1
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Uo T, Ojo KK, Sprenger CCT, Soriano Epilepsia K, Perera BGK, Damodarasamy M, Sun S, Kim S, Hogan HH, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Whitman GR, Barrett LK, Michaels SA, Xu LH, Sun VL, Arnold SLM, Pang HJ, Nguyen MM, Vigil ALBG, Kamat V, Sullivan LB, Sweet IR, Vidadala R, Maly DJ, Van Voorhis WC, Plymate SR. A Compound that Inhibits Glycolysis in Prostate Cancer Controls Growth of Advanced Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2024:741918. [PMID: 38507737 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer remains incurable regardless of recent therapeutic advances. Prostate cancer tumors display highly glycolytic phenotypes as the cancer progresses. Non-specific inhibitors of glycolysis have not been utilized successfully for chemotherapy, because of their penchant to cause systemic toxicity. This study reports the preclinical activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of a novel small molecule preclinical candidate, BKIDC-1553, with antiglycolytic activity. We tested a large battery of prostate cancer cell lines for inhibition of cell proliferation, in vitro. Cell cycle, metabolic and enzymatic assays were used to demonstrate their mechanism of action. A human PDX model implanted in mice and a human organoid were studied for sensitivity to our BKIDC preclinical candidate. A battery of pharmacokinetic experiments, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion experiments, and in vitro and in vivo toxicology experiments were carried out to assess readiness for clinical trials. We demonstrate a new class of small molecule inhibitors where antiglycolytic activity in prostate cancer cell lines is mediated through inhibition of hexokinase 2. These compounds display selective growth inhibition across multiple prostate cancer models. We describe a lead BKIDC-1553 that demonstrates promising activity in a preclinical xenograft model of advanced prostate cancer, equivalent to that of enzalutamide. BKIDC-1553 demonstrates safety and pharmacologic properties consistent with a compound that can be taken into human studies with expectations of a good safety margin and predicted dosing for efficacy. This work supports testing BKIDC-1553 and its derivatives in clinical trials for patients with advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Uo
- University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Shihua Sun
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Soojin Kim
- University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | - Ryan Choi
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Linda H Xu
- University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Vicky L Sun
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | | | - Haley J Pang
- University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | - Varun Kamat
- University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Ian R Sweet
- University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Ram Vidadala
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dustin J Maly
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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2
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Zhang CX, Conrad TM, Hermann D, Gordon MA, Houpt E, Iroh Tam P, Jere KC, Nedi W, Operario DJ, Phulusa J, Quinnan GV, Sawyer LA, Barrett LK, Thole H, Toto N, Van Voorhis WC, Arnold SLM. Clofazimine pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected adults with diarrhea: Implications of diarrheal disease on absorption of orally administered therapeutics. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:410-423. [PMID: 38164114 PMCID: PMC10941540 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral drug absorption kinetics are usually established in populations with a properly functioning gastrointestinal tract. However, many diseases and therapeutics can alter gastrointestinal physiology and cause diarrhea. The extent of diarrhea-associated impact on drug pharmacokinetics has not been quantitatively described. To address this knowledge gap, we used a population pharmacokinetic modeling approach with data collected in a phase IIa study of matched human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults with/without cryptosporidiosis and diarrhea to examine diarrhea-associated impact on oral clofazimine pharmacokinetics. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed with 428 plasma samples from 23 HIV-infected adults with/without Cryptosporidium infection using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Covariates describing cryptosporidiosis-associated diarrhea severity (e.g., number of diarrhea episodes, diarrhea grade) or HIV infection (e.g., viral load, CD4+ T cell count) were evaluated. A two-compartment model with lag time and first-order absorption and elimination best fit the data. Maximum diarrhea grade over the study duration was found to be associated with a more than sixfold reduction in clofazimine bioavailability. Apparent clofazimine clearance, intercompartmental clearance, central volume of distribution, and peripheral volume of distribution were 3.71 L/h, 18.2 L/h (interindividual variability [IIV] 45.0%), 473 L (IIV 3.46%), and 3434 L, respectively. The absorption rate constant was 0.625 h-1 (IIV 149%) and absorption lag time was 1.83 h. In conclusion, the maximum diarrhea grade observed for the duration of oral clofazimine administration was associated with a significant reduction in clofazimine bioavailability. Our results highlight the importance of studying disease impacts on oral therapeutic pharmacokinetics to inform dose optimization and maximize the chance of treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy X. Zhang
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Thomas M. Conrad
- EmmesRockvilleMarylandUSA
- Present address:
AstraZenecaRockvilleMDUSA
| | | | - Melita A. Gordon
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research GroupMalawi‐Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research ProgrammeBlantyreMalawi
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Eric Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International HealthUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Pui‐Ying Iroh Tam
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research GroupMalawi‐Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research ProgrammeBlantyreMalawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Khuzwayo C. Jere
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research GroupMalawi‐Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research ProgrammeBlantyreMalawi
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Wilfred Nedi
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research GroupMalawi‐Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research ProgrammeBlantyreMalawi
| | - Darwin J. Operario
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International HealthUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- Present address:
World Health OrganizationSuvaCentralFiji
| | - Jacob Phulusa
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research GroupMalawi‐Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research ProgrammeBlantyreMalawi
| | | | | | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Center for Emerging and Re‐emerging Infectious DiseasesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Herbert Thole
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research GroupMalawi‐Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research ProgrammeBlantyreMalawi
| | - Neema Toto
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re‐emerging Infectious DiseasesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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3
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Sánchez-Sánchez R, Imhof D, Hecker YP, Ferre I, Re M, Moreno-Gonzalo J, Blanco-Murcia J, Mejías-López E, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Ojo KK, Barrett LK, Hemphill A, Van Voorhis WC, Ortega-Mora LM. An Early Treatment With BKI-1748 Exhibits Full Protection Against Abortion and Congenital Infection in Sheep Experimentally Infected With Toxoplasma gondii. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:558-566. [PMID: 37889572 PMCID: PMC10873186 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital toxoplasmosis in humans and in other mammalian species, such as small ruminants, is a well-known cause of abortion and fetal malformations. The calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) inhibitor BKI-1748 has shown a promising safety profile for its use in humans and a good efficacy against Toxoplasma gondii infection in vitro and in mouse models. Ten doses of BKI-1748 given every other day orally in sheep at 15 mg/kg did not show systemic or pregnancy-related toxicity. In sheep experimentally infected at 90 days of pregnancy with 1000 TgShSp1 oocysts, the BKI-1748 treatment administered from 48 hours after infection led to complete protection against abortion and congenital infection. In addition, compared to infected/untreated sheep, treated sheep showed a drastically lower rectal temperature increase and none showed IgG seroconversion throughout the study. In conclusion, BKI-1748 treatment in pregnant sheep starting at 48 hours after infection was fully effective against congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Yanina P Hecker
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS, Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Ferre
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michela Re
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Gonzalo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Blanco-Murcia
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Mejías-López
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Uo T, Ojo KK, Sprenger CC, Epilepsia KS, Perera BGK, Damodarasamy M, Sun S, Kim S, Hogan HH, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Whitman GR, Barrett LK, Michaels SA, Xu LH, Sun VL, Arnold SLM, Pang HJ, Nguyen MM, Vigil ALBG, Kamat V, Sullivan LB, Sweet IR, Vidadala R, Maly DJ, Van Voorhis WC, Plymate SR. A Compound that Inhibits Glycolysis in Prostate Cancer Controls Growth of Advanced Prostate Cancer. bioRxiv 2024:2023.07.01.547355. [PMID: 37461469 PMCID: PMC10350011 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.547355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer remains incurable regardless of recent therapeutic advances. Prostate cancer tumors display highly glycolytic phenotypes as the cancer progresses. Non-specific inhibitors of glycolysis have not been utilized successfully for chemotherapy, because of their penchant to cause systemic toxicity. This study reports the preclinical activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of a novel small molecule preclinical candidate, BKIDC-1553, with antiglycolytic activity. Experimental design We tested a large battery of prostate cancer cell lines for inhibition of cell proliferation, in vitro. Cell cycle, metabolic and enzymatic assays were used to demonstrate their mechanism of action. A human PDX model implanted in mice and a human organoid were studied for sensitivity to our BKIDC preclinical candidate. A battery of pharmacokinetic experiments, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion experiments, and in vitro and in vivo toxicology experiments were carried out to assess readiness for clinical trials. Results We demonstrate a new class of small molecule inhibitors where antiglycolytic activity in prostate cancer cell lines is mediated through inhibition of hexokinase 2. These compounds display selective growth inhibition across multiple prostate cancer models. We describe a lead BKIDC-1553 that demonstrates promising activity in a preclinical xenograft model of advanced prostate cancer, equivalent to that of enzalutamide. BKIDC-1553 demonstrates safety and pharmacologic properties consistent with a compound that can be taken into human studies with expectations of a good safety margin and predicted dosing for efficacy. Conclusion This work supports testing BKIDC-1553 and its derivatives in clinical trials for patients with advanced prostate cancer.
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5
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Zhang CX, Arnold SLM. Potential and Challenges in Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Predicting Diarrheal Disease Impact on Oral Drug Pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Dispos 2023:DMD-MR-2022-000964. [PMID: 37714715 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a physiologically relevant approach that integrates drug-specific and system parameters to generate pharmacokinetic predictions for target populations. It has gained immense popularity for drug-drug interaction, organ impairment, and special population studies over the past two decades. However, an application of PBPK modeling with great potential remains rather overlooked - prediction of diarrheal disease impact on oral drug pharmacokinetics. Oral drug absorption is a complex process involving the interplay between physicochemical characteristics of the drug and physiological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. Diarrhea, a condition common to numerous diseases impacting many worldwide, is associated with physiological changes in many processes critical to oral drug absorption. In this review, we outline key processes governing oral drug absorption, provide a high-level overview of key parameters for modeling oral drug absorption in PBPK models, examine how diarrheal diseases may impact these processes based on literature findings, illustrate the clinical relevance of diarrheal disease impact on oral drug absorption, and discuss the potential and challenges of applying PBPK modeling in predicting disease impacts. Significance Statement Statement Pathophysiological changes resulting from diarrheal diseases can alter important factors governing oral drug absorption, contributing to suboptimal drug exposure and treatment failure. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is an in silico approach that has been increasingly adopted for drug-drug interaction potential, organ impairment, and special population assessment. This minireview highlights the potential and challenges of using PBPK modeling as a tool to improve our understanding of how diarrheal diseases impact oral drug pharmacokinetics.
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6
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Steinbronn C, Chhonker YS, Stewart J, Leingang H, Heller KB, Krows ML, Paasche‐Orlow M, Bershteyn A, Stankiewicz Karita HC, Agrawal V, Laufer M, Landovitz R, Wener M, Murry DJ, Johnston C, Barnabas RV, Arnold SLM. A linked physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for hydroxychloroquine and metabolite desethylhydroxychloroquine in SARS-CoV-2(-)/(+) populations. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1243-1257. [PMID: 37118968 PMCID: PMC10339702 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for malaria, systemic and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Because HCQ has a proposed multimodal mechanism of action and a well-established safety profile, it is often investigated as a repurposed therapeutic for a range of indications. There is a large degree of uncertainty in HCQ pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters which complicates dose selection when investigating its use in new disease states. Complications with HCQ dose selection emerged as multiple clinical trials investigated HCQ as a potential therapeutic in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to uncertainty in baseline HCQ PK parameters, it was not clear if disease-related consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 would be expected to impact the PK of HCQ and its primary metabolite desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ). To address the question whether SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 impacted HCQ and DHCQ PK, dried blood spot samples were collected from SARS-CoV-2(-)/(+) participants administered HCQ. When a previously published physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to fit the data, the variability in exposure of HCQ and DHCQ was not adequately captured and DHCQ concentrations were overestimated. Improvements to the previous PBPK model were made by incorporating the known range of blood to plasma concentration ratios (B/P) for each compound, adjusting HCQ and DHCQ distribution settings, and optimizing DHCQ clearance. The final PBPK model adequately captured the HCQ and DHCQ concentrations observed in SARS-CoV-2(-)/(+)participants, and incorporating COVID-19-associated changes in cytochrome P450 activity did not further improve model performance for the SARS-CoV-2(+) population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Steinbronn
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Yashpal S. Chhonker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and ScienceUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Jenell Stewart
- Division of Infectious DiseasesHennepin Healthcare Research InstituteMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Hannah Leingang
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Kate B. Heller
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Meighan L. Krows
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Michael Paasche‐Orlow
- Department of MedicineTufts Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Primary CareTufts Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anna Bershteyn
- Department of Population HealthNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Vaidehi Agrawal
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global HealthUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Miriam Laufer
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global HealthUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Raphael Landovitz
- UCLA Center for Clinical AIDS Research and EducationDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark Wener
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Daryl J. Murry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and ScienceUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Ruanne V. Barnabas
- Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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7
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Hulverson MA, Choi R, Schaefer DA, Betzer DP, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Huang W, Lee S, Pranata A, McLeod MD, Marsh KC, Kempf DJ, LeRoy BE, Zafiratos MT, Bielinski AL, Hackman RC, Ojo KK, Arnold SLM, Barrett LK, Tzipori S, Riggs MW, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC. Comparison of Toxicities among Different Bumped Kinase Inhibitor Analogs for Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0142522. [PMID: 36920244 PMCID: PMC10112232 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01425-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances on the development of bumped kinase inhibitors for treatment of cryptosporidiosis have focused on the 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold, due to analogs that have less hERG inhibition, superior efficacy, and strong in vitro safety profiles. Three compounds, BKI-1770, -1841, and -1708, showed strong efficacy in C. parvum infected mice. Both BKI-1770 and BKI-1841 had efficacy in the C. parvum newborn calf model, reducing diarrhea and oocyst excretion. However, both compounds caused hyperflexion of the limbs seen as dropped pasterns. Toxicity experiments in rats and calves dosed with BKI-1770 showed enlargement of the epiphyseal growth plate at doses only slightly higher than the efficacious dose. Mice were used as a screen to check for bone toxicity, by changes to the tibia epiphyseal growth plate, or neurological causes, by use of a locomotor activity box. These results showed neurological effects from both BKI-1770 and BKI-1841 and bone toxicity in mice from BKI-1770, indicating one or both effects may be contributing to toxicity. However, BKI-1708 remains a viable treatment candidate for further evaluation as it showed no signs of bone toxicity or neurological effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Deborah A. Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Dana P. Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Molly C. McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Grant R. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sangun Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andy Pranata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kennan C. Marsh
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale J. Kempf
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Former employee of AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce E. LeRoy
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark T. Zafiratos
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Robert C. Hackman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel L. M. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael W. Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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Fernández Alvaro E, Voong Vinh P, de Cozar C, Wille D, Urones B, Cortés A, Price A, Tran Do Hoang N, Ha Thanh T, McCloskey M, Shaheen S, Dayao D, de Mercado J, Castañeda P, García-Perez A, Singa B, Pavlinac P, Walson J, Martínez-Martínez MS, Arnold SLM, Saul T, Ballell L, Baker S. The repurposing of Tebipenem pivoxil as alternative therapy for severe gastrointestinal infections caused by extensively drug resistant Shigella spp. eLife 2022; 11:69798. [PMID: 35289746 PMCID: PMC8959600 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diarrhoea remains one of the leading causes of childhood mortality globally. Recent epidemiological studies conducted in low-middle income countries (LMICs) identified Shigella spp. as the first and second most predominant agent of dysentery and moderate diarrhoea, respectively. Antimicrobial therapy is often necessary for Shigella infections; however, we are reaching a crisis point with efficacious antimicrobials. The rapid emergence of resistance against existing antimicrobials in Shigella spp. poses a serious global health problem. Methods: Aiming to identify alternative antimicrobial chemicals with activity against antimicrobial resistant Shigella, we initiated a collaborative academia-industry drug discovery project, applying high-throughput phenotypic screening across broad chemical diversity and followed a lead compound through in vitro and in vivo characterisation. Results: We identified several known antimicrobial compound classes with antibacterial activity against Shigella. These compounds included the oral carbapenem Tebipenem, which was found to be highly potent against broadly susceptible Shigella and contemporary MDR variants for which we perform detailed pre-clinical testing. Additional in vitro screening demonstrated that Tebipenem had activity against a wide range of other non-Shigella enteric bacteria. Cognisant of the risk for the development of resistance against monotherapy, we identified synergistic behaviour of two different drug combinations incorporating Tebipenem. We found the orally bioavailable prodrug (Tebipenem pivoxil) had ideal pharmacokinetic properties for treating enteric pathogens and was effective in clearing the gut of infecting organisms when administered to Shigella-infected mice and gnotobiotic piglets. Conclusions: Our data highlight the emerging antimicrobial resistance crisis and shows that Tebipenem pivoxil (licenced for paediatric respiratory tract infections in Japan) should be accelerated into human trials and could be repurposed as an effective treatment for severe diarrhoea caused by MDR Shigella and other enteric pathogens in LMICs. Funding: Tres Cantos Open Lab Foundation (projects TC239 and TC246), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (grant OPP1172483) and Wellcome (215515/Z/19/Z).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nhu Tran Do Hoang
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Molly McCloskey
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Shareef Shaheen
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Denise Dayao
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, United States
| | | | | | | | - Benson Singa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patricia Pavlinac
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Judd Walson
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Tzipori Saul
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, United States
| | | | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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9
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Iroh Tam P, Arnold SLM, Barrett LK, Chen CR, Conrad TM, Douglas E, Gordon MA, Hebert D, Henrion M, Hermann D, Hollingsworth B, Houpt E, Jere KC, Lindblad R, Love MS, Makhaza L, McNamara CW, Nedi W, Nyirenda J, Operario DJ, Phulusa J, Quinnan GV, Sawyer LA, Thole H, Toto N, Winter A, Van Voorhis WC. Clofazimine for Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Adults: An Experimental Medicine, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase 2a Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:183-191. [PMID: 32277809 PMCID: PMC8282326 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the efficacy, pharmacokinetics (PK), and safety of clofazimine (CFZ) in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with cryptosporidiosis. Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Primary outcomes in part A were reduction in Cryptosporidium shedding, safety, and PK. Primary analysis was according to protocol (ATP). Part B of the study compared CFZ PK in matched individuals living with HIV without cryptosporidiosis. Results Twenty part A and 10 part B participants completed the study ATP. Almost all part A participants had high viral loads and low CD4 counts, consistent with failure of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. At study entry, the part A CFZ group had higher Cryptosporidium shedding, total stool weight, and more diarrheal episodes compared with the placebo group. Over the inpatient period, compared with those who received placebo, the CFZ group Cryptosporidium shedding increased by 2.17 log2 Cryptosporidium per gram stool (95% upper confidence limit, 3.82), total stool weight decreased by 45.3 g (P = .37), and number of diarrheal episodes increased by 2.32 (P = .87). The most frequent solicited adverse effects were diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malaise. One placebo and 3 CFZ participants died during the study. Plasma levels of CFZ in participants with cryptosporidiosis were 2-fold lower than in part B controls. Conclusions Our findings do not support the efficacy of CFZ for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in a severely immunocompromised HIV population. However, this trial demonstrates a pathway to assess the therapeutic potential of drugs for cryptosporidiosis treatment. Screening persons living with HIV for diarrhea, and especially Cryptosporidium infection, may identify those failing ARV therapy. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03341767.
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Affiliation(s)
- Py Iroh Tam
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - S L M Arnold
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - L K Barrett
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - E Douglas
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M A Gordon
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - M Henrion
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Hermann
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - E Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - K C Jere
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - M S Love
- Calibr, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - L Makhaza
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - W Nedi
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - J Nyirenda
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - D J Operario
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - J Phulusa
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - H Thole
- Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - N Toto
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - W C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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Imhof D, Anghel N, Winzer P, Balmer V, Ramseier J, Hänggeli K, Choi R, Hulverson MA, Whitman GR, Arnold SLM, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC, Doggett JS, Ortega-Mora LM, Hemphill A. In vitro activity, safety and in vivo efficacy of the novel bumped kinase inhibitor BKI-1748 in non-pregnant and pregnant mice experimentally infected with Neospora caninum tachyzoites and Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 16:90-101. [PMID: 34030110 PMCID: PMC8144743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) target the apicomplexan calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1). BKI-1748, a 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide compound when added to fibroblast cells concomitantly to the time of infection, inhibited proliferation of apicomplexan parasites at EC50s of 165 nM (Neospora caninum) and 43 nM (Toxoplasma gondii). Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed that addition of 2.5 μM BKI-1748 to infected HFF monolayers transformed parasites into multinucleated schizont-like complexes (MNCs) containing newly formed zoites, which were unable to separate and form infective tachyzoites or undergo egress. In zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development assays, no embryonic impairment was detected within 96 h at BKI-1748 concentrations up to 10 μM. In pregnant mice, BKI-1748 applied at days 9-13 of pregnancy at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day was safe and no pregnancy interference was observed. The efficacy of BKI-1748 was assessed in standardized pregnant mouse models infected with N. caninum (NcSpain-7) tachyzoites or T. gondii (TgShSp1) oocysts. In both models, treatments resulted in increased pup survival and profound inhibition of vertical transmission. However, in dams and non-pregnant mice, BKI-1748 treatments resulted in significantly decreased cerebral parasite loads only in T. gondii infected mice. In the T. gondii-model, ocular infection was detected in 10 out of 12 adult mice of the control group, but only in 3 out of 12 mice in the BKI-1748-treated group. Thus, TgShSp1 oocyst infection is a suitable model to study both cerebral and ocular infection by T. gondii. BKI-1748 represents an interesting candidate for follow-up studies on neosporosis and toxoplasmosis in larger animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Imhof
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nicoleta Anghel
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Winzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vreni Balmer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Ramseier
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kai Hänggeli
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Departments of Global Health and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Stone Doggett
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Luis M Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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11
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Abstract
Enteric infection with Shigella spp. can lead to symptoms ranging from acute watery diarrhea to sudden, severe dysentery. Approximately 212 000 diarrheal deaths annually are attributed to Shigella with a disproportionate impact in low-resource countries. The impact in under-resourced countries was illustrated by a reanalysis of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study which found that Shigella was the leading pathogen associated with moderate-to severe diarrhea in children under 5 years old. While recent studies have highlighted the burden of the disease, there has been a concurrent reduction in therapeutic options for the treatment of shigellosis as drug resistant strains increase in prevalence. In addition, increasing reports of drug resistant shigellosis cases in the men who have sex with men community confirm that the impact is not limited to low-resource countries. Despite the urgent need for new treatments, a target product profile (TPP) has not been established, and there is no clear development path for antibacterial treatments. To address this troubling concern, this manuscript describes a TPP for antishigellosis small molecule therapeutics and a development path that integrates currently available preclinical and clinical models of Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. M. Arnold
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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12
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Van Voorhis WC, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Huang W, Arnold SLM, Schaefer DA, Betzer DP, Vidadala RSR, Lee S, Whitman GR, Barrett LK, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Fan E, Kennedy TJ, Tzipori S, Doggett JS, Winzer P, Anghel N, Imhof D, Müller J, Hemphill A, Ferre I, Sanchez-Sanchez R, Ortega-Mora LM, Ojo KK. One health therapeutics: Target-Based drug development for cryptosporidiosis and other apicomplexa diseases. Vet Parasitol 2020; 289:109336. [PMID: 33418437 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of the development of bumped-kinase inhibitors (BKIs) for the therapy of One Health parasitic apicomplexan diseases. Many apicomplexan infections are shared between humans and livestock, such as cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis, as well as livestock only diseases such as neosporosis. We have demonstrated proof-of-concept for BKI therapy in livestock models of cryptosporidiosis (newborn calves infected with Cryptosporidium parvum), toxoplasmosis (pregnant sheep infected with Toxoplasma gondii), and neosporosis (pregnant sheep infected with Neospora caninum). We discuss the potential uses of BKIs for the treatment of diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites in animals and humans, and the improvements that need to be made to further develop BKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Rama S R Vidadala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sangun Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - J Stone Doggett
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Pablo Winzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoleta Anghel
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ignacio Ferre
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Sanchez-Sanchez
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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13
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Arnold SLM, Choi R, Hulverson MA, Whitman GR, Mccloskey MC, Dorr CS, Vidadala RSR, Khatod M, Morada M, Barrett LK, Maly DJ, Yarlett N, Van Voorhis WC. P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Efflux Reduces the In Vivo Efficacy of a Therapeutic Targeting the Gastrointestinal Parasite Cryptosporidium. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1188-1198. [PMID: 31180118 PMCID: PMC6736360 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have illustrated the burden Cryptosporidium infection places on the lives of malnourished children and immunocompromised individuals. Treatment options remain limited, and efforts to develop a new therapeutic are currently underway. However, there are unresolved questions about the ideal pharmacokinetic characteristics of new anti-Cryptosporidium therapeutics. Specifically, should drug developers optimize therapeutics and formulations to increase drug exposure in the gastrointestinal lumen, enterocytes, or systemic circulation? Furthermore, how should researchers interpret data suggesting their therapeutic is a drug efflux transporter substrate? In vivo drug transporter–mediated alterations in efficacy are well recognized in multiple disease areas, but the impact of intestinal transporters on therapeutic efficacy against enteric diseases has not been established. Using multiple in vitro models and a mouse model of Cryptosporidium infection, we characterized the effect of P-glycoprotein efflux on bumped kinase inhibitor pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Our results demonstrated P-glycoprotein decreases bumped kinase inhibitor enterocyte exposure, resulting in reduced in vivo efficacy against Cryptosporidium. Furthermore, a hollow fiber model of Cryptosporidium infection replicated the in vivo impact of P-glycoprotein on anti-Cryptosporidium efficacy. In conclusion, when optimizing drug candidates targeting the gastrointestinal epithelium or gastrointestinal epithelial infections, drug developers should consider the adverse impact of active efflux transporters on efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L M Arnold
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ryan Choi
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Molly C Mccloskey
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Carlie S Dorr
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | | | | | - Lynn K Barrett
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle
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14
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Arnold SLM, Buckner F. Hydroxychloroquine for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Improving Our Confidence in a Model-Based Approach to Dose Selection. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:642-645. [PMID: 32268005 PMCID: PMC7262232 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L M Arnold
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Frederick Buckner
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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15
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Shaheen S, Barrett KF, Subramanian S, Arnold SLM, Laureanti JA, Myler PJ, Van Voorhis WC, Buchko GW. Solution structure for an Encephalitozoon cuniculi adrenodoxin-like protein in the oxidized state. Protein Sci 2020; 29:809-817. [PMID: 31912584 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a unicellular, obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasite in the Microsporidia family and one of the agents responsible for microsporidosis infections in humans. Like most Microsporidia, the genome of E. cuniculi is markedly reduced and the organism contains mitochondria-like organelles called mitosomes instead of mitochondria. Here we report the solution NMR structure for a protein physically associated with mitosome-like organelles in E. cuniculi, the 128-residue, adrenodoxin-like protein Ec-Adx (UniProt ID Q8SV19) in the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin superfamily. Oxidized Ec-Adx contains a mixed four-strand β-sheet, β2-β1-β4-β3 (↓↑↑↓), loosely encircled by three α-helices and two 310 -helices. This fold is similar to the structure observed in other adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin-like proteins except for the absence of a fifth anti-parallel β-strand next to β3 and the position of α3. Cross peaks are missing or cannot be unambiguously assigned for 20 amide resonances in the 1 H-15 N HSQC spectrum of Ec-Adx. These missing residues are clustered primarily in two regions, G48-V61 and L94-L98, containing the four cysteine residues predicted to ligate the paramagnetic [2Fe-2S] cluster. Missing amide resonances in 1 H-15 N HSQC spectra are detrimental to NMR-based solution structure calculations because 1 H-1 H NOE restraints are absent (glass half-empty) and this may account for the absent β-strand (β5) and the position of α3 in oxidized Ec-Adx. On the other hand, the missing amide resonances unambiguously identify the presence, and immediate environment, of the paramagnetic [2Fe-2S] cluster in oxidized Ec-Adx (glass half-full).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareef Shaheen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kayleigh F Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sandhya Subramanian
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joseph A Laureanti
- Physical Chemistry Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Peter J Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medical Education and Biomedical Informatics & Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington
| | - Garry W Buchko
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington.,Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.,School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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16
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Hulverson MA, Bruzual I, McConnell EV, Huang W, Vidadala RSR, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Whitman GR, McCloskey MC, Barrett LK, Rivas KL, Scheele S, DeRocher AE, Parsons M, Ojo KK, Maly DJ, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC, Doggett JS. Pharmacokinetics and In Vivo Efficacy of Pyrazolopyrimidine, Pyrrolopyrimidine, and 5-Aminopyrazole-4-Carboxamide Bumped Kinase Inhibitors against Toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1464-1473. [PMID: 30423128 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) have been shown to be potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1. Pyrazolopyrimidine and 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold-based BKIs are effective in acute and chronic experimental models of toxoplasmosis. Through further exploration of these 2 scaffolds and a new pyrrolopyrimidine scaffold, additional compounds have been identified that are extremely effective against acute experimental toxoplasmosis. The in vivo efficacy of these BKIs demonstrates that the cyclopropyloxynaphthyl, cyclopropyloxyquinoline, and 2-ethoxyquinolin-6-yl substituents are associated with efficacy across scaffolds. In addition, a broad range of plasma concentrations after oral dosing resulted from small structural changes to the BKIs. These select BKIs include anti-Toxoplasma compounds that are effective against acute experimental toxoplasmosis and are not toxic in human cell assays, nor to mice when administered for therapy. The BKIs described here are promising late leads for improving anti-Toxoplasma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Igor Bruzual
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Oregon
| | | | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Amy E DeRocher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
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17
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Huang W, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Zhang Z, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Hackman RC, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC, Fan E. Development of 5-Aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide-based Bumped-Kinase Inhibitors for Cryptosporidiosis Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3135-3146. [PMID: 30830766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Currently, there is neither a vaccine nor a consistently effective drug available for this disease. Selective 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide-based bumped-kinase inhibitors (BKIs) are effective in both in vitro and in vivo models of Cryptosporidium parvum. Potential cardiotoxicity in some BKIs led to the continued exploration of the 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold to find safe and effective drug candidates for Cryptosporidium. A series of newly designed BKIs were tested for efficacy against C. parvum using in vitro and in vivo (mouse infection model) assays and safety issues. Compound 6 (BKI 1708) was found to be efficacious at 8 mg/kg dosed once daily (QD) for 5 days with no observable signs of toxicity up to 200 mg/kg dosed QD for 7 days. Compound 15 (BKI 1770) was found to be efficacious at 30 mg/kg dosed twice daily (BID) for 5 days with no observable signs of toxicity up to 300 mg/kg dosed QD for 7 days. Compounds 6 and 15 are promising preclinical leads for cryptosporidiosis therapy with acceptable safety parameters and efficacy in the mouse model of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | | | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Robert C Hackman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
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18
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Vidadala RSR, Golkowski M, Hulverson MA, Choi R, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Huang W, Arnold SLM, Barrett LK, Fan E, Merritt EA, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK, Maly DJ. 7 H-Pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-amine-Based Inhibitors of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 Have Distinct Inhibitory and Oral Pharmacokinetic Characteristics Compared with 1 H-Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4-amine-Based Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29522315 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of Cryptosporidium calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 ( CpCDPK1) based on the 1 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4-amine (pyrazolopyrimidine, PP) scaffold are effective in both in vitro and in vivo models of cryptosporidiosis. However, the search for distinct safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties has motivated our exploration of alternative scaffolds. Here, we describe a series of 7 H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-amine (pyrrolopyrimidine, PrP)-based analogs of PP CpCDPK1 inhibitors. Most of the PrP-based inhibitors described potently inhibit the CpCDPK1 enzyme, demonstrate no toxicity against mammalian cells, and block proliferation of the C. parvum parasite in the low micromolar range. Interestingly, certain substituents that show reduced CpCDPK1 potency when displayed from a PP scaffold provided notably enhanced efficacy in the context of a PrP scaffold. PK studies on these paired compounds show that some PrP analogs have distinct physiochemical properties compared with their PP counterparts. These results demonstrate that inhibitors based on a PrP scaffold are distinct therapeutic alternatives to previously developed PP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama S. R. Vidadala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Martin Golkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357280, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Molly C. McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Grant R. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Samuel L. M. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ethan A. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Dustin J. Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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19
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Arnold SLM, Choi R, Hulverson MA, Schaefer DA, Vinayak S, Vidadala RSR, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Huang W, Barrett LK, Ojo KK, Fan E, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Striepen B, Van Voorhis WC. Necessity of Bumped Kinase Inhibitor Gastrointestinal Exposure in Treating Cryptosporidium Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:55-63. [PMID: 28541457 PMCID: PMC5853285 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a substantial need for novel therapeutics to combat the widespread impact caused by Crytosporidium infection. However, there is a lack of knowledge as to which drug pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics are key to generate an in vivo response, specifically whether systemic drug exposure is crucial for in vivo efficacy. To identify which PK properties are correlated with in vivo efficacy, we generated physiologically based PK models to simulate systemic and gastrointestinal drug concentrations for a series of bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) that have nearly identical in vitro potency against Cryptosporidium but display divergent PK properties. When BKI concentrations were used to predict in vivo efficacy with a neonatal model of Cryptosporidium infection, these concentrations in the large intestine were the sole predictors of the observed in vivo efficacy. The significance of large intestinal BKI exposure for predicting in vivo efficacy was further supported with an adult mouse model of Cryptosporidium infection. This study suggests that drug exposure in the large intestine is essential for generating a superior in vivo response, and that physiologically based PK models can assist in the prioritization of leading preclinical drug candidates for in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | | | | | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | | | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
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20
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Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Schaefer DA, Hemphill A, McCloskey MC, Betzer DP, Müller J, Vidadala RSR, Whitman GR, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, Hackman RC, Love MS, McNamara CW, Shaughnessy TK, Kondratiuk A, Kurnick M, Banfor PN, Lynch JJ, Freiberg GM, Kempf DJ, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC. Advances in bumped kinase inhibitors for human and animal therapy for cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:753-763. [PMID: 28899690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Improvements have been made to the safety and efficacy of bumped kinase inhibitors, and they are advancing toward human and animal use for treatment of cryptosporidiosis. As the understanding of bumped kinase inhibitor pharmacodynamics for cryptosporidiosis therapy has increased, it has become clear that better compounds for efficacy do not necessarily require substantial systemic exposure. We now have a bumped kinase inhibitor with reduced systemic exposure, acceptable safety parameters, and efficacy in both the mouse and newborn calf models of cryptosporidiosis. Potential cardiotoxicity is the limiting safety parameter to monitor for this bumped kinase inhibitor. This compound is a promising pre-clinical lead for cryptosporidiosis therapy in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rama S R Vidadala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert C Hackman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melissa S Love
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Kurnick
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - James J Lynch
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gail M Freiberg
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dale J Kempf
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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21
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Hulverson MA, Vinayak S, Choi R, Schaefer DA, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Vidadala RSR, Brooks CF, Herbert GT, Betzer DP, Whitman GR, Sparks HN, Arnold SLM, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, White AC, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Striepen B, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK. Bumped-Kinase Inhibitors for Cryptosporidiosis Therapy. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1275-1284. [PMID: 28329187 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) of Cryptosporidium parvum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CpCDPK1) are leading candidates for treatment of cryptosporidiosis-associated diarrhea. Potential cardiotoxicity related to anti-human ether-à-go-go potassium channel (hERG) activity of the first-generation anti-Cryptosporidium BKIs triggered further testing for efficacy. A luminescence assay adapted for high-throughput screening was used to measure inhibitory activities of BKIs against C. parvum in vitro. Furthermore, neonatal and interferon γ knockout mouse models of C. parvum infection identified BKIs with in vivo activity. Additional iterative experiments for optimum dosing and selecting BKIs with minimum levels of hERG activity and frequencies of other safety liabilities included those that investigated mammalian cell cytotoxicity, C. parvum proliferation inhibition in vitro, anti-human Src inhibition, hERG activity, in vivo pharmacokinetic data, and efficacy in other mouse models. Findings of this study suggest that fecal concentrations greater than parasite inhibitory concentrations correlate best with effective therapy in the mouse model of cryptosporidiosis, but a more refined model for efficacy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hulverson
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sumiti Vinayak
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | | | | | - Carrie F Brooks
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Gillian T Herbert
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - A Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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22
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Van Voorhis WC, Doggett JS, Parsons M, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Riggs MW, Hemphill A, Howe DK, Mealey RH, Lau AOT, Merritt EA, Maly DJ, Fan E, Ojo KK. Extended-spectrum antiprotozoal bumped kinase inhibitors: A review. Exp Parasitol 2017; 180:71-83. [PMID: 28065755 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many life-cycle processes in parasites are regulated by protein phosphorylation. Hence, disruption of essential protein kinase function has been explored for therapy of parasitic diseases. However, the difficulty of inhibiting parasite protein kinases to the exclusion of host orthologues poses a practical challenge. A possible path around this difficulty is the use of bumped kinase inhibitors for targeting calcium-dependent protein kinases that contain atypically small gatekeeper residues and are crucial for pathogenic apicomplexan parasites' survival and proliferation. In this article, we review efficacy against the kinase target, parasite growth in vitro, and in animal infection models, as well as the relevant pharmacokinetic and safety parameters of bumped kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | - Marilyn Parsons
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel K Howe
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Robert H Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Audrey O T Lau
- The National Institutes of Health, NIAID, DEA, 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ethan A Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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23
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Schaefer DA, Betzer DP, Smith KD, Millman ZG, Michalski HC, Menchaca SE, Zambriski JA, Ojo KK, Hulverson MA, Arnold SLM, Rivas KL, Vidadala RSR, Huang W, Barrett LK, Maly DJ, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC, Riggs MW. Novel Bumped Kinase Inhibitors Are Safe and Effective Therapeutics in the Calf Clinical Model for Cryptosporidiosis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1856-1864. [PMID: 27923949 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, is a diarrheal disease that has produced a large global burden in mortality and morbidity in humans and livestock. There are currently no consistently effective parasite-specific pharmaceuticals available for this disease. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) specific for parasite calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been shown to reduce infection in several parasites having medical and veterinary importance, including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, and C. parvum In the present study, BKIs were screened for efficacy against C. parvum infection in the neonatal mouse model. Three BKIs were then selected for safety and clinical efficacy evaluation in the calf model for cryptosporidiosis. Significant BKI treatment effects were observed for virtually all clinical and parasitological scoring parameters, including diarrhea severity, oocyst shedding, and overall health. These results provide proof of concept for BKIs as therapeutic drug leads in an animal model for human cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Kylie D Smith
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Zachary G Millman
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Hannah C Michalski
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Sarah E Menchaca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Jennifer A Zambriski
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | | | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
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24
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Tripathy S, Chapman JD, Han CY, Hogarth CA, Arnold SLM, Onken J, Kent T, Goodlett DR, Isoherranen N. All-Trans-Retinoic Acid Enhances Mitochondrial Function in Models of Human Liver. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:560-74. [PMID: 26921399 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A. The liver is the main storage organ of vitamin A, but activation of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in mouse liver and in human liver cell lines has also been shown. AlthoughatRA treatment improves mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle in rodents, its role in modulating mitochondrial function in the liver is controversial, and little data are available regarding the human liver. The aim of this study was to determine whetheratRA regulates hepatic mitochondrial activity.atRA treatment increased the mRNA and protein expression of multiple components of mitochondrialβ-oxidation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and respiratory chain. Additionally,atRA increased mitochondrial biogenesis in human hepatocytes and in HepG2 cells with and without lipid loading based on peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1αand 1βand nuclear respiratory factor 1 mRNA and mitochondrial DNA quantification.atRA also increasedβ-oxidation and ATP production in HepG2 cells and in human hepatocytes. Knockdown studies of RARα, RARβ, and PPARδrevealed that the enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis andβ-oxidation byatRA requires peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta. In vivo in mice,atRA treatment increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers after an overnight fast. Inhibition ofatRA metabolism by talarozole, a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 26 specific inhibitor, increased the effects ofatRA on mitochondrial biogenesis markers in HepG2 cells and in vivo in mice. These studies show thatatRA regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism and that increasingatRA concentrations in human liver via CYP26 inhibition may increase mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acidβ-oxidation and provide therapeutic benefit in diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Tripathy
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - John D Chapman
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Chang Y Han
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Cathryn A Hogarth
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Jennifer Onken
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Travis Kent
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - David R Goodlett
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
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25
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Arnold SLM, Kent T, Hogarth CA, Griswold MD, Amory JK, Isoherranen N. Pharmacological inhibition of ALDH1A in mice decreases all-trans retinoic acid concentrations in a tissue specific manner. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 95:177-92. [PMID: 25764981 PMCID: PMC4420653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is an essential signaling molecule. Specifically the concentrations of atRA are spatiotemporally controlled in target tissues such as the liver and the testes. While the enzymes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A family (ALDH1A) are believed to control the synthesis of atRA, a direct relationship between altered ALDH1A activity and tissue atRA concentrations has never been shown. To test whether inhibition of ALDH1A enzymes decreases atRA concentrations in a tissue specific manner, the potent ALDH1A inhibitor WIN 18,446 was used to inhibit ALDH1A activity in mice. The ALDH1A expression, atRA formation kinetics, ALDH1A inhibition by WIN 18,446 and WIN 18,446 disposition were used to predict the time course and extent of inhibition of atRA formation in the testis and liver. The effect of WIN 18,446 on atRA concentrations in testis, liver and serum were measured following single and multiple doses of WIN 18,446. ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2 were responsible for the majority of atRA formation in the testis while ALDH1A1 and aldehyde oxidase contributed to atRA formation in the liver. Due to the different complement of enzymes contributing to atRA formation in different tissues and different inhibition of ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2 by WIN 18,446, WIN 18,446 caused only a 50% decrease in liver atRA but testicular atRA decreased over 90%. Serum atRA concentrations were also reduced. These data demonstrate that inhibition of ALDH1A enzymes will decrease atRA concentrations in a tissue specific manner and selective ALDH1A inhibition could be used to alter atRA concentrations in select target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Travis Kent
- School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Cathryn A Hogarth
- School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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26
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Koh KH, Pan X, Shen HW, Arnold SLM, Yu AM, Gonzalez FJ, Isoherranen N, Jeong H. Altered expression of small heterodimer partner governs cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 induction during pregnancy in CYP2D6-humanized mice. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3105-13. [PMID: 24318876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrates of a major drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6 display increased elimination during pregnancy, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown in part due to a lack of experimental models. Here, we introduce CYP2D6-humanized (Tg-CYP2D6) mice as an animal model where hepatic CYP2D6 expression is increased during pregnancy. In the mouse livers, expression of a known positive regulator of CYP2D6, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), did not change during pregnancy. However, HNF4α recruitment to CYP2D6 promoter increased at term pregnancy, accompanied by repressed expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP). In HepG2 cells, SHP repressed HNF4α transactivation of CYP2D6 promoter. In transgenic (Tg)-CYP2D6 mice, SHP knockdown led to a significant increase in CYP2D6 expression. Retinoic acid, an endogenous compound that induces SHP, exhibited decreased hepatic levels during pregnancy in Tg-CYP2D6 mice. Administration of all-trans-retinoic acid led to a significant decrease in the expression and activity of hepatic CYP2D6 in Tg-CYP2D6 mice. This study provides key insights into mechanisms underlying altered CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism during pregnancy, laying a foundation for improved drug therapy in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Hye Koh
- From the Department of Pharmacy Practice and
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27
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Nya-Ngatchou JJ, Arnold SLM, Walsh TJ, Muller CH, Page ST, Isoherranen N, Amory JK. Intratesticular 13-cis retinoic acid is lower in men with abnormal semen analyses: a pilot study. Andrology 2012; 1:325-31. [PMID: 23413144 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intratesticular retinoic acid is necessary for spermatogenesis, but the relationship between intratesticular retinoic acid and sperm quality in man has not been studied. We hypothesized that intratesticular concentrations of retinoic acid would be lower in men with abnormal semen analyses compared to men with normal semen analyses. We recruited men requiring scrotal or penile surgery in a pilot observational study examining the relationship between sperm quality and intratesticular and serum retinoic acid. Twenty-four men provided two pre-operative blood and semen samples, and underwent a testicular biopsy during surgery. Serum and tissue all-trans and 13-cis retinoic acid and reproductive hormones were measured by LC/MS/MS and radioimmunoassays, respectively. Seven men had abnormal semen analyses by at least one WHO criteria and 17 men were normal. In men with abnormal semen, the median (25th, 75th percentile) intratesticular 13-cis retinoic acid was 0.14 (0.08, 0.25) pmol/gram tissue compared with 0.26 (0.18, 0.38) pmol/gram tissue in men with normal semen (p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in intratesticular all-trans retinoic acid or serum reproductive hormones between men with normal and abnormal semen analyses. Intratesticular 13-cis retinoic acid is significantly lower in men with abnormal semen analyses compared to men with normal semen analyses. Lower intratesticular 13-cis retinoic acid concentrations may be due to decreased biosynthesis or increased metabolism in the testes. Further investigation of the relationship between intratesticular 13-cis retinoic acid and poor sperm quality is warranted to determine if this association is present in infertile men.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Nya-Ngatchou
- Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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28
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Arnold SLM, Amory JK, Walsh TJ, Isoherranen N. A sensitive and specific method for measurement of multiple retinoids in human serum with UHPLC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:587-598. [PMID: 22192917 PMCID: PMC3276483 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d019745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol (vitamin A) circulates at 1-4 μM concentration and is easily measured in serum. However, retinol is biologically inactive. Its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), is believed to be responsible for biological effects of vitamin A, and hence the measurement of retinol concentrations is of limited value. A UHPLC-MS/MS method using isotope-labeled internal standards was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of endogenous RA isomers and metabolites. The method was used to measure retinoids in serum samples from 20 healthy men. In the fed state, the measured concentrations were 3.1 ± 0.2 nM for atRA, 0.1 ± 0.02 nM for 9-cisRA, 5.3 ± 1.3 nM for 13-cisRA, 0.4 ± 0.4 nM for 9,13-dicisRA, and 17.2 ± 6.8 nM for 4oxo-13-cisRA. The concentrations of the retinoids were not significantly different when measured after an overnight fast (3.0 ± 0.1 nM for atRA, 0.09 ± 0.01 nM for 9-cisRA, 3.9 ± 0.2 nM for 13-cisRA, 0.3 ± 0.1 nM for 9,13-dicisRA, and 11.9 ± 1.6 nM for 4oxo-13-cisRA). 11-cisRA and 4OH-RA were not detected in human serum. The high sensitivity of the MS/MS method combined with the UHPLC separation power allowed detection of endogenous 9-cisRA and 4oxo-atRA for the first time in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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