. Out of the 666 children screened, 124 were recruited for the present study, based on their meeting one or more of the above mentioned clinical criteria. They were screened for the presence of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, and for antistreptolysin O and C-reactive protein. Thus, the aim of the present study was to reduce the load of streptococcal infection and the consequent risk of developing rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. In the present study group, 89.5% of the children indicated a history of repeated sore throat. However, only 4.0% of the children in the study group were positive for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. The antistreptolysin O and C-reactive protein levels were higher in 11- to 15-year-old patients than in 5- to 10-year-old patients in the study group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India.
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Monge I, Krishnamurthy R, Sims D, Hirth F, Spengler M, Kammermeier L, Reichert H, Mitchell PJ. Drosophila transcription factor AP-2 in proboscis, leg and brain central complex development. Development 2001; 128:1239-52. [PMID: 11262226 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.8.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report loss- and gain-of-function analyses that identify essential roles in development for Drosophila transcription factor AP-2. A mutagenesis screen yielded 16 lethal point mutant alleles of dAP-2. Null mutants die as adults or late pupae with a reduced proboscis, severely shortened legs (~30% of normal length) lacking tarsal joints, and disruptions in the protocerebral central complex, a brain region critical for locomotion. Seven hypomorphic alleles constitute a phenotypic series yielding hemizygous adults with legs ranging from 40–95% of normal length. Hypomorphic alleles show additive effects with respect to leg length and viability; and several heteroallelic lines were established. Heteroallelic adults have moderately penetrant defects that include necrotic leg joints and ectopic growths (sometimes supernumerary antennae) invading medial eye territory. Several dAP-2 alleles with DNA binding domain missense mutations are null in hemizygotes but have dominant negative effects when paired with hypomorphic alleles. In wild-type leg primordia, dAP-2 is restricted to presumptive joints. Ectopic dAP-2 in leg discs can inhibit but not enhance leg elongation indicating that functions of dAP-2 in leg outgrowth are region restricted. In wing discs, ectopic dAP-2 cell autonomously transforms presumptive wing vein epithelium to ectopic sensory bristles, consistent with an instructive role in sensory organ development. These findings reveal multiple functions for dAP-2 during morphogenesis of feeding and locomotor appendages and their neural circuitry, and provide a new paradigm for understanding AP-2 family transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Monge
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Several empirical studies have found the Rorschach Depression Index (DEPI) to have questionable diagnostic utility. Studies using adolescent samples suggest that the DEPI has limited sensitivity and fails to differentiate effectively between adolescents with and without depression diagnoses. The present study was conducted to evaluate Viglione, Brager, and Haller's suggestion that the DEPI may have better discriminative ability for individuals with extratensive problem-solving styles, measured by the Rorschach EB (Erlebnistypus) variable, compared to those with introversive and ambitent styles. Comparisons were conducted between adolescents with depression-related diagnoses and adolescents with other diagnoses for each of the three EB groups. The results failed to support the hypothesized greater discriminative power of DEPI for depressed extratensives, and suggest caution in using the DEPI to evaluate adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnamurthy
- School of Psychology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne 32901, USA.
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Schöning K, Scholz P, Guntha S, Wu X, Krishnamurthy R, Eschenmoser A. Chemical etiology of nucleic acid structure: the alpha-threofuranosyl-(3'-->2') oligonucleotide system. Science 2000; 290:1347-51. [PMID: 11082060 DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5495.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
TNAs [(L)-alpha-threofuranosyl oligonucleotides] containing vicinally connected (3'-->2') phosphodiester bridges undergo informational base pairing in antiparallel strand orientation and are capable of cross-pairing with RNA and DNA. Being derived from a sugar containing only four carbons, TNA is structurally the simplest of all potentially natural oligonucleotide-type nucleic acid alternatives studied thus far. This, along with the base-pairing properties of TNA, warrants close scrutiny of the system in the context of the problem of RNA's origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schöning
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Controlled release dosage forms of proteins and other biomolecules can be prepared by microencapsulating them in polymeric microspheres. Proteins are subjected to potentially damaging effects of sonication and exposure to organic solvents during the microencapsulation process. The relatively stable enzyme lysozyme was dissolved in aqueous buffer and sonicated in the presence of methylene chloride to mimic the initial step of the microencapsulation process. The stability of lysozyme was evaluated by determining the enzyme activity before and after sonication, size-exclusion chromatography, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by measuring the amount of precipitates formed. Following sonication, the total protein introduced was distributed between a soluble and an insoluble fraction. Sonication of lysozyme solutions in the presence of methylene chloride led to an increase in precipitates. The precipitates were enzymatically inactive, did not dissolve easily, and were held by non-covalent interactions. No fragments or aggregates of lysozyme were detectable in the soluble fraction. Sonicating aqueous lysozyme solutions with and without methylene chloride decreased the specific activity of the enzyme in the soluble fraction. Excipients such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), mannitol, sucrose, and tween 80 were included in the sonication mixtures containing lysozyme. With the exception of tween 80, the addition of the excipients to aqueous solutions of lysozyme led to a greater decrease in the specific activity of lysozyme when sonicated in the presence of methylene chloride. DMSO caused the greatest loss of enzyme activity following sonication. Sonication of lysozyme with water, methylene chloride, and DMSO yielded methyl radicals, which were trapped with alpha-phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone and detected by ESR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, ECS 101, 1000 Hilltop Circle, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Campus, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Abstract
Environmental conditions play an important role in conceptual studies of prebiotically relevant chemical reactions that could have led to functional biomolecules. The necessary source compounds are likely to have been present in dilute solution, raising the question of how to achieve selective concentration and to reach activation. With the assumption of an initial 'RNA World', the questions of production, concentration, and interaction of aldehydes and aldehyde phosphates, potential precursors of sugar phosphates, come into the foreground. As a possible concentration process for simple, uncharged aldehydes, we investigated their adduct formation with sulfite ion bound in the interlayer of positively charged expanding-sheet-structure double-layer hydroxide minerals. Minerals of this type, initially with chloride as interlayer counter anion, have previously been shown to induce concentration and subsequent aldolization of aldehyde phosphates to form tetrose, pentose, and hexose phosphates. The reversible uptake of the simple aldehydes formaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and glyceraldehyde by adduct formation with the immobilized sulfite ions is characterized by equilibrium constants of K=1.5, 9, and 11, respectively. This translates into an observable uptake at concentrations exceeding 50 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pitsch
- Laboratorium fur Organische Chemie, ETH-Zurich
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Krishnamurthy R, Guntha S, Eschenmoser A. Regioselective alpha-Phosphorylation of Aldoses in Aqueous Solution Chemistry of alpha-aminonitriles, Part 29. Part 28: Ref. 1, Part 27: Ref. 2. This work was supported by the Skaggs Foundation. S.G. thanks the NASA NSCORT Exobiology program (La Jolla) for a postdoctoral fellowship. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:2281-2285. [PMID: 10941064 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20000703)39:13<2281::aid-anie2281>3.3.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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Kramer PR, Guerrero G, Krishnamurthy R, Mitchell PJ, Wray S. Ectopic expression of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and peripherin in the respiratory epithelium of mice lacking transcription factor AP-2alpha. Mech Dev 2000; 94:79-94. [PMID: 10842061 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate transcription factor activator protein-2 (AP-2alpha) is involved in craniofacial morphogenesis. In the nasal placode AP-2alpha expression delineates presumptive respiratory epithelia from olfactory epithelia, with AP-2alpha expression restricted to the anterior region of the respiratory epithelium (absent from the olfactory epithelium) at later stages. To address the role AP-2alpha plays in differentiation of cell groups in the nasal placode, the spatiotemporal expression pattern of four markers normally associated with olfactory epithelial structures was analyzed in mice lacking AP-2alpha. These markers were the intermediate filament protein peripherin, the neuropeptide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and the olfactory transcription factor Olf-1. Development of cells expressing these markers was similar in both genotypes until embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5), indicating that the main olfactory epithelium and olfactory pit formation was normal. At E13.5 in mutant mice, ectopic LHRH neurons and peripherin axons were detected in respiratory epithelial areas, areas devoid of Olf-1 and NCAM staining. Over the next few days, an increase in total nasal LHRH neurons occurred. The increase in nasal LHRH neurons could be accounted for by LHRH neurons arising and migrating out of respiratory epithelial regions on peripherin-positive fibers. These results indicate that AP-2alpha is not essential for the separation of the olfactory and respiratory epithelium from the nasal placode and is consistent with AP-2alpha preventing recapitulation of developmental programs within the respiratory epithelium that lead to expression of LHRH and peripherin phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kramer
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA
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Kramer PR, Krishnamurthy R, Mitchell PJ, Wray S. Transcription factor activator protein-2 is required for continued luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone expression in the forebrain of developing mice. Endocrinology 2000; 141:1823-38. [PMID: 10803593 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.5.7452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
LHRH is the neuropeptide responsible for reproductive function. Prenatally, LHRH expression begins when neurons are in the olfactory pit and continues as these cells migrate into the brain. Thus, LHRH neurons maintain neuropeptide expression through very distinct environments. The regulatory interactions that control onset and continued expression of the LHRH phenotype are unknown. To begin to address this question primary LHRH neurons were removed from nasal explants at different ages. A complementary DNA (cDNA) subtraction screen was performed comparing a 3.5-days in vitro LHRH neuron [approximately embryonic day 15 (E15) in vivo] to two 10.5-days in vitro LHRH neurons (approximately postnatal day 1 in vivo). The transcription factor activator protein-2 (AP-2alpha) was differentially expressed and was present in the developmentally younger LHRH neuron. In vivo analysis revealed that LHRH neurons expressed AP-2 as they migrated across the cribriform plate and into the forebrain beginning on E13.5, but that coexpression of LHRH and AP-2 was no longer detected in postnatal day 1 animals. This suggested a regulatory role for AP-2 in LHRH neurons. Analysis of animals lacking AP-2alpha revealed a dramatic decrease in forebrain LHRH neurons between E13.5 and E14.5, correlating with normal onset of AP-2 expression in LHRH neurons as they entered the central nervous system. Nasal cells robustly expressing LHRH were still present on E 14.5. The continued presence of forebrain LHRH cells is proposed based on a second marker, galanin, and lack of increased apoptotic/necrotic cells in this region. A decrease in LHRH messenger RNA in forebrain neurons indicates regulation of LHRH occurred at the transcriptional or posttranscriptional level in mutant animals. These results indicate a developmentally restricted involvement of the transcription factor AP-2 in LHRH expression once the LHRH neurons have migrated into the forebrain, but before establishment of an adult-like distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kramer
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4156, USA
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Abstract
Many agonists bring about their effects on cellular functions through a rise in cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]c) mediated by the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Imaging studies of single cells have demonstrated that [Ca2+]c signals display cell specific spatiotemporal organization that is established by coordinated activation of IP3 receptor Ca2+ channels. Evidence emerges that cytosolic calcium signals elicited by activation of the IP3 receptors are efficiently transmitted to the mitochondria. An important function of mitochondrial calcium signals is to activate the Ca2+-sensitive mitochondrial dehydrogenases, and thereby to meet demands for increased energy in stimulated cells. Activation of the permeability transition pore (PTP) by mitochondrial calcium signals may also be involved in the control of cell death. Furthermore, mitochondrial Ca2+ transport appears to modulate the spatiotemporal organization of [Ca2+]c responses evoked by IP3 and so mitochondria may be important in cytosolic calcium signaling as well. This paper summarizes recent research to elucidate the mechanisms and significance of IP3-dependent mitochondrial calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hajnóczky
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Almusaiteer K, Krishnamurthy R, Chuang S. In situ infrared study of catalytic decomposition of NO on carbon-supported Rh and Pd catalysts. Catal Today 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(99)00242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maytin EV, Lin JC, Krishnamurthy R, Batchvarova N, Ron D, Mitchell PJ, Habener JF. Keratin 10 gene expression during differentiation of mouse epidermis requires transcription factors C/EBP and AP-2. Dev Biol 1999; 216:164-81. [PMID: 10588870 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis forms a vital barrier composed of stratified keratinocytes and their differentiated products. One of these products, keratin K10, is critical to epidermal integrity, because mutations in k10 lead to abnormal blistering. For the normal expression of k10, differentiation-associated transcription factors C/EBPalpha, C/EBPbeta, and AP-2 are well positioned to play an important role. Here, regulation of the k10 gene is examined in keratinocytes in the skin of normal mice and in transgenic mice carrying targeted deletions of c/ebpbeta and ap-2alpha. In cultured cells, C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are each capable of activating the k10 promoter via three binding sites, identified by site-directed mutagenesis. In a given epidermal cell in vivo, however, the selection of C/EBPalpha versus C/EBPbeta for k10 regulation is determined via a third transcription factor, AP-2. This novel regulatory scheme involves: (1) unique gradients of expression for each transcription factor, i.e., C/EBPbeta and AP-2 most abundant in the lower epidermis, C/EBPalpha in the upper; (2) C/EBP-binding sites in the ap-2alpha gene promoter, through which C/EBPbeta stimulates ap-2alpha; and (3) AP-2 binding sites in the c/ebpalpha promoter, through which AP-2 represses c/ebpalpha. Promoter-analysis and gene-expression data presented herein support a regulatory model in which C/EBPbeta activates and maintains AP-2 expression in basal keratinocytes, whereas AP-2 represses C/EBPalpha in those cells. In response to differentiation signals, loss of AP-2 expression leads to derepression of the c/ebpalpha promoter and activation of k10 as cells migrate upward.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Maytin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
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Jungmann O, Wippo H, Stanek M, Huynh HK, Krishnamurthy R, Eschenmoser A. Promiscuous Watson-Crick cross-pairing within the family of pentopyranosyl (4'-->2') oligonucleotides. Org Lett 1999; 1:1527-30. [PMID: 10836019 DOI: 10.1021/ol990183y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[formula: see text] The D-beta-ribo, D-beta-xylo, L-alpha-lyxo, and L-alpha-arabino members of the pentopyranosyl (4'-->2') oligonucleotide family show efficient intersystem cross-pairing among each other. This family of configurationally isomeric and conformationally well-defined pairing systems offers an opportunity to study structural factors that determine cross-communication between informational oligonucleotide systems of different backbone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jungmann
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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49
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Reck F, Wippo H, Kudick R, Bolli M, Ceulemans G, Krishnamurthy R, Eschenmoser A. L-alpha-lyxopyranosyl (4'-->3') oligonucleotides: a base-pairing system containing a shortened backbone. Org Lett 1999; 1:1531-4. [PMID: 10836020 DOI: 10.1021/ol990184q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[formula: see text] The L-alpha-lyxopyranosyl (4'-->3') oligonucleotide system shows cooperative base-pairing in spite of containing only five instead of the usual six covalent bonds per repetitive backbone unit. In contrast, corresponding D-beta-ribofuranosyl (4'-->3') oligonucleotides do not show adenine-thymine pairing under comparable conditions. The difference in pairing behavior relates to the conformation of the two systems' vicinal 3',4'-phosphodiester substituents, which is diaxial in the lyxopyranosyl system and 3'-axial-4'-equatorial in the ribopyranosyl system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reck
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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50
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Abstract
Increases of mitochondrial matrix [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](m)) evoked by calcium mobilizing agonists play a fundamental role in the physiological control of cellular energy metabolism. Here, we report that apoptotic stimuli induce a switch in mitochondrial calcium signalling at the beginning of the apoptotic process by facilitating Ca(2+)-induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP). Thus [Ca(2+)](m) signals evoked by addition of large Ca(2+) pulses or, unexpectedly, by IP(3)-mediated cytosolic [Ca(2+)] spikes trigger mitochondrial permeability transition and, in turn, cytochrome c release. IP(3)-induced opening of PTP is dependent on a privileged Ca(2+) signal transmission from IP(3) receptors to mitochondria. After the decay of Ca(2+) spikes, resealing of PTP occurs allowing mitochondrial metabolism to recover, whereas activation of caspases is triggered by cytochrome c released to the cytosol. This organization provides an efficient mechanism to establish caspase activation while mitochondrial metabolism is maintained to meet ATP requirements of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Szalai
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Room 253 JAH, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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