Effects of anhedonia on health-related quality of life and functional outcomes in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous group of mood disorders. A prominent symptom domain is anhedonia narrowly defined as a loss of interest and ability to experience pleasure. Anhedonia is associated with depressive symptom severity, MDD prognosis, and suicidality. We perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of extant literature investigating the effects of anhedonia on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and functional outcomes in persons with MDD.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted on PubMed, OVID databases, and SCOPUS for published articles from inception to November 2023, reporting on anhedonia and patient-reported outcomes in persons with MDD. The reported correlation coefficients between anhedonia and self-reported measures of both HRQoL and functional outcomes were pooled using a random effects model.

RESULTS

We identified 20 studies that investigated anhedonia with HRQoL and/or functional outcomes in MDD. Anhedonia as measured by the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) scores had a statistically significant correlation with patient-reported HRQoL (r = -0.41 [95 % CI = -0.60, -0.18]) and functional impairment (r = 0.39 [95 % CI = 0.22, 0.54]).

LIMITATIONS

These preliminary results primarily investigate correlations with consummatory anhedonia and do not distinguish differences in anticipatory anhedonia, reward valuation or reward learning; therefore, these results require replication.

CONCLUSIONS

Persons with MDD experiencing symptoms of anhedonia are more likely to have worse prognosis including physical, psychological, and social functioning deficits. Anhedonia serves as an important predictor and target for future therapeutic and preventative tools in persons with MDD.

Number needed to treat (NNT) for ketamine and esketamine in adults with treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Ketamine has been established as efficacious in adults living with Treatment-resistant Depression (TRD). Toward providing a quantifiable estimate of the clinical meaningfulness of the therapeutic benefit of ketamine, herein, we conduct a systematic review that aims to report the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and the Number Needed to Harm (NNH).

METHODS

This systematic review searched Embase, Medline/Pubmed, PsycINFO and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception up to October 15th 2023, for placebo-controlled, Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) assessing racemic ketamine or esketamine therapy for unipolar TRD. We calculated NNT and NNH for ketamine treatments over various time points.

RESULTS

A total of 21 studies with 2042 participants were included. Racemic ketamine treatments had pooled NNTs for response of 7 at 4 h, 3 from one day to one week and 9 for studies at four weeks. Esketamine treatment was found to have a similar efficacy with an NNT of 2 at one day and 11 at four weeks. NNH values indicated low risk for ketamine treatments.

LIMITATIONS

Limitations in the data used include the possibility of functional unblinding and selective reporting bias. Moreover, the meta-analysis may have been limited in its precision by including low threshold definitions of treatment resistance (≥ 1 failed antidepressant) and low-dose ketamine treatments.

CONCLUSION

Herein, we determined that the NNT for ketamine treatment in adults living with TRD across different intervals of observation was <10. We conclude that the NNTs observed herein are highly clinically meaningful in this difficult to treat disorder.

Spectral signatures of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and ketamine in healthy volunteers and persons with major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Electrophysiologic measures provide an opportunity to inform mechanistic models and possibly biomarker prediction of response. Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) (i.e., psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) and ketamine represent new investigational and established treatments in mood disorders respectively. There is a need to better characterize the mechanism of action of these agents.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review investigating the spectral signatures of psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment-resistant depression (TRD), and healthy controls.

RESULTS

Ketamine and SPs are associated with increased theta power in persons with depression. Ketamine and SPs are also associated with decreased spectral power in the alpha, beta and delta bands in healthy controls and persons with depression. When administered with SPs, theta power was increased in persons with MDD when administered with SPs. Ketamine is associated with increased gamma band power in both healthy controls and persons with MDD.

LIMITATIONS

The studies included in our review were heterogeneous in their patient population, exposure, dosing of treatment and devices used to evaluate EEG and MEG signatures. Our results were extracted entirely from persons who were either healthy volunteers or persons with MDD or TRD.

CONCLUSIONS

Extant literature evaluating EEG and MEG spectral signatures indicate that ketamine and SPs have reproducible effects in keeping with disease models of network connectivity. Future research vistas should evaluate whether observed spectral signatures can guide further discovery of therapeutics within the psychedelic and dissociative classes of agents, and its prediction capability in persons treated for depression.

The association between ketamine and esketamine with alcohol and substance misuse: Reports to the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system (FAERS)

INTRODUCTION

Ketamine and esketamine have been proven to be effective in treating adults with treatment resistant depression (TRD). Preliminary evidence indicates that, when combined with behavioral and psychological interventions, both agents may offer benefits for individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Notwithstanding, concerns have been raised as to whether either or both agents are associated with abuse and/or gateway activity.

METHODS

Herein, we evaluate disproportionate reporting expressed as reporting odds ratios (ROR) for esketamine and ketamine. The outcomes of interest include alcohol problem, alcoholism, alcohol abuse, substance dependence, SUD, substance abuse, drug dependence, drug use disorder and drug abuse as codified by the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) within the FAERS. The IC025 values were significant for ketamine in cases of alcohol abuse (0.28), substance dependence (1.88), substance use disorder (0.996), substance abuse (0.61), drug dependence (0.56), drug use disorder (1.17) and drug abuse (1.22). Additionally, oxycontin showed significant IC025 values for substance dependence (0.067), substance use disorder (0.094), substance abuse (0.035), and drug dependence (0.27).

RESULTS

We observed significant increases in the reporting odds ratios (RORs) for ketamine with respect to various outcomes: alcohol abuse (ROR 2.84, 95 % CI 1.53-5.28; p = 0.0010), substance dependence (ROR 18.72, 95 % CI 8.49-41.30; p ≤ 0.0001), SUD (ROR 11.40, 95 % CI 4.24-30.65; p ≤ 0.0001), substance abuse (ROR 2.29, 95 % CI 1.73-3.04; p ≤ 0.0001), drug dependence (ROR 1.99, 95 % CI 1.64-2.42; p ≤ 0.0001), drug use disorder (ROR 4.50, 2.94-6.88; p ≤ 0.0001) and drug abuse (ROR 3.72, 3.36-4.12; p ≤ 0.0001). For esketamine, we observed that the ROR was significantly reduced for substance abuse (ROR 0.37, 95 % CI 0.22-0.63; p = 0.0003), drug dependence (ROR 0.13, 95 % CI 0.076-0.23; p ≤ 0.0001) and drug abuse (ROR 0.048, 95 % CI 0.030-0.078; p ≤ 0.0001). To our knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous adverse events related to these outcomes of interest in the FAERS.

CONCLUSION

Mixed RORs were observed across aspects of SUD and AUD for both ketamine and esketamine. Due to limitations in the FAERS, establishing causal links between new onset alcohol and substance misuse with either agent remains inconclusive. Possible beneficial effects on measures of SUD and AUD were observed. It is currently unclear, but possible, whether both agents have differential ameliorative effects across dimensions of SUD and AUD, which is a focus of ongoing research.

Impact of elevated body mass index (BMI) on cognitive functioning and inflammation in persons with post-COVID-19 condition: a secondary analysis

BACKGROUND

Individuals who have recovered from the acute stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection may be at risk of developing post-COVID-19 condition (PCC), characterised by a spectrum of persisting, non-specific, and functionally impairing symptoms across multiple organ systems. Obesity has been implicated as a risk factor for PCC, mediated by chronic systemic inflammation. The foregoing has also been separately reported to mediate cognitive dysfunction in PCC.

METHODS

This is a post-hoc analysis of a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating vortioxetine treatment for cognitive impairments in persons with PCC who received vortioxetine or placebo for eight weeks. This analysis comprises baseline data, examining the impact of BMI on cognitive functioning measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Trails Making Tests (TMT)-A/B, as well as inflammation, via serum c-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

RESULTS

Complete data from 70 participants were statistically analysed and adjusted for age and sex. BMI was negatively correlated with performance on the DSST (β = -0.003, p = 0.047), TMT-A (β = -0.006, p = 0.025), and TMT-B (β = -0.006, p = 0.002). BMI was positively correlated with serum CRP (unstandardized β = 0.193, standardized β = 0.612, p < 0.001) and ESR (β = 0.039, p < 0.001) levels.

CONCLUSION

We observed a significant negative correlation between BMI and cognitive functioning, and a significant positive correlation between BMI and inflammation in persons with PCC, suggesting a bidirectional interplay between BMI, PCC, and cognitive function; individuals with an elevated BMI may be at a greater risk of developing PCC and/or presenting with greater cognitive deficits mediated by chronic systemic inflammation.

Impact of vortioxetine on psychosocial functioning moderated by symptoms of fatigue in post-COVID-19 condition: a secondary analysis

INTRODUCTION

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in post-COVID condition (PCC) sequelae, termed "long COVID." Herein, we aim to ascertain the effect of fatigue on psychosocial function in persons living with PCC.

METHODS

This post hoc analysis evaluated the effects of vortioxetine on measures of fatigue as assessed by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) in psychosocial function as measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) in persons with PCC. We also evaluated the change in FSS on psychosocial functioning as measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). This post hoc analysis obtained data from a recently published placebo-controlled study evaluating vortioxetine's effect on objective cognitive functions in persons living with PCC.

RESULTS

One hundred forty-four participants meeting World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for PCC were included in this analysis. At the end of 8 weeks of vortioxetine treatment, significant improvement of all domains was observed for psychosocial functioning. There was a significant between-group difference at treatment endpoint in the family, social, and work SDS subcategories (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant interaction effect between the treatment condition time point and FSS effect on the SDS social (χ2 = 10.640, p = 0.014) and work (χ2 = 9.342, p = 0.025) categories but a statistically insignificant effect on the family categories ((χ2 = 5.201, p = 0.158)).

DISCUSSION

This post hoc analysis suggests that vortioxetine treatment significantly improves psychosocial function in persons with PCC. Our results also indicate that the improvement in psychosocial function was significantly mediated by improvement in measures of fatigue. Our results provide empirical support for recommendations to identify therapeutics for fatigue in persons living with PCC with a broader aim to improve psychosocial function in this common and severely impaired population.

Adjunctive cariprazine for major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Converging evidence has suggested that treatment augmentation with a second-generation atypical antipsychotic (SGA) may improve treatment outcomes in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients after an incomplete response to a first-line antidepressant. Cariprazine is a recently approved SGA for MDD augmentation. Herein, we evaluate both continuous (ie, change in depressive symptom severity scores over time) and categorical (ie, remission and response rates) outcomes. Following a full-text review, four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in our meta-analysis, while five studies were included for a qualitative review. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated for all included randomized controlled studies to determine the relative response and remission rates of cariprazine compared to placebo augmentation. The RR for all-cause dropout was also determined as a proxy for overall acceptability. Two studies found a statistically significant treatment response using cariprazine augmentation. One study observed depressive symptom remission for cariprazine compared to placebo. Our random-effects model revealed moderate antidepressant effects of cariprazine, with a standardized mean difference (SMD) in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores of -1.79 (95% CI): -2.89, -0.69). Our pooled response RR and remission RR were calculated as 1.21 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.39, P=0.008) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.17, P=0.91), respectively. The RR for response was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, the RR for remission was not statistically significant. The findings from our meta-analysis include a variable magnitude of effects. Evidence suggests cariprazine may be an effective treatment for MDD; however, further results are needed to clarify this relation.

Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression: A randomized clinical trial evaluating repeated doses of psilocybin

BACKGROUND

Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) has been associated with antidepressant effects. Trials to date have typically excluded participants with complex presentations. Our aim was to determine the feasibility of PAP in a complex population, including high levels of treatment resistance in major depressive and bipolar disorder and patients with baseline suicidality and significant comorbidity. We also evaluated flexible repeated doses over a 6-month period.

METHODS

Adults with treatment-resistant depression as part of major depressive or bipolar II disorder without psychosis or a substance use disorder were eligible to participate. Subjects were randomized to immediate treatment or waitlist control, with all eventually receiving PAP. Participants had one, two, or three psilocybin sessions with a fixed dose of 25 mg. Each dose was accompanied by preparation and integration psychotherapy sessions. Acceptability, safety, tolerability, and efficacy were evaluated (this study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05029466).

FINDINGS

Participants were randomized to immediate treatment (n = 16) or delayed treatment (n = 14). 29/30 were retained to the week-2 primary endpoint. Adverse events were transient, with no serious adverse events. Greater reductions in depression severity as measured by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were observed in the immediate treatment arm compared to the waitlist period arm with a large hedge's g effect size of 1.07 (p < 0.01). Repeated doses were associated with further reductions in MADRS scores compared to baseline.

CONCLUSIONS

PAP was feasible in complex patients with preliminary antidepressant efficacy and adequate safety and tolerability. Repeated doses were associated with greater reductions in depression severity.

FUNDING

This work was funded by Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation (BCDF), Usona, and Braxia Scientific.

Vortioxetine for the treatment of post-COVID-19 condition: a randomized controlled trial

Hitherto no therapeutic has received regulatory approval for the treatment of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC). Cognitive deficits, mood symptoms and significant reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are highly replicated and debilitating aspects of PCC. We sought to determine the impact of vortioxetine on the foregoing symptoms and HRQoL in persons living with PCC. An 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adults ≥ 18 years of age residing in Canada and who are experiencing symptoms of World Health Organization (WHO)-defined PCC, with a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, was conducted. Recruitment began November 2021 and ended January 2023. Of the 200 participants enrolled (487 invited: 121 ineligible and 59 eligible but declined participation; 307 cleared pre-screening stage), a total of 149 participants were randomized (1:1) to receive either vortioxetine (5-20 mg, n = 75) or placebo (n = 74) daily for 8 weeks of double-blind treatment (i.e. end point). The primary outcome was the change from baseline-to-end point in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Secondary outcomes included the effect on depressive symptoms and HRQoL, as measured by changes from baseline-to-end point on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology 16-item and WHO Wellbeing Scale 5-item, respectively. A total of 68 (90.7%) participants randomized to vortioxetine and 73 (98.6%) participants randomized to placebo completed all 8 weeks. Between-group analysis did not show a significant difference in the overall change in cognitive function [P = 0.361, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-0.179, 0.492)]. However, in the fully adjusted model, a significant treatment × time interaction was observed in favour of vortioxetine treatment with baseline c-reactive protein (CRP) as a moderator (P = 0.012). In addition, a significant improvement in Digit Symbol Substitution Test scores were observed in vortioxetine versus placebo treated participants in those whose baseline CRP was above the mean (P = 0.045). Moreover, significant improvement was obtained in measures of depressive symptoms [P < 0.001, 95% CI (-4.378, -2.323)] and HRQoL [P < 0.001, 95% CI (2.297, 4.647)] in vortioxetine-treated participants and between the treatment groups [depressive symptoms: P = 0.026, 95% CI (-2.847, -0.185); HRQoL: P = 0.004, 95% CI (0.774, 3.938)]. Although vortioxetine did not improve cognitive function in the unadjusted model, when adjusting for CRP, a significant pro-cognitive effect was observed; antidepressant effects and improvement in HRQoL in this debilitating disorder were also noted.

The rapid antidepressant effectiveness of repeated dose of intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine: A post-hoc analysis of pooled real-world data

INTRODUCTION

Intravenous ketamine (KET-IV) and intranasal esketamine (ESK-NS) are effective in the acute treatment of Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD). Studies comparing KET-IV and ESK-NS concerning their action, safety, and tolerability are currently lacking.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We combined patients' data from two unipolar TRD cohorts that received KET-IV (n = 171) at the Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence in Toronto, Canada, or ESK-NS (n = 140) at several TRD clinics in Italy. The Quick Inventory for Depression Symptomatology-Self-Report-16/QIDS-SR16 in the KET-IV group and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale/MADRS in the ESK-NS group measured depressive symptoms at baseline (T0) and after the acute treatment phase (T1) (i.e., four infusions of KET-IV and eight administrations of ESK-NS). As different scales were used, the primary outcome was to compare the improvement in depression severity in the two cohorts by measuring effect sizes, response and remission rates. Finally, we compare side effects and discontinuation rates.

RESULTS

At T1, KET-IV and ESK-NS significantly reduced depressive symptoms (respectively: QIDS-SR16 mean reduction = 5.65, p < 0.001; MADRS mean reduction = 11.41, p = 0.025). KET-IV showed larger effect sizes compared to ESK-NS (1.666 vs. 1.244). KET-IV had higher response rates (36 % vs. 25 %; p = 0.042) but not superior remission rates (13 % vs. 12 %; p = 0.845) than ESK-NS at T1. Despite more reported side effects, KET-IV did not cause more discontinuations for adverse events (4.6 % vs. 2.12 %; p = 0.228) than ESK-NS.

CONCLUSION

KET-IV showed a higher short-term antidepressant effect, whereas ESK-NS exhibited lower side effects. Both were generally well tolerated. Future head-to-head studies should consider the long-term efficacy of these treatments.

Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with neurological impairments in pediatric population: A systematic review

Neurological manifestations have been widely reported in adults with COVID-19, yet the extent of involvement among the pediatric population is currently poorly characterized. The objective of our systematic review is to evaluate the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with neurological symptoms and neuroimaging manifestations in the pediatric population. A literature search of Cochrane Library; EBSCO CINAHL; Global Index Medicus; OVID AMED, Embase, Medline, PsychINFO; and Scopus was conducted in accordance with the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies form (October 1, 2019 to March 15, 2022). Studies were included if they reported (1) COVID-19-associated neurological symptoms and neuroimaging manifestations in individuals aged <18 years with a confirmed, first SARS-CoV-2 infection and were (2) peer-reviewed. Full-text reviews of 222 retrieved articles were performed, along with subsequent reference searches. A total of 843 no-duplicate records were retrieved. Of the 19 identified studies, there were ten retrospective observational studies, seven case series, one case report, and one prospective cohort study. A total of 6985 individuals were included, where 12.8% (n = 892) of hospitalized patients experienced neurocognitive impairments which includes: 1) neurological symptoms (n = 294 of 892, 33.0%), 2) neurological syndromes and neuroimaging abnormalities (n = 223 of 892, 25.0%), and 3) other phenomena (n = 233 of 892, 26.1%). Based on pediatric-specific cohorts, children experienced more drowsiness (7.3% vs. 1.3%) and muscle weakness (7.3% vs. 6.3%) as opposed to adolescents. Agitation or irritability was observed more in children (7.3%) than infants (1.3%). Our findings revealed a high prevalence of immune-mediated patterns of disease among COVID-19 positive pediatric patients with neurocognitive abnormalities.

Impact of Elevated Body Mass Index (BMI) on Hedonic Tone in Persons with Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Secondary Analysis

INTRODUCTION

The post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) is characterized by persistent, distressing symptoms following an acute COVID-19 infection. These symptoms encompass various domains, including hedonic tone, which is critical for overall well-being. Furthermore, obesity is both a risk factor for COVID-19 and PCC and associated with impaired hedonic tone. This study aims to investigate whether elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with hedonic tone in persons with PCC.

METHODS

We perform a post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating the impact of vortioxetine on cognitive impairment in persons with PCC. Statistical analysis of baseline data using a generalized linear model was undertaken to determine the relationship of BMI to hedonic tone measured by Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) scores. The model was adjusted for covariates including age, sex, race, suspected versus confirmed COVID-19 cases, alcohol amount consumed per week, and annual household income.

RESULTS

The baseline data of 147 participants were available for analysis. BMI had a statistically significant positive association with baseline SHAPS total scores (β = 0.003, 95% CI [6.251E-5, 0.006], p = 0.045), indicating elevated BMI is associated with deficits in self-reported reward system functioning.

CONCLUSION

Higher BMI is associated with greater deficits in hedonic tone in persons with PCC, which may impact reward functioning processes such as reward prediction and processing. The mediatory effect of BMI on reward function underscores the need to investigate the neurobiologic interactions to elucidate preventative and therapeutic interventions for persons with PCC. Therapeutic development targeting debilitating features of PCC (e.g., motivation, cognitive dysfunction) could consider stratification on the basis of baseline BMI.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT05047952.

Psychotropic Drug-Related Weight Gain and Its Treatment

Psychotropic drug-related weight gain (PDWG) is a common occurrence and is highly associated with non-initiation, discontinuation, and dissatisfaction with psychiatric drugs. Moreover, PDWG intersects with the elevated risk for obesity and associated morbidity that has been amply reported in the psychiatric population. Evidence indicates that differential liability for PDWG exists for antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. During the past two decades, agents within these classes have become available with significantly lower or no liability for PDWG and as such should be prioritized. Although lithium is associated with weight gain, the overall extent of weight gain is significantly lower than previously estimated. The benefit of lifestyle and behavioral modification for obesity and/or PDWG in psychiatric populations is established, with effectiveness similar to that in the general population. Metformin is the most studied pharmacological treatment in the prevention and treatment of PDWG, and promising data are emerging for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (e.g., liraglutide, exenatide, semaglutide). Most pharmacologic antidotes for PDWG are supported with low-confidence data (e.g., topiramate, histamine-2 receptor antagonists). Future vistas for pharmacologic treatment for PDWG include large, adequately controlled studies with GLP-1 receptor agonists and possibly GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide co-agonists (e.g., tirzepatide) as well as specific dietary modifications.

The efficacy of zuranolone in postpartum depression and major depressive disorder: a review & number needed to treat (NNT) analysis

INTRODUCTION

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and debilitating mental illness. Postpartum depression (PPD) impacts women globally and is one of the most common complications of childbirth that is underdiagnosed and undertreated, adversely impacting the mental health of women, children, and partners.Available antidepressant medications require weeks to months before showing effect. In this setting, zuranolone, an oral neuroactive steroid and a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, is an attractive alternative as a rapid-acting antidepressant treatment.

AREAS COVERED

This article reviews zuranolone (SAGE217), focusing on available clinical studies in individuals with PPD and MDD. This paper adds to the extant literature by presenting the efficacy data as Number Needed to Treat (NNT) to facilitate indirect comparisons with other antidepressants.

EXPERT OPINION

Zuranolone is a novel rapid-acting (i.e. two week course) oral antidepressant for the treatment of adults with PPD with ongoing clinical trials evaluating its efficacy in adults with MDD. Zuranolone is well tolerated with no significant safety concerns in any clinical trials completed to date. Zuranolone will be scheduled by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA).

The association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and suicidality: reports to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)

INTRODUCTION

Recently, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) received reports of suicidal thoughts and self-injury associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) liraglutide and semaglutide.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Herein, we sought to evaluate suicidality associated with all GLP-1 RAs relative to other glucose-lowering agents currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Reports of suicidal ideation, "depression/suicidal", suicidal behavior, suicidal attempts, and completed suicide associated with GLP-1 RA exposure reported to the FDA between 2005 and October 2023 were obtained from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). We present data using the reporting odds ratio (ROR). The ROR was considered significant when the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) was greater than 1.0.

RESULTS

Disproportionate reporting of suicidal ideation and "depression/suicidal" was observed with semaglutide and liraglutide. Disproportionate reporting of suicidal behavior, suicide attempts, and completed suicide was not observed for any of the FDA-approved GLP-1 RAs.

CONCLUSIONS

Using the Bradford Hill criteria, however, and taking into consideration confounders, no causal link between GLP-1 RAs and suicidality exists.

Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this review was to determine the effect of psilocybin on depressive symptoms in patients diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses or major depressive disorder. Systematic searches were conducted to search for randomized clinical trials and open-label trials that evaluated depression symptoms after psilocybin therapy. Data was pooled using a random-effects model. The primary outcome was the standardized mean difference (SMD) in depression severity, determined by calculating the change in depression ratings from baseline to the primary endpoint in the psilocybin arm versus the control arm. The literature search yielded 1734 studies, and 13 studies (n = 686) were included in either qualitative and/or quantitative analyses. The meta-analysis included 9 studies (pooled n = 596) and yielded a large effect size in favour of psilocybin (SMD = -0.78; p<0.001). Risk ratios for response and remission were large and significant in favour of psilocybin. A review of open-label trials showed robust decreases in depressive symptoms following psilocybin administration. These findings provide preliminary evidence for antidepressant efficacy with psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, however, further studies are needed to evaluate safety and efficacy and to optimize treatment protocols.

Treatment-resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is common and associated with multiple serious public health implications. A consensus definition of TRD with demonstrated predictive utility in terms of clinical decision-making and health outcomes does not currently exist. Instead, a plethora of definitions have been proposed, which vary significantly in their conceptual framework. The absence of a consensus definition hampers precise estimates of the prevalence of TRD, and also belies efforts to identify risk factors, prevention opportunities, and effective interventions. In addition, it results in heterogeneity in clinical practice decision-making, adversely affecting quality of care. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have adopted the most used definition of TRD (i.e., inadequate response to a minimum of two antidepressants despite adequacy of the treatment trial and adherence to treatment). It is currently estimated that at least 30% of persons with depression meet this definition. A significant percentage of persons with TRD are actually pseudo-resistant (e.g., due to inadequacy of treatment trials or non-adherence to treatment). Although multiple sociodemographic, clinical, treatment and contextual factors are known to negatively moderate response in persons with depression, very few factors are regarded as predictive of non-response across multiple modalities of treatment. Intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine (co-administered with an antidepressant) are established as efficacious in the management of TRD. Some second-generation antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, quetiapine XR) are proven effective as adjunctive treatments to antidepressants in partial responders, but only the olanzapine-fluoxetine combination has been studied in FDA-defined TRD. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is established as effective and FDA-approved for individuals with TRD, with accelerated theta-burst TMS also recently showing efficacy. Electroconvulsive therapy is regarded as an effective acute and maintenance intervention in TRD, with preliminary evidence suggesting non-inferiority to acute intravenous ketamine. Evidence for extending antidepressant trial, medication switching and combining antidepressants is mixed. Manual-based psychotherapies are not established as efficacious on their own in TRD, but offer significant symptomatic relief when added to conventional antidepressants. Digital therapeutics are under study and represent a potential future clinical vista in this population.

The concept of "metabolic jet lag" in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder: implications for research and clinical care

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a potentially chronic mental disorder marked by recurrent depressive and manic episodes, circadian rhythm disruption, and changes in energetic metabolism. "Metabolic jet lag" refers to a state of shift in circadian patterns of energy homeostasis, affecting neuroendocrine, immune, and adipose tissue function, expressed through behavioral changes such as irregularities in sleep and appetite. Risk factors include genetic variation, mitochondrial dysfunction, lifestyle factors, poor gut microbiome health and abnormalities in hunger, satiety, and hedonistic function. Evidence suggests metabolic jet lag is a core component of BD pathophysiology, as individuals with BD frequently exhibit irregular eating rhythms and circadian desynchronization of their energetic metabolism, which is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Although current diagnostic criteria lack any assessment of eating rhythms, technological advancements including mobile phone applications and ecological momentary assessment allow for the reliable tracking of biological rhythms. Overall, methodological refinement of metabolic jet lag assessment will increase knowledge in this field and stimulate the development of interventions targeting metabolic rhythms, such as time-restricted eating.

The bidirectional association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex metabolic-inflammatory disease associated with poor outcomes and decreased quality of life. NAFLD is overrepresented in patients with psychiatric disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia; however, a comprehensive review on NAFLD and psychiatric disorders remains to be delineated. This review endeavors to investigate the association of NAFLD with psychiatric disorders, including shared pathogenesis and future clinical derivatives. Extant literature suggests that patients with psychiatric disorders (in particular, mood disorders) are more susceptible to the development of NAFLD due to multiple reasons, including but not limited to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, metabolic syndrome, and chronic perceived stress. Moreover, the clinical manifestations of mood disorders (e.g., anhedonia, psychomotor retardation, lifestyle modification, etc.), and potentially long-term treatment with weight-gaining agents, differentially affect these patients, making them more prone to NAFLD. Considering the increased morbidity associated with both mood disorders and NAFLD, our review recommends regular screenings for NAFLD in select patients with mood disorders exhibiting signs of increased risk (i.e., obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, or family history of NAFLD) for better diagnosis and holistic care of both potentially interrelated conditions.

Ketamine for bipolar depression: an updated systematic review

Background

The therapeutic potential of subanesthetic doses of ketamine appears promising in unipolar depression; however, its effectiveness in treating bipolar depression (BD) remains uncertain.

Objective

This systematic review aimed to summarize findings on the use of ketamine for the treatment of BD by assessing its efficacy, safety, and tolerability.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of studies that investigated the use of ketamine for adults with BD. We searched PubMed and Embase for relevant randomized-controlled trials, open-label trials, and retrospective chart analyses published from inception to 13 March 2023.

Results

Eight studies were identified [pooled n = 235; mean (SD) age: 45.55 (5.54)]. All participants who received intravenous (IV) ketamine were administered a dose of 0.5-0.75 mg/kg as an adjunctive treatment to a mood-stabilizing agent, whereas participants who received esketamine were administered a dosage ranging from 28 to 84 mg. Flexible dosing was used in real-world analyses. A total of 48% of participants receiving ketamine achieved a response (defined as ⩾50% reduction in baseline depression severity), whereas only 5% achieved a response with a placebo. Real-world studies demonstrated lower rates of response (30%) compared to the average across clinical trials (63%). Reductions in suicidal ideation were noted in some studies, although not all findings were statistically significant. Ketamine and esketamine were well tolerated in most participants; however, six participants (2% of the overall sample pool, 5 receiving ketamine) developed hypomanic/manic symptoms after infusions. Significant dissociative symptoms were observed at the 40-min mark in some trials.

Conclusion

Preliminary evidence suggests IV ketamine as being safe and effective for the treatment of BD. Future studies should focus on investigating the effects of repeated acute and maintenance infusions using a randomized study design.

COVID-19 vaccination for the prevention and treatment of long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Empirical evidence addressing the association between SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and long COVID would guide public health priorities and inform personal health decisions. Herein, the co-primary objectives are to determine the differential risk of long COVID in vaccinated versus unvaccinated patients, and the trajectory of long COVID following vaccination. Of 2775 articles identified via systematic search, 17 were included, and 6 were meta-analyzed. Meta-analytic results determined that at least one vaccine dose was associated with a protective effect against long COVID (OR 0.539, 95% CI 0.295-0.987, p = 0.045, N = 257 817). Qualitative analysis revealed that trajectories of pre-existing long COVID following vaccination were mixed, with most patients reporting no changes. The evidence herein supports SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for the prevention of long COVID, and recommends long COVID patients adhere to standard SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedules.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists as a protective factor for incident depression in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are widely used for glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and are primarily indicated for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1 receptor agonists have also been shown to have neuroprotective and antidepressant properties. Replicated evidence suggests that individuals with DM are significantly more likely to develop depression. Herein, we aim to investigate whether GLP-1 receptor agonists can be used prophylactically on patients with DM to lower the risk of incident depression. We conducted a systematic search for English-language articles published on the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, APA, PsycInfo, Ovid and Google Scholar databases from inception to June 6, 2022. Four retrospective observational studies were identified that evaluated the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on incident depression in patients with DM. We found mixed results with regards to lowering the risk of incident depression, with two studies demonstrating a significant reduction in risk and two studies showing no such effect. A single study found that dulaglutide may lower susceptibility to depression. Our results were limited by high interstudy heterogeneity, paucity of literature, and lack of controlled trials. While we did not find evidence of GLP-1 receptor agonists significantly lowering risk of incident depression in patients with DM, promising neuroprotective data presented in two of the included papers, specifically on dulaglutide where information is scarce, provide the impetus for further investigation. Future research should focus on better elucidating the neuroprotective potential of different classes and doses of GLP-1 receptor agonists using controlled trials.

Indirect Calorimetry to Measure Metabolic Rate and Energy Expenditure in Psychiatric Populations: A Systematic Review

Psychiatric and metabolic disorders are highly comorbid and the relationship between these disorders is bidirectional. The mechanisms underlying the association between psychiatric and metabolic disorders are presently unclear, which warrants investigation into the dynamics of the interplay between metabolism, substrate utilization, and energy expenditure in psychiatric populations, and how these constructs compare to those in healthy controls. Indirect calorimetry (IC) methods are a reliable, minimally invasive means for assessing metabolic rate and substrate utilization in humans. This review synthesizes the extant literature on the use of IC on resting metabolism in psychiatric populations to investigate the interaction between psychiatric and metabolic functioning. Consistently, resting energy expenditures and/or substrate utilization values were significantly different between psychiatric and healthy populations in the studies contained in this review. Furthermore, resting energy expenditure values were systematically overestimated when derived from predictive equations, compared to when measured by IC, in psychiatric populations. High heterogeneity between study populations (e.g., differing diagnoses and drug regimens) and methodologies (e.g., differing posture, time of day, and fasting status at measurement) impeded the synthesis of results. Standardized IC protocols would benefit this line of research by enabling meta-analyses, revealing trends within and between different psychiatric disorders.

An update on potential pharmacotherapies for cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder

INTRODUCTION

Cognitive impairment is a core feature of bipolar disorder (BD) that impedes recovery by preventing the return to optimal socio-occupational functioning and reducing quality of life. Presently, there are no efficacious treatments for cognitive impairment in BD, but many pharmacological interventions are being considered as they have the potential to target the underlying pathophysiology of the disorder.

AREAS COVERED

This review summarizes the available evidence for pharmacological interventions for cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. We searched PubMed, MedLine, and PsycInfo from inception to December 1^st, 2022. Traditional treatments, such as lithium, anticonvulsants (lamotrigine), antipsychotics (aripiprazole, asenapine, cariprazine, lurasidone, and olanzapine), antidepressants (vortioxetine, fluoxetine, and tianeptine) and psychostimulants (modafinil), and emerging interventions, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (galantamine and donepezil), dopamine agonists (pramipexole), erythropoietin, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists (mifepristone), immune modulators (infliximab, minocycline and doxycycline), ketamine, metabolic agents (insulin, metformin, and liraglutide), probiotic supplements, and Withania somnifera are discussed.

EXPERT OPINION

The investigation of interventions for cognitive impairment in BD is a relatively under-researched area. In the past, methodological pitfalls in BD cognition trials have also been a critical limiting factor. Expanding on the existing literature and identifying novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for cognitive impairment in BD should be a priority.

Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection with Neurological Symptoms and Neuroimaging Manifestations in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review

Background

Neurological manifestations have been widely reported in adults with COVID-19, yet the extent of involvement among the pediatric population is currently poorly characterized. The objective of our systematic review is to evaluate the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with neurological symptoms and neuroimaging manifestations in the pediatric population.

Methods

A literature search of Cochrane Library; EBSCO CINAHL; Global Index Medicus; OVID AMED, Embase, Medline, PsychINFO; and Scopus was conducted in accordance with the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies form (October 1, 2019 to March 15, 2022). Studies were included if they reported (1) COVID-19-associated neurological symptoms and neuroimaging manifestations in individuals aged < 18 years with a confirmed, first SARS-CoV-2 infection and were (2) peer-reviewed. Full-text reviews of 222 retrieved articles were performed, along with subsequent reference searches.

Results

A total of 843 nonduplicate records were retrieved. Of the 19 identified studies, there were ten retrospective observational studies, seven case series, one case report, and one prospective cohort study. A total of 6,985 individuals were included, where 12.8% of hospitalized patients experienced neurocognitive impairments: MIS-C (24.2%), neuroinflammation (10.1%), and encephalopathy (8.1%) were the most common disorders; headaches (16.8%) and seizures (3.8%) were the most common symptoms. Based on pediatric-specific cohorts, children experienced more drowsiness (7.3% vs. 1.3%) and muscle weakness (7.3% vs. 6.3%) as opposed to adolescents. Agitation or irritability was observed more in children (7.3%) than infants (1.3%).

Conclusion

Our findings revealed a high prevalence of immune-mediated patterns of disease among COVID-19 positive pediatric patients with neurocognitive abnormalities.

Association of a low protein diet with depressive symptoms and poor health-related quality of life in CKD

OBJECTIVES

A low protein diet (LPD) for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a core dietary therapy to slow CKD progression. A study showed depressive symptoms are more common in populations with an LPD. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with CKD.

METHODS

A total of 571 CKD patients were enrolled in this study. The LPD was defined with dietary protein intake ≤0.8 g/kg/day. We divided the CKD into mild CKD and advanced CKD according to severity, as well as diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and non-DKD according to DM. The logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between an LPD and depressive symptoms as well as HRQOL in CKD patients and each subgroup.

RESULTS

An LPD had significantly higher unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) (1.81, [95% for Confidence Interval (CI), 1.18-2.76]) and multivariate-adjusted OR (1.80, [1.15-2.81]) for depressive symptoms. Moreover, an LPD showed significantly higher unadjusted OR (2.08, 1.44-3.01]) and multivariate OR (2.04, [1.38-3.02]) for poor HRQOL. In DKD subgroups, an LPD had a significant increase in unadjusted OR (2.00, [1.12-3.57]) and multivariate OR (1.99, [1.01-3.44]) for depressive symptoms. The advanced CKD group also showed that an LPD had significantly higher unadjusted OR (1.97, [1.13-3.42]) and multivariate OR (2.03, [1.12-3.73]) for depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

An LPD for CKD patients was significantly associated with depressive symptoms and poor HRQOL. Subgroup analysis indicated that DKD and advanced CKD are more predisposed to depressive symptoms and poor HRQOL.

Evaluating the neural substrates of effort-expenditure for reward in adults with major depressive disorder and obesity

Converging evidence has suggested that disturbances in monetary reward processing may subserve the shared biosignature between major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesity. However, there remains a paucity of studies that have evaluated the deficits in specific subcomponents of reward functioning in populations with MDD and obesity comorbidity. We evaluated the association between effort-expenditure for monetary reward and neural activation in regions associated with reward-based decision making (i.e., the caudate nucleus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and hippocampus) in people with MDD and obesity comorbidity. We acquired structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 12 participants and performed a spherical region-of-interest analysis (ROI) using previously defined peak MNI coordinates. A one-sample t-test was employed to compare ROI-specific blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal change during the task choice selection window (i.e., high-effort vs. low-effort task) of the effort-expenditure for reward task (EEfRT). We observed no change in activation of the caudate nucleus, ACC or hippocampus in participants with increased BMI when contrasting the high effort > low effort reward magnitude condition for the EEfRT. The findings from our exploratory study evaluated the disturbances in fundamental reward processes, including cost-benefit decision making, in people MDD and obesity. Future studies should further investigate this relationship with a larger sample size.

Evaluating Anhedonia as a risk factor in suicidality: A meta-analysis

Previous studies have evaluated the relationship between anhedonia and suicidality; however, to our knowledge, there has been no quantitative synthesis evaluating the foregoing association to date. Herein, this meta-analysis aims to provide a quantitative synthesis of the extant literature reporting on the association between levels of anhedonia across all dimensions (e.g., anticipatory, consummatory) amongst individuals endorsing suicidality. Online databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycINFO, Google Scholar) were searched from inception to 13 June 2022. Studies which assessed an aspect of suicidality (i.e., ideation, attempts) and a validated anhedonia scale were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-1 tool, and the quality of the sources was evaluated using GRADE criteria. The results of the studies were quantitatively synthesized using Pearson's r effect sizes via a random-effects meta-analysis. A total of 20 studies and 11,212 individuals were included in the final quantitative synthesis. Overall, results indicate that anhedonia has a significant and moderate correlation with suicidality in general and psychiatric populations (r = 0.31, p < 0.001 and r = 0.32, p < 0.001 respectively). Sub-analysis suggests a larger effect of anticipatory and consummatory interpersonal anhedonia (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). The identification of increased levels of anhedonia in individuals with suicidality indicates that anhedonia may be a core risk factor for suicidal ideation and behaviours. Future studies should endeavour to develop a comprehensive risk assessment encompassing all domains of anhedonia which can be utilized in a primary care setting as a potential prevention strategy for suicidal behaviours and outcomes.

The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Task Force Report: Serotonergic Psychedelic Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder

OBJECTIVE

Serotonergic psychedelics are re-emerging as potential novel treatments for several psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) convened a task force to review the evidence and provide a consensus recommendation for the clinical use of psychedelic treatments for major depressive disorder.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted to identify contemporary clinical trials of serotonergic psychedelics for the treatment of major depressive disorder and cancer-related depression. Studies published between January 1990 and July 2021 were identified using combinations of search terms, inspection of bibliographies and review of other psychedelic reviews and consensus statements. The levels of evidence for efficacy were graded according to the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments criteria.

RESULTS

Only psilocybin and ayahuasca have contemporary clinical trials evaluating antidepressant effects. Two pilot studies showed preliminary positive effects of single-dose ayahuasca for treatment-resistant depression (Level 3 evidence). Small randomized controlled trials of psilocybin combined with psychotherapy showed superiority to waitlist controls and comparable efficacy and safety to an active comparator (escitalopram with supportive psychotherapy) in major depressive disorder, with additional randomized controlled trials showing efficacy specifically in cancer-related depression (Level 3 evidence). There was only one open-label trial of psilocybin in treatment-resistant unipolar depression (Level 4 evidence). Small sample sizes and functional unblinding were major limitations in all studies. Adverse events associated with psychedelics, including psychological (e.g., psychotomimetic effects) and physical (e.g., nausea, emesis and headaches) effects, were generally transient.

CONCLUSIONS

There is currently only low-level evidence to support the efficacy and safety of psychedelics for major depressive disorder. In Canada, as of 2022, psilocybin remains an experimental option that is only available through clinical trials or the special access program. As such, Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments considers psilocybin an experimental treatment and recommends its use primarily within clinical trials, or, less commonly, through the special access program in rare, special circumstances.

Association between depressive symptoms and bone density in elderly patients with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

Depression is a disease that is commonly accompanied by elderly chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, but when the two diseases are accompanied, etiology or combination are not well known. We aimed to evaluate the etiology of CKD and comorbid depression by investigating bone disorders that are observed in persons affected by both CKD and depression.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study with a total of 646 patients with CKD. We compared the sociodemographic factors, kidney function, markers for CKD-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) and bone mineral density according to the depressive symptoms. We conducted a univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to calculate odd ratios (95 % confidence interval) between depressive symptoms and low bone mineral density.

RESULTS

Individuals with CKD and depressive symptoms were associated with lower level of education attained, living alone, exercising less, low 24-hour urine phosphorus, and low bone density. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with low bone density in lowest parts (1.55 [1.06-2.29]) and in total hip (1.72 [1.17-2.53]) even after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, kidney function, proteinuria, age, sex, smoking, and body mass index.

LIMITATIONS

A cross-sectional design was used in this study and the bone biopsy for diagnosis of CKD-MBD was not done because of invasiveness and practical difficulties.

CONCLUSION

Low bone density was associated with depressive symptoms in elderly patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease.

The association between stage of treatment-resistant depression and clinical utility of ketamine/esketamine: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Ketamine has demonstrated rapid and significant antidepressant effects in patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD). Herein, we conducted a systematic review to determine ketamine's efficacy as a function of the stage of treatment resistance (e.g., number of failed treatments) among individuals with TRD.

METHODS

A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus from inception to August 2021 was conducted. Where applicable, the studies were categorized into low and high stages of resistance, where low category included studies where the mean number of failed antidepressants was <3 or had a higher proportion of subjects with ≤2 antidepressant trials. Reported indicators of treatment resistance and efficacy were extracted from randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) assessing ketamine or esketamine for TRD.

RESULTS

In total, 18 RCTs were included in the current review. There was variability across reported indicators of disease severity, definition of treatment resistance, as well as treatment protocols, preventing clear direct and indirect comparison of relative efficacy of ketamine at different stages of treatment resistance. Ketamine was effective in reducing depressive symptoms in RCTs at both lower and higher stages of treatment resistance; however, the effect size and duration of effects was greater in RCTs of lower stage of treatment resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggested that ketamine has antidepressant efficacy across all identified stages of treatment resistance, however with increasing failed treatment trials, treatment might be less efficacious. At this time, the comparative efficacy as a function of resistance stage remains to be well-established. Evaluation of participant level data is required to more clearly determine the association between level of treatment resistance and likelihood of response.

Changes in insulin resistance following antidepressant treatment mediate response in major depressive disorder

BACKGROUND

Insulin resistance (IR) is a potential predictor of antidepressant treatment response.

AIMS

We assess changes in IR after antidepressant treatment and whether these changes have any effect on treatment response. Also, to see whether changes in IR mediates relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and antidepressant efficacy.

METHODS

This is a secondary analysis of an 8-week, open-label clinical trial with 95 adults experiencing a major depressive episode. Response to vortioxetine was measured using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Generalized estimating equation models were utilized for this intent-to-treat analysis.

RESULTS

When adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, there was a significant increase in IR following treatment in the overall sample (p = 0.035). This finding was detected in treatment non-responders (p = 0.019), whereas it was not observed in responders (p = 0.329). Mediation analysis revealed that change in IR during treatment was responsible for change in MADRS as well as the relationship between baseline CRP and treatment response.

CONCLUSIONS

Exacerbation of IR during antidepressant treatment mediated non-response. Conversely in treatment responders IR reduced. Like previous studies, baseline CRP moderated treatment response. This relationship was also mediated by changes in IR. These findings further elucidate the role of IR in terms of antidepressant response as well as potentially explain inflammation's relationship with the latter.

The effect of adjunctive infliximab treatment on future cardiovascular disease risk in patients with bipolar disorder

INTRODUCTION

Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by a pro-inflammatory biotype, and is a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), consequently causing elevated rates of morbidity and mortality among individuals with BD.

METHODS

The present study is based on a 12-week clinical trial assessing the antidepressant effects of adjunctive infliximab treatment in BD. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to evaluate CVD risk in people with BD following adjunctive infliximab treatment at baseline and week 12. Participants (baseline: n = 40; endpoint: 33) were randomized for an infliximab-treatment or placebo group. CVD-risk was calculated using Framingham risk scores (FRS), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and total cholesterol (TC).

RESULTS

There was no main effect of treatment on FRS in infliximab-treated participants compared to controls (p = 0.408). Similarly, there were no significant differences in MAP between the infliximab-treated and control group (p = 0.796). The effect of treatment on TC was not significant (p = 0.130), however, an evaluation across time suggested the main effect of the group was significant at week 0 (p = 0.01), but not week 12 (p = 0.219).

LIMITATIONS

Cardiovascular disease was not an outcome of the original clinical trial, and our participant group did not have a high CVD-risk at baseline.

CONCLUSION

There were no significant treatment effects of infliximab on FRS, MAP and TC. The current study highlights the complexity of immune-system targets that influence CVD in psychiatric populations. Future studies should include a large scale, combinatorial omnibus biomarker approach to evaluate the immune and vascular link in BD.

An App-Based Digit Symbol Substitution Test for Assessment of Cognitive Deficits in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Evaluation Study

BACKGROUND

Cognitive dysfunction is an impairing core symptom of depression. Among adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) treated with antidepressants, residual cognitive symptoms interfere with patient-reported outcomes. The foregoing characterization of cognitive symptoms provides the rationale for screening and assessing the severity of cognitive symptoms at point of care. However, clinical neurocognitive assessments are time-consuming and difficult, and they require specialist expertise to interpret them. A smartphone-delivered neurocognitive test may offer an effective and accessible tool that can be readily implemented into a measurement-based care framework.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to evaluate the use of a smartphone-delivered app-based version of the established Cognition Kit Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) neurocognitive assessment compared to a traditional paper-and-pencil version.

METHODS

Convergent validity and test-retest reliability of the 2 versions were evaluated. Patient satisfaction with the app was also assessed.

RESULTS

Assessments made using the app-based Cognition Kit DSST were highly correlated with the standard paper-and-pencil version of the test, both at the baseline visit (r=0.69, df=27; P<.001) and at the end-of-study visit (r=0.82, df=27; P<.001), and they were positively evaluated by 30 patients as being user-friendly, easy to navigate, and preferable over the paper-and-pencil version of the DSST. However, although the app-based Cognition Kit DSST was validated in patients with MDD, it still needs to be evaluated in healthy controls.

CONCLUSIONS

App-based DSST may facilitate a more personalized, convenient, and cost-effective method of cognitive assessment, helping to guide measurement-based care and psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic treatment options for patients with MDD.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03999567; https://tinyurl.com/2p8pnyv7.

Evaluating cognitive function in unaffected relatives of individuals with bipolar disorders: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Available studies have evaluated cognition in the unaffected relatives of bipolar disorder patients; however, to our knowledge, there has been no quantitative analysis evaluating the foregoing association. Herein, this meta-analysis aims to provide a quantitative synthesis of the extant literature reporting on the association between performance in cognitive domains (i.e., executive function, attention, learning and memory or global cognition) amongst unaffected individuals of probands with bipolar disorders.

METHODS

Online databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycINFO) and Google Scholar were searched from inception to 20 September 2021. Studies with unaffected, first-degree relatives of individuals with DSM-IV or DSM-5 defined bipolar disorders were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-1 tool, and the quality of the sources was evaluated using GRADE criteria. The results of the studies were quantitatively synthesized using Cohen's d effect sizes via a random-effects meta-analytic approach on JASP.

RESULTS

A total of 15 studies were included in the final review. Overall, results indicate that cognitive performance across all domains is moderately impaired in unaffected relatives of individuals with bipolar disorders (d = 0.488). Sub-analysis suggests there is a higher level of impairment in executive functioning (d = 0.612).

DISCUSSION

The identification of cognitive deficits in unaffected relatives of probands with bipolar disorders indicates that cognitive impairment is endophenotypic and a core disturbance in persons with bipolar disorders; future studies should endeavour to target cognition as a potential pre-emptive and prevention strategy of bipolar disorders.

The Effects of Psilocybin in Adults with Major Depressive Disorder and the General Population: Findings from Neuroimaging Studies

The use of psilocybin as treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) has been examined as a promising alternative to traditional first-line options. We reviewed existing literature to provide a synthesis of the extant neuroimaging observations with psilocybin, and to identify putative therapeutic targets for target engagement studies with psilocybin, and potentially other psychedelics. We assessed neuroimaging observations with psilocybin among participants with MDD and healthy populations. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar and PsycINFO from database inception to November 17th, 2021. The study quality (i.e., risk of bias) was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. A total of ten studies evaluated psilocybin in healthy populations and three studies assessed psilocybin in MDD participants using neuroimaging techniques. Following psilocybin administration, a decrease in amygdala activity and a reduction in depressive symptoms was observed in two studies. Changes in functional connectivity and activation of prefrontal limbic structures, specifically the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala, was seen in healthy populations. There was high heterogeneity in methodology (e.g., dosing schedule and imaging methods) amongst included studies. Longitudinal studies are needed to further elucidate psilocybin treatment for MDD, its long-term effects and the possibility of sustained therapeutic effects.

Sex differences in ketamine's therapeutic effects for mood disorders: A systematic review

Replicated clinical trials have demonstrated rapid and robust antidepressant effects with ketamine in treatment resistant mood disorders. Sex (biological) and gender differences in therapeutic effects for any new intervention is an important consideration, however, the differential efficacy, safety and tolerability of ketamine in males versus females remains underexplored. The objective of the present systematic review is to identify and qualitatively synthesize all published clinical studies relevant to the sex differential effects of ketamine for mood disorders. A systematic search of PubMed, Medline, and PsycInfo from inception until January 20, 2021, yielded 27 reports including 1715 patients (742 males and 973 females) that met inclusion criteria. Results from the vast majority of studies (88.8%) do not support significant sex differences in antidepressant response, tolerability or safety of ketamine. Nine (33.3%) of the reports included a bioanalytical component in the analysis and only one reported on sex differences. Evidence from the present review does not support clinically or statistically significant sex differences in therapeutic effects with ketamine. Nevertheless, future studies should continue to consider sex and biological sex differences in study design and data analytic plans.

Registered clinical trials investigating treatment of long COVID: a scoping review and recommendations for research

Background

A considerable proportion of individuals report persistent, debilitating and disparate symptoms despite resolution of acute COVID-19 infection (i.e. long COVID). Numerous registered clinical trials investigating treatment of long COVID are expected to be completed in 2021–2022. The aim of this review is to provide a scope of the candidate treatments for long COVID. A synthesis of ongoing long COVID clinical trials can inform methodologic approaches for future studies and identify key research vistas.

Methods

Scoping searches were conducted on multiple national and international clinical trial registries. Interventional trials testing treatments for long COVID were selected. The search timeline was from database inception to 28 July 2021.

Results

This scoping review included 59 clinical trial registration records from 22 countries with a total projected enrolment of 6718. Considerable heterogeneity was exhibited amongst component records with respect to the characterization of long COVID (i.e. name, symptoms- including frequency, intensity, trajectory and duration- mode of ascertainment, and definition of acute phase). In addition, the majority of proposed interventions were non-pharmacological and either targeted multiple long COVID symptoms simultaneously, or focussed on treatment of respiratory/pulmonary sequelae. Multiple interventions targeted inflammation, as well as tissue oxygenation and cellular recovery, and several interventions were repurposed from analogous conditions.

Conclusions

The results of this scoping review investigating ongoing clinical trials testing candidate treatments for long COVID suggest that a greater degree of definitional stringency and homogeneity is needed insofar as the characterization of long COVID and inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, general obesity, and abdominal obesity in patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

The study herein aimed to assess the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), as well as general and abdominal obesity in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). We also compared the prevalence of T2DM and general obesity in patients with BD with age- and gender-matched healthy controls.

METHODS

A systematic search of Embase, Medline, PubMed, and APA PsycArticles was conducted from inception to June 2021 without language restrictions. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) modified for case-control studies.

RESULTS

A total of forty-nine studies were included in this analysis. The pooled prevalence of T2DM was 9.6% (95% CI, 7.3-12.2%). Patients with BD had a nearly 1.6 times greater risk of developing T2DM compared to their age- and gender-matched controls (RR=1.57, 95% CI 1.36-1.81, p<0.001). In the present analysis, IFG is defined as a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 100 mg/dL (FPG≥100) with a prevalence of 22.4% (95% CI, 16.7-28.7%), or as an FPG equal to or greater than 110 mg/d (FPG≥110) with a prevalence of 14.8% (95% CI, 10.8-19.3%). The prevalence of general obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m²) was 29.0% (95% CI, 22.8-35.6%); the risk of obesity was almost twice the rate reported in patients with BD compared to controls (RR=1.67, 95% CI 1.32-2.12, p<0.001). We also observed that more than half of the BD participants had abdominal obesity (i.e., prevalence of 51.1%; 95% CI, 45.0-57.3%).

LIMITATIONS

A significant degree of heterogeneity was detected. Sources of heterogeneity included differences in study designs, inclusion criteria, measurement tools, and data analysis methods.

CONCLUSION

Bipolar disorder is associated with a higher prevalence of T2DM, IFG, general obesity, and abdominal obesity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity are significantly more prevalent in patients with BD than in their age- and gender-matched controls.

STUDY REGISTRATION

CRD42021258431.

Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

IMPORTANCE

COVID-19 is associated with clinically significant symptoms despite resolution of the acute infection (i.e., post-COVID-19 syndrome). Fatigue and cognitive impairment are amongst the most common and debilitating symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome.

OBJECTIVE

To quantify the proportion of individuals experiencing fatigue and cognitive impairment 12 or more weeks following COVID-19 diagnosis, and to characterize the inflammatory correlates and functional consequences of post-COVID-19 syndrome.

DATA SOURCES

Systematic searches were conducted without language restrictions from database inception to June 8, 2021 on PubMed/MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, PsycInfo, Embase, Web of Science, Google/Google Scholar, and select reference lists.

STUDY SELECTION

Primary research articles which evaluated individuals at least 12 weeks after confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and specifically reported on fatigue, cognitive impairment, inflammatory parameters, and/or functional outcomes were selected.

DATA EXTRACTION & SYNTHESIS

Two reviewers independently extracted published summary data and assessed methodological quality and risk of bias. A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted to pool Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformed proportions using the random-effects restricted maximum-likelihood model.

MAIN OUTCOMES & MEASURES

The co-primary outcomes were the proportions of individuals reporting fatigue and cognitive impairment, respectively, 12 or more weeks following COVID-19 infection. The secondary outcomes were inflammatory correlates and functional consequences associated with post-COVID-19 syndrome.

RESULTS

The literature search yielded 10,979 studies, and 81 studies were selected for inclusion. The fatigue meta-analysis comprised 68 studies, the cognitive impairment meta-analysis comprised 43 studies, and 48 studies were included in the narrative synthesis. Meta-analysis revealed that the proportion of individuals experiencing fatigue 12 or more weeks following COVID-19 diagnosis was 0.32 (95% CI, 0.27, 0.37; p < 0.001; n = 25,268; I² = 99.1%). The proportion of individuals exhibiting cognitive impairment was 0.22 (95% CI, 0.17, 0.28; p < 0.001; n = 13,232; I² = 98.0). Moreover, narrative synthesis revealed elevations in proinflammatory markers and considerable functional impairment in a subset of individuals.

CONCLUSIONS & RELEVANCE

A significant proportion of individuals experience persistent fatigue and/or cognitive impairment following resolution of acute COVID-19. The frequency and debilitating nature of the foregoing symptoms provides the impetus to characterize the underlying neurobiological substrates and how to best treat these phenomena.

STUDY REGISTRATION

PROSPERO (CRD42021256965).

What not to use in bipolar disorders: A systematic review of non-recommended treatments in clinical practice guidelines

BACKGROUND

Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are an important tool for implementation of evidence-based clinical care. Despite clinical trials showing lack of efficacy of some agents in bipolar disorder (BD), they are still frequently prescribed in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to systematically review the CPG recommendations on pharmacological interventions with evidence against their use due to lack of efficacy data and/or due to serious safety concerns.

METHODS

A systematic literature search identified 29 guidelines published by national and international organizations during the 1994-2020 period. Information was extracted regarding how the recommendations framed non-use of treatments in particular clinical situations as well as the actual recommendation in the guideline.

RESULTS

Twenty-three guidelines (79%) mentioned at least one non-recommended treatment. The terms used to qualify recommendations varied amongst guidelines and included: "not recommended" "no recommendation" and "negative evidence". Lamotrigine, topiramate and gabapentin were commonly cited as non-recommended treatments for mania and most CPG did not recommend monotherapy with antidepressants, aripiprazole, risperidone, and ziprasidone for treatment of acute bipolar depression. Most guidelines made recommendations about lack of efficacy data or potential harm in treatments for BD but there is a significant variation in the way this information is conveyed to the reader.

LIMITATIONS

Non-recommended treatments were based on their use for BD episodes or maintenance but specific medications may benefit patients when treating comorbid conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

The absence of a uniform language and recommendations in current guidelines may be an additional complicating factor in the implementation of evidence-based treatments in BD.

Molecular Mechanisms of Psilocybin and Implications for the Treatment of Depression

Therapeutic deficiencies with monoaminergic antidepressants invites the need to identify and develop novel rapid-acting antidepressants. Hitherto, ketamine and esketamine are identified as safe, well-tolerated rapid-acting antidepressants in adults with treatment-resistant depression, and also mitigate measures of suicidality. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid and non-selective agonist at many serotonin receptors, especially at serotonin 5-HT_2A receptors, and is found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms. Preliminary studies with psilocybin have shown therapeutic promise across diverse populations including major depressive disorder. The pharmacodynamic mechanisms mediating the antidepressant and psychedelic effects of psilocybin are currently unknown but are thought to involve the modulation of the serotonergic system, primarily through agonism at the 5-HT_2A receptors and downstream changes in gene expression. It is also established that indirect effects on dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are contributory, as well as effects at other lower affinity targets. Along with the direct effects on neurochemical systems, psilocybin alters neural circuitry and key brain regions previously implicated in depression, including the default mode network and amygdala. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current understanding of the receptor pharmacology and neuronal mechanisms underlying the psychedelic and putative antidepressant properties of psilocybin.

Comparing mortality from covid-19 to mortality due to overdose: A micromort analysis

OBJECTIVE

To compare the mortality risk due to covid-19 with death due to overdose in British Columbia, Canada. The opioid epidemic was declared a public health emergency in 2016.

METHODS

Mortality risk was calculated in micromorts with covid-19 data for January-October 2020, derived from the BC center for Disease Control, and illicit drug toxicity deaths for January 2010-September 2020, derived from the BC Coroners Service. Age-stratified covid-19 incidence and deaths per 100,000 population and age-stratified illicit drug toxicity death rates per 100,000 population were calculated. A micromort is a unit of risk equivalent to a one-in-a-million chance of death.

RESULTS

During the covid-19 pandemic, illicit drug toxicity deaths reached 1.0 micromorts per day, representing an increase of 0.5 micromorts per day relative to 2019 rates. In comparison, covid-19 mortality risk was 0.05 micromorts per day among individuals from the general population living in British Columbia and 21.1 micromorts per day among those infected with covid-19. Covid-related mortality risk was significantly lower among individuals aged <60 years, relative to older adults, whereas drug toxicity-related mortality was highest for individuals aged 30-59 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The mortality associated with covid-19 is apparent and distributed unevenly across subpopulations. The mortality due to overdose has increased during covid-19 and exceeds mortality due to covid-19. Our results instantiate the triple threat caused by covid-19 (i.e., public health crisis, economic crisis and mental health crisis) and quantitatively highlight the externality of increased mortality due to deaths of despair in response to public health efforts to reduce covid-related mortality.

Consensus on nomenclature for clinical staging models in bipolar disorder: A narrative review from the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Staging Task Force

OBJECTIVES

Clinical staging is widely used in medicine to map disease progression, inform prognosis, and guide treatment decisions; in psychiatry, however, staging remains a hypothetical construct. To facilitate future research in bipolar disorders (BD), a well-defined nomenclature is needed, especially since diagnosis is often imprecise with blurred boundaries, and a full understanding of pathophysiology is lacking.

METHODS

Under the auspices of the International Society of Bipolar Disorders, a Task Force of international experts was convened to review, discuss, and integrate findings from the scientific literature relevant to the development of a consensus staging model and standardize a terminology that could be used to advance future research including staging of BD and related disorders.

RESULTS

Consensus opinion and areas of uncertainty or difference were identified in regard to terms referring to staging as it may apply to BD, to at-risk status and subthreshold stages, and to various clinical stages of BD as it is currently diagnosed.

CONCLUSION

The use of a standardized nomenclature about the clinical stages of BD will facilitate communication about research on clinical and pathological components of this heterogeneous group of disorders. The concepts presented are based on current evidence, but the template provided allows for further refinements as etiological advances come to light.

The meaningful change threshold as measured by the 16-item quick inventory of depressive symptomatology in adults with treatment-resistant major depressive and bipolar disorder receiving intravenous ketamine

OBJECTIVE

.To identify a meaningful change threshold (MCT) in depression outcomes in adults with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD) receiving intravenous ketamine treatment at a community-based mood disorders center.

METHOD

.A triangular approach integrating both anchor-based and distributive methods was used to identify meaningful change on the patient-reported Quick Inventory for Depressive Symptoms Self-Report 16-Item (QIDS-SR16) as associated with the Patient Global Impression - Severity (PGI-S). Both the QIDS-SR16 and the PGI-S are self-report measures, and were collected at five timepoints (timepoints were approximately 2-7 days apart).

RESULTS

.A total of 297 adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) as part of either DSM-5-defined MDD or BD were included. The MCT for the QIDS-SR16 revealed that a mean improvement of 3.38 points from baseline was comparable to a 1-point improvement on the PGI-S. Together with an examination of the probability density function, a 3.5-point change is a reasonable MCT (i.e., 1-point PGI-S improvement) for the QIDS-SR16. A 2-point symptomatic improvement on the QIDS-SR16 was associated with no change on the PGI-S.

CONCLUSION

.A 3.5-point reduction in the QIDS-SR16 represents a MCT based on the PGI-S for adults with treatment-resistant MDD or BD receiving intravenous ketamine treatment at a community-based mood disorders center. These findings are limited by the post-hoc nature of this analysis and open-label case-series design. Measurement-based care decisions by patients, providers and clinicians, as well as cost/reimbursement decisions should include consideration of meaningful change along with conventional objective outcomes.

Association Between Mood Disorders and Risk of COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

IMPORTANCE

Preexisting noncommunicable diseases (eg, diabetes) increase the risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death. Mood disorders are associated with impaired immune function and social determinants that increase the risk of COVID-19. Determining whether preexisting mood disorders represent a risk of COVID-19 would inform public health priorities.

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether preexisting mood disorders are associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 susceptibility, hospitalization, severe complications, and death.

DATA SOURCES

Systematic searches were conducted for studies reporting data on COVID-19 outcomes in populations with and without mood disorders on PubMed/MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, PsycInfo, Embase, Web of Science, Google/Google Scholar, LitCovid, and select reference lists. The search timeline was from database inception to February 1, 2021.

STUDY SELECTION

Primary research articles that reported quantitative COVID-19 outcome data in persons with mood disorders vs persons without mood disorders of any age, sex, and nationality were selected. Of 1950 articles identified through this search strategy, 21 studies were included in the analysis.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

The modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess methodological quality and risk of bias of component studies. Reported adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were pooled with unadjusted ORs calculated from summary data to generate 4 random-effects summary ORs, each corresponding to a primary outcome.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The 4 a priori primary outcomes were COVID-19 susceptibility, COVID-19 hospitalization, COVID-19 severe events, and COVID-19 death. The hypothesis was formulated before study search. Outcome measures between individuals with and without mood disorders were compared.

RESULTS

This review included 21 studies that involved more than 91 million individuals. Significantly higher odds of COVID-19 hospitalization (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.12-1.53; P = .001; n = 26 554 397) and death (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.34-1.69; P < .001; n = 25 808 660) were found in persons with preexisting mood disorders compared with those without mood disorders. There was no association between mood disorders and COVID-19 susceptibility (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.73-2.19; n = 65 514 469) or severe events (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87-1.03; n = 83 240). Visual inspection of the composite funnel plot for asymmetry indicated the presence of publication bias; however, the Egger regression intercept test result was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis examining the association between preexisting mood disorders and COVID-19 outcomes suggest that individuals with preexisting mood disorders are at higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and death and should be categorized as an at-risk group on the basis of a preexisting condition.