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Kiboneka S, Anok A, Nakabuye R, Odiya S, Magembe J, Nazziwa R, Ddamulira C, Mulooki A, Galiwango RM, Watya S, Li PS, Lee RK, Gray RH, Kigozi G, Kankaka EN. Timing for maximum anaesthetic effect of topical cream during early infant circumcision (EIC) in Rakai, Uganda. BJUI Compass 2023; 4:423-429. [PMID: 37334019 PMCID: PMC10268568 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study is to determine the optimal timing for device-based infant circumcision under topical anaesthesia. Subjects/patients We include infants aged 1-60 days who were enrolled in a field study of the no-flip ShangRing device at four hospitals in the Rakai region of south-central Uganda, between 5 February 2020 and 27 October 2020. Methods Two hundred infants, aged 0-60 days, were enrolled, and EMLA cream was applied on the foreskin and entire penile shaft. The anaesthetic effect was assessed every 5 min by gentle application of artery forceps at the tip of the foreskin, starting at 10 min post-application until 60 min, the recommended time to start circumcision. The response was measured using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS). We determined the onset and duration of anaesthesia (defined as <20% of infants with NIPS score >4) and maximum anaesthesia (defined as <20% of infants with NIPS score >2). Results Overall, NIPS scores decreased to a minimum and reversed before the recommended 60 min. Baseline response varied with age, with minimal response among infants aged 40 days. Overall, anaesthesia was achieved after at least 25 min and lasted 20-30 min. Maximum anaesthesia was achieved after at least 30 min (except among those aged >45 days where it was not achieved) and lasted up to 10 min. Conclusion The optimal timing for maximum topical anaesthesia occurred before the recommended 60 min of waiting time. A shorter waiting time and speed may be efficient for mass device-based circumcision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen Watya
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Urocare HospitalKampalaUganda
| | - Philip S. Li
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Richard K. Lee
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ronald H. Gray
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Ssuuna C, Galiwango RM, Kankaka EN, Kagaayi J, Ndyanabo A, Kigozi G, Nakigozi G, Lutalo T, Ssekubugu R, Wasswa JB, Mayinja A, Nakibuuka MC, Jamiru S, Oketch JB, Muwanga E, Chang LW, Grabowski MK, Wawer M, Gray R, Anderson M, Stec M, Cloherty G, Laeyendecker O, Reynolds SJ, Quinn TC, Serwadda D. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 seroprevalence in South-Central Uganda, during 2019-2021. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:174. [PMID: 35189840 PMCID: PMC8860367 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, key subpopulations such as healthcare workers (HCW) may have a higher risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2. In Uganda, limited access to Personal Protective Equipment and lack of clarity on the extent/pattern of community spread may exacerbate this situation. The country established infection prevention/control measures such as lockdowns and proper hand hygiene. However, due to resource limitations and fatigue, compliance is low, posing continued onward transmission risk. This study aimed to describe extent of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in selected populations within the Rakai region of Uganda. METHODS From 30th November 2020 to 8th January 2021, we collected venous blood from 753 HCW at twenty-six health facilities in South-Central Uganda and from 227 population-cohort participants who reported specific COVID-19 like symptoms (fever, cough, loss of taste and appetite) in a prior phone-based survey conducted (between May and August 2020) during the first national lockdown. 636 plasma specimens collected from individuals considered high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, prior to the first confirmed COVID-19 case in Uganda were also retrieved. Specimens were tested for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 using the CoronaChek™ rapid COVID-19 IgM/IgG lateral flow test assay. IgM only positive samples were confirmed using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) (Architect AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 IgM) which targets the spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 exposure was defined as either confirmed IgM, both IgM and IgG or sole IgG positivity. Overall seroprevalence in each participant group was estimated, adjusting for test performance. RESULTS The seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in HCW was 26.7% [95%CI: 23.5, 29.8] with no difference by sex, age, or cadre. We observed no association between PPE use and seropositivity among exposed healthcare workers. Of the phone-based survey participants, 15.6% [95%CI: 10.9, 20.3] had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, with no difference by HIV status, sex, age, or occupation. Among 636 plasma specimens collected prior to the first confirmed COVID-19 case, 2.3% [95%CI: 1.2, 3.5] were reactive. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest high seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among HCW and substantial exposure in persons presenting with specific COVID-19 like symptoms in the general population of South-Central Uganda. Based on current limitations in serological test confirmation, it remains unclear whether seroprevalence among plasma specimens collected prior to confirmation of the first COVID-19 case implies prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ssuuna
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda.
| | | | | | - Joseph Kagaayi
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Godfrey Kigozi
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | | | - Tom Lutalo
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Anthony Mayinja
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | | | - Samiri Jamiru
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | | | - Edward Muwanga
- Kyotera District Health Office, Kyotera District Local Government, Ministry of Health, Kyotera, Uganda
| | - Larry William Chang
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Kate Grabowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Wawer
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald Gray
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Anderson
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Michael Stec
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Gavin Cloherty
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven James Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, P.O. Box 279, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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3
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Galiwango RM, Ssuuna C, Kaleebu P, Kigozi G, Kagaayi J, Nakigozi G, Reynolds SJ, Lutalo T, Kankaka EN, Wasswa JB, Kalibbala SN, Kigozi AN, Watera C, Ejang J, Ndyanabo A, Anok AJ, Ssemwanga D, Kibengo FM, Quinn TC, Grabowski M, Chang LW, Wawer M, Gray R, Laeyendecker O, Serwadda D. Short Communication: Validation of the Asante HIV-1 Rapid Recency Assay for Detection of Recent HIV-1 Infections in Uganda. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:893-896. [PMID: 33499732 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Point of care rapid recency testing for HIV-1 may be a cost-effective tool to identify recently infected individuals for incidence estimation, and focused HIV prevention through intensified contact tracing. We validated the Asante™ HIV-1 rapid recency® assay for use in Uganda. Archived specimens (serum/plasma), collected from longitudinally observed HIV-1 recently and long-term infected participants, were tested with the Asante HIV-1 rapid recency assay per manufacturer's instructions. Previously identified antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive samples with known seroconversions within 6 months of follow-up were tested in independent laboratories: the Rakai Health Sciences Program (RHSP) and the Uganda Virus Research Institute HIV Reference Laboratory (UVRI-HRL). In addition, samples from participants who seroconverted within 6-18 months and samples from individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection of at least 18 months duration were classified into three categories: ART naive, ART exposed with suppressed viral loads, and ART exposed with detectable viremia. Of the 85 samples seroconverting in ≤6 months, 27 and 42 samples were identified as "recent" by the Asante HIV-1 rapid recency test at the RHSP laboratory and UVRI-HRL, corresponding to sensitivities of 32% and 49%, respectively. There was 72% agreement between the laboratories (Cohen's kappa = 0.481, 95% CI = 0.317-0.646, p < .0001). Specificity was 100% (200/200) among chronically infected ART-naive samples. The Asante HIV-1 rapid recency assay had low sensitivity for detection of recent HIV-1 infections in Uganda, with substantial interlaboratory variability due to differential interpretation of the test strip bands. Specificity was excellent. Assessment of assay performance in other settings is needed to guide decisions on test utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Joseph Kagaayi
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Steven James Reynolds
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tom Lutalo
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Ejang
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Deogratius Ssemwanga
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Freddie M. Kibengo
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Grabowski
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Larry W. Chang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Wawer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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4
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Ssuuna C, Galiwango RM, Kankaka EN, Kagaayi J, Ndyanabo A, Kigozi G, Nakigozi G, Lutalo T, Ssekubugu R, Wasswa JB, Mayinja A, Nakibuuka MC, Jamiru S, Oketch JB, Muwanga E, Chang LW, Grabowski MK, Wawer M, Gray R, Anderson M, Stec M, Cloherty G, Laeyendecker O, Reynolds SJ, Quinn TC, Serwadda D. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Seropositivity in South-Central Uganda, During 2019 - 2021. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-960585. [PMID: 34704090 PMCID: PMC8547523 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-960585/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Globally, key subpopulations such as healthcare workers (HCWs) have a higher risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2. In Uganda, limited access to personal protective equipment amidst lack of clarity on the extent and pattern of the community disease burden may exacerbate this situation. We assessed SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among high-risk sub-populations in South-central Uganda, including HCWs, persons within the general population previously reporting experiencing key COVID-19 like symptoms (fever, cough, loss of taste and smell) and archived plasma specimens collected between October 2019 â€" 18 th March 2020, prior to confirmation of COVID-19 in Uganda. Methods: From November 2020 - January 2021, we collected venous blood from HCWs at selected health facilities in South-Central Uganda and from population-cohort participants who reported specific COVID-19 like symptoms in a prior phone-based survey conducted (between May to August 2020) during the first national lockdown. Pre-lockdown plasma collected (between October 2019 and March 18 th , 2020) from individuals considered high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection was retrieved. Specimens were tested for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 using the CoronaChek TM rapid COVID-19 IgM/IgG lateral flow test assay. IgM only positive samples were confirmed using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) (Architect AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 IgM) which targets the spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 exposure was defined as either confirmed IgM, both IgM and IgG or sole IgG positivity. Results: The seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in HCWs was 21.1% [95%CI: 18.2-24.2]. Of the phone-based survey participants, 11.9% [95%CI: 8.0-16.8] had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Among 636 pre-lockdown plasma specimens, 1.7% [95%CI: 0.9-3.1] were reactive. Conclusions: Findings suggest a high seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs and substantial exposure in persons presenting with specific COVID-19 like symptoms in the general population of South-central Uganda. Based on current limitations in serological test confirmation, it remains unclear whether pre-lockdown seropositivity implies prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Larry William Chang
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mary Kate Grabowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maria Wawer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ronald Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark Anderson
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | - Michael Stec
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | - Gavin Cloherty
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven James Reynolds
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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5
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Galiwango RM, Yegorov S, Joag V, Prodger J, Shahabi K, Huibner S, Muyanja E, Kabuubi BR, Namuniina A, Nalutaaya A, Ssemaganda A, Lutwama F, Kitandwe PK, Nanvubya A, Mpendo J, Bagaya B, Kiwanuka N, Kaul R. Characterization of CD4 + T cell subsets and HIV susceptibility in the inner and outer foreskin of Ugandan men. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13143. [PMID: 31081958 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Biological mechanisms of foreskin HIV acquisition are poorly defined. The inner foreskin is preferentially infected in explant models, so we hypothesized that this site would be enriched for HIV-susceptible CD4+ T cells and proinflammatory/chemoattractant cytokines. METHOD OF STUDY A total of 42 HIV-uninfected Ugandan men without genital symptoms provided foreskin tissues and swabs at the time of elective penile circumcision. The immune phenotype of foreskin-derived CD4+ T cells and entry of a CCR5-tropic HIV pseudovirus was characterized, and specific cytokine levels assayed by multiplexed chemiluminescent ELISA. RESULTS Unexpectedly, outer foreskin CD4+ T cells more frequently expressed CCR5 (median 29.2% vs 22.9%, P = 0.01) and CD69 (median 36.5% vs 15%, P < 0.01), and on a per-cell basis, HIV entry was higher. However, overall CD4+ T cell density was approximately twofold higher in the inner foreskin, and several highly susceptible T cell subsets were increased at this site, including Th17 cells (20.0% vs 14.1%, P = 0.0021). Specific pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were also higher on the inner foreskin surface (IL-17, IL-8, RANTES and IL-1β; all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION There was marked heterogeneity in CD4+ T cell populations and immune milieu between inner and outer foreskin tissues. Despite higher per-cell viral entry into CD4+ T cells from the outer foreskin, the higher target cell density and enriched pro-inflammatory cytokines of the inner foreskin suggest that this may be a preferential site for HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Yegorov
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vineet Joag
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Prodger
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kamnoosh Shahabi
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanja Huibner
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enoch Muyanja
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Brian Roy Kabuubi
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Annmarie Namuniina
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Annet Nalutaaya
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Aloysius Ssemaganda
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda.,Laboratory of Vaccines for the Developing World, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fredrick Lutwama
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Paul Kato Kitandwe
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Annet Nanvubya
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Juliet Mpendo
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Bernard Bagaya
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- HIV Vaccine Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Kigozi G, Musoke R, Kighoma N, Watya S, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Wabwire-Mangen F, Tobian A, Makumbi F, Galiwango RM, Sewankambo N, Nkale J, Nalwoga GK, Anyokorit M, Lutalo T, Gray RH, Wawer MJ. Effects of medical male circumcision (MC) on plasma HIV viral load in HIV+ HAART naïve men; Rakai, Uganda. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110382. [PMID: 25415874 PMCID: PMC4240554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical male circumcision (MC) of HIV-infected men may increase plasma HIV viral load and place female partners at risk of infection. We assessed the effect of MC on plasma HIV viral load in HIV-infected men in Rakai, Uganda. METHODS 195 consenting HIV-positive, HAART naïve men aged 12 and above provided blood for plasma HIV viral load testing before surgery and weekly for six weeks and at 2 and 3 months post surgery. Data were also collected on baseline social demographic characteristics and CD4 counts. Change in log10 plasma viral load between baseline and follow-up visits was estimated using paired t tests and multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE). RESULTS Of the 195 men, 129 had a CD4 count ≧ 350 and 66 had CD4 <350 cells/mm3. Men with CD4 counts <350 had higher baseline mean log10 plasma viral load than those with CD4 counts ≧ 350 cells/mm3 (4.715 vs 4.217 cps/mL, respectively, p = 0.0005). Compared to baseline, there was no statistically significant increase in post-MC HIV plasma viral loads irrespective of CD4. Multivariate analysis showed that higher baseline log10 plasma viral load was significantly associated with reduction in mean log10 plasma viral load following MC (coef. = -0.134, p<0.001). CONCLUSION We observed no increase in plasma HIV viral load following MC in HIV-infected, HAART naïve men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen Watya
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- Urocare clinic, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Noah Kiwanuka
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aaron Tobian
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fredrick Makumbi
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - James Nkale
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Tom Lutalo
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ronald Henry Gray
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Joan Wawer
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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