Synthesis and hyperglycemic, biochemical and histopathological evaluation of novel sulfonylbiguanide and sulfonylurea derivatives as potent anti-diabetic agents

New sulfonylbiguanide hydrochloride salts and sulfonylurea derivatives containing two sulfonyl groups were synthesized through the reaction of arylsulfonohydrazides with cyanoguanidine and p-tolylsulfonylisocyanate, respectively. Oral treatment of hyperglycemic rats with the synthesized sulfonylbiguanide derivatives 2 and sulfonylurea derivatives 3 revealed that sulfonylurea derivatives 3a and 3c possessed significant decrease of the elevated glucose in compression with the anti-diabetic standard drugs. Effects of the synthesized sulfonylurea derivatives 3a and 3c on the diabetic properties towards α-amylase, liver function enzyme levels (AST, ALT, ALP, TB and γ-GT), kidney functions (urea and creatinine), lipids profiles (TG, TL, TC and HDL-C) were studied. Also, the effect of sulfonylurea derivatives 3a and 3c as antioxidants (reduced glutathione and lipid peroxide) was evaluated. Histopathological examination of hepatic and pancreatic tissues was investigated. The obtained results suggested that the most potent sulfonylurea derivatives 3a and 3c might be possible used as novel diabetic inhibitor agents.

Novel structural hybrids of quinoline and thiazole moieties: Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities with molecular modeling studies

One of the best ways to design new biocidal agents is synthesizing hybrid molecules by combining two or more bioactive moieties in a single molecular scaffold. So, new series of quinolines bearing a thiazole moiety were synthesized using thiosemicarbazones 2a-f. Cyclization of 2a-f with ethyl chloroacetate, ethyl 2-chloropropanoate or chloroacetone afforded the corresponding thiazoles 3-5. The antimicrobial activity of the new quinoline derivatives was evaluated. The most of tested compounds revealed potent both of the antibacterial and antifungal activities. Fourfold potency of amphotericin B for the inhibition the growth of the A. fumigatus was displayed by ccompound 5e. The latter compound displayed twofold potency of gentamycin for inhibition the growth of N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, this compound showed equipotent potency of references drugs for inhibition of the growth of S. flexneri, S. pyogenes, P. vulgaris, A. clavatus, G. candidum and P. marneffei. So, quinolines bearing a thiazole moiety can be suggested as interesting scaffolds for the development both of the novel antibacterial and antifungal agents. Some new derivatives were studied as peptide deformylase enzyme inhibitors. Thiazolidin-4-one derivative 3d and 2,3-dihydrothiazole derivative 5c had shown good PDF inhibition activity, which had been supported by the docking results with highest binding affinity and lowest docking energy score. These results suggested that the most potent compounds might be possible agents as novel bacterial PDF inhibitor.

Synthesis and Evaluation of 5-imino-4-thioxoimidazolidin-2-one Derivatives as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents

OBJECTIVE

It was interesting to synthesize some new 5-imino-4-thioxoimidazolidin-2- one derivatives with different halogenated and alkylated aromatic substituents at N-(1) and N-(3) and evaluation of their expected antibacterial and antifungal activities.

METHODS

New 5-imino-4-thioxoimidazolidin-2-one derivatives were synthesized through the reaction of different halogenated and alkylated N-arylcyanothioformamides with halogenated and alkylated aryl isocyanates.

RESULTS

5-Imino-4-thioxoimidazolidin-2-ones were obtained in high yields with excellent purity. The activities of imidazolidines as antibacterial and antifungal agents were studied. Some of the imidazolidine derivatives displayed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities.

CONCLUSION

5-Imino-4-thioxoimidazolidin-2-ones were obtained in 77-90% yields with excellent purity. The antibacterial and antifungal activities suggest that some of the imidazole derivatives possess significant antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, K. pneumonia and C. albicans and moderate activity against S. aureus.

Withdrawal Notice: Transformation of Cyanothioformanilides into Halogenated and Alkylated Imidazolidineiminothione Derivatives and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities

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Synthesis and anticancer activity of bis-benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl thiourea derivatives with molecular docking study

New thiourea derivatives incorporating two benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl moieties have been synthesized through the reaction of two molecules of benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl isothiocyanate with one molecule of various diamino derivatives. The synthesized compounds were examined for their cytotoxic effects using SRB assay on three cancer cell lines HepG2, HCT116 and MCF-7. Most of compounds showed significant antitumor activity and some compounds showed strong results greater than the reference drug. As example, IC₅₀ values of 1,1'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)thiourea) 5 were 2.38 µM for HepG2, 1.54 µM for HCT116 and 4.52 µM for MCF7, while the IC₅₀ values of standard drug doxorubicin were 7.46, 8.29 and 4.56 µM, respectively. Interestingly, these compounds were non cytotoxic toward the tested normal cell line (IC₅₀ value > 150 µM). The anticancer mechanisms were studied via EGFR inhibition assessment, annexin V-FITC apoptosis assessment, cell cycle analysis and study the effect on mitochondrial apoptosis pathway proteins Bax and Bcl-2 as well as molecular docking studies.

New 1,3-diaryl-5-thioxo-imidazolidin-2,4-dione derivatives: synthesis, reactions and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities

New cyanothioformamide derivative 1 was prepared by treatment of 3,5-dichlorophenyl isothiocyanate with potassium cyanide at room temperature. Cycloaddition of cyanothioformamide 1 with phenyl isocyanate as electrophile furnished the corresponding imidazolidine 2. Imine hydrolysis of 2 with ethanolic HCl produced the corresponding 4-thioxo-2,5-imidazolidinedione 3. This compound was used as key synthon for the preparation of a wide variety of new substituted imidazole compounds. Condensation of 3 with different types of hydrazine derivatives furnished new series of hydrazone 4a, b, thiosemicarbazone 5a, b and cyanoacetohydrazide 6 derivatives incorporating imidazolidine moiety. Finally, cyanoacetohydrazide 6 was used as intermediate for synthesizing new compounds. Evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activities for the synthesized compounds was carried out to probe their activities. Most of the tested compounds showed significant activities. The dione derivative 3 and the imidazolidine derivative 9a, which incorporates a chromene moiety, exhibited high activity near the reference drug against all tested organisms.

New Imidazolidineiminothione, Imidazolidin-2-one and Imidazoquinoxaline Derivatives: Synthesis and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities

A series of new 5-imino-4-thioxo-2-imidazolidinone derivatives 3 with various halogenated and alkylated aromatic substituents at N1 and N3 was synthesized. Imidazolidineiminothione derivatives 3 were prepared from the reaction of N-arylcyanothioformamide derivatives with aryl isocyanates. These compounds were used as key synthons for the preparation of wide variety of new substituted imidazole compounds. Imine hydrolysis of 3 with ethanolic HCl produced the corresponding 4-thioxo-2,5-imidazolidindiones 4. Condensation of 3 with benzophenonhydrazone furnished the corresponding 4-azine derivatives 5. Monohydrazono and dihydrazono derivatives 6 and 8 were obtained upon treatment of imidazolidinone derivatives 3 with hydrazine hydrate. Finally, imidazolidinones 3 were reacted with o-phenylenediamines or pyrazol-5(4H)-ones and afforded the corresponding imidazoquinoxaline and imidazolidin-4-ylidenepyrazolone-5(4H)-one derivatives 11 and 12, respectively. Evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activities for the synthesized compounds was carried out to probe their activities. Most of the tested compounds showed significant activities. The best antimicrobial activity was observed for 1-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxalin-2(3H)-ones (11c) followed by 5-imino-3-(3-methoxy- phenyl)-1-phenyl-4-thioxoimidazolidin-2-one (3f).

Synthesis of pyrazoles containing benzofuran and trifluoromethyl moieties as possible anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents

Searching for new anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents, we have prepared a series of novel pyrazoles containing benzofuran and trifluoromethyl moieties. The pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized via two routes starting from 5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl azo) salicylaldehyde. The first route involved the synthesis of 2-acetylbenzofuran and then treatment with aldehydes to afford the corresponding chalcones. The cyclization of the latter chalcones with hydrazine hydrate led to the formation of new pyrazoline derivatives. The second route involved the synthesis of benzofuran-2-carbohydrazide and then treatment with formylpyrazoles, chalcones and ketene dithioacetal derivatives to afford the corresponding pyrazole derivatives. Some of the synthesized compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.

Compartmental distribution of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel 2 and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel 4 in thalamic reticular and thalamocortical relay neurons

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels conduct a monovalent cationic current, I(h), which contributes to the electrophysiological properties of neurons and regulates thalamic oscillations in circuits containing the glutamatergic ventrobasal complex (VB) and GABAergic reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN). Four distinct HCN channel isoforms (HCN1-4) have been identified, and mRNAs and proteins for HCN channels have been detected in the RTN and VB, with HCN2 and HCN4 being the predominant isoforms. RTN and VB neurons have distinct electrophysiological properties, and those differences may reflect variable compartmental distribution of HCN channels. Whole cell patch clamp recordings from thalamic neurons in brain slices obtained from C57/Bl6 mice demonstrate that I(h) is much smaller in RTN than in VB neurons although the time constants for I(h) current activation are very similar. To study the compartmental distribution of the underlying channels, we performed qualitative and quantitative examination of HCN2 and HCN4 expression using fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. HCN2-immunoreactivity (IR) on the somata of RTN neurons was approximately 10-fold less than that seen in VB neurons while HCN4-IR was detected on the somata of RTN and VB neurons to an equal degree. HCN2-IR in RTN and VB did not overlap with synaptophysin-IR, but strongly colocalized with cortactin-IR, indicating that HCN2 was not present in axon terminals but was present in dendritic spines. Although HCN2-IR in spines was more pronounced in VB than in RTN, the ratio of spinous to somatic expression in RTN was dramatically higher than that in VB, strongly suggesting that HCN2-IR in RTN is principally located in sites distal to the soma. In contrast, HCN4-IR did not colocalize with either synaptophysin or cortactin. The colocalization of HCN2-IR with HCN4-IR was greater in VB than in RTN. The results suggest that the distinct compartmental distribution of HCN2 channels in RTN and VB neurons contributes to the profound differences in the I(h)-dependent properties of these cells.