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Ye X, Kallakunta V, Kim DW, Patil H, Tiwari RV, Upadhye SB, Vladyka RS, Repka MA. Effects of Processing on a Sustained Release Formulation Prepared by Twin-Screw Dry Granulation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2895-2904. [PMID: 30965041 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dry granulation is an indispensable process used to improve the flow property of moisture-sensitive materials. Considering the limitations of currently available dry granulation techniques, it is necessary to develop a novel technique. In this study, a twin-screw dry granulation (TSDG) technology was successfully applied to produce a sustained-release dry granule formulation, which was subsequently compressed into sustained-release tablets. Based on a preliminary study, theophylline was selected as model drug, Klucel™ EF, Ethocel™, and magnesium stearate were selected as excipients. A Resolution V Irregular Fraction Design was applied to determine the effect of different processing parameters (screw speed, feeding rate, barrel temperature, and screw configuration) on product properties (flow properties, particle size distribution, and dissolution time). A reliable model was achieved by combining the data obtained, and processing parameters were automatically optimized to attain the setting goal. In general, TSDG was demonstrated to be an alternative method for the preparation of dry granules. The continuous processing nature, simplicity of operation, and ease of optimization made TSDG competitive compared with other conventional dry granulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyou Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Venkataraman Kallakunta
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Hemlata Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Sampada B Upadhye
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 14 Schoolhouse Road, Somerset, New Jersey 08873
| | - Ron S Vladyka
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 14 Schoolhouse Road, Somerset, New Jersey 08873
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677.
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Alshetaili AS, Almutairy BK, Tiwari RV, Morott JT, Alshehri SM, Feng X, Alsulays BB, Park JB, Zhang F, Repka MA. Preparation and Evaluation of Hot-Melt Extruded Patient-Centric Ketoprofen Mini-Tablets. Curr Drug Deliv 2017; 13:730-41. [PMID: 26456211 DOI: 10.2174/1567201812666151012113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter tasting drugs represent a large portion of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Mini-tablets are specifically designed for patients with difficulty in swallowing particular in young children up to 10 years of age, geriatric patients and patients with esophagitis. OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed to prepare, taste-masked mini-tablets, which are easily swallowed dosage forms, primarily to be used by pediatric and geriatric patients. METHODS Ketoprofen (10%-50% w/w) and Eudragit® EPO were blended and extruded with a 5-mm strand die and cut into consistent mini-tablets by using an adapted downstream pelletizer. RESULTS Differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light microscopy-hot stage microscopy studies confirmed that the binary mixtures were miscible under the employed extrusion temperatures. In-vitro release studies showed that drug release was less than 0.5% within the first 2 min in simulated salivary fluid (pH 6.8) and more than 90% in the first 20 min in gastric media (pH 1.0). The results of the electronic tongue analysis were well correlated with the drug release profile of the mini-tablets in the artificial saliva. Scanning electron microscopy revealed no cracks on the surface of the minitablets, confirming that the mini-tablets were compact solids. Chemical imaging confirmed the uniform distribution of ketoprofen inside the polymer matrices. CONCLUSION Eudragit® EPO containing ketoprofen at various drug loads were successfully melt extruded into tastedmasked mini-tablets. The reduced drug release at salivary pH correlated well with Astree e-Tongue studies for taste masking efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Director, Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Tiwari RV, Polk AN, Patil H, Ye X, Pimparade MB, Repka MA. Rat Palatability Study for Taste Assessment of Caffeine Citrate Formulation Prepared via Hot-Melt Extrusion Technology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:341-348. [PMID: 26573158 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing a pediatric oral formulation with an age-appropriate dosage form and taste masking of naturally bitter active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are key challenges for formulation scientists. Several techniques are used for taste masking of bitter APIs to improve formulation palatability; however, not all the techniques are applicable to pediatric dosage forms because of the limitations on the kind and concentration of the excipients that can be used. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology is used successfully for taste masking of bitter APIs and overcomes some of the limitations of the existing taste-masking techniques. Likewise, analytical taste assessment is an important quality control parameter evaluated by several in vivo and in vitro methods, such as the human taste panel, electrophysiological methods, electronic sensor, and animal preference tests to aid in selecting a taste-masked formulation. However, the most appropriate in vivo method to assess the taste-masking efficacy of pediatric formulations remains unknown because it is not known to what extent the human taste panel/electronic tongue can predict the palatability in the pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to develop taste-masked caffeine citrate extrudates via HME and to demonstrate the wide applicability of a single bottle-test rat model to record and compare the volume consumed of the taste-masked solutions to that of the pure API. Thus, this rat model can be considered as a low-cost alternative taste-assessment method to the most commonly used expensive human taste panel/electronic tongue method for pediatric formulations.
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Nie H, Feng X, Peng J, Liang L, Lu C, Tiwari RV, Tang S, He J. Comparative pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium after administration to water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:646-52. [PMID: 27227504 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.6.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate pharmacokinetics and bioavailability after administration of ceftiofur hydrochloride and ceftiofur sodium to water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). ANIMALS 5 healthy adult water buffalo (3 males and 2 nonlactating females). PROCEDURES All animals received a dose (2.2 mg/kg) of 3 ceftiofur products (2 commercially available suspensions of ceftiofur hydrochloride [CEF1 and CEF2, IM] and ceftiofur sodium [CEF3, IV]). Blood samples were collected for up to 196 hours. Concentrations of ceftiofur in plasma were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated on the basis of noncompartmental methods. RESULTS Most of the pharmacokinetic parameters, except for bioavailability and the area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity, were significantly different between the 2 products administered IM. Mean ± SD bioavailability of CEF1 and CEF2 was 89.57 ± 32.84% and 86.28 ± 11.49%, respectively, which indicated good absorption of both products. In addition, there was a longer drug residence time for CEF1 than for CEF2. Data analysis for CEF1 revealed a flip-flop phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, there was good absorption of CEF1, and CEF1 had a longer drug residence time in vivo than did CEF2. On the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters and the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility, a dosage regimen of 2.2 mg/kg administered at 48- and 36-hour intervals for CEF1 and CEF2, respectively, could be an appropriate choice for the treatment of buffalo with infectious diseases.
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Zhang J, Feng X, Patil H, Tiwari RV, Repka MA. Coupling 3D printing with hot-melt extrusion to produce controlled-release tablets. Int J Pharm 2016; 519:186-197. [PMID: 28017768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to explore the potential of coupling fused deposition modeling in three-dimensional (3D) printing with hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology to facilitate additive manufacturing, in order to fabricate tablets with enhanced extended release properties. Acetaminophen was used as the model drug and different grades and ratios of polymers were used to formulate tablets. Three-point bending and hardness tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the filaments and tablets. 3D-printed tablets, directly compressed mill-extruded tablets, and tablets prepared from a physical mixture were evaluated for drug release rates using a USP-II dissolution apparatus. The surface and cross-sectional morphology of the 3D-printed tablets were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the crystal states and thermal properties of materials, respectively. The 3D-printed tablets had smooth surfaces and tight structures; therefore, they showed better extended drug release rates than the directly compressed tablets did. Further, this study clearly demonstrated the feasibility of coupling HME with 3D printing technology, which allows for the formulation of drug delivery systems using different grades and ratios of pharmaceutical polymers. In addition, formulations can be made based on the personal needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, United States
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, United States
| | - Hemlata Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, United States
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, United States
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, United States; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, United States.
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Alsulays BB, Kulkarni V, Alshehri SM, Almutairy BK, Ashour EA, Morott JT, Alshetaili AS, Park JB, Tiwari RV, Repka MA. Preparation and evaluation of enteric coated tablets of hot-melt extruded lansoprazole. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:789-796. [PMID: 27486807 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1220567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to use hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology to improve the physiochemical properties of lansoprazole (LNS) to prepare stable enteric coated LNS tablets. For the extrusion process, we chose Kollidon® 12 PF (K12) polymeric matrix. Lutrol® F 68 was selected as the plasticizer and magnesium oxide (MgO) as the alkalizer. With or without the alkalizer, LNS at 10% drug load was extruded with K12 and F68. LNS changed to the amorphous phase and showed better release compared to that of the pure crystalline drug. Inclusion of MgO improved LNS extrudability and release and resulted in over 80% drug release in the buffer stage. Hot-melt extruded LNS was physically and chemically stable after 12 months of storage. Both formulations were studied for compatibility with Eudragit® L100-55. The optimized formulation was compressed into a tablet followed by coating process utilizing a pan coater using L100-55 as an enteric coating polymer. In a two-step dissolution study, the release profile of the enteric coated LNS tablets in the acidic stage was less than 10% of the LNS, while that in the buffer stage was more than 80%. Drug content analysis revealed the LNS content to be 97%, indicating the chemical stability of the enteric coated tablet after storage for six months. HME, which has not been previously used for LNS, is a valuable technique to reduce processing time in the manufacture of enteric coated formulations of an acid-sensitive active pharmaceutical ingredient as compared to the existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader B Alsulays
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , MS , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University , Alkharj , Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijay Kulkarni
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , MS , USA
| | - Sultan M Alshehri
- c Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Bjad K Almutairy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , MS , USA
| | - Eman A Ashour
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , MS , USA
| | - Joseph T Morott
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , MS , USA
| | - Abdullah S Alshetaili
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University , Alkharj , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun-Bom Park
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , MS , USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , MS , USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , MS , USA.,d Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , MS , USA
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Alshetaili AS, Almutairy BK, Alshahrani SM, Ashour EA, Tiwari RV, Alshehri SM, Feng X, Alsulays BB, Majumdar S, Langley N, Kolter K, Gryczke A, Martin ST, Repka MA. Optimization of hot melt extrusion parameters for sphericity and hardness of polymeric face-cut pellets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1833-41. [PMID: 27080252 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1178769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to formulate face-cut, melt-extruded pellets, and to optimize hot melt process parameters to obtain maximized sphericity and hardness by utilizing Soluplus(®) as a polymeric carrier and carbamazepine (CBZ) as a model drug. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to detect thermal stability of CBZ. The Box-Behnken design for response surface methodology was developed using three factors, processing temperature ( °C), feeding rate (%), and screw speed (rpm), which resulted in 17 experimental runs. The influence of these factors on pellet sphericity and mechanical characteristics was assessed and evaluated for each experimental run. Pellets with optimal sphericity and mechanical properties were chosen for further characterization. This included differential scanning calorimetry, drug release, hardness friability index (HFI), flowability, bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, and fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) spectroscopy. TGA data showed no drug degradation upon heating to 190 °C. Hot melt extrusion processing conditions were found to have a significant effect on the pellet shape and hardness profile. Pellets with maximum sphericity and hardness exhibited no crystalline peak after extrusion. The rate of drug release was affected mainly by pellet size, where smaller pellets released the drug faster. All optimized formulations were found to be of superior hardness and not friable. The flow properties of optimized pellets were excellent with high bulk and tapped density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Alshetaili
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA ;,b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University , Alkharj , Saudi Arabia
| | - Bjad K Almutairy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Saad M Alshahrani
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University , Alkharj , Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A Ashour
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Sultan M Alshehri
- c Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Feng
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Bader B Alsulays
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University , Alkharj , Saudi Arabia
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | | | - Karl Kolter
- e R&D Project, Management Excipients, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Andreas Gryczke
- f Global Development and Technical Marketing, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | | | - Michael A Repka
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA ;,h Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
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Almutairy BK, Alshetaili AS, Ashour EA, Patil H, Tiwari RV, Alshehri SM, Repka MA. Development of a floating drug delivery system with superior buoyancy in gastric fluid using hot-melt extrusion coupled with pressurized CO₂. Pharmazie 2016; 71:128-133. [PMID: 27183706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a continuous single-step manufacturing platform to prepare a porous, low-density, and floating multi-particulate system (mini-tablet, 4 mm size). This process involves injecting inert, non-toxic pressurized CO₂gas (P-CO₂) in zone 4 of a 16-mm hot-melt extruder (HME) to continuously generate pores throughout the carrier matrix. Unlike conventional methods for preparing floating drug delivery systems, additional chemical excipients and additives are not needed in this approach to create minute openings on the surface of the matrices. The buoyancy efficiency of the prepared floating system (injection of P-CO₂) in terms of lag time (0 s) significantly improved (P < 0.05), compared to the formulation prepared by adding the excipient sodium bicarbonate (lag time 120 s). The main advantages of this novel manufacturing technique include: (i) no additional chemical excipients need to be incorporated in the formulation, (ii) few manufacturing steps are required, (iii) high buoyancy efficiency is attained, and (iv) the extrudate is free of toxic solvent residues. Floating mini-tablets containing acetaminophen (APAP) as a model drug within the matrix-forming carrier (Eudragit® RL PO) have been successfully processed via this combined technique (P-CO₂/HME). Desired controlled release profile of APAP from the polymer Eudragit® RL PO is attained in the optimized formulation, which remains buoyant on the surface of gastric fluids prior to gastric emptying time (average each 4 h).
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Ye X, Patil H, Feng X, Tiwari RV, Lu J, Gryczke A, Kolter K, Langley N, Majumdar S, Neupane D, Mishra SR, Repka MA. Conjugation of Hot-Melt Extrusion with High-Pressure Homogenization: a Novel Method of Continuously Preparing Nanocrystal Solid Dispersions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:78-88. [PMID: 26283197 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, nanocrystal formulations have evolved as promising drug delivery systems owing to their ability to enhance the bioavailability and maintain the stability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, conventional methods of preparing nanocrystal formulations, such as spray drying and freeze drying, have some drawbacks including high cost, time and energy inefficiency, traces of residual solvent, and difficulties in continuous operation. Therefore, new techniques for the production of nanocrystal formulations are necessary. The main objective of this study was to introduce a new technique for the production of nanocrystal solid dispersions (NCSDs) by combining high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and hot-melt extrusion (HME). Efavirenz (EFZ), a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drug, which is used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type I, was selected as the model drug for this study. A nanosuspension (NS) was first prepared by HPH using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and Kollidon® 30 as a stabilizer system. The NS was then mixed with Soluplus® in the extruder barrel, and the water was removed by evaporation. The decreased particle size and crystalline state of EFZ were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, zeta particle size analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The increased dissolution rate was also determined. EFZ NCSD was found to be highly stable after storage for 6 months. In summary, the conjugation of HPH with HME technology was demonstrated to be a promising novel method for the production of NCSDs.
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Patil H, Tiwari RV, Repka MA. Hot-Melt Extrusion: from Theory to Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:20-42. [PMID: 26159653 PMCID: PMC4766118 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a promising technology for the production of new chemical entities in the developmental pipeline and for improving products already on the market. In drug discovery and development, industry estimates that more than 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients currently used belong to the biopharmaceutical classification system II (BCS class II), which are characterized as poorly water-soluble compounds and result in formulations with low bioavailability. Therefore, there is a critical need for the pharmaceutical industry to develop formulations that will enhance the solubility and ultimately the bioavailability of these compounds. HME technology also offers an opportunity to earn intellectual property, which is evident from an increasing number of patents and publications that have included it as a novel pharmaceutical formulation technology over the past decades. This review had a threefold objective. First, it sought to provide an overview of HME principles and present detailed engineered extrusion equipment designs. Second, it included a number of published reports on the application of HME techniques that covered the fields of solid dispersions, microencapsulation, taste masking, targeted drug delivery systems, sustained release, films, nanotechnology, floating drug delivery systems, implants, and continuous manufacturing using the wet granulation process. Lastly, this review discussed the importance of using the quality by design approach in drug development, evaluated the process analytical technology used in pharmaceutical HME monitoring and control, discussed techniques used in HME, and emphasized the potential for monitoring and controlling hot-melt technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
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12
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Bhagurkar AM, Angamuthu M, Patil H, Tiwari RV, Maurya A, Hashemnejad SM, Kundu S, Murthy SN, Repka MA. Development of an Ointment Formulation Using Hot-Melt Extrusion Technology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:158-66. [PMID: 26628438 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ointments are generally prepared either by fusion or by levigation methods. The current study proposes the use of hot-melt extrusion (HME) processing for the preparation of a polyethylene glycol base ointment. Lidocaine was used as a model drug. A modified screw design was used in this process, and parameters such as feeding rate, barrel temperature, and screw speed were optimized to obtain a uniform product. The product characteristics were compared with an ointment of similar composition prepared by conventional fusion method. The rheological properties, drug release profile, and texture characteristics of the hot-melt extruded product were similar to the conventionally prepared product. This study demonstrates a novel application of the hot-melt extrusion process in the manufacturing of topical semi-solids.
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Alshehri SM, Tiwari RV, Alsulays BB, Ashour EA, Alshetaili AS, Almutairy B, Park JB, Morott J, Sandhu B, Majumdar S, Repka MA. Investigation of the combined effect of MgO and PEG on the release profile of mefenamic acid prepared via hot-melt extrusion techniques. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:740-753. [PMID: 26821841 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2016.1138129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of magnesium oxide (MgO) as an alkalizer and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a plasticizer and wetting agent in the presence of Kollidon® 12 PF and 17 PF polymer carriers on the release profile of mefenamic acid (MA), which was prepared via hot-melt extrusion technique. Various drug loads of MA and various ratios of the polymers, PEG 3350 and MgO were blended using a V-shell blender and extruded using a twin-screw extruder (16-mm Prism EuroLab, ThermoFisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA) at different screw speeds and temperatures to prepare a solid dispersion system. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction data of the extruded material confirmed that the drug existed in the amorphous form, as evidenced by the absence of corresponding peaks. MgO and PEG altered the micro-environmental pH to be more alkaline (pH 9) and increased the hydrophilicity and dispersibility of the extrudates to enhance MA solubility and release, respectively. The in vitro release study demonstrated an immediate release for 2 h with more than 80% drug release within 45 min in matrices containing MgO and PEG in combination with polyvinylpyrrolidone when compared to the binary mixture, physical mixture and pure drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan M Alshehri
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Bader B Alsulays
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University , Alkharj , Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A Ashour
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Abdullah S Alshetaili
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University , Alkharj , Saudi Arabia
| | - Bjad Almutairy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Jun-Bom Park
- c College of Pharmacy, Sahm Yook University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Joseph Morott
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Bhupinder Sandhu
- d Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA , and
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.,e Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
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Tiwari RV, Patil H, Repka MA. Contribution of hot-melt extrusion technology to advance drug delivery in the 21st century. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:451-64. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1126246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Patil H, Tiwari RV, Upadhye SB, Vladyka RS, Repka MA. Formulation and development of pH-independent/dependent sustained release matrix tablets of ondansetron HCl by a continuous twin-screw melt granulation process. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Vo AQ, Feng X, Morott JT, Pimparade MB, Tiwari RV, Zhang F, Repka MA. A novel floating controlled release drug delivery system prepared by hot-melt extrusion. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 98:108-21. [PMID: 26643801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Floating dosage forms are an important formulation strategy for drugs with a narrow absorption window and low intestinal solubility, and for localized gastric treatment. Novel floating pellets were prepared using the hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology. Uniformly foamed strands were created by liquid injection pumping and screw configuration modification. The ammonio methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit® RSPO) foaming structure was formed by a liquid-vapor phase transition inside the strand upon die exiting resulting from the sudden decrease in external pressure, vaporizing the liquid ethanol and vacating the extruded material. This generated uniform vacuous regions in the extrudate. The pellets' internal structure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formulation constituents' and processing parameters' effects on the drug release profiles, floating force, and the pellets' micromeritic properties were evaluated by design of experiments: all formulations showed zero lag time and excellent floating strength, indicating immediate-floating pellet formation. The pellets' drug release profiles were controlled by multiple independent variables at different time points (⩽ 24 h). Drug loading significantly affected drug release within the first hour, the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) content thereafter. Understanding the variables' effects on the formulations allows for the tailoring of this delivery system to obtain various drug release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Q Vo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Joseph T Morott
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Manjeet B Pimparade
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Feng X, Vo A, Patil H, Tiwari RV, Alshetaili AS, Pimparade MB, Repka MA. The effects of polymer carrier, hot melt extrusion process and downstream processing parameters on the moisture sorption properties of amorphous solid dispersions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:692-704. [PMID: 26589107 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer carrier, hot melt extrusion and downstream processing parameters on the water uptake properties of amorphous solid dispersions. METHODS Three polymers and a model drug were used to prepare amorphous solid dispersions utilizing the hot melt extrusion technology. The sorption-desorption isotherms of solid dispersions and their physical mixtures were measured by the dynamic vapour sorption system, and the effects of polymer hydrophobicity, hygroscopicity, molecular weight and the hot melt extrusion process were investigated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging was performed to understand the phase separation driven by the moisture. KEY FINDINGS Solid dispersions with polymeric carriers with lower hydrophilicity, hygroscopicity and higher molecular weight could sorb less moisture under the high relative humidity (RH) conditions. The water uptake ability of polymer-drug solid dispersion systems were decreased compared with the physical mixture after hot melt extrusion, which might be due to the decreased surface area and porosity. The FTIR imaging indicated that the homogeneity of the drug molecularly dispersed within the polymer matrix was changed after exposure to high RH. CONCLUSION Understanding the effect of formulation and processing on the moisture sorption properties of solid dispersions is essential for the development of drug products with desired physical and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Anh Vo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Hemlata Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Abdullah S Alshetaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Manjeet B Pimparade
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata G. Patil
- C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai, Maharashta, India,
| | - Roshan V. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA, and
| | - Michael A. Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA, and
| | - Kamalinder K. Singh
- C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai, Maharashta, India,
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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19
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Alsulays BB, Park JB, Alshehri SM, Morott JT, Alshahrani SM, Tiwari RV, Alshetaili AS, Majumdar S, Langley N, Kolter K, Gryczke A, Repka MA. Influence of Molecular Weight of Carriers and Processing Parameters on the Extrudability, Drug Release, and Stability of Fenofibrate Formulations Processed by Hot-Melt Extrusion. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015; 29:189-198. [PMID: 26640526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the extrudability, drug release, and stability of fenofibrate (FF) formulations utilizing various hot-melt extrusion processing parameters and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymers of various molecular weights. The different PVP grades selected for this study were Kollidon® 12 PF (K12), Kollidon® 30 (K30), and Kollidon® 90 F (K90). FF was extruded with these polymers at three drug loadings (15%, 25%, and 35% w/w). Additionally, for FF combined with each of the successfully extruded PVP grades (K12 and K30), the effects of two levels of processing parameters for screw design, screw speed, and barrel temperature were assessed. It was found that the FF with (K90) was not extrudable up to 35% drug loading. With low drug loading, the polymer viscosity significantly influenced the release of FF. The crystallinity remaining was vital in the highest drug-loaded formulation dissolution profile, and the glass transition temperature of the polymer significantly affected its stability. Modifying the screw configuration resulted in more than 95% post-extrusion drug content of the FF-K30 formulations. In contrast to FF-K30 formulations, FF release and stability with K12 were significantly influenced by the extrusion temperature and screw speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader B Alsulays
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jun-Bom Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sahm Yook University, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan M Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Joseph T Morott
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Saad M Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Abdullah S Alshetaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nigel Langley
- BASF Corporation, 500 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Karl Kolter
- BASF SE, R&D Project, Management Excipients, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Andreas Gryczke
- BASF SE, Global Development and Technical Marketing, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA ; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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20
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Alshahrani SM, Morott JT, Alshetaili AS, Tiwari RV, Majumdar S, Repka MA. Influence of degassing on hot-melt extrusion process. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 80:43-52. [PMID: 26296861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of degassing on an extrusion process, with respect to extrudate quality and drug release properties. Processed formulations were extruded with and without a degassing vent port at various locations along the barrel. All the experiments were performed under constant processing temperature, feeding rate, and screw speed. During the extrusion process, torque and pressure were monitored and recorded. The degassing process was beneficial when used over a conveying section after a mixing section. This is attributed to the large surface area available on the conveying elements, which minimizes the internal volume of the processed material, thereby facilitating the escape of entrapped gases. Degassing enhanced the homogeneity, physical appearance, and drug release properties of all the formulations. Furthermore, the degassing process also enhanced the cross-sectional uniformity of the extruded material, which is beneficial for visual monitoring during processing. Degassing considerably reduced the post-extrusion moisture content of Formula D3, which contains the highly hygroscopic polymer Kollidon® 17 PF, suggesting that the greatest influence of this process is on hygroscopic materials. The reduction in post-extrusion moisture content resulting from the inclusion of a degassing vent port, reduced fluctuations in the values of in-line monitoring parameters such as pressure and torque. Employing a degassing unit during hot-melt extrusion processing could help increase process efficacy and product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad M Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Joseph T Morott
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Abdullah S Alshetaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States.
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Parajuli P, Tiwari RV, Sylvester PW. Anti-proliferative effects of γ-tocotrienol are associated with suppression of c-Myc expression in mammary tumour cells. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:421-35. [PMID: 26096843 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aberrant c-Myc activity plays a central role in cancer transformation. γ-tocotrienol is a member of the vitamin E family that displays potent anti-cancer activity. Here, studies were conducted to determine the role of c-Myc in mediating anti-proliferative effects of γ-tocotrienol in mammary cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Treatment effects on mouse +SA and human MCF-7 mammary cancer cell proliferation were determined by MTT assay and Ki-67 staining. Protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR were used to characterize cellular c-Myc and MYC levels respectively. RESULTS Anti-proliferative effects of γ-tocotrienol were associated with reduction in total c-Myc and phosphorylated-c-Myc-serine 62, and increase in phosphorylated-c-Myc-threonine 58 levels. γ-tocotrienol also reduced PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/MEK/Erk mitogenic signalling, cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 levels, and increased p27 levels. However, γ-tocotrienol had no effect on MYC mRNA levels. γ-tocotrienol also increased levels of FBW7 (E3 ligase that initiates ubiquitination of c-Myc), but had no effect on serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A or isomerase Pin 1 levels. Combined treatment with GSK3α/β inhibitor LiCl or proteasome inhibitor MG132 blocked γ-tocotrienol-induced reductions in c-Myc. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that anti-proliferative effects of γ-tocotrienol are associated with reduction in c-Myc that results from increase in GSK-3α/β-dependent ubiquitination and degradation, rather than from reduction in c-Myc synthesis in +SA and MCF-7 mammary cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parajuli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, 71209, USA
| | - R V Tiwari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, 71209, USA
| | - P W Sylvester
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, 71209, USA
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Alshehri SM, Park JB, Alsulays BB, Tiwari RV, Almutairy B, Alshetaili AS, Morott J, Shah S, Kulkarni V, Majumdar S, Martin ST, Mishra S, Wang L, Repka MA. Mefenamic acid taste-masked oral disintegrating tablets with enhanced solubility via molecular interaction produced by hot melt extrusion technology. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015; 27:18-27. [PMID: 25914727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to enhance the solubility as well as to mask the intensely bitter taste of the poorly soluble drug, Mefenamic acid (MA). The taste masking and solubility of the drug was improved by using Eudragit® E PO in different ratios via hot melt extrusion (HME), solid dispersion technology. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies demonstrated that MA and E PO were completely miscible up to 40% drug loads. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that MA was converted to its amorphous phase in all of the formulations. Additionally, FT-IR analysis indicated hydrogen bonding between the drug and the carrier up to 25% of drug loading. SEM images indicated aggregation of MA at over 30% of drug loading. Based on the FT-IR, SEM and dissolution results for the extrudates, two optimized formulations (20% and 25% drug loads) were selected to formulate the orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). ODTs were successfully prepared with excellent friability and rapid disintegration time in addition to having the desired taste-masking effect. All of the extruded formulations and the ODTs were found to be physically and chemically stable over a period of 6 months at 40°C/75% RH and 12 months at 25°C/60% RH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan M Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jun-Bom Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sahm Yook University, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bader B Alsulays
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Bjad Almutairy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Abdullah S Alshetaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Joseph Morott
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sejal Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Vijay Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Mishra
- Department of Physics, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Lijia Wang
- Department of Physics, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA ; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Tiwari RV, Parajuli P, Sylvester PW. γ-Tocotrienol-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy act concurrently to promote breast cancer cell death. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:306-20. [PMID: 25844964 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer effects of γ-tocotrienol are associated with the induction of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis, but a direct relationship between these events has not been established. Treatment with 40 μmol/L of γ-tocotrienol caused a time-dependent decrease in cancer cell viability that corresponds to a concurrent increase in autophagic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. γ-Tocotrienol treatment was found to cause a time-dependent increase in early phase (Beclin-1, LC3B-II) and late phase (LAMP-1 and cathepsin-D) autophagy markers, and pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors Beclin-1 siRNA, 3-MA or Baf1 blocked these effects. Furthermore, blockage of γ-tocotrienol-induced autophagy with Beclin-1 siRNA, 3-MA, or Baf1 induced a modest, but significant, reduction in γ-tocotrienol-induced cytotoxicity. γ-Tocotrienol treatment was also found to cause a decrease in mitogenic Erk1/2 signaling, an increase in stress-dependent p38 and JNK1/2 signaling, as well as an increase in ER stress apoptotic markers, including phospho-PERK, phospho-eIF2α, Bip, IRE1α, ATF-4, CHOP, and TRB3. In summary, these finding demonstrate that γ-tocotrienol-induced ER stress and autophagy occur concurrently, and together act to promote human breast cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan V Tiwari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe LA 71209, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe LA 71209, USA
| | - Parash Parajuli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe LA 71209, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe LA 71209, USA
| | - Paul W Sylvester
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe LA 71209, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe LA 71209, USA
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Sylvester PW, Akl MR, Malaviya A, Parajuli P, Ananthula S, Tiwari RV, Ayoub NM. Potential role of tocotrienols in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Biofactors 2014; 40:49-58. [PMID: 23804535 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is a generic term that refers to a family of compounds that is further divided into two subgroups called tocopherols and tocotrienols. Although all natural forms of vitamin E display potent antioxidant activity, tocotrienols are significantly more potent than tocopherols in inhibiting tumor cell growth and viability, and anticancer activity of tocotrienols is mediated independently of their antioxidant activity. In addition, the anticancer effects of tocotrienols are observed using treatment doses that have little or no effect on normal cell function or viability. This review will summarize experimental studies that have identified the intracellular mechanism mediating the anticancer effects of tocotrienols. Evidence is also provided showing that combined treatment of tocotrienol with other cancer chemotherapies can result in a synergistic inhibition in cancer cell growth and viability. Taken together, these findings strongly indicate that tocotrienols may provide significant health benefits in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer when used either alone as monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Sylvester
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
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Parajuli P, Tiwari RV, Sylvester PW. Abstract P3-03-09: Anti-proliferative dose of g-tocotrienol decreases c-Myc stability in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-p3-03-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
c-Myc is a helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor that has essential role in controlling many cell functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, growth and apoptosis. However, c-Myc overexpression has been reported to occur in a majority of breast cancers and is associated with a poor prognosis. Apart from MYC gene amplification and translocation, it is also tightly regulated by signaling pathway that involves series of interdependent phosphorylation events. Myc stability is increased by phosphorylation at serine 62 (S62) by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or cyclin dependent kinase (CDK), whereas subsequent phosphorylation at threonine T58 (T58) by glycogen synthase kinase b (GSK3 β) triggers dephosphorylation of S62 by protein phosphatase 2A-B56α (PP2A- B56α), leading to unbiquitination by SCF-Fbw7 E3 ligase and proteasomal degradation. Additionally, it has been shown that primary human breast cancer cells display increased levels of S62 Myc and decreased level of T58 Myc and mutations in this pathway result in accumulation of high level of oncogenic S62 Myc leading to tumorigenesis. γ-tocotrienol (γT3), a member of the vitamin E family has potent antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in a variety of cancer cell types at treatment doses that have little or no effect on normal cell viability or growth. Additionally, previous studies have shown that anti-proliferative dose of γT3 decreased c-Myc protein level in colorectal and pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, studies were conducted to determine if γT3 decreases oncogenic S62 phosphorylation and triggers subsequent interdependent phosphorylation leading to c-Myc degradation in neoplastic mouse +SA and MCF-7 human epithelium mammary cancer cell lines. Treatment with 1-8μM γT3 resulted in a dose-responsive inhibition of +SA and MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth. Western blot analysis showed that antiproliferative dose of γ-tocotrienol resulted in a decrease in total c-Myc, phospho S62 Myc and increase in phospho T58 Myc in +SA and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Further studies showed that similar doses decreased phosphorylated (activated) Akt and its downstream targets GSK-3β and mTOR, as well as phosphorylated (activated) 44/41 MAPK or (Erk 1/2). Additional studies showed that the antiproliferative effects of γT3 were also associated with a decrease in cyclin D1 and cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Western blot analysis has also shown an increase in FBw7, an E3 ligase that initiates ubiquitination of c-Myc. However, no change in protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and Pin 1 prolyl isomerase was observed in +SA and MCF-7 mammary cancer cells. In summary, these findings demonstrate that the antiproliferative effects of γ-tocotrienol are mediated, at least in part, by decreasing oncogenic c-Myc (S62) levels and a corresponding reduction in Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling. These effects were also associated with an increase in GSK-3β-induced phosphorylation of T58 and the promotion of the ubiquitination and degradation of c-Myc. This study was supported by grants from First Tech International Ltd., and the Malaysian Palm Oil Council.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-03-09.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parajuli
- University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA
| | - RV Tiwari
- University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA
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Abstract
γ-Tocotrienol, a member of the vitamin E family of compounds, displays potent antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in a variety of cancer cell types at treatment doses that have little or no effect on normal cell viability or growth. Autophagy is a tightly regulated lysosomal self-digested process that can either promote cell survival or programmed cell death, but the role of autophagy in mediating γ-tocotrienol-induced cytotoxicity in breast cancer is not presently completely understood. Mouse (+SA) and human (MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231) mammary tumor cells lines were exposed to 0-40 µmol/L γ-tocotrienol for a 24 h treatment period. γ-Tocotrienol treatment caused a relatively large increase in the accumulation of monodansylcadaverine (MDC)-labeled vacuoles, a marker of autophagosome formation, in all tumor cell lines. Results also showed that γ-tocotrienol treatment induced an increased conversion of microtubule-associated protein, 1A/1B-light chain 3, from its cytosolic form (LC3B-I) to its lipidated form (LC3B-II), increased Beclin-1 levels, and increased acridine orange staining as determined by flow cytometry analysis, providing further evidence of γ-tocotrienol-induced autophagy in these mammary cancer cell lines. In contrast, similar treatment with γ-tocotrienol was not found to increase autophagy marker expression in immortalized mouse (CL-S1) and human (MCF-10 A) normal mammary epithelial cell lines. Treatment with γ-tocotrienol also caused a reduction in PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and a corresponding increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) levels in these cancer cell lines, suggesting that γ-tocotrienol-induced autophagy may be involved in the initiation of apoptosis. In summary, these findings demonstrate that the cytotoxic effects of γ-tocotrienol are associated with the induction of autophagy in a mouse and human mammary cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan V Tiwari
- College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, LA 71209, USA
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