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Wipfli H, Arinaitwe J, Goma F, Atuyambe L, Guwatudde D, Phiri MM, Rutebemberwa E, Wabwire-Mangen F, Zulu R, Zyambo C, Guy K, Kusolo R, Mukupa M, Musasizi E, Tucker JS. A phone-based tobacco use cessation program for people living with HIV in Uganda and Zambia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2024; 19:6. [PMID: 38243301 PMCID: PMC10797805 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-024-00438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and short messaging service (SMS)-based tobacco cessation interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing tobacco use in many populations, but evidence is needed on which tailored treatments are most efficacious in meeting the complex medical and psychosocial factors confronting people living with HIV (PLWH) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper describes the protocol of a study to test the efficacy of both NRT and a tailored SMS-based tobacco use cessation intervention among PLWH in Uganda and Zambia. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial, 800 adult PLWH who use tobacco will be recruited by health care professionals at HIV treatment centers where they are receiving care. Participants will be randomized to one of the four study arms: (1) standard of care [SOC; brief clinician advice to quit combined with HIV education and information aimed at encouraging HIV treatment adherence (with no mention of tobacco) delivered via text messages]; (2) SOC + 12 weeks of NRT; (3) SOC + 6 weeks of SMS text messages to support quitting tobacco use (SMS); or (4) SOC + NRT + SMS. Participants will receive a cell phone and solar panel with power bank for charging the phone. The main outcome is cessation of tobacco use by study participants verified by urinary cotinine (< 15 ng/mL) at 6 months post-enrollment. As a secondary tobacco use outcome, we will measure 7-day point-prevalence abstinence (7 consecutive days of no tobacco use) measured by self-report and biochemically-verified at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 3 months post enrollment. DISCUSSION Our study will provide insight into the efficacy, feasibility and applicability of delivering tobacco cessation interventions through health care professionals combined with tailored tobacco cessation SMS text messaging in two countries with different tobacco use patterns, policy environments, and health care resources and provide needed information to providers and policymakers looking for cost-effective tobacco cessation interventions. The previously tested SMS-platform to be used in our study is uniquely positioned to be scaled in low- and middle-income countries worldwide, in which case evidence of even modest success in reducing the prevalence of tobacco consumption among PLWH could confer enormous health and economic benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05487807. Registered August 4, 2022, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT05487807.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wipfli
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Jim Arinaitwe
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Centre for Tobacco Control in Africa, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fastone Goma
- School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Centre For Primary Care Research, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lynn Atuyambe
- School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Guwatudde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Masauso Moses Phiri
- School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Centre For Primary Care Research, Lusaka, Zambia
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Elizeus Rutebemberwa
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy, Makerere University, Planning, and Management, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Zulu
- School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Centre For Primary Care Research, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Cosmas Zyambo
- School of Public Health, Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kyra Guy
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ronald Kusolo
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Centre for Tobacco Control in Africa, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Musawa Mukupa
- School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Centre For Primary Care Research, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ezekiel Musasizi
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Centre for Tobacco Control in Africa, Kampala, Uganda
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Wokorach G, Erima B, Najjuka F, Kiyengo J, Kibuuka H, Musinguzi AK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Byarugaba DK. Draft genome sequence of Staphylococcus urealyticus strain MUWRP0921, isolated from the urine of an adult female Ugandan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0081723. [PMID: 38078696 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00817-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus urealyticus bacteria are pathogenic among immune-compromised individuals. A strain (MUWRP0921) of Staphylococcus urealyticus with a genome of 2,708,354 bp was isolated from Uganda and carries genes that are associated with antibiotic resistance, including resistance to macrolides (erm(C) and mph(C')), aminoglycosides (aac(6")-aph(2")), tetracyclines (tet(K)), and trimethoprim (dfrG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Wokorach
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project , Kampala, Uganda
- Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu University , Gulu, Uganda
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project , Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project , Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project , Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University , Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis K Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project , Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University , Kampala, Uganda
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Byarugaba DK, Erima B, Wokorach G, Alafi S, Kibuuka H, Mworozi E, Musinguzi AK, Kiyengo J, Najjuka F, Wabwire-Mangen F. Resistome and virulome of high-risk pandemic clones of multidrug-resistant extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) isolated from tertiary healthcare settings in Uganda. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294424. [PMID: 37992119 PMCID: PMC10664879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant (MDR) globally disseminated extraintestinal pathogenic high-risk Escherichia coli (ExPEC) clones are threatening the gains in bacterial disease management. In this study, we evaluated the genomic structure including the resistome and virulome of the E. coli isolates from extraintestinal infections using whole genome sequencing (WGS). The results highlight that isolates were highly resistant (≥ 90.0%) to commonly used antibiotics (Ampicillin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Nalidixic acid, and Piperacillin) and were less (<14%) resistant to last resort antibiotics; Imipenem (10.94%) and Meropenem (10.20%). A greater proportion of the E. coli isolates belonged to phylogroup B2 (30.52%) and phylogroup A (27.37%). The sequence types ST131 of phylogroup B2 (21.05%) and ST648 of phylogroup F (9.3%) were the dominant pandemic high-risk clones identified in addition to the ST1193, ST410, ST69, ST38, ST405, and ST10. Many of the isolates were MDR and most (64.58%) carried the blaCTX-M-15 gene for extended-spectrum β-lactamases. There was a high correlation between phylogroups and the occurrence of both antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. The cephalosporin-resistance gene blaEC-5 was only found in phylogroup B2 while blaEC-8 and blaEC-19, were only found within phylogroup D and phylogroup F respectively. Aminoglycoside gene (aadA1) was only associated with phylogroups D and C. The isolates were armed with a broad range of virulence genes including adhesins, toxins, secreted proteases, iron uptake genes, and others. The yfcv, chuA, and kpsE genes preferentially occurred among isolates of phylogroup B2. The study underlines the predominance of MDR internationally disseminated high-risk ExPEC clones with a broad range of virulence genes known to be highly transmissible in healthcare and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis K. Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godfrey Wokorach
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Stephen Alafi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edison Mworozi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - James Kiyengo
- Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces, Ministry of Defence, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Florence Najjuka
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Byarugaba DK, Erima B, Wokorach G, Alafi S, Kibuuka H, Mworozi E, Najjuka F, Kiyengo J, Musinguzi AK, Wabwire-Mangen F. Genome Analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae Reveals International High-Risk Pandemic MDR Clones Emerging in Tertiary Healthcare Settings in Uganda. Pathogens 2023; 12:1334. [PMID: 38003798 PMCID: PMC10674604 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a threat to public health due to its continued evolution. In this study, we investigated the evolution, convergence, and transmission of hypervirulent and multi-drug resistant (MDR) clones of K. pneumoniae within healthcare facilities in Uganda. There was high resistance to piperacillin (90.91%), cefuroxime (86.96%), ceftazidime (84.62%), cefotaxime (84.00%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (75%), nalidixic acid (73.68%), and nitrofurantoin (71.43%) antibiotics among K. pneumoniae isolates. The isolates were genetically diverse, consisting of 20 different sequence types (STs) and 34 K-serotype groups. Chromosomal fosA (for fosfomycin) and oqxAB efflux pump genes were detected in all isolates. Two carbapenem resistance genes, blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-181 plus extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (blaCTX-M-15) gene (68.12%), quinolone-resistant genes qnrS1 (28.99%), qnrB1 (13.04%), and qnrB6 (13.04%) and others were found. All, except three of the isolates, harbored plasmids. While the isolates carried a repertoire of virulence genes, only two isolates carried hypervirulent genes demonstrating a low prevalence (2.90%) of hypervirulent strains. Our study demonstrated genetically diverse populations of K. pneumoniae, low levels of carbapenem resistance among the isolates, and no convergence of MDR and hypervirulence. Emerging high-risk international pandemic clones (ST11, ST14, ST147, ST 86 and ST307) were detected in these healthcare settings which are difficult to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis K. Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (B.E.); (G.W.); (S.A.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (F.W.-M.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (B.E.); (G.W.); (S.A.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (F.W.-M.)
| | - Godfrey Wokorach
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (B.E.); (G.W.); (S.A.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (F.W.-M.)
- Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu University, Gulu P.O. Box 166, Uganda
| | - Stephen Alafi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (B.E.); (G.W.); (S.A.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (F.W.-M.)
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (B.E.); (G.W.); (S.A.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (F.W.-M.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Edison Mworozi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (B.E.); (G.W.); (S.A.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (F.W.-M.)
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
| | - Florence Najjuka
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
| | - James Kiyengo
- Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces, Ministry of Defence, Kampala P.O. Box 3798, Uganda; (J.K.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Ambrose K. Musinguzi
- Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces, Ministry of Defence, Kampala P.O. Box 3798, Uganda; (J.K.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (B.E.); (G.W.); (S.A.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (F.W.-M.)
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
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Byarugaba DK, Wokorach G, Alafi S, Erima B, Najjuka F, Mworozi EA, Kibuuka H, Wabwire-Mangen F. Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals High Genetic Diversity, Diverse Repertoire of Virulence-Associated Genes and Limited Antibiotic Resistance Genes among Commensal Escherichia coli from Food Animals in Uganda. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1868. [PMID: 37630428 PMCID: PMC10457813 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal Escherichia coli with broad repertoire of virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes pose serious public health risks as reservoirs of AMR and virulence. This study undertook whole genome characterization of commensal E. coli from food-producing animals in Uganda to investigate their genome variability (resistome and virulome). We established that the E. coli had high genomic diversity with 38 sequence types, 24 FimH types, and 33 O-antigen serotypes randomly distributed within three phylogroups (A, B1, and E). A greater proportion (≥93.65%) of the E. coli were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate and ampicillin antibiotics. The isolates were AmpC beta-lactamase producers dominated by blaEC-15 (71.88%) and tet(A) (20.31%) antimicrobial resistant genes besides a diverse armory of virulence-associated genes in the class of exotoxin, adhesins, iron uptake, and serine protease autotransporters which varied by host species. Cattle were found to be the major source of E. coli carrying Shiga toxin genes, whereas swine was the main source of E. coli carrying colicin-like Usp toxin gene. The study underscores the importance of livestock as the carrier of E. coli with antimicrobial resistance and a large repertoire of virulence traits with a potential of causing disease in animals and humans by acquiring more genetic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis K. Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (G.W.); (S.A.); (B.E.); (H.K.); (F.W.-M.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Godfrey Wokorach
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (G.W.); (S.A.); (B.E.); (H.K.); (F.W.-M.)
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu P.O. Box 166, Uganda
| | - Stephen Alafi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (G.W.); (S.A.); (B.E.); (H.K.); (F.W.-M.)
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (G.W.); (S.A.); (B.E.); (H.K.); (F.W.-M.)
| | - Florence Najjuka
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Edison A. Mworozi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (G.W.); (S.A.); (B.E.); (H.K.); (F.W.-M.)
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (G.W.); (S.A.); (B.E.); (H.K.); (F.W.-M.)
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda; (G.W.); (S.A.); (B.E.); (H.K.); (F.W.-M.)
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
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Eneku W, Erima B, Byaruhanga AM, Atim G, Tugume T, Ukuli QA, Kibuuka H, Mworozi E, Douglas C, Koehler JW, Cleary NG, von Fricken ME, Tweyongyere R, Wabwire-Mangen F, Byarugaba DK. Wide distribution of Mediterranean and African spotted fever agents and the first identification of Israeli spotted fever agent in ticks in Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011273. [PMID: 37498943 PMCID: PMC10409254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia microorganisms are causative agents of several neglected emerging infectious diseases in humans transmitted by arthropods including ticks. In this study, ticks were collected from four geographical regions of Uganda and pooled in sizes of 1-179 ticks based on location, tick species, life stage, host, and time of collection. Then, they were tested by real-time PCR for Rickettsia species with primers targeting gltA, 17kDa and ompA genes, followed by Sanger sequencing of the 17kDa and ompA genes. Of the 471 tick pools tested, 116 (24.6%) were positive for Rickettsia spp. by the gltA primers. The prevalence of Rickettsia varied by district with Gulu recording the highest (30.1%) followed by Luwero (28.1%) and Kasese had the lowest (14%). Tick pools from livestock (cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs) had the highest positivity rate, 26.9%, followed by vegetation, 23.1%, and pets (dogs and cats), 19.7%. Of 116 gltA-positive tick pools, 86 pools were positive using 17kDa primers of which 48 purified PCR products were successfully sequenced. The predominant Rickettsia spp. identified was R. africae (n = 15) in four tick species, followed by R. conorii (n = 5) in three tick species (Haemaphysalis elliptica, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and Rh. decoloratus). Rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis was detected in one tick pool. These findings indicate that multiple Rickettsia spp. capable of causing human illness are circulating in the four diverse geographical regions of Uganda including new strains previously known to occur in the Mediterranean region. Physicians should be informed about Rickettsia spp. as potential causes of acute febrile illnesses in these regions. Continued and expanded surveillance is essential to further identify and locate potential hotspots with Rickettsia spp. of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Eneku
- Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Gladys Atim
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edison Mworozi
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christina Douglas
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nora G. Cleary
- Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael E. von Fricken
- Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Karuhize Byarugaba
- Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
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Ukuli QA, Erima B, Mubiru A, Atim G, Tugume T, Kibuuka H, Mworozi E, Ducatez MF, Wabwire-Mangen F, Byarugaba DK. Molecular characterisation of human adenoviruses associated with respiratory infections in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:435. [PMID: 37370005 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are a diverse group of viruses causing a broad range of infections of the respiratory, urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts and keratoconjunctivitis. There are seven species of human adenoviruses with 113 genotypes which may contain multiple genetic variants. This study characterised respiratory human adenoviruses and associated factors in samples collected from selected hospitals in Uganda. A total of 2,298 nasopharyngeal samples were collected between the period of 2008 to 2016 from patients seeking health care at tertiary hospitals for influenza-like illness. They were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the prevalence of HAdV. HAdV was cultured in A549 cell lines and the hexon gene was sequenced for genotyping. Of the 2,298 samples tested, 225 (9.8%) were adenovirus-positive by PCR. Age was found to be significantly associated with HAdV infections (p = 0.028) with 98% (220/225) of the positives in children aged 5 years and below and none in adults above 25 years of age. The sequenced isolates belonged to species HAdV-B and HAdV-C with most isolates identified as genotype B3. The results showed a high prevalence and genetic diversity in respiratory HAdV circulating in Ugandan population. Deeper genomic characterization based on whole genome sequencing may be necessary to further elucidate possible transmission and impact of current adenovirus-vectored vaccines in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Mubiru
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gladys Atim
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edison Mworozi
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis K Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Hounmanou YMG, Wanyana A, Alafi S, Wabwire-Mangen F, Christensen H, Olsen JE, Byarugaba DK. Whole strains vs MGEs in short and longterm transmission of ESBL genes between healthcare and community settings in Uganda. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10229. [PMID: 37353515 PMCID: PMC10290109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing Escherichia coli are a leading cause of infections in hospital and community settings. Based on samples from two hospitals in Uganda and households of inpatients we tested the hypothesis that ESBL E. coli and/or their resistance determinants could spread within the healthcare and community settings through discharged patients that were still colonized. We used bacterial culture, susceptibility testing whole genome sequencing and detailed bioinformatics analysis to test the above hypothesis. Genome analysis revealed presence of predominantly blaCTX-M-15 and blaOXA-1 genes with a total resistome with genes belonging to 14 different classes of antimicrobials. Short-term cases of strain sharing were reported within each setting and strains from the two settings were found to cluster together based on their overall resistome. Long-term horizontal transfer of ESBL genes by various IncF and IncY types of plasmids shared between healthcare and community settings was demonstrated. Based on hybrid assembly, plasmid reconstruction and phylogenetic analyses, our study suggests that while the dissemination of AMR between healthcare and community settings in the short-term is possible at whole strain level, the long-term transmission between healthcare and communities is sustained by the transfer of plasmids circulating across niches and disseminating related resistomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaovi Mahuton Gildas Hounmanou
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Agnes Wanyana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Alafi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henrik Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Denis Karuhize Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Hamid Namaganda L, Andrews C, Wabwire-Mangen F, Peterson S, Forssberg H, Kakooza-Mwesige A. Nutritional status and growth of children and adolescents with and without cerebral palsy in eastern Uganda: A longitudinal comparative analysis. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0001241. [PMID: 37310914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to understand the growth and burden of malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in order to design appropriate inclusive nutrition strategies. We compared the nutritional status and four-year longitudinal growth of a population-based cohort of children and adolescents (C&A) with CP (n = 97; 2-17 years; 55/42 M/F), and an age and sex matched group without CP (n = 91; 2-17y; 50/41 M/F) in rural Uganda. The cohorts were assessed in 2015 and 2019 for weight, height, social demographic characteristics, and feeding related factors. Nutritional status was determined using the World Health Organization (WHO) Z-scores. Wilcoxon sign rank and Mann-Whitney tests were used to test within and between group differences. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine predictors of the change in growth. Approximately two thirds (62/97 (64%)) of C&A with CP were malnourished (with <-2SD in any of the WHO Z-scores), especially those with feeding difficulties (OR = 2.65; P = 0.032), and those who needed to be fed (OR = 3.8; P = 0.019). Both the CP and non-CP groups deviated negatively from the WHO reference growth curve for height, with a significantly slower growth in the CP group (median change score of height-for-age Z score (HAZ) between assessments = -0.80(-1.56, 0.31), p<0.01), than the non-CP group (median HAZ change score = -0.27(-0.92,0.34, p = 0.034). There was a statistically significant group difference in the median HAZ change score between the CP and non-CP groups (z = -2.21, p = 0.026). Severity of motor impairment measured by the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS-level) correlated negatively (r = -1.37,95%CI -2.67, -0.08) with the change in HAZ scores among the CP group. Children and adolescents with severe motor impairments exhibit an increased risk of malnutrition and growth retardation compared to their age matched peers without CP, which underscores the need to develop inclusive community-based nutrition strategies for children with cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukia Hamid Namaganda
- CURIE Study Consortium, Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Iganga, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carin Andrews
- CURIE Study Consortium, Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Iganga, Uganda
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- CURIE Study Consortium, Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Iganga, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stefan Peterson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hans Forssberg
- CURIE Study Consortium, Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Iganga, Uganda
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige
- CURIE Study Consortium, Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Iganga, Uganda
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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10
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Naluyima P, Mwesigwa B, Tindikahwa A, Mugamba S, Thaddeus Ssensamba J, Musingye E, Mirembe G, Kibuuka H, Wabwire-Mangen F. Developing capacity for implementation and evaluation of vaccine trials in Uganda: Perspective of the Makerere University Walter Reed Project. Afr Health Sci 2022; 22:34-41. [DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i2.6s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Infectious diseases and neglected tropical diseases continue to be a major challenge in resource limited settings, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Although vaccines are a key biomedical prevention tool, resource limited settings often lack the infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and skilled human resource to conduct vaccine clinical trials. To address this gap, the Makerere University Walter Reed Project (MUWRP) was established and has contributed to vaccine research in Uganda and globally.
Methods: This was achieved through training a strong vaccine clinical trial workforce; development of requisite clinical trial infrastructure for research activities and management of investigational products; conducting phase I-III vaccine trials and contribution to national ethical and regulatory frameworks that protect participants.
Results: As of 2022, MUWRP had successfully conducted and completed five phase I/II HIV vaccine clinical trials, five for Ebola and Marburg, while one phase I/II Schistosomiasis and one phase III COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial are ongoing.
Discussion: The completed vaccine trials provided critical scientific knowledge on the safety and immunogenicity of investigational products which informed the design of better vaccines for diseases of global health importance.
Conclusion: Academia, through establishment of appropriate partnerships can contribute to the identification of solutions to complex public health challenges.
Keywords: Vaccines; community participation; developing countries.
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11
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Nakanjako D, Castelnuovo B, Sewankambo N, Kakaire T, Brough RL, Katabira ET, Thomas DL, Quinn TC, Colebunders R, Greene WC, Ronald AR, Coutinho A, McAdam K, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Katongole-Mbidde E, Musoke P, Joloba M, McKinnell H, Kamya M, Mayanja-Kizza H, Manabe YC, Kambugu A. Infectious Diseases Institute at Makerere University College of Health Sciences: a case study of a sustainable capacity building model for health care, research and training. Afr Health Sci 2022; 22:1-10. [PMID: 36321127 PMCID: PMC9590334 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i2.3s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), established in 2001, was the first autonomous institution of Makerere University set up as an example of what self-governing institutes can do in transforming the academic environment to become a rapidly progressive University addressing the needs of society This paper describes the success factors and lessons learned in development of sustainable centers of excellence to prepare academic institutions to respond appropriately to current and future challenges to global health. Key success factors included a) strong collaboration by local and international experts to combat the HIV pandemic, along with b) seed funding from Pfizer Inc., c) longstanding collaboration with Accordia Global Health Foundation to create and sustain institutional strengthening programs, d) development of a critical mass of multi-disciplinary research leaders and managers of the center, and e) a series of strong directors who built strong governance structures to execute the vision of the institute, with subsequent transition to local leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damalie Nakanjako
- School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Castelnuovo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nelson Sewankambo
- School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tom Kakaire
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard L Brough
- Former Executive Director, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elly T Katabira
- School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David L Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virolology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Allan R Ronald
- University of Manitoba, 99 Wellington Crescent, Winnipeg Manitoba, R3M0A2, Canada
| | - Alex Coutinho
- Former Executive Director, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Keith McAdam
- University of Manitoba, 99 Wellington Crescent, Winnipeg Manitoba, R3M0A2, Canada
| | - David Serwadda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Philippa Musoke
- School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Joloba
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry McKinnell
- Former Chairman, Moody's corporation, Former Chairman and CEO Optimer Pharmaceuticals and Former Chairman and CEO Pfizer Inc
| | - Moses Kamya
- School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Yukari C Manabe
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew Kambugu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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12
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Kim JH, Bell GA, Bitton A, Desai EV, Hirschhorn LR, Makumbi F, Nabiwemba E, Ratcliffe HL, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kibira SPS, Schwarz D. Health facility management and primary health care performance in Uganda. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:275. [PMID: 35232451 PMCID: PMC8886189 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary health care is a critical foundation of high-quality health systems. Health facility management has been studied in high-income countries, but there are significant measurement gaps about facility management and primary health care performance in low and middle-income countries. A primary health care facility management evaluation tool (PRIME-Tool) was initially piloted in Ghana where better facility management was associated with higher performance on select primary health care outcomes such as essential drug availability, trust in providers, ease of following a provider’s advice, and overall patient-reported quality rating. In this study, we sought to understand health facility management within Uganda's decentralized primary health care system. Methods We administered and analyzed a cross-sectional household and health facility survey conducted in Uganda in 2019, assessing facility management using the PRIME-Tool. Results Better facility management was associated with better essential drug availability but not better performance on measures of stocking equipment. Facilities with better PRIME-Tool management scores trended towards better performance on a number of experiential quality measures. We found significant disparities in the management performance of primary health care facilities. In particular, patients with greater wealth and education and those living in urban areas sought care at facilities that performed better on management. Private facilities and hospitals performed better on the management index than public facilities and health centers and clinics. Conclusions These results suggest that investments in stronger facility management in Uganda may strengthen key aspects of facility readiness such as essential drug availability and potentially could affect experiential quality of care. Nevertheless, the stark disparities demonstrate that Uganda policymakers need to target investments strategically in order to improve primary health care equitably across socioeconomic status and geography. Moreover, other low and middle-income countries may benefit from the use of the PRIME-Tool to rapidly assess facility management with the goal of understanding and improving primary health care performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Ho Kim
- Ariadne Labs (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health & Brigham and Women's Hospital), 401 Park Drive, 3rd Floor East, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA, Boston, USA.
| | - Griffith A Bell
- Ariadne Labs (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health & Brigham and Women's Hospital), 401 Park Drive, 3rd Floor East, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Asaf Bitton
- Ariadne Labs (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health & Brigham and Women's Hospital), 401 Park Drive, 3rd Floor East, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA, Boston, USA
| | - Eesha V Desai
- Ariadne Labs (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health & Brigham and Women's Hospital), 401 Park Drive, 3rd Floor East, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lisa R Hirschhorn
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Hannah L Ratcliffe
- Ariadne Labs (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health & Brigham and Women's Hospital), 401 Park Drive, 3rd Floor East, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Schwarz
- Ariadne Labs (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health & Brigham and Women's Hospital), 401 Park Drive, 3rd Floor East, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Tsui S, Kennedy CE, Moulton LH, Chang LW, Farley JE, Torpey K, van Praag E, Koole O, Ford N, Wabwire-Mangen F, Denison JA. HIV care and treatment models and their association with medication possession ratio among treatment-experienced adults in three African countries. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:1481-1493. [PMID: 34265155 PMCID: PMC8563398 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE How clinics structure the delivery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) services may influence patient adherence. We assessed the relationship between models of HIV care delivery and adherence as measured by medication possession ratio (MPR) among treatment-experienced adults in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. METHODS Eighteen clinics were grouped into three models of HIV care. Model 1-Traditional and Model 2-Mixed represented task-sharing of clinical services between physicians and clinical officers, distinguished by whether nurses played a role in clinical care; in Model 3-Task-Shifted, clinical officers and nurses shared clinical responsibilities without physicians. We assessed MPR among 3,419 patients and calculated clinic-level MPR summaries. We then calculated the mean differences of percentages and adjusted residual ratio (aRR) of the association between models of care and incomplete adherence, defined as a MPR <90%, adjusting for individual-level characteristics. RESULTS In the adjusted analysis, patients in Model 1-Traditional were more likely than patients in Model 2-Mixed to have MPR <90% (aRR = 1.60, 95% CI 1-2.48). Patients in Model 1-Traditional were no more likely than patients in Model 3-Task-Shifted to have a MPR <90% (aRR = 1.58, 95% 0.88-2.85). There was no evidence of differences in MPR <90% between Model 2-Mixed and Model 3-Task-Shifted (aRR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.59-1.66). CONCLUSION Non-physician-led ART programmes were associated with adherence levels as good as or better than physician-led ART programmes. Additional research is needed to optimise models of care to support patients on lifelong treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tsui
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Kennedy
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Moulton
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Larry W. Chang
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Medicine – Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jason E. Farley
- Department of Medicine – Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- The REACH Initiative of The Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA
- University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, Akron, USA
| | - Kwasi Torpey
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana College of Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Olivier Koole
- Clinical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Nathan Ford
- Dept HIV, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julie A. Denison
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
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14
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Dongo JP, Graham SM, Nsonga J, Wabwire-Mangen F, Maleche-Obimbo E, Mupere E, Nyinoburyo R, Nakawesi J, Sentongo G, Amuge P, Detjen A, Mugabe F, Turyahabwe S, Sekadde MP, Zawedde-Muyanja S. Implementation of an Effective Decentralised Programme for Detection, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis in Children. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030131. [PMID: 34287383 PMCID: PMC8293469 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood tuberculosis (TB) is consistently under-detected in most high-burden countries, including Uganda, especially in young children at high risk for severe disease and mortality. TB preventive treatment (TPT) for high-risk child contacts is also poorly implemented. The centralised concentration of services for child TB at the referral level is a major challenge in the prevention, detection and treatment of TB in children. In 2015, the DETECT Child TB Project was implemented in two districts of Uganda and involved decentralisation of healthcare services for child TB from tertiary to primary healthcare facilities, along with establishing linkages to support community-based household contact screening and management. The intervention resulted in improved case finding of child and adult TB cases, improved treatment outcomes for child TB and high uptake and completion of TPT for eligible child contacts. A detailed description of the development and implementation of this project is provided, along with findings from an external evaluation. The ongoing mentorship and practical support for health workers to deliver optimal services in this context were critical to complement the use of training and training tools. A summary of the project’s outcomes is provided along with the key challenges identified and the lessons learnt.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Dongo
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Kampala P.O. Box 16094, Uganda; (J.P.D.); (J.N.)
| | - Stephen M. Graham
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Kampala P.O. Box 16094, Uganda; (J.P.D.); (J.N.)
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(0)405-782-505
| | - Joseph Nsonga
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Kampala P.O. Box 16094, Uganda; (J.P.D.); (J.N.)
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 16094, Uganda;
| | - Elizabeth Maleche-Obimbo
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nirobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya;
| | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda;
| | | | - Jane Nakawesi
- Mildmay Uganda, Kampala P.O. Box 24985, Uganda; (R.N.); (J.N.)
| | - Gerald Sentongo
- Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation-Uganda, Kampala P.O. Box 72052, Uganda; (G.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Pauline Amuge
- Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation-Uganda, Kampala P.O. Box 72052, Uganda; (G.S.); (P.A.)
| | | | - Frank Mugabe
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Kampala P.O. Box 16069, Uganda; (F.M.); (S.T.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Stavia Turyahabwe
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Kampala P.O. Box 16069, Uganda; (F.M.); (S.T.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Moorine P. Sekadde
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Kampala P.O. Box 16069, Uganda; (F.M.); (S.T.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Stella Zawedde-Muyanja
- The Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda;
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15
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Chen J, Ssennyonjo A, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kim JH, Bell G, Hirschhorn L. Does decentralization of health systems translate into decentralization of authority? A decision space analysis of Ugandan healthcare facilities. Health Policy Plan 2021; 36:1408-1417. [PMID: 34165146 PMCID: PMC8505862 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1990s, following similar reforms to its general politico-administrative systems, Uganda has decentralized its public healthcare system by shifting decision-making power away from its central Ministry of Health and towards more distal administrative levels. Previous research has used decision space—the decision-making autonomy demonstrated by entities in an administrative hierarchy—to measure overall health system decentralization. This study aimed to determine how the decision-making autonomy reported by managers of Ugandan healthcare facilities (de facto decision space) differs from that which they are allocated by official policies (de jure decision space). Additionally, it sought to determine associations between decision space and indicators of managerial performance. Using quantitative primary healthcare data from Ugandan healthcare facilities, our study determined the decision space expressed by facility managers and the performance of their facilities on measures of essential drug availability, quality improvement and performance management. We found managers reported greater facility-level autonomy than expected in disciplining staff compared with recruitment and promotion, suggesting that managerial functions that require less financial or logistical investment (i.e. discipline) may be more susceptible to differences in de jure and de facto decision space than those that necessitate greater investment (i.e. recruitment and promotion). Additionally, we found larger public health facilities expressed significantly greater facility-level autonomy in drug ordering compared with smaller facilities, which indicates ongoing changes in the Ugandan medical supply chain to a hybrid ‘push-pull’ system. Finally, we found increased decision space was significantly positively associated with some managerial performance indicators, such as essential drug availability, but not others, such as our performance management and quality improvement measures. We conclude that increasing managerial autonomy alone is not sufficient for improving overall health facility performance and that many factors, specific to individual managerial functions, mediate relationships between decision space and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chen
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aloysius Ssennyonjo
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - June-Ho Kim
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Ariadne Labs, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Lisa Hirschhorn
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Mulabbi EN, Tweyongyere R, Wabwire-Mangen F, Mworozi E, Koehlerb J, Kibuuka H, Millard M, Erima B, Tugume T, Aquino UQ, Byarugaba DK. Seroprevalence of human coronaviruses among patients visiting hospital-based sentinel sites in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:585. [PMID: 34134656 PMCID: PMC8207497 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human coronaviruses are causative agents of respiratory infections with several subtypes being prevalent worldwide. They cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity and have been described to be continuously emerging but their prevalence is not well documented in Uganda. This study assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against the previously known human coronaviruses prior 2019 in Uganda. Methods A total 377 serum samples collected from volunteers that showed influenza like illness in five hospital-based sentinel sites and archived were analyzed using a commercial Qualitative Human Coronavirus Antibody IgG ELISA kit. Although there is no single kit available that can detect the presence of all the circulating coronaviruses, this kit uses a nucleoprotein, aa 340–390 to coat the wells and since there is significant homology among the various human coronavirus strains with regards to the coded for proteins, there is significant cross reactivity beyond HCoV HKU-39849 2003. This gives the kit a qualitative ability to detect the presence of human coronavirus antibodies in a sample. Results The overall seroprevalence for all the sites was 87.53% with no significant difference in the seroprevalence between the Hospital based sentinel sites (p = 0.8). Of the seropositive, the age group 1–5 years had the highest percentage (46.97), followed by 6–10 years (16.67) and then above 20 (16.36). An odds ratio of 1.6 (CI 0.863–2.97, p = 0.136) showed that those volunteers below 5 years of age were more likely to be seropositive compared to those above 5 years. The seropositivity was generally high throughout the year with highest being recorded in March and the lowest in February and December. Conclusions The seroprevalence of Human coronaviruses is alarmingly high which calls for need to identify and characterize the circulating coronavirus strains so as to guide policy on the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Nicholas Mulabbi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Jeff Koehlerb
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monica Millard
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Denis K Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
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17
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Mercan Y, Atim G, Kayed AE, Azbazdar ME, Kandeil A, Ali MA, Rubrum A, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Erima B, Wabwire-Mangen F, Ukuli QA, Tugume T, Byarugaba DK, Kayali G, Ducatez MF, Koçer ZA. Molecular Characterization of Closely Related H6N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Turkey, Egypt, and Uganda. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040607. [PMID: 33918166 PMCID: PMC8065897 DOI: 10.3390/v13040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis of circulating avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds at different geographical regions during the same period could improve our knowledge about virus transmission dynamics in natural hosts, virus evolution as well as zoonotic potential. Here, we report the genetic and molecular characterization of H6N2 influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds in Turkey, Egypt, and Uganda during 2017–2018. The Egyptian and Turkish isolates were genetically closer to each other than they were to the virus isolated from Uganda. Our results also suggest that multiple reassortment events were involved in the genesis of the isolated viruses. All viruses contained molecular markers previously associated with increased replication and/or pathogenicity in mammals. The results of this study indicate that H6N2 viruses carried by migratory birds on the West Asian/East African and Mediterranean/Black Sea flyways have the potential to transmit to mammals including humans. Additionally, adaptation markers in these viruses indicate the potential risk for poultry, which also increases the possibility of human exposure to these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Mercan
- Emerging Viral Diseases Laboratory, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 Izmir, Turkey; (Y.M.); (M.E.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gladys Atim
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda; (G.A.); (B.E.); (F.W.-M.); (Q.A.U.); (T.T.); (D.K.B.)
| | - Ahmed E. Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12311, Egypt; (A.E.K.); (A.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - M. Ekin Azbazdar
- Emerging Viral Diseases Laboratory, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 Izmir, Turkey; (Y.M.); (M.E.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12311, Egypt; (A.E.K.); (A.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12311, Egypt; (A.E.K.); (A.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Adam Rubrum
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (A.R.); (P.M.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (A.R.); (P.M.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Richard J. Webby
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (A.R.); (P.M.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda; (G.A.); (B.E.); (F.W.-M.); (Q.A.U.); (T.T.); (D.K.B.)
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda; (G.A.); (B.E.); (F.W.-M.); (Q.A.U.); (T.T.); (D.K.B.)
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Qouilazoni A. Ukuli
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda; (G.A.); (B.E.); (F.W.-M.); (Q.A.U.); (T.T.); (D.K.B.)
| | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda; (G.A.); (B.E.); (F.W.-M.); (Q.A.U.); (T.T.); (D.K.B.)
| | - Denis K. Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda; (G.A.); (B.E.); (F.W.-M.); (Q.A.U.); (T.T.); (D.K.B.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Human Link, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Zeynep A. Koçer
- Emerging Viral Diseases Laboratory, Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 Izmir, Turkey; (Y.M.); (M.E.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-232-299-4165
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18
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Andrews C, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Almeida R, Swartling Peterson S, Wabwire-Mangen F, Eliasson AC, Forssberg H. Impairments, functional limitations, and access to services and education for children with cerebral palsy in Uganda: a population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:454-462. [PMID: 31762018 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the functional limitations and associated impairments of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Uganda, and care-seeking behaviour and access to assistive devices and education. METHOD Ninety-seven children with CP (42 females, 55 males; age range 2-17y) were identified in a three-stage population-based screening with subsequent medical examinations and functional assessments. Information on school and access to care was collected using questionnaires. The data were compared with Swedish and Australian cohorts of children with CP. We used the χ2 test and linear regression models to analyse differences between groups. RESULTS Younger children were more severely impaired than older children. Two-fifths of the children had severe impairments in communication, about half had intellectual disability, and one third had seizures. Of 37 non-walking children, three had wheelchairs and none had walkers. No children had assistive devices for hearing, seeing, or communication. Care-seeking was low relating to lack of knowledge, insufficient finances, and 'lost hope'. One-third of the children attended school. Ugandan children exhibited lower developmental trajectories of mobility and self-care than a Swedish cohort. INTERPRETATION The needs for children with CP in rural Uganda are not met, illustrated by low care-seeking, low access to assistive devices, and low school attendance. A lack of rehabilitation and stimulation probably contribute to the poor development of mobility and self-care skills. There is a need to develop and enhance locally available and affordable interventions for children with CP in Uganda. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Development of mobility and self-care skills is lower in Ugandan than Swedish children with cerebral palsy (CP). Older children in Uganda with CP are less impaired than younger children. Untreated seizures and impairments of communication and intellect are common. Access to health services, assistive devices, and education is low. Caregivers lack knowledge and finances to seek care and often lose hope of their child improving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Andrews
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rita Almeida
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Swartling Peterson
- Department of Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,UNICEF, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann-Christin Eliasson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Forssberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Ellenberg SS, Keusch GT, Babiker AG, Edwards KM, Lewis RJ, Lundgren JD, Wells CD, Wabwire-Mangen F, McAdam KPWJ. Rigorous Clinical Trial Design in Public Health Emergencies Is Essential. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:1467-1469. [PMID: 29177461 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized clinical trials are the most reliable approaches to evaluating the effects of new treatments and vaccines. During the 2014-2015 West African Ebola epidemic, many argued that such trials were neither ethical nor feasible in an environment of limited health infrastructure and severe disease with a high fatality rate. Consensus among the numerous organizations providing help to the affected areas was never achieved, resulting in fragmented collaboration, delayed study initiation, and ultimately failure to provide definitive evidence on the efficacy of treatments and vaccines. Randomized trials were in fact approved by local ethics boards and initiated, demonstrating that randomized trials, even in such difficult circumstances, are feasible. Improved planning and collaboration among research and humanitarian organizations, and affected communities, in the interepidemic periods are needed to ensure that questions regarding the efficacy of vaccines and treatments can be definitively answered during future public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Ellenberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Gerald T Keusch
- Departments of Medicine and Global Health, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Abdel G Babiker
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Roger J Lewis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jens D Lundgren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles D Wells
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanofi-US, Bridgewater, New Jersey
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Department of Epidemiology, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Keith P W J McAdam
- Department of Clinical and Tropical Medicine, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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20
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Naluyima P, Lal KG, Costanzo MC, Kijak GH, Gonzalez VD, Blom K, Eller LA, Creegan M, Hong T, Kim D, Quinn TC, Björkström NK, Ljunggren HG, Serwadda D, Katabira ET, Sewankambo NK, Gray RH, Baeten JM, Michael NL, Wabwire-Mangen F, Robb ML, Bolton DL, Sandberg JK, Eller MA. Terminal Effector CD8 T Cells Defined by an IKZF2 +IL-7R - Transcriptional Signature Express FcγRIIIA, Expand in HIV Infection, and Mediate Potent HIV-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. J Immunol 2019; 203:2210-2221. [PMID: 31519862 PMCID: PMC6778306 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 is associated with increased levels of FcγRIIIA+ CD8 T cells. FcγRIIIA+ CD8 T cells display an innate transcriptomic profile akin to NK cells. ADCC is mediated by FcγRIIIA+ CD8 T cells at levels comparable with NK cells.
HIV-1 infection expands large populations of late-stage differentiated CD8 T cells that may persist long after viral escape from TCR recognition. In this study, we investigated whether such CD8 T cell populations can perform unconventional innate-like antiviral effector functions. Chronic untreated HIV-1 infection was associated with elevated numbers of CD45RA+CD57+ terminal effector CD8 T cells expressing FcγRIIIA (CD16). The FcγRIIIA+ CD8 T cells displayed a distinctive transcriptional profile between conventional CD8 T cells and NK cells, characterized by high levels of IKZF2 and low expression of IL7R. This transcriptional profile translated into a distinct NKp80+ IL-7Rα− surface phenotype with high expression of the Helios transcription factor. Interestingly, the FcγRIIIA+ CD8 T cells mediated HIV-specific Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity at levels comparable with NK cells on a per cell basis. The FcγRIIIA+ CD8 T cells were highly activated in a manner that correlated positively with expansion of the CD8 T cell compartment and with plasma levels of soluble mediators of antiviral immunity and inflammation such as IP-10, TNF, IL-6, and TNFRII. The frequency of FcγRIIIA+ CD8 T cells persisted as patients initiated suppressive antiretroviral therapy, although their activation levels declined. These data indicate that terminally differentiated effector CD8 T cells acquire enhanced innate cell-like characteristics during chronic viral infection and suggest that HIV-specific ADCC is a function CD8 T cells use to target HIV-infected cells. Furthermore, as the FcγRIIIA+ CD8 T cells persist in treatment, they contribute significantly to the ADCC-capable effector cell pool in patients on antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prossy Naluyima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerri G Lal
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Margaret C Costanzo
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Gustavo H Kijak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Veronica D Gonzalez
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Matthew Creegan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Dohoon Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852.,School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Elly T Katabira
- Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nelson K Sewankambo
- Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ronald H Gray
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195; and.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | | | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Diane L Bolton
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael A Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910; .,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
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21
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Kandeil A, Gomaa M, Nageh A, Shehata MM, Kayed AE, Sabir JSM, Abiadh A, Jrijer J, Amr Z, Said MA, Byarugaba DK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Tugume T, Mohamed NS, Attar R, Hassan SM, Linjawi SA, Moatassim Y, Kutkat O, Mahmoud S, Bagato O, Shama NMA, El-Shesheny R, Mostafa A, Perera RA, Chu DK, Hassan N, Elsokary B, Saad A, Sobhy H, El Masry I, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, Peiris M, Makonnen YJ, Ali MA, Kayali G. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Dromedary Camels in Africa and Middle East. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080717. [PMID: 31387326 PMCID: PMC6723520 DOI: 10.3390/v11080717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels are the natural reservoirs of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Camels are mostly bred in East African countries then exported into Africa and Middle East for consumption. To understand the distribution of MERS-CoV among camels in North Africa and the Middle East, we conducted surveillance in Egypt, Senegal, Tunisia, Uganda, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. We also performed longitudinal studies of three camel herds in Egypt and Jordan to elucidate MERS-CoV infection and transmission. Between 2016 and 2018, a total of 4027 nasal swabs and 3267 serum samples were collected from all countries. Real- time PCR revealed that MERS-CoV RNA was detected in nasal swab samples from Egypt, Senegal, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia. Microneutralization assay showed that antibodies were detected in all countries. Positive PCR samples were partially sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was built. The tree suggested that all sequences are of clade C and sequences from camels in Egypt formed a separate group from previously published sequences. Longitudinal studies showed high seroprevalence in adult camels. These results indicate the widespread distribution of the virus in camels. A systematic active surveillance and longitudinal studies for MERS-CoV are needed to understand the epidemiology of the disease and dynamics of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Nageh
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Shehata
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
- Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Zuhair Amr
- Department of Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mounir Abi Said
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Al Fanar 90656, Lebanon
| | - Denis K Byarugaba
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
| | - Titus Tugume
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
| | - Nadira S Mohamed
- Department of Genebank and Genetic Sequence, Forensic DNA Research and Training Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10072, Iraq
| | - Roba Attar
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabah M Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Doctor Najla Saud Al-Saud Distinguished Research Center for Biotechnology, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | | | - Yassmin Moatassim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Sara Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Noura M Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ranawaka Apm Perera
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel Kw Chu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nagla Hassan
- General Organizations of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Nadi Saed St. 1, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Basma Elsokary
- General Organizations of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Nadi Saed St. 1, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Saad
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary, Animal Diseases, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt
| | - Heba Sobhy
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary, Animal Diseases, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt
| | - Ihab El Masry
- Animal Health Services (AGAH), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt
| | - Pamela P McKenzie
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yilma J Makonnen
- Animal Health Services (AGAH), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt.
- Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia.
- Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Human Link, Hazmieh 1109, Lebanon.
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Ellenberg SS, Keusch GT, Babiker AG, Edwards KM, Lewis RJ, Lundgren JD, Wells CD, Wabwire-Mangen F, McAdam KPWJ. Reply to Jacob and Colebunders. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:985-986. [PMID: 29590323 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Ellenberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Gerald T Keusch
- Departments of Medicine and Global Health, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Abdel G Babiker
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Roger J Lewis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Jens D Lundgren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles D Wells
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanofi-U.S., Bridgewater, New Jersey
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Department of Epidemiology, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Keith P W J McAdam
- Department of Clinical and Tropical Medicine, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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23
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Raghwani J, Redd AD, Longosz AF, Wu CH, Serwadda D, Martens C, Kagaayi J, Sewankambo N, Porcella SF, Grabowski MK, Quinn TC, Eller MA, Eller LA, Wabwire-Mangen F, Robb ML, Fraser C, Lythgoe KA. Evolution of HIV-1 within untreated individuals and at the population scale in Uganda. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007167. [PMID: 30052678 PMCID: PMC6082572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 undergoes multiple rounds of error-prone replication between transmission events, resulting in diverse viral populations within and among individuals. In addition, the virus experiences different selective pressures at multiple levels: during the course of infection, at transmission, and among individuals. Disentangling how these evolutionary forces shape the evolution of the virus at the population scale is important for understanding pathogenesis, how drug- and immune-escape variants are likely to spread in populations, and the development of preventive vaccines. To address this, we deep-sequenced two regions of the HIV-1 genome (p24 and gp41) from 34 longitudinally-sampled untreated individuals from Rakai District in Uganda, infected with subtypes A, D, and inter-subtype recombinants. This dataset substantially increases the availability of HIV-1 sequence data that spans multiple years of untreated infection, in particular for different geographical regions and viral subtypes. In line with previous studies, we estimated an approximately five-fold faster rate of evolution at the within-host compared to the population scale for both synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions, and for all subtypes. We determined the extent to which this mismatch in evolutionary rates can be explained by the evolution of the virus towards population-level consensus, or the transmission of viruses similar to those that establish infection within individuals. Our findings indicate that both processes are likely to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayna Raghwani
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, Peter Medawar Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Andrew F. Longosz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomics Unit, RTS, RTB, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton MT, United States of America
| | | | - Nelson Sewankambo
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
- School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen F. Porcella
- Genomics Unit, RTS, RTB, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton MT, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Grabowski
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina A. Lythgoe
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, Peter Medawar Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Tsui S, Denison JA, Kennedy CE, Chang LW, Koole O, Torpey K, Van Praag E, Farley J, Ford N, Stuart L, Wabwire-Mangen F. Identifying models of HIV care and treatment service delivery in Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia using cluster analysis and Delphi survey. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:811. [PMID: 29207973 PMCID: PMC5717830 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organization of HIV care and treatment services, including clinic staffing and services, may shape clinical and financial outcomes, yet there has been little attempt to describe different models of HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Information about the relative benefits and drawbacks of different models could inform the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and associated services in resource-limited settings (RLS), especially in light of expanded client populations with country adoption of WHO's test and treat recommendation. METHODS We characterized task-shifting/task-sharing practices in 19 diverse ART clinics in Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia and used cluster analysis to identify unique models of service provision. We ran descriptive statistics to explore how the clusters varied by environmental factors and programmatic characteristics. Finally, we employed the Delphi Method to make systematic use of expert opinions to ensure that the cluster variables were meaningful in the context of actual task-shifting of ART services in SSA. RESULTS The cluster analysis identified three task-shifting/task-sharing models. The main differences across models were the availability of medical doctors, the scope of clinical responsibility assigned to nurses, and the use of lay health care workers. Patterns of healthcare staffing in HIV service delivery were associated with different environmental factors (e.g., health facility levels, urban vs. rural settings) and programme characteristics (e.g., community ART distribution or integrated tuberculosis treatment on-site). CONCLUSIONS Understanding the relative advantages and disadvantages of different models of care can help national programmes adapt to increased client load, select optimal adherence strategies within decentralized models of care, and identify differentiated models of care for clients to meet the growing needs of long-term ART patients who require more complicated treatment management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tsui
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Julie A. Denison
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Caitlin E. Kennedy
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Larry W. Chang
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Medicine – Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Olivier Koole
- Clinical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, UK
| | - Kwasi Torpey
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana College of Health Sciences, Legon Boundary, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Van Praag
- Technical Support Division, Global Health Population and Nutrition, FHI 360, Karibu St., Haile Selassie Rd., Oysterbay, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jason Farley
- Department of Medicine – Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Community – Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, 525 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD USA
- University of KwaZulu Natal, King George V Ave, Durban, 4041 South Africa
- Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 3538 Ridgewood Rd, Akron, OH USA
| | - Nathan Ford
- Dept HIV, World Health Organization, Ave. Appia 20, 1211, 27 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Leine Stuart
- FHI 360 (retired), 1825 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC USA
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health, New Mulago Hill Rd, Kampala, Uganda
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Peters DH, Keusch GT, Cooper J, Davis S, Lundgren J, Mello MM, Omatade O, Wabwire-Mangen F, McAdam KPWJ. In search of global governance for research in epidemics. Lancet 2017; 390:1632-1633. [PMID: 29131784 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H Peters
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Gerald T Keusch
- Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janice Cooper
- The Carter Center Liberia Mental Health Initiative, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | | | - Michelle M Mello
- Stanford University School of Medicine, School of Law, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olayemi Omatade
- Institute of Child Health, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Auld AF, Shiraishi RW, Oboho I, Ross C, Bateganya M, Pelletier V, Dee J, Francois K, Duval N, Antoine M, Delcher C, Desforges G, Griswold M, Domercant JW, Joseph N, Deyde V, Desir Y, Van Onacker JD, Robin E, Chun H, Zulu I, Pathmanathan I, Dokubo EK, Lloyd S, Pati R, Kaplan J, Raizes E, Spira T, Mitruka K, Couto A, Gudo ES, Mbofana F, Briggs M, Alfredo C, Xavier C, Vergara A, Hamunime N, Agolory S, Mutandi G, Shoopala NN, Sawadogo S, Baughman AL, Bashorun A, Dalhatu I, Swaminathan M, Onotu D, Odafe S, Abiri OO, Debem HH, Tomlinson H, Okello V, Preko P, Ao T, Ryan C, Bicego G, Ehrenkranz P, Kamiru H, Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H, Kwesigabo G, Ramadhani AA, Ng'wangu K, Swai P, Mfaume M, Gongo R, Carpenter D, Mastro TD, Hamilton C, Denison J, Wabwire-Mangen F, Koole O, Torpey K, Williams SG, Colebunders R, Kalamya JN, Namale A, Adler MR, Mugisa B, Gupta S, Tsui S, van Praag E, Nguyen DB, Lyss S, Le Y, Abdul-Quader AS, Do NT, Mulenga M, Hachizovu S, Mugurungi O, Barr BAT, Gonese E, Mutasa-Apollo T, Balachandra S, Behel S, Bingham T, Mackellar D, Lowrance D, Ellerbrock TV. Trends in Prevalence of Advanced HIV Disease at Antiretroviral Therapy Enrollment - 10 Countries, 2004-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:558-563. [PMID: 28570507 PMCID: PMC5657820 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6621a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Wanyama JN, Tsui S, Kwok C, Wanyenze RK, Denison JA, Koole O, van Praag E, Castelnuovo B, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kwesigabo GP, Colebunders R. Persons living with HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy also consulting traditional healers: a study in three African countries. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 28:1018-1027. [PMID: 28162034 DOI: 10.1177/0956462416685890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional healers provide healthcare to a substantial proportion of people living with HIV infection (PLHIV) in high HIV burden countries in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the impact on the health of retained patients visiting traditional healers is unknown. In 2011, a study to asses adherence to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) performed in 18 purposefully selected HIV treatment centers in Tanzania, Zambia and Uganda showed that 'consulting a traditional healer/herbalist because of HIV' was an independent risk factor for incomplete ART adherence. To identify characteristics of PLHIV on ART who were also consulting traditional healers, we conducted a secondary analysis of the data from this study. It was found that 260 (5.8%) of the 4451 patients enrolled in the study had consulted a traditional healer during the last three months because of HIV. In multivariable analysis, patients with fewer HIV symptoms, those who had been on ART for >5.3 years and those from Tanzania were more likely to have consulted a traditional healer. However, at the time of the study, there was a famous healer in Manyara district, Loliondo village of Tanzania who claimed his herbal remedy was able to cure all chronic diseases including HIV. HIV treatment programs should be aware that patients with fewer HIV symptoms, those who have been on ART for five or more years, and patients attending ART centers near famous traditional healers are likely to consult traditional healers. Such patients may need more support or counseling about the risks of both stopping ART and poor adherence. Considering the realities of inadequate human resources for health and the burden of disease caused by HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, facilitating a collaboration between allopathic and traditional health practitioners is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane N Wanyama
- 1 Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sharon Tsui
- 2 FHI 360, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia Kwok
- 2 FHI 360, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rhoda K Wanyenze
- 3 School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julie A Denison
- 4 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olivier Koole
- 5 Institute of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Barbara Castelnuovo
- 1 Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- 3 School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gideon P Kwesigabo
- 7 Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Robert Colebunders
- 5 Institute of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium.,8 Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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28
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Matovu JKB, Todd J, Wanyenze RK, Kairania R, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F. Evaluation of a demand-creation intervention for couples' HIV testing services among married or cohabiting individuals in Rakai, Uganda: a cluster-randomized intervention trial. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:379. [PMID: 27502776 PMCID: PMC4977664 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uptake of couples' HIV counseling and testing (couples' HCT) services remains largely low in most settings. We report the effect of a demand-creation intervention trial on couples' HCT uptake among married or cohabiting individuals who had never received couples' HCT. METHODS This was a cluster-randomized intervention trial implemented in three study regions with differing HIV prevalence levels (range: 9-43 %) in Rakai district, southwestern Uganda, between February and September 2014. We randomly assigned six clusters (1:1) to receive the intervention or serve as the comparison arm using computer-generated random numbers. In the intervention clusters, individuals attended small group, couple and male-focused interactive sessions, reinforced with testimonies from 'expert couples', and received invitation coupons to test together with their partners at designated health facilities. In the comparison clusters, participants attended general adult health education sessions but received no invitation coupons. The primary outcome was couples' HCT uptake, measured 12 months post-baseline. Baseline data were collected between November 2013 and February 2014 while follow-up data were collected between March and April 2015. We conducted intention-to-treat analysis using a mixed effects Poisson regression model to assess for differences in couples' HCT uptake between the intervention and comparison clusters. Data analysis was conducted using STATA statistical software, version 14.1. RESULTS Of 2135 married or cohabiting individuals interviewed at baseline, 42 % (n = 846) had ever received couples' HCT. Of those who had never received couples' HCT (n = 1,174), 697 were interviewed in the intervention clusters while 477 were interviewed in the comparison clusters. 73.6 % (n = 513) of those interviewed in the intervention and 82.6 % (n = 394) of those interviewed in the comparison cluster were interviewed at follow-up. Of those interviewed, 72.3 % (n = 371) in the intervention and 65.2 % (n = 257) in the comparison clusters received HCT. Couples' HCT uptake was higher in the intervention than in the comparison clusters (20.3 % versus 13.7 %; adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 1.43, 95 % CI: 1.02, 2.01, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Our findings show that a small group, couple and male-focused, demand-creation intervention reinforced with testimonies from 'expert couples', improved uptake of couples' HCT in this rural setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02492061 . Date of registration: June 14, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K B Matovu
- Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Jim Todd
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rhoda K Wanyenze
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Kairania
- Rakai Health Sciences Program/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - David Serwadda
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Regional Center for Quality of Health Care, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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29
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Byarugaba DK, Erima B, Millard M, Kibuuka H, Lkwago L, Bwogi J, Mimbe D, Kiconco JB, Tugume T, Mworozi EA, Turner J, Mckenzie PP, Webby RRJ, Webster RG, Foret C, Ducatez MF, Coldren R, Wabwire-Mangen F, Krauss S. Whole-genome analysis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated in Uganda from 2009 to 2011. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:486-492. [PMID: 27339410 PMCID: PMC5059949 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a whole-genome analysis of 19 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates from four Ugandan hospitals between 2009 and 2011. The isolates differed from the vaccine strain A/California/07/2009 by three amino acid substitutions P100S, S220T, and I338V in the hemagglutinin and by two amino acid substitutions V106I and N248D in the neuraminidase proteins with consistent mutations in all gene segments distinguishing isolates from the 2009/2010 to 2010/2011 seasons. Phylogenetic analysis showed low genetic evolution, with genetic distances of 0%-1.3% and 0.1%-1.6% for HA and NA genes, respectively. The amino acid substitutions did not lead to antigenic differences from the reference strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis K Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. .,Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monica Millard
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Derrick Mimbe
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edison A Mworozi
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jasmine Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela P Mckenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard R J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Mariette F Ducatez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,IHAP, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Rodney Coldren
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya, U.S. Embassy, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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30
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Koole O, Denison JA, Menten J, Tsui S, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kwesigabo G, Mulenga M, Auld A, Agolory S, Mukadi YD, van Praag E, Torpey K, Williams S, Kaplan J, Zee A, Bangsberg DR, Colebunders R. Reasons for Missing Antiretroviral Therapy: Results from a Multi-Country Study in Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147309. [PMID: 26788919 PMCID: PMC4720476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the reasons patients miss taking their antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the proportion who miss their ART because of symptoms; and to explore the association between symptoms and incomplete adherence. METHODS Secondary analysis of data collected during a cross-sectional study that examined ART adherence among adults from 18 purposefully selected sites in Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. We interviewed 250 systematically selected patients per facility (≥ 18 years) on reasons for missing ART and symptoms they had experienced (using the HIV Symptom Index). We abstracted clinical data from the patients' medical, pharmacy, and laboratory records. Incomplete adherence was defined as having missed ART for at least 48 consecutive hours during the past 3 months. RESULTS Twenty-nine percent of participants reported at least one reason for having ever missed ART (1278/4425). The most frequent reason was simply forgetting (681/1278 or 53%), followed by ART-related hunger or not having enough food (30%), and symptoms (12%). The median number of symptoms reported by participants was 4 (IQR: 2-7). Every additional symptom increased the odds of incomplete adherence by 12% (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.1-1.2). Female participants and participants initiated on a regimen containing stavudine were more likely to report greater numbers of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms were a common reason for missing ART, together with simply forgetting and food insecurity. A combination of ART regimens with fewer side effects, use of mobile phone text message reminders, and integration of food supplementation and livelihood programmes into HIV programmes, have the potential to decrease missed ART and hence to improve adherence and the outcomes of ART programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Koole
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Julie A Denison
- FHI 360, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joris Menten
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sharon Tsui
- FHI 360, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gideon Kwesigabo
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Andrew Auld
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon Agolory
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ya Diul Mukadi
- FHI 360, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric van Praag
- FHI 360, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kwasi Torpey
- FHI 360, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Seymour Williams
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Kaplan
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron Zee
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David R Bangsberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Colebunders
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Antwerp, Belgium
- Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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31
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Naluyima P, Eller LA, Ouma BJ, Kyabaggu D, Kataaha P, Guwatudde D, Kibuuka H, Wabwire-Mangen F, Robb ML, Michael NL, de Souza MS, Sandberg JK, Eller MA. Sex and Urbanicity Contribute to Variation in Lymphocyte Distribution across Ugandan Populations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146196. [PMID: 26730706 PMCID: PMC4701131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of patient care and interpretation of research data require evaluation of laboratory results in the context of reference data from populations with known health status to adequately diagnose disease or make a physiological assessment. Few studies have addressed the diversity of lymphocyte subsets in rural and urban Ugandan populations. Here, 663 healthy blood bank donors from semi-urban centers of Kampala consented to participate in a study to define lymphocyte reference ranges. Whole blood immunophenotyping was performed to determine the frequency and absolute counts of T, B, and NK cells using clinical flow cytometry. Results from blood bank donors were compared to a rural cohort from the district of Kayunga and more urban clinical trial participants from the capital city, Kampala. Relationships between hematological and lymphocyte parameters were also explored. In the semi-urban blood donors, females were significantly different from males in all parameters except the frequency of CD8 T and B cells. Females had higher absolute counts of CD4 T, CD8 T and B cells, whereas males had higher NK cell counts. NK cell frequency and counts were significantly higher in semi-urban blood donors, regardless of sex, compared to more urban study participants. CD8 T cell frequency and counts were significantly higher in the blood donors compared to the rural participants, irrespective of sex. Interestingly, basophil counts were positively associated with overall T cell counts. These findings suggest that both sex and level of cohort urbanicity may influence lymphocyte subset distributions in Ugandans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prossy Naluyima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benson J. Ouma
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Kyabaggu
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Kataaha
- Uganda National Blood Transfusion Service, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Guwatudde
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Olack B, Wabwire-Mangen F, Smeeth L, Montgomery JM, Kiwanuka N, Breiman RF. Risk factors of hypertension among adults aged 35-64 years living in an urban slum Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1251. [PMID: 26679701 PMCID: PMC4683777 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is an emerging public health problem in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) and urbanization is considered to favor its emergence. Given a paucity of information on hypertension and associated risk factors among urban slum dwellers in SSA, we aimed to characterize the distribution of risk factors for hypertension and investigate their association with hypertension in an urban slum in Kenya. Methods We conducted a community based cross-sectional survey among adults 35 years and older living in Kibera slum Nairobi, Kenya. Trained interviewers collected data on socio demographic characteristics and self reported health behaviours using modified World Health Organization stepwise surveillance questionnaire for chronic disease risk factors. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed following standard procedures. Multiple logistic regression was used for analysis and odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals were calculated to identify risk factors associated with hypertension. Result A total of 1528 adults were surveyed with a mean age of 46.7 years. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 29.4 % (95 % CI 27.0–31.7). Among the 418 participants classified as hypertensive, over one third (39.0 %) were unaware they had hypertension. Prevalence of current smoking and alcohol consumption was 8.5 and 13.1 % respectively. Over one quarter 26.2 % participants were classified as overweight (Body Mass Index [BMI] ≥25 to ≤29.9 kg/m2), and 17 % classified as obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Overweight, obesity, current smoking, some level of education, highest wealth index, moderate physical activity, older age and being widowed were each independently associated with hypertension. When fit in a multivariable logistic regression model, being a widow [AOR = 1.7; (95 % CI, 1.1–2.6)], belonging to the highest wealth index [AOR = 1.6; (95 % CI, 1.1–2.5)], obesity [AOR = 1.8; 95 % CI, 1.1–3.1)] and moderate physical activity [AOR = 1.9; (95 % CI, 1.2–3.0)], all remained significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion Hypertension in the slum is a public health problem affecting at least one in three adults aged 35–64 years. Age, marital status, wealth index, physical inactivity and body mass index are important risk factors associated with hypertension. Prevention measures targeting the modifiable risk factors associated with hypertension are warranted to curb hypertension and its progressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Olack
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. .,College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Liam Smeeth
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Robert F Breiman
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Auld AF, Shiraishi RW, Mbofana F, Couto A, Fetogang EB, El-Halabi S, Lebelonyane R, Pilatwe PT, Hamunime N, Okello V, Mutasa-Apollo T, Mugurungi O, Murungu J, Dzangare J, Kwesigabo G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Mulenga M, Hachizovu S, Ettiegne-Traore V, Mohamed F, Bashorun A, Nhan DT, Hai NH, Quang TH, Van Onacker JD, Francois K, Robin EG, Desforges G, Farahani M, Kamiru H, Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H, Ehrenkranz P, Denison JA, Koole O, Tsui S, Torpey K, Mukadi YD, van Praag E, Menten J, Mastro TD, Hamilton CD, Abiri OO, Griswold M, Pierre E, Xavier C, Alfredo C, Jobarteh K, Letebele M, Agolory S, Baughman AL, Mutandi G, Preko P, Ryan C, Ao T, Gonese E, Herman-Roloff A, Ekra KA, Kouakou JS, Odafe S, Onotu D, Dalhatu I, Debem HH, Nguyen DB, Yen LN, Abdul-Quader AS, Pelletier V, Williams SG, Behel S, Bicego G, Swaminathan M, Dokubo EK, Adjorlolo-Johnson G, Marlink R, Lowrance D, Spira T, Colebunders R, Bangsberg D, Zee A, Kaplan J, Ellerbrock TV. Lower Levels of Antiretroviral Therapy Enrollment Among Men with HIV Compared with Women - 12 Countries, 2002-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64:1281-6. [PMID: 26605861 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6446a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Equitable access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for men and women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a principle endorsed by most countries and funding bodies, including the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Relief (PEPFAR) (1). To evaluate gender equity in ART access among adults (defined for this report as persons aged ≥15 years), 765,087 adult ART patient medical records from 12 countries in five geographic regions* were analyzed to estimate the ratio of women to men among new ART enrollees for each calendar year during 2002-2013. This annual ratio was compared with estimates from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)(†) of the ratio of HIV-infected adult women to men in the general population. In all 10 African countries and Haiti, the most recent estimates of the ratio of adult women to men among new ART enrollees significantly exceeded the UNAIDS estimates for the female-to-male ratio among HIV-infected adults by 23%-83%. In six African countries and Haiti, the ratio of women to men among new adult ART enrollees increased more sharply over time than the estimated UNAIDS female-to-male ratio among adults with HIV in the general population. Increased ART coverage among men is needed to decrease their morbidity and mortality and to reduce HIV incidence among their sexual partners. Reaching more men with HIV testing and linkage-to-care services and adoption of test-and-treat ART eligibility guidelines (i.e., regular testing of adults, and offering treatment to all infected persons with ART, regardless of CD4 cell test results) could reduce gender inequity in ART coverage.
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Kirunda H, Kabi F, Muwereza N, Kabuuka T, Kerfua SD, Kasaija PD, Byarugaba DK, Wabwire-Mangen F. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Exposure of Free-Range Poultry to Avian Influenza Viruses in Important Bird Areas in Uganda. Avian Dis 2015; 59:64-70. [PMID: 26292536 DOI: 10.1637/10874-052714-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) viruses cause disease in domestic and wild bird species. Although these viruses have been reported to occur in poultry in Uganda, risk factors for their introduction and spread were largely unknown. We investigated the seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure of free-range poultry to AI viruses in Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the country. A structured questionnaire was administered to 664 respondents, and 1342 sera were collected from poultry. Sera were analyzed for antibody titers against AI using competitive ELISA. AI antibody prevalence was 7.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.2-9.0) in the Lake Victoria Basin, 8.4% (95% CI: 7.0-9.8) in the southwestern region, and none (0/432) in the Kyoga region. High proportions of risky practices were observed among respondent farmers. Significant predictors for exposure of poultry to AI viruses were the source of restocking poultry, method of disposal of inedible parts of slaughtered poultry, and waterfowl visits to a nearby body of water. In addition, visits by waterbirds to a nearby body of water during October-December were more associated with exposure to AI viruses (odds ratio = 3.6; 95% CI: 1.42-9.23) compared with January-March visits'. These results suggested the existence of several risk factors for exposure of free-range to AI viruses in IBAs in Uganda.
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Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Sewankambo N, Wawer M, Gray R, Brahmbhatt H. Is the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV higher among female compared with male infants? A case of Rakai, Uganda. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/jpi-2009-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Serwadda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Maria Wawer
- Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald Gray
- Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heena Brahmbhatt
- Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Matovu JKB, Todd J, Wanyenze RK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D. Correlates of previous couples' HIV counseling and testing uptake among married individuals in three HIV prevalence strata in Rakai, Uganda. Glob Health Action 2015; 8:27935. [PMID: 26058858 PMCID: PMC4461755 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v8.27935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies show that uptake of couples’ HIV counseling and testing (couples’ HCT) can be affected by individual, relationship, and socioeconomic factors. However, while couples’ HCT uptake can also be affected by background HIV prevalence and awareness of the existence of couples’ HCT services, this is yet to be documented. We explored the correlates of previous couples’ HCT uptake among married individuals in a rural Ugandan district with differing HIV prevalence levels. Design This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 2,135 married individuals resident in the three HIV prevalence strata (low HIV prevalence: 9.7–11.2%; middle HIV prevalence: 11.4–16.4%; and high HIV prevalence: 20.5–43%) in Rakai district, southwestern Uganda, between November 2013 and February 2014. Data were collected on sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics, including previous receipt of couples’ HCT. HIV testing data were obtained from the Rakai Community Cohort Study. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify correlates that are independently associated with previous receipt of couples’ HCT. Data analysis was conducted using STATA (statistical software, version 11.2). Results Of the 2,135 married individuals enrolled, the majority (n=1,783, 83.5%) had been married for five or more years while (n=1,460, 66%) were in the first-order of marriage. Ever receipt of HCT was almost universal (n=2,020, 95%); of those ever tested, (n=846, 41.9%) reported that they had ever received couples’ HCT. There was no significant difference in previous receipt of couples’ HCT between low (n=309, 43.9%), middle (n=295, 41.7%), and high (n=242, 39.7%) HIV prevalence settings (p=0.61). Marital order was not significantly associated with previous receipt of couples’ HCT. However, marital duration [five or more years vis-à-vis 1–2 years: adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.06; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.04–1.08] and awareness about the existence of couples’ HCT services within the Rakai community cohort (aOR: 7.58; 95% CI: 5.63–10.20) were significantly associated with previous receipt of couples’ HCT. Conclusions Previous couples’ HCT uptake did not significantly differ by HIV prevalence setting. Longer marital duration and awareness of the existence of couples’ HCT services in the community were significantly correlated with previous receipt of couples’ HCT. These findings suggest a need for innovative demand–creation interventions to raise awareness about couples’ HCT service availability to improve couples’ HCT uptake among married individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K B Matovu
- Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda;
| | - Jim Todd
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rhoda K Wanyenze
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Regional Center for Quality of Health Care, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Serwadda
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Tumwesigye NM, Wabwire-Mangen F, Bagenda D, Ssengooba F, Opio A, Nalwadda CK, Bollinger L, Stover J. Modelling the potential impact and cost of scaling-up male circumcision in resource poor settings: A case of Uganda. Afr J AIDS Res 2015; 12:61-9. [PMID: 25871312 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2013.815416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study modelled estimates of the cost and impact of male circumcision (MC) under different scenarios using the Decision Maker's Program Planning Tool on data from Uganda. Results showed that the number of new adult HIV infections could be reduced by 23 000 if MC could be increased from the current 25% to 80% by 2015. The incidence of HIV could be reduced by 0.2 percentage points over the same period. If a scale up programme is to meet a target of 80% by 2015 then the annual number of MCs performed should be over twice as many as those performed in 2011. The discounted net cost per infection averted would be US$559 for the period 2011-2015 and the country would save US$6 841 per infection. A scale up of MC will reduce HIV prevalence and incidence substantially and it would be highly cost effective. The government should mobilise funding to meet high MC targets that would deliver the desired reduction in prevalence and incidence in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarius M Tumwesigye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Makerere University College of Health Sciences , Mulago National Referral Hospital Complex Mulago Hill, PO Box 7071, Kampala , Uganda
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Auld AF, Agolory SG, Shiraishi RW, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kwesigabo G, Mulenga M, Hachizovu S, Asadu E, Tuho MZ, Ettiegne-Traore V, Mbofana F, Okello V, Azih C, Denison JA, Tsui S, Koole O, Kamiru H, Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H, Alfredo C, Jobarteh K, Odafe S, Onotu D, Ekra KA, Kouakou JS, Ehrenkranz P, Bicego G, Torpey K, Mukadi YD, van Praag E, Menten J, Mastro T, Hamilton CD, Swaminathan M, Dokubo EK, Baughman AL, Spira T, Colebunders R, Bangsberg D, Marlink R, Zee A, Kaplan J, Ellerbrock TV. Antiretroviral therapy enrollment characteristics and outcomes among HIV-infected adolescents and young adults compared with older adults--seven African countries, 2004-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:1097-103. [PMID: 25426651 PMCID: PMC5779521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Although scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) since 2005 has contributed to declines of about 30% in the global annual number of human immunodeficiency (HIV)-related deaths and declines in global HIV incidence, estimated annual HIV-related deaths among adolescents have increased by about 50% and estimated adolescent HIV incidence has been relatively stable. In 2012, an estimated 2,500 (40%) of all 6,300 daily new HIV infections occurred among persons aged 15-24 years. Difficulty enrolling adolescents and young adults in ART and high rates of loss to follow-up (LTFU) after ART initiation might be contributing to mortality and HIV incidence in this age group, but data are limited. To evaluate age-related ART retention challenges, data from retrospective cohort studies conducted in seven African countries among 16,421 patients, aged ≥15 years at enrollment, who initiated ART during 2004-2012 were analyzed. ART enrollment and outcome data were compared among three groups defined by age at enrollment: adolescents and young adults (aged 15-24 years), middle-aged adults (aged 25-49 years), and older adults (aged ≥50 years). Enrollees aged 15-24 years were predominantly female (81%-92%), commonly pregnant (3%-32% of females), unmarried (54%-73%), and, in four countries with employment data, unemployed (53%-86%). In comparison, older adults were more likely to be male (p<0.001), employed (p<0.001), and married, (p<0.05 in five countries). Compared with older adults, adolescents and young adults had higher LTFU rates in all seven countries, reaching statistical significance in three countries in crude and multivariable analyses. Evidence-based interventions to reduce LTFU for adolescent and young adult ART enrollees could help reduce mortality and HIV incidence in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Auld
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC,Corresponding author: Andrew F. Auld, , 404-639-8997
| | | | | | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sharon Tsui
- Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, FHI 360, Washington, DC
| | - Olivier Koole
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Belgium
| | - Harrison Kamiru
- International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs-Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Charity Alfredo
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC, Mozambique
| | - Kebba Jobarteh
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC, Mozambique
| | - Solomon Odafe
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC, Nigeria
| | - Dennis Onotu
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC, Nigeria
| | - Kunomboa A. Ekra
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Joseph S. Kouakou
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Peter Ehrenkranz
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC, Swaziland
| | - George Bicego
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC, Swaziland
| | | | | | | | - Joris Menten
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Belgium
| | - Timothy Mastro
- Global Health, Population and Nutrition, FHI 360, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Spira
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | - Robert Colebunders
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Belgium
| | | | | | - Aaron Zee
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, CDC
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Kigozi G, Musoke R, Kighoma N, Watya S, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Wabwire-Mangen F, Tobian A, Makumbi F, Galiwango RM, Sewankambo N, Nkale J, Nalwoga GK, Anyokorit M, Lutalo T, Gray RH, Wawer MJ. Effects of medical male circumcision (MC) on plasma HIV viral load in HIV+ HAART naïve men; Rakai, Uganda. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110382. [PMID: 25415874 PMCID: PMC4240554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical male circumcision (MC) of HIV-infected men may increase plasma HIV viral load and place female partners at risk of infection. We assessed the effect of MC on plasma HIV viral load in HIV-infected men in Rakai, Uganda. METHODS 195 consenting HIV-positive, HAART naïve men aged 12 and above provided blood for plasma HIV viral load testing before surgery and weekly for six weeks and at 2 and 3 months post surgery. Data were also collected on baseline social demographic characteristics and CD4 counts. Change in log10 plasma viral load between baseline and follow-up visits was estimated using paired t tests and multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE). RESULTS Of the 195 men, 129 had a CD4 count ≧ 350 and 66 had CD4 <350 cells/mm3. Men with CD4 counts <350 had higher baseline mean log10 plasma viral load than those with CD4 counts ≧ 350 cells/mm3 (4.715 vs 4.217 cps/mL, respectively, p = 0.0005). Compared to baseline, there was no statistically significant increase in post-MC HIV plasma viral loads irrespective of CD4. Multivariate analysis showed that higher baseline log10 plasma viral load was significantly associated with reduction in mean log10 plasma viral load following MC (coef. = -0.134, p<0.001). CONCLUSION We observed no increase in plasma HIV viral load following MC in HIV-infected, HAART naïve men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen Watya
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- Urocare clinic, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Noah Kiwanuka
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aaron Tobian
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fredrick Makumbi
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - James Nkale
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Tom Lutalo
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ronald Henry Gray
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Joan Wawer
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Eller MA, Opollo MS, Liu M, Redd AD, Eller LA, Kityo C, Kayiwa J, Laeyendecker O, Wawer MJ, Milazzo M, Kiwanuka N, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Quinn TC, Michael NL, Wabwire-Mangen F, Sandberg JK, Robb ML. HIV Type 1 Disease Progression to AIDS and Death in a Rural Ugandan Cohort Is Primarily Dependent on Viral Load Despite Variable Subtype and T-Cell Immune Activation Levels. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1574-84. [PMID: 25404522 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Untreated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection is associated with persistent immune activation, which is an independent driver of disease progression in European and United States cohorts. In Uganda, HIV-1 subtypes A and D and recombinant AD viruses predominate and exhibit differential rates of disease progression. METHODS HIV-1 seroconverters (n = 156) from rural Uganda were evaluated to assess the effects of T-cell activation, viral load, and viral subtype on disease progression during clinical follow-up. RESULTS The frequency of activated T cells was increased in HIV-1-infected Ugandans, compared with community matched uninfected individuals, but did not differ significantly between viral subtypes. Higher HIV-1 load, subtype D, older age, and high T-cell activation levels were associated with faster disease progression to AIDS or death. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, HIV-1 load was the strongest predictor of progression, with subtype also contributing. T-cell activation did not emerge an independent predictor of disease progression from this particular cohort. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the independent contribution of T-cell activation on morbidity and mortality observed in European and North American cohorts may not be directly translated to the HIV epidemic in East Africa. In this setting, HIV-1 load appears to be the primary determinant of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
| | | | - Michelle Liu
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
| | | | | | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda School of Medicine
| | - Maria J Wawer
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Milazzo
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- School of Public Health Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe
| | - Ronald H Gray
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Serwadda
- School of Public Health Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe
| | - Nelson K Sewankambo
- Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda School of Medicine
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | | | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
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Matovu JKB, Wanyenze RK, Wabwire-Mangen F, Nakubulwa R, Sekamwa R, Masika A, Todd J, Serwadda D. "Men are always scared to test with their partners … it is like taking them to the Police": Motivations for and barriers to couples' HIV counselling and testing in Rakai, Uganda: a qualitative study. J Int AIDS Soc 2014; 17:19160. [PMID: 25239379 PMCID: PMC4169647 DOI: 10.7448/ias.17.1.19160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uptake of couples' HIV counselling and testing (couples' HCT) can positively influence sexual risk behaviours and improve linkage to HIV care among HIV-positive couples. However, less than 30% of married couples have ever tested for HIV together with their partners. We explored the motivations for and barriers to couples' HCT among married couples in Rakai, Uganda. METHODS This was a qualitative study conducted among married individuals and selected key informants between August and October 2013. Married individuals were categorized by prior HCT status as: 1) both partners never tested; 2) only one or both partners ever tested separately; and 3) both partners ever tested together. Data were collected on the motivations for and barriers to couples' HCT, decision-making processes from tested couples and suggestions for improving couples' HCT uptake. Eighteen focus group discussions with married individuals, nine key informant interviews with selected key informants and six in-depth interviews with married individuals that had ever tested together were conducted. All interviews were audio-recorded, translated and transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Nvivo (version 9), following a thematic framework approach. RESULTS Motivations for couples' HCT included the need to know each other's HIV status, to get a treatment companion or seek HIV treatment together - if one or both partners were HIV-positive - and to reduce mistrust between partners. Barriers to couples' HCT included fears of the negative consequences associated with couples' HCT (e.g. fear of marital dissolution), mistrust between partners and conflicting work schedules. Couples' HCT was negotiated through a process that started off with one of the partners testing alone initially and then convincing the other partner to test together. Suggestions for improving couples' HCT uptake included the need for couple- and male-partner-specific sensitization, and the use of testimonies from tested couples. CONCLUSIONS Couples' HCT is largely driven by individual and relationship-based factors while fear of the negative consequences associated with couples' HCT appears to be the main barrier to couples' HCT uptake in this setting. Interventions to increase the uptake of couples' HCT should build on the motivations for couples' HCT while dealing with the negative consequences associated with couples' HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K B Matovu
- Department of Community Health & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;
| | - Rhoda K Wanyenze
- Department of Disease Control & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Regional Center for Quality of Health Care, School of Public Health, Kampala, Makerere University, Uganda
| | - Rosette Nakubulwa
- Department of Qualitative Research, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Richard Sekamwa
- Department of Qualitative Research, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Annet Masika
- Department of Qualitative Research, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Jim Todd
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Serwadda
- Department of Disease Control & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Koole O, Tsui S, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kwesigabo G, Menten J, Mulenga M, Auld A, Agolory S, Mukadi YD, Colebunders R, Bangsberg DR, van Praag E, Torpey K, Williams S, Kaplan J, Zee A, Denison J. Retention and risk factors for attrition among adults in antiretroviral treatment programmes in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:1397-410. [PMID: 25227621 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed retention and predictors of attrition (recorded death or loss to follow-up) in antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinics in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study among adults (≥18 years) starting ART during 2003-2010. We purposefully selected six health facilities per country and randomly selected 250 patients from each facility. Patients who visited clinics at least once during the 90 days before data abstraction were defined as retained. Data on individual and programme level risk factors for attrition were obtained through chart review and clinic manager interviews. Kaplan-Meier curves for retention across sites were created. Predictors of attrition were assessed using a multivariable Cox-proportional hazards model, adjusted for site-level clustering. RESULTS From 17 facilities, 4147 patients were included. Retention ranged from 52.0% to 96.2% at 1 year to 25.8%-90.4% at 4 years. Multivariable analysis of ART initiation characteristics found the following independent risk factors for attrition: younger age [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.30 (1.14-1.47)], WHO stage 4 ([aHR (95% CI): 1.56 (1.29-1.88)], >10% bodyweight loss [aHR (95%CI) = 1.17 (1.00-1.38)], poor functional status [ambulatory aHR (95%CI) = 1.29 (1.09-1.54); bedridden aHR1.54 (1.15-2.07)], and increasing years of clinic operation prior to ART initiation in government facilities [aHR (95%CI) = 1.17 (1.10-1.23)]. Patients with higher CD4 cell count were less likely to experience attrition [aHR (95%CI) = 0.88 (0.78-1.00)] for every log (tenfold) increase. Sites offering community ART dispensing [aHR (95%CI) = 0.55 (0.30-1.01) for women; 0.40 (0.21-0.75) for men] had significantly less attrition. CONCLUSIONS Patient retention to an individual programme worsened over time especially among males, younger persons and those with poor clinical indicators. Community ART drug dispensing programmes could improve retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Koole
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Clinical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kirunda H, Mugimba KK, Erima B, Mimbe D, Byarugaba DK, Wabwire-Mangen F. Predictors for Risk Factors for Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses by Poultry Handlers in Live bird markets in Uganda. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:334-43. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Kirunda
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute; Tororo Uganda
| | - K. K. Mugimba
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Animal Resources and Biosecurity; Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
| | - B. Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project; Kampala Uganda
| | - D. Mimbe
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project; Kampala Uganda
| | | | - F. Wabwire-Mangen
- School of Public Health; College of Health Sciences; Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
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Nabukenya AM, Matovu JKB, Wabwire-Mangen F, Wanyenze RK, Makumbi F. Health-related quality of life in epilepsy patients receiving anti-epileptic drugs at National Referral Hospitals in Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014; 12:49. [PMID: 24725904 PMCID: PMC3999846 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-12-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a devastating disorder that impacts on patients' quality of life, irrespective of use of anti epileptic drugs (AEDs). This study estimates the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and its associated predictors among epilepsy patients receiving AEDs. METHODS A total of 175 epilepsy patients already receiving AED for at least 3 months were randomly selected and interviewed from mental clinics at Mulago and Butabika national referral hospitals in Uganda between May - July 2011. A HRQOL index, the primary outcome, was constructed using items from Quality Of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires. The internal consistency and adequacy of these items was also computed using Cronbach's alpha and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin tests. Partial correlations were used to evaluate the contribution of the health dimensions (mental, psychological, social, physical functioning and emotional well being) and, multiple linear regressions to determine factors independently associated with HRQOL. RESULTS Just about half of the respondents (54%) were males, and nearly two thirds (62%) had received AEDs for at least 12 months. The average age was 26.6 years (SD = 11.1). The overall HRQOL mean score was 58 (SD = 13) on a scale of 0-100. The average scores of different dimensions or subscales ranged from 41 (physical) to 65 (psychological). At least three quarters (75%) of all subscales had good internal consistency and adequacy. The largest variations in the overall HRQOL were explained by social and mental functioning; each accounting for about 30% of the difference in the HRQOL but seizure control features explained a little (6%) variation. Factors negatively associated with HRQOL were poly-therapy (-1.16, p = 0.01) and frequency of seizures (-2.29, p = 0.00). Other factors associated with overall HRQOL included drug side effects, sex, marital status and education. Duration on AEDs was not a significant predictor of HRQOL. CONCLUSION The HRQOL for epilepsy patients on AEDs is very low. The predictors of low HRQOL were socio factors (marital status, education) and drug side effects, frequency of seizure, and type of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Nabukenya
- MakSPH-CDC Fellowship Program, Makerere University School of Public Health, P,O, Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
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Kirunda H, Erima B, Tumushabe A, Kiconco J, Tugume T, Mulei S, Mimbe D, Mworozi E, Bwogi J, Luswa L, Kibuuka H, Millard M, Byaruhanga A, Ducatez MF, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Wurapa K, Byarugaba DK, Wabwire-Mangen F. Prevalence of influenza A viruses in livestock and free-living waterfowl in Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:50. [PMID: 24576325 PMCID: PMC3974059 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza viruses may cause severe disease in a variety of domestic animal species worldwide, with high mortality in chickens and turkeys. To reduce the information gap about prevalence of these viruses in animals in Uganda, this study was undertaken. Results Influenza A virus prevalence by RT-PCR was 1.1% (45/4,052) while seroprevalence by ELISA was 0.8% (24/2,970). Virus prevalence was highest in domestic ducks (2.7%, 17/629) and turkeys (2.6%, 2/76), followed by free-living waterfowl (1.3%, 12/929) and swine (1.4%, 7/511). A lower proportion of chicken samples (0.4%, 7/1,865) tested positive. No influenza A virus was isolated. A seasonal prevalence of these viruses in waterfowl was 0.7% (4/561) for the dry and 2.2% (8/368) for the wet season. In poultry, prevalence was 0.2% (2/863) for the dry and 1.4% (24/1,713) for the wet season, while that of swine was 0.0% (0/159) and 2.0% (7/352) in the two seasons, respectively. Of the 45 RT-PCR positive samples, 13 (28.9%) of them were H5 but none was H7. The 19 swine sera positive for influenza antibodies by ELISA were positive for H1 antibodies by HAI assay, but the subtype(s) of ELISA positive poultry sera could not be determined. Antibodies in the poultry sera could have been those against subtypes not included in the HAI test panel. Conclusions The study has demonstrated occurrence of influenza A viruses in animals in Uganda. The results suggest that increase in volumes of migratory waterfowl in the country could be associated with increased prevalence of these viruses in free-living waterfowl and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halid Kirunda
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P,O, Box 96, Tororo, Uganda.
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Kigozi G, Musoke R, Kighoma N, Watya S, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Nkale J, Wabwire-Mangen F, Makumbi F, Sewankambo NK, Gray RH, Wawer MJ. Male circumcision wound healing in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and HIV-positive men in Rakai, Uganda. BJU Int 2013; 113:127-32. [PMID: 24053645 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess completed wound healing after medical male circumcision (MMC) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and HIV-positive men with cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) counts of <350 and ≥350 cells/mm(3) , as minimal data are available on the safety of MMC among HIV-positive men with low CD4 counts. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 262 HIV-negative and 177 HIV-positive consenting males aged ≥12 years accepted MMC using the dorsal slit procedure and were enrolled in the study. Socio-demographic and behavioural data and blood for HIV testing and CD4 counts were collected at baseline. Participants were followed weekly to collect information on resumption of sex, condom use and both self-reported and clinically assessed wound healing. The proportions healed among HIV-positive men were compared with HIV-negative men. Time to complete wound healing was assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of men healed by HIV status. At 4 weeks, the proportions healed were 85.9% in HIV-negative men, 77.4% in HIV-positive men with a CD4 count of ≥350 cells/mm(3) and 87.1% in HIV-positive men with a CD4 count of <350 cells/mm(3) . The median time to healing was 4 weeks and did not vary by HIV or CD4 status. All men had certified complete wound healing at 6 weeks after MMC. In all, 1.4% of HIV-positive men with a CD4 count of <350 cells/mm(3) resumed sex before healing, compared with 8.5% among HIV-positive men with a CD4 count of ≥350 cells/mm(3) (P = 0.052) and 7.8% (P = 0.081) among HIV-negative men. CONCLUSION Inclusion of HIV-positive men with low CD4 counts in MMC services is not deleterious to postoperative wound healing.
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Kigozi G, Musoke R, Kighoma N, Kiwanuka N, Makumbi F, Nalugoda F, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Gray RH. Safety of medical male circumcision in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men in Rakai, Uganda. Urology 2013; 83:294-7. [PMID: 24286598 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the safety of medical male circumcision (MMC) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men with CD4 levels <350 cells/mm(3), CD4 counts ≥ 350 cells/mm(3), and HIV-negative men. METHODS Two hundred forty-two HIV-infected men and a sample of 262 HIV-negative consenting men aged 12 years or older who requested free MMC were enrolled in a prospective study. Blood for HIV testing and a CD4 count were collected before surgery. During weekly follow-up over 6 weeks, data were collected on wound healing and adverse events (AEs) by examination, and resumption of sex and condom use ascertained by interview. Surgery-related AEs were characterized by type, severity, management, and resolution. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to test for differences in AE proportions. RESULTS Overall, only 2 of the 453 men experienced moderate AEs, a rate of 0.44 per 100 surgeries. No AE occurred among HIV-negative men, whereas the AE rate among HIV-infected men with CD4 counts ≥ 350 cells/mm(3) was 0.79 per 100 surgeries, and among men with CD4 counts <350 cells/mm(3) the rate was 1.19 per 100 surgeries (P = .214). AE rates were comparable for all characteristics (P >.05). CONCLUSION HIV-positive men can be safely included in MMC roll out programs without necessitating presurgery CD4 counts determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Noah Kiwanuka
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Makumbi
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maria Joan Wawer
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ronald Henry Gray
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Tumwesigye NM, Atuyambe L, Kibira SPS, Wabwire-Mangen F, Tushemerirwe F, Wagner GJ. Do religion and religiosity have anything to do with alcohol consumption patterns? Evidence from two fish landing sites on Lake Victoria Uganda. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48:1130-7. [PMID: 24041174 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.808464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fish landing sites have high levels of harmful use of alcohol. This paper examines the role of religion and religiosity on alcohol consumption at two fish landing sites on Lake Victoria in Uganda. Questionnaires were administered to randomly selected people at the sites. Dependent variables included alcohol consumption during the previous 30 days, whereas the key independent variables were religion and religiosity. Bivariate and multivariate analysis techniques were applied. People reporting low religiosity were five times more likely to have consumed alcohol (95% confidence interval: 2.45-10.04) compared with those reporting low/average religiosity. Religion and religiosity are potential channels for controlling alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarius M Tumwesigye
- 1School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences , Kampala , Uganda
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Muhamadi L, Ibrahim M, Wabwire-Mangen F, Peterson S, Reynolds SJ. Perceived medical benefit, peer/partner influence and safety and cost to access the service: client motivators for voluntary seeking of medical male circumcision in Iganga district eastern Uganda, a qualitative study. Pan Afr Med J 2013; 15:117. [PMID: 24255723 PMCID: PMC3830467 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2013.15.117.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) in Iganga district was launched in 2010 as part of the Uganda national strategy to prevent new HIV infections with a target of having 129,896 eligible males circumcised by 2012, only 35,000 (27%) of the anticipated target had been circumcised by mid 2012. There was paucity of information on why uptake of VMMC was low in this setting where HIV awareness is presumably high. This study sought to understand motivators for uptake of VMMC from the perspective of the clients themselves in order to advocate for feasible approaches to expanding uptake of VMMC in Iganga district and similar settings. Methods In Iganga district, we conducted seven key informant interviews with staff who work in the VMMC clinics and twenty in-depth interviews with clients who had accepted and undergone VMMC. Ten focus-group discussions including a total of 112 participants were also conducted with clients who had undergone VMMC. Results Motivators for uptake of VMMC in the perspective of the circumcised clients and the health care staff included: perceived medical benefit to those circumcised such as protection against acquiring HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, peer/partner influence, sexual satisfaction and safety and cost to access the service. Conclusion Since perceived medical benefit was a motivator for seeking VMMC, it can be used to strengthen campaigns for increasing uptake of VMMC. Peer influence could also be used in advocacy campaigns for VMMC expansion, especially using peers who have already undergone VMMC. There is need to ensure that safety and cost to access the service is affordable especially to rural poor as it was mentioned as a motivator for seeking VMMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubega Muhamadi
- District Health Office, Iganga District Administration, PO Box 358, Iganga, Uganda ; Division of Global Health, IHCAR, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinsika Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health, PO Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda ; School of Graduate Studies and Research Busoga University, PO BOX 154, Iganga Uganda
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Dumba R, Kaddu JB, Wabwire-Mangen F. Design and implementation of participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) as a strategy to control soil-transmitted helminth infections in Luweero, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13:512-7. [PMID: 24235957 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v13i2.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study is a continuation of a research carried out in Luweero district in Uganda1. It investigated whether PHAST was a suitable tool for reducing transmission of soil transmitted helminths. PHAST means Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation; a participatory approach that uses visual tools to stimulate the participation of people in promotion of improved hygiene and sanitation. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of PHAST on intestinal helminth transmission in children under five years. METHODS Three phases namely; (1) Baseline survey (2) PHAST intervention (3) Follow up were conducted. During Phase 1, the subjects' stool samples were examined for presence of helminthic ova and questionnaires administered. In Phase 2, PHAST was conducted only in experimental villages. All subjects in the experimental and control villages were treated thrice with Albendazole. During Phase 3, all steps of Phase 1 were repeated. RESULTS There was an overall reduction in the prevalence of children infected with helminths after PHAST intervention. Also, comparison of pre-intervention and post-intervention multivariate results indicates that the likelihood of children getting infected with helminths reduced in most of the experimented variables. CONCLUSION Health stakeholders should utilize PHAST approach to sensitize communities on the importance of hygiene to curb soil-transmitted helminth infections.
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