1
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Choudhury S, Akef M, Seifert A, Göbel M, Gruschwitz M, Matsidik R, Tegenkamp C, Sommer M. Hybrid Organosulfur Network/MWCNT Composite Cathodes for Li-S Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:6301-6314. [PMID: 38265883 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries hold a promising position as candidates for next-generation high-energy storage systems. Here, we combine inverse vulcanization of sulfur with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to increase the conductivity of cathode materials for Li-S batteries. The mixing process of inversely vulcanized sulfur copolymer networks with MWCNTs is aided by shear in a two-roll mill to take advantage of the soft nature of the copolymer. The high-throughput mixing method demands a source of conductive carbon that can be intimately mixed with the S copolymer, rendering MWCNTs an excellent choice for this purpose. The resulting sulfur copolymer network-MWCNTs composites were thoroughly characterized in terms of structure, chemical composition, thermal, and electronic transport properties, and finally evaluated by electrochemical benchmarking. These promising hybrids yielded electrodes with high sulfur content and demonstrate stable electrochemical performance exhibiting a specific capacity of ca. 550 mAh·gsulfur-1 (380 mAh·gelectrode-1) even after 500 charge-discharge cycles at specific current of 167 mA·g-1 (corresponds to 0.1C discharge rate), and thus are superior to melt-infiltrated reference samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadip Choudhury
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Strasse der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Mohamed Akef
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Strasse der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Strasse der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Michael Göbel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Markus Gruschwitz
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Str. 70, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Strasse der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Christoph Tegenkamp
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Str. 70, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Strasse der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
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2
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de Kock S, Skudler K, Matsidik R, Sommer M, Müller M, Walter M. NEXAFS spectra of model sulfide chains: implications for sulfur networks obtained from inverse vulcanization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:20395-20404. [PMID: 37465922 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Inverse vulcanization is a promising route to stabilize sulfur in lithium-sulfur batteries, but the resulting sulfur strand lengths in the materials are elusive. We address the strand length by characterization via sulfur near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Theoretical predictions of NEXAFS spectra for model molecules containing strands with up to three sulfur atoms are verified by experiment. The near perfect agreement between simulation and experiment on the absolute energy scale allows for the predictions for larger chain lengths also. Inspection and interpretation of NEXAFS spectra from real battery materials on this basis reveals the appearance of single connecting sulfur atoms for very low sulfur content, and of longer strands when the sulfur fraction increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunel de Kock
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Skudler
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Forschungszentrum MAIN, TU Chemnitz, Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Forschungszentrum MAIN, TU Chemnitz, Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Matsidik R, Komber H, Brinkmann M, Schellhammer KS, Ortmann F, Sommer M. Evolution of Length-Dependent Properties of Discrete n-Type Oligomers Prepared via Scalable Direct Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37022930 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficient organic electronic devices are fabricated from both small molecules and disperse polymers, but materials with characteristics in between remain largely unexplored. Here, we present a gram-scale synthesis for a series of discrete n-type oligomers comprising alternating naphthalene diimide (NDI) and bithiophene (T2). Using C-H activation, discrete oligomers of type T2-(NDI-T2)n (n ≤ 7) and persistence lengths up to ∼10 nm are made. The absence of protection/deprotection reactions and the mechanistic nature of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation allow one to produce symmetrically terminated species almost exclusively, which is key to the fast preparation, high yields, and the general success of the reaction pathway. The reaction scope includes different thiophene-based monomers, end-capping to yield NDI-(T2-NDI)n (n ≤ 8), and branching at T2 units by nonselective C-H activation under certain conditions. We show how the optical, electronic, thermal, and structural properties depend on oligomer length along with a comparison to the disperse, polymeric analogue PNDIT2. From theory and experiments, we find that the molecular energy levels are not affected by chain length resulting from the strong donor-acceptor system. Absorption maxima saturate for n = 4 in vacuum and for n = 8 in solution. Linear oligomers T2-(NDI-T2)n are highly crystalline with large melting enthalpies up to 33 J/g; NDI-terminated oligomers show reduced crystallinity, stronger supercooling, and more phase transitions. Branched oligomers and those with bulky thiophene comonomers are amorphous. Large oligomers exhibit similar packing characteristics compared to PNDIT2, making these oligomers ideal models to study length-structure-function relationships at constant energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Institut für Chemie, TU Chemnitz, Professur Polymerchemie, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Forschungszentrum MAIN, TU Chemnitz, Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, TU Dresden, Nöthnitzer Strasse 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Department of Chemistry, TU München, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, TU Chemnitz, Professur Polymerchemie, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Forschungszentrum MAIN, TU Chemnitz, Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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4
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Abstract
The Tg of semifluorinated polyarylenes made via DAP is varied between 35–195 °C depending on side chain, but solubilities are much less side chain dependent. This is explained by interactions between alkoxyphenyl and tetrafluorobenzene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kempe
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Felix Riehle
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | | | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)
- University of Freiburg
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
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5
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Matt C, Stry K, Matsidik R, Sommer M, Biskup T. Two competing acceptors: Electronic structure of PNDITBT probed by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:234901. [PMID: 31864273 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanced charge transport is particularly important for transistors. Hence, ambipolar organic semiconductors with comparable transport capabilities for both positive and negative charges are highly sought-after. Here, we report detailed insights into the electronic structure of PNDITBT, which is an alternating copolymer of naphthalene diimide (NDI), thiophene, benzothiodiazole (B), and thiophene (T) units, as gained by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy combined with quantum-chemical calculations. The results are compared to those obtained for PNDIT2 and PCDTBT, which are derivatives without B and NDI acceptor units, respectively. These two polymers show dominant n- and p-channel behavior in organic field-effect transistors. The TBT moiety clearly dominates the electronic structure of PNDITBT, although less so than in PCDTBT. Furthermore, the triplet exciton most probably delocalizes along the backbone, exhibits a highly homogeneous environment, and planarizes the polymer backbone. Obtaining the zero-field splitting tensors of these triplet states by means of quantum-chemical calculations reveals the triplet energy sublevel associated with the molecular axis parallel to the backbone to be preferentially populated, while the one perpendicular to the aromatic plane is not populated at all, consistent with the spin-density distribution. PNDITBT consisting of two acceptors (NDI and B) has a complex electronic structure, as evident from the two charge-transfer bands in its absorption spectrum. TREPR spectroscopy provides a detailed insight on a molecular level not available by and complementing other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Matt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Stry
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Matsidik R, Takimiya K. Synthesis of Thiophene‐annulated Naphthalene Diimide‐based Small‐Molecular Acceptors via Two‐step C−H Activation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1651-1656. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Emergent Molecular Function Research TeamRIKEN Center for Emergent Mater Science (CEMS) 2-1, Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kazuo Takimiya
- Emergent Molecular Function Research TeamRIKEN Center for Emergent Mater Science (CEMS) 2-1, Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceTohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki Aoba-Ku Sendai Japan
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7
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Meyer DL, Matsidik R, Fazzi D, Sommer M, Biskup T. Probing Exciton Delocalization in Organic Semiconductors: Insight from Time-Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Magnetophotoselection Experiments. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:7026-7031. [PMID: 30485108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Delocalization of excited states of organic semiconductors is directly related to their efficiency in devices. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy provides unique capabilities in this respect because of its high spectral resolution and capability to probe the geometry and extent of excitons. Using magnetophotoselection experiments, the mode of exciton delocalization, along the backbone or parallel to the π-π stacking direction of the conjugated polymers, can be revealed. We demonstrate the robustness of this approach by applying it to building blocks of a prototypical conjugated polymer showing a symmetry of their excited states being far from ideal for this experiment. This renders magnetophotoselection superior to other approaches because it is applicable to a wealth of other organic semiconductors. The insight gained into exciton delocalization is crucial to the structure-function relationship of organic semiconductors and directly relevant for developing highly efficient materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Universität zu Köln , 50939 Köln , Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Polymerchemie , Technische Universität Chemnitz , 09111 Chemnitz , Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
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8
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Matsidik R, Giorgio M, Luzio A, Caironi M, Komber H, Sommer M. A Defect-Free Naphthalene Diimide Bithiazole Copolymer via Regioselective Direct Arylation Polycondensation. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michele Giorgio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica; Informazione e Bioingegneria; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
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9
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Shin YH, Welford A, Komber H, Matsidik R, Thurn-Albrecht T, McNeill CR, Sommer M. Regioregular Polymer Analogous Thionation of Naphthalene Diimide–Bithiophene Copolymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-hun Shin
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße
der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Adam Welford
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße
der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut
für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz
3, 06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße
der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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10
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Deshmukh KD, Matsidik R, Prasad SKK, Chandrasekaran N, Welford A, Connal LA, Liu ACY, Gann E, Thomsen L, Kabra D, Hodgkiss JM, Sommer M, McNeill CR. Impact of Acceptor Fluorination on the Performance of All-Polymer Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:955-969. [PMID: 29206027 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we systematically study the effect of fluorination on the performance of all-polymer solar cells by employing a naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based polymer acceptor with thiophene-flanked phenyl co-monomer. Fluorination of the phenyl co-monomer with either two or four fluorine units is used to create a series of acceptor polymers with either no fluorination (PNDITPhT), bifluorination (PNDITF2T), or tetrafluorination (PNDITF4T). In blends with the donor polymer PTB7-Th, fluorination results in an increase in power conversion efficiency from 3.1 to 4.6% despite a decrease in open-circuit voltage from 0.86 V (unfluorinated) to 0.78 V (tetrafluorinated). Countering this decrease in open-circuit voltage is an increase in short-circuit current from 7.7 to 11.7 mA/cm2 as well as an increase in fill factor from 0.45 to 0.53. The origin of the improvement in performance with fluorination is explored using a combination of morphological, photophysical, and charge-transport studies. Interestingly, fluorination is found not to affect the ultrafast charge-generation kinetics, but instead is found to improve charge-collection yield subsequent to charge generation, linked to improved electron mobility and improved phase separation. Fluorination also leads to improved light absorption, with the blue-shifted absorption profile of the fluorinated polymers complementing the absorption profile of the low-band gap PTB7-Th.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shyamal K K Prasad
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Luke A Connal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Eliot Gann
- Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Justin M Hodgkiss
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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11
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Meyer DL, Matsidik R, Huettner S, Sommer M, Biskup T. Solvent-mediated aggregate formation of PNDIT2: decreasing the available conformational subspace by introducing locally highly ordered domains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2716-2723. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy proves aggregation of PNDIT2 to introduce highly ordered domains and to change the exciton delocalisation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Meyer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Albertstraße 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Stefan-Meier-Straße 31
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Sven Huettner
- Universität Bayreuth
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universitätsstraße 30
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Stefan-Meier-Straße 31
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Albertstraße 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
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12
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Matsidik R, Luzio A, Askin Ö, Fazzi D, Sepe A, Steiner U, Komber H, Caironi M, Sommer M. Highly Planarized Naphthalene Diimide-Bifuran Copolymers with Unexpected Charge Transport Performance. Chem Mater 2017; 29:5473-5483. [PMID: 28890605 PMCID: PMC5584907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b05313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and charge transport performance of novel copolymers PNDIFu2 made from alternating naphthalene diimide (NDI) and bifuran (Fu2) units are reported. Usage of potentially biomass-derived Fu2 as alternating repeat unit enables flattened polymer backbones due to reduced steric interactions between the imide oxygens and Fu2 units, as seen by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and UV-vis spectroscopy. Aggregation of PNDIFu2 in solution is enhanced if compared to the analogous NDI-bithiophene (T2) copolymers PNDIT2, occurring in all solvents and temperatures probed. PNDIFu2 features a smaller π-π stacking distance of 0.35 nm compared to 0.39 nm seen for PNDIT2. Alignment of aggregates in films is achieved by using off-center spin coating, whereby PNDIFu2 exhibits a stronger dichroic ratio and transport anisotropy in field-effect transistors (FET) compared to PNDIT2, with an overall good electron mobility of 0.21 cm2/(V s). Despite an enhanced backbone planarity, the smaller π-π stacking and the enhanced charge transport anisotropy, the electron mobility of PNDIFu2 is about three times lower compared to PNDIT2. Density functional theory calculations suggest that charge transport in PNDIFu2 is limited by enhanced polaron localization compared to PNDIT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Universität
Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str.
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Özge Askin
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung (MPI-KOFO), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sepe
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz
Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Universität
Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str.
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT
Freiburger
Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Matsidik R, Komber H, Sommer M. Rational Use of Aromatic Solvents for Direct Arylation Polycondensation: C-H Reactivity versus Solvent Quality. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1346-1350. [PMID: 35614780 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The solvent for direct arylation polycondensation (DAP) is of crucial importance. For conjugated polymers exhibiting reduced solubility, the choice of solvent decides on the maximum molecular weight that can be achieved, hence, good aromatic solvents are generally desirable. However, unintentional activation of C-H bonds present in aromatic solvents under DAP conditions leads to in situ solvent termination which competes with step growth. Here we evaluate relative C-H reactivity and solvent quality of seven aromatic solvents for the DAP of defect-free naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based copolymers of different solubility. C-H reactivity is strongly reduced with increasing degree of substitution for both chlorine and methyl substituents. Mesitylene is largely C-H unreactive and, thus, albeit being a moderate solvent, enables very high molecular weights at elevated temperature for NDI copolymers with limited solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Universität Freiburg, Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Universität Freiburg, Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Institut
für Interaktive Materialien und Bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Matsidik R, Komber H, Luzio A, Caironi M, Sommer M. Defect-free Naphthalene Diimide Bithiophene Copolymers with Controlled Molar Mass and High Performance via Direct Arylation Polycondensation. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6705-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center
for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Matsidik R, Martin J, Schmidt S, Obermayer J, Lombeck F, Nübling F, Komber H, Fazzi D, Sommer M. C–H Arylation of Unsubstituted Furan and Thiophene with Acceptor Bromides: Access to Donor–Acceptor–Donor-Type Building Blocks for Organic Electronics. J Org Chem 2014; 80:980-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502432e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Martin
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmidt
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Obermayer
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Fritz Nübling
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (MPI-KOFO), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
(FMF), Stefan-Meier-Strasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Mamtimin X, Tursun A, Matsidik R, Sidik S, Abdulla K, Mamut H, Obulda A, Nurulla I. Acidochromicity of a low-molecular-weight pyrimidine-based copolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xirali Mamtimin
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Abduwasit Tursun
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Sayyare Sidik
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Kamarnisa Abdulla
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Hayrulla Mamut
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Ablikim Obulda
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Ismayil Nurulla
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
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17
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Lombeck F, Matsidik R, Komber H, Sommer M. Simple Synthesis of P(Cbz-alt-TBT) and PCDTBT by Combining Direct Arylation with Suzuki Polycondensation of Heteroaryl Chlorides. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:231-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Optoelectronics Group; Cavendish Laboratory; J J Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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18
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Matsidik R, Mamtimin X, Mi HY, Nurulla I. Synthesis and properties of polymer from bis-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene substituted acenaphthenequinoxaline. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Mamtimin X, Matsidik R, Nurulla I. New soluble rigid rod copolymers comprising alternating 2-amino-pyrimidine and phenylene repeat units: Syntheses, characterization, optical and electrochemical properties. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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