1
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Cazin I, Ocepek M, Kecelj J, Stražar AS, Schlögl S. Synthesis of Bio-Based Polyester Resins for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1890. [PMID: 38673246 PMCID: PMC11051430 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Driven by environmental considerations, the scientific community has directed great effort towards the synthesis of new materials derived from renewable resources. However, for photocurable resins, most commercially available building blocks still rely on petroleum-based precursors. Herein, we present a simple synthesis route for bio-based acrylate-modified polyester resins, whose viscosity is sufficiently low for processing them with vat photopolymerization 3D printing. The established synthesis route enables the gradual substitution of fossil-based raw materials with bio-based alternatives. The acid number, color and viscosity of the bio-based acrylic resins are characterized and photocurable formulations are prepared by adding a radical photoinitiator. The photopolymerization kinetics, and thermomechanical and mechanical properties of the photopolymers are investigated as a function of the resin structure and benchmarked against a commercially available petroleum-based counterpart. Finally, the processability of the new bio-based resins via digital light processing 3D printing is demonstrated and test specimens are successfully 3D printed with a resolution in the millimeter range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Martin Ocepek
- Helios Resins, Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia; (M.O.); (J.K.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Janez Kecelj
- Helios Resins, Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia; (M.O.); (J.K.); (A.S.S.)
| | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
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2
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Alabiso W, Sölle B, Reisinger D, Guedes de la Cruz G, Schmallegger M, Griesser T, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. On-Demand Activation of Transesterification by Chemical Amplification in Dynamic Thiol-Ene Photopolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311341. [PMID: 37677110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical amplification is a well-established concept in photoresist technology, wherein one photochemical event leads to a cascade of follow-up reactions that facilitate a controlled change in the solubility of a polymer. Herein, we transfer this concept to dynamic polymer networks to liberate both catalyst and functional groups required for bond exchange reactions under UV irradiation. For this, we exploit a photochemically generated acid to catalyse a deprotection reaction of an acid-labile tert-butoxycarbonyl group, which is employed to mask the hydroxy groups of a vinyl monomer. At the same time, the released acid serves as a catalyst for thermo-activated transesterifications between the deprotected hydroxy and ester moieties. Introduced in an orthogonally cured (450 nm) thiol-click photopolymer, this approach allows for a spatio-temporally controlled activation of bond exchange reactions, which is crucial in light of the creep resistance versus reflow ability trade-off of dynamic polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sölle
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Max Schmallegger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/I (A), A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
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3
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Hausberger A, Pecora M, Favier D, Rossegger E, Tockner M, Ules T, Haselmann M, Schlögl S, Gauthier C. In Situ Observation of Micro-Patterned Elastomeric Surfaces: The Formation of the Area of Real Contact and the Influence on Its Friction and Deformation Behaviour. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6489. [PMID: 37834628 PMCID: PMC10573622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Structured surfaces, which are the basis of the lotus blossom effect, have great potential to serve/operate as functionalised surfaces, i.e., surfaces with specific and/or adjustable properties. In the present study, the aim is to use micro-structured elastomeric surfaces to specifically influence the friction and deformation behaviours on the basis of the shape and arrangement of the structures. Thiol-acrylate-based photopolymers patterned via nanoimprint lithography were investigated by using an in situ tribological measurement set-up. A clear influence of the different structures on the surface's friction behaviour could be shown, and, furthermore, this could be brought into relation with the real area of contact. This finding provides an important contribution to further development steps, namely, to give the structures switchable properties in order to enable the control of friction properties in a targeted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hausberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Marina Pecora
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Damien Favier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Martin Tockner
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Thomas Ules
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Matthias Haselmann
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Christian Gauthier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
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4
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Malik MS, Wolfahrt M, Schlögl S. Redox cationic frontal polymerization: a new strategy towards fast and efficient curing of defect-free fiber reinforced polymer composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28993-29003. [PMID: 37799301 PMCID: PMC10548789 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05976f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontal polymerization of epoxy-based thermosets is a promising curing technique for the production of carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs). It exploits the exothermicity of polymerization reactions to convert liquid monomers to a solid 3D network. A self-sustaining curing reaction is triggered by heat or UV-radiation, resulting in a localized thermal reaction zone that propagates through the resin formulation. To date, frontal polymerization is limited to CFRCs with a low fiber volume percent as heat losses compromise on the propagation of the heat front, which is crucial for this autocatalytic curing mechanism. In addition, the choice of suitable epoxy monomers and thermal radical initiators is limited, as highly reactive cycloaliphatic epoxies as well as peroxides decarboxylate during radical induced cationic frontal polymerization. The resulting networks suffer from high defect rates and inferior mechanical properties. Herein, we overcome these shortcomings by introducing redox cationic frontal polymerization (RCFP) as a new frontal curing concept. In the first part of this study, the influence of stannous octoate (reducing agent) was studied on a frontally cured bisphenol A diglycidyl ether resin and mechanical and thermal properties were compared to a conventional anhydride cured counterpart. In a subsequent step, a quasi-isotropic CFRC with a fiber volume of >50 vol%, was successfully cured via RCFP. The composite exhibited a glass transition temperature > 100 °C and a low number of defects. Finally, it was demonstrated that the redox agent effectively prevents decarboxylation during frontal polymerization of a cycloaliphatic epoxy, demonstrating the versatility of RCFP in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Wolfahrt
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben Rossegerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben Rossegerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Austria
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5
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Kashef Tabrizian S, Alabiso W, Shaukat U, Terryn S, Rossegger E, Brancart J, Legrand J, Schlögl S, Vanderborght B. Vitrimeric shape memory polymer-based fingertips for adaptive grasping. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1206579. [PMID: 37501744 PMCID: PMC10369050 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1206579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The variability in the shapes and sizes of objects presents a significant challenge for two-finger robotic grippers when it comes to manipulating them. Based on the chemistry of vitrimers (a new class of polymer materials that have dynamic covalent bonds, which allow them to reversibly change their mechanical properties under specific conditions), we present two designs as 3D-printed shape memory polymer-based shape-adaptive fingertips (SMP-SAF). The fingertips have two main properties needed for an effective grasping. First, the ability to adapt their shape to different objects. Second, exhibiting variable rigidity, to lock and retain this new shape without the need for any continuous external triggering system. Our two design strategies are: 1) A curved part, which is suitable for grasping delicate and fragile objects. In this mode and prior to gripping, the SMP-SAFs are straightened by the force of the parallel gripper and are adapted to the object by shape memory activation. 2) A straight part that takes on the form of the objects by contact force with them. This mode is better suited for gripping hard bodies and provides a more straightforward shape programming process. The SMP-SAFs can be programmed by heating them up above glass transition temperature (54°C) via Joule-effect of the integrated electrically conductive wire or by using a heat gun, followed by reshaping by the external forces (without human intervention), and subsequently fixing the new shape upon cooling. As the shape programming process is time-consuming, this technique suits adaptive sorting lines where the variety of objects is not changed from grasp to grasp, but from batch to batch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Leoben, Austria
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Brussels, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Legrand
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Cazin I, Rossegger E, Roppolo I, Sangermano M, Granitzer P, Rumpf K, Schlögl S. Digital light processing 3D printing of dynamic magneto-responsive thiol-acrylate composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17536-17544. [PMID: 37304810 PMCID: PMC10253501 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02504g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is one of the most promising processing techniques for fabricating customized 3D objects. For the 3D printing of functional and stimuli-triggered devices, interest is steadily growing in processing materials with magnetic properties. Synthesis routes for magneto-responsive soft materials typically involve the dispersion of (nano)particles into a non-magnetic polymer matrix. Above their glass transition temperature, the shape of such composites can be conveniently adjusted by applying an external magnetic field. With their rapid response time, facile controllability, and reversible actuation, magnetically responsive soft materials can be used in the biomedical field (e.g. drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery), soft robotics or in electronic applications. Herein, we combine the magnetic response with thermo-activated healability by introducing magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles into a dynamic photopolymer network, which undergoes thermo-activated bond exchange reactions. The resin is based on a radically curable thiol-acrylate system, whose composition is optimized towards processability via digital light processing 3D printing. A mono-functional methacrylate phosphate is applied as a stabilizer to increase the resins' shelf life by preventing thiol-Michael reactions. Once photocured, the organic phosphate further acts as a transesterification catalyst and activates bond exchange reactions at elevated temperature, which render the magneto-active composites mendable and malleable. The healing performance is demonstrated by recovering magnetic and mechanical properties after the thermally triggered mending of 3D-printed structures. We further demonstrate the magnetically driven movement of 3D-printed samples, which gives rise to the potential use of these materials in healable soft devices activated by external magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10124 Torino Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10124 Torino Italy
| | - Petra Granitzer
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz Universitätsplatz 3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Klemens Rumpf
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz Universitätsplatz 3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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7
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Reisinger D, Kriehuber MU, Bender M, Bautista-Anguís D, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Thermally Latent Bases in Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks and their Emerging Applications. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2300830. [PMID: 36916976 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy allowing temporal control of dynamic bond exchange in covalently crosslinked polymer networks via latent transesterification catalysts is introduced. Obtained by a straightforward air- and water-tolerant synthesis, the latent catalyst is designed for an irreversible temperature-mediated release of a strong organic base. Its long-term inactivity at temperatures below 50 °C provides the unique opportunity to equip dynamic covalent networks with creep resistance and high bond-exchange rates, once activated. The presented thermally latent base catalyst is conveniently introducible in readily available building blocks and, as proof of concept, applied in a radically polymerized thiol-ene network. Light-mediated curing is used for 3D-printing functional objects, on which the possibility of spatially controlled reshaping and welding based on dynamic transesterification is illustrated. Since the catalyst is thermally activated, limitations regarding sample geometry and optical transparency do not apply, which facilitates a transfer to well-established industrial technologies. Consequently, fiber-reinforced and highly filled magneto-active thiol-ene polymer composites are fabricated by a thermal curing approach. The on-demand activation of dynamic transesterification is demonstrated by (magneto-assisted) reshaping experiments, highlighting a wide range of potential future applications offered by the presented concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | | | - Marcel Bender
- Processing of Composites Group, Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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Raguž I, Berer M, Fleisch M, Holzer C, Brancart J, Vanderborght B, Schlögl S. Soft dielectric actuator produced by multi‐material fused filament fabrication
3D
printing. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Raguž
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | | | - Clemens Holzer
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Montanuniversitaet Leoben Leoben Austria
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
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Dertnig C, Guedes de la Cruz G, Neshchadin D, Schlögl S, Griesser T. Innentitelbild: Blocked Phosphates as Photolatent Catalysts for Dynamic Photopolymer Networks (Angew. Chem. 10/2023). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202300929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Dertnig
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Montanuniversitaet Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Montanuniversitaet Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Montanuniversitaet Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2 8700 Leoben Austria
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10
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Dertnig C, Guedes de la Cruz G, Neshchadin D, Schlögl S, Griesser T. Blocked Phosphates as Photolatent Catalysts for Dynamic Photopolymer Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215525. [PMID: 36421065 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While latent catalysts are a well-established strategy for initiating and controlling the rate of polymerization reactions, their use in dynamic polymer networks is still in its infancy. The ideal latent catalyst should be thermally stable and release a highly active species in response to an external trigger. Here, we have synthesized a temperature resistant (>200 °C) organic phosphate with a photolabile o-nitrobenzyl protecting group that can be cleaved by UV light. Introduced in a visible light curable thiol-click photopolymer, the sequence-dependent λ-orthogonality of the curing and cleavage enables an efficient network formation at 451 nm, without premature release of the catalyst. Once cured, irradiation at 372 nm spatiotemporally activates the phosphate, which catalyzes transesterifications at elevated temperature. The formed catalyst has no effect on the thermal stability of the polymeric network and allows the activation of bond exchange reactions in selected domains of printed 3D objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Dertnig
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
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11
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Dertnig C, Guedes de la Cruz G, Neshchadin D, Schlögl S, Griesser T. Inside Cover: Blocked Phosphates as Photolatent Catalysts for Dynamic Photopolymer Networks (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 10/2023). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Dertnig
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Montanuniversitaet Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Montanuniversitaet Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Montanuniversitaet Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2 8700 Leoben Austria
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12
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Rossegger E, Strasser J, Höller R, Fleisch M, Berer M, Schlögl S. Wavelength Selective Multi‐Material 3D Printing of Soft Active Devices Using Orthogonal Photoreactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202370005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Rossegger E, Strasser J, Höller R, Fleisch M, Berer M, Schlögl S. Wavelength Selective Multi-Material 3D Printing of Soft Active Devices Using Orthogonal Photoreactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200586. [PMID: 36107158 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoreactions provide a unique way to locally and independently control (thermo)mechanical properties and functionality of polymer networks simply by choice of the wavelength. Herein, a library of acrylate functional coumarin monomers is synthesized, which are cured by sequence-dependent wavelength orthogonality. In the presence of a long wavelength absorbing photoinitiator, the monomers undergo rapid curing by visible light induced radical chain growth polymerization. Subsequent irradiation with light in the UV-A region selectively initiates the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the coumarin chromophores, which is confirmed by FTIR and UV-vis experiments. Through a well-targeted design, acrylate-based and thiol-acrylate resin formulations are prepared, whose fast curing rate, low viscosity, and prolonged storage stability enable the one-step fabrication of multi-material structures by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. By using a dual-wavelength printer, which operates at two different wavelengths (405 and 365 nm), objects comprising soft (ε = 22%, σ = 7.5 MPa) and stiff (ε = 2%, σ = 8.3 MPa) domains are printed with a single resin vat. Along with tensile properties, the wavelength selective change in the network structure features a local control of the glass transition temperature (ΔTg = 17 °C) in the 3D-printed objects. Soft active devices are fabricated by dual-wavelength DLP 3D printing, with distinct domains having a higher Tg and the local programming of multi shapes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Mathias Fleisch
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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14
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Rossegger E, Li Y, Frommwald H, Schlögl S. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing with light-responsive thiol-norbornene photopolymers. Monatsh Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-03016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Shaukat U, Sölle B, Rossegger E, Rana S, Schlögl S. Vat Photopolymerization 3D-Printing of Dynamic Thiol-Acrylate Photopolymers Using Bio-Derived Building Blocks. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245377. [PMID: 36559744 PMCID: PMC9784638 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an energy-efficient additive manufacturing process, vat photopolymerization 3D-printing has become a convenient technology to fabricate functional devices with high resolution and freedom in design. However, due to their permanently crosslinked network structure, photopolymers are not easily reprocessed or repaired. To improve the environmental footprint of 3D-printed objects, herein, we combine the dynamic nature of hydroxyl ester links, undergoing a catalyzed transesterification at elevated temperature, with an acrylate monomer derived from renewable resources. As a sustainable building block, we synthesized an acrylated linseed oil and mixed it with selected thiol crosslinkers. By careful selection of the transesterification catalyst, we obtained dynamic thiol-acrylate resins with a high cure rate and decent storage stability, which enabled the digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing of objects with a structure size of 550 µm. Owing to their dynamic covalent bonds, the thiol-acrylate networks were able to relax 63% of their initial stress within 22 min at 180 °C and showed enhanced toughness after thermal annealing. We exploited the thermo-activated reflow of the dynamic networks to heal and re-shape the 3D-printed objects. The dynamic thiol-acrylate photopolymers also demonstrated promising healing, shape memory, and re-shaping properties, thus offering great potential for various industrial fields such as soft robotics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sölle
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering, Energy Acres, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.S.); Tel.: +91-9720524191 (S.R.); Tel.: +43-3842-402-2354 (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.S.); Tel.: +91-9720524191 (S.R.); Tel.: +43-3842-402-2354 (S.S.)
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16
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Dertnig C, Guedes de la Cruz G, Neshchadin D, Schlögl S, Griesser T. Blocked Phosphates as Photolatent Catalysts for Dynamic Photopolymer Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202215525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Dertnig
- Montanuniversität Leoben: Montanuniversitat Leoben Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials AUSTRIA
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Montanuniversität Leoben: Montanuniversitat Leoben Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials AUSTRIA
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH AUSTRIA
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Montanuniversitat Leoben Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Otto Glöckel-Straße 2/IV 8700 Leoben AUSTRIA
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17
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Sharma H, Rana S, Singh P, Hayashi M, Binder WH, Rossegger E, Kumar A, Schlögl S. Self-healable fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites: overview and future prospects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32569-32582. [PMID: 36425695 PMCID: PMC9661690 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve sustainable development goals, approaches towards the preparation of recyclable and healable polymeric materials is highly attractive. Self-healing polymers and thermosets based on bond-exchangeable dynamic covalent bonds, so called "vitrimers" could be a great effort in this direction. In order to match the industrial importance, enhancement of mechanical strength without sacrificing the bond exchange capability is a challenging issue, however, such concerns can be overcome through the developments of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites. This article covers the outstanding features of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites, including their reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties, together with practical applications and future perspectives of this unique class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Poonam Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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18
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Li Y, Shaukat U, Schlögl S, Xue T, Li J, Nie J, Zhu X. A Pyrrole–Carbazole Photoinitiator for Radical and Cationic Visible Light LED Photopolymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Müller SM, Schlögl S, Wiesner T, Haas M, Griesser T. Recent Advances in Type I Photoinitiators for Visible Light Induced Photopolymerization. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Monika Müller
- Montanuniversität Leoben: Montanuniversitat Leoben Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials AUSTRIA
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Chemistry of Elastomers and Surfaces AUSTRIA
| | - Tanja Wiesner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Michael Haas
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Montanuniversitat Leoben Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Otto Glöckel-Straße 2/IV 8700 Leoben AUSTRIA
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20
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122449. [PMID: 35746024 PMCID: PMC9227803 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.
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21
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Truszkiewicz E, Thalhamer A, Rossegger M, Vetter M, Meier G, Rossegger E, Fuchs P, Schlögl S, Berer M. Mechanical behavior of
3D
‐printed polymeric metamaterials for lightweight applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
- HTL Kapfenberg Kapfenberg Austria
| | - Mario Vetter
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
- HTL Kapfenberg Kapfenberg Austria
| | - Gerald Meier
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | | | - Peter Fuchs
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | | | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
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22
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Reisinger D, Dietliker KP, Sangermano M, Schlögl S. Streamlined concept towards spatially resolved photoactivation of dynamic transesterification in vitrimeric polymers by applying thermally stable photolatent bases. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through a well targeted design, vitrimers are able to reorganise their three-dimensional covalently crosslinked network structure by associative exchange reactions when the so-called topology freezing transition temperature (Tv) is exceeded....
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23
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Wanghofer F, Wolfberger A, Wolfahrt M, Schlögl S. Cross-Linking and Evaluation of the Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Epoxy Based Poly(ionic Liquid) Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3914. [PMID: 34833212 PMCID: PMC8620924 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) and ionenes are polymers containing ionic groups in their repeating units. The unique properties of these polymers render them as interesting candidates for a variety of applications, such as gas separation membranes and polyelectrolytes. Due to the vast number of possible structures, numerous synthesis protocols to produce monomers with different functional groups for task-specific PILs are reported in literature. A difunctional epoxy-IL resin was synthesized and cured with multifunctional amine and anhydride hardeners and the thermal and thermomechanical properties of the networks were assessed via differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. By the selection of suitable hardeners, the glass transition onset temperature (Tg,onset) of the resulting networks was varied between 18 °C and 99 °C. Copolymerization of epoxy-IL with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) led to a further increase of the Tg,onset. The results demonstrate the potential of epoxy chemistry for tailorable PIL networks, where the hardener takes the place of the ligands without requiring an additional synthesis step and can be chosen from a broad range of commercially available compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Archim Wolfberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (F.W.); (M.W.); (S.S.)
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24
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Soares Machado J, Tran-Gia J, Schlögl S, Buck AK, Lassmann M. Correction to: Biokinetics, dosimetry and radiation risk in infants after 99mTc-MAG3 scans. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:101. [PMID: 34633591 PMCID: PMC8505585 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Soares Machado
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - J Tran-Gia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Schlögl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A K Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Lassmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. Thiol–acrylate based vitrimers: From their structure–property relationship to the additive manufacturing of self-healable soft active devices. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Reisinger D, Kaiser S, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Introduction of Photolatent Bases for Locally Controlling Dynamic Exchange Reactions in Thermo-Activated Vitrimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14302-14306. [PMID: 33929092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitrimers exhibit a covalently crosslinked network structure, as is characteristic of classic thermosetting polymers. However, they are capable of rearranging their network topology by thermo-activated associative exchange reactions when the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv ) is exceeded. Despite the vast number of developed vitrimers, there is a serious lack of methods that enable a (spatially) controlled onset of these rearrangement reactions above Tv . Herein, we highlight the localized release of the efficient transesterification catalyst 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) by the UV-induced cleavage of a photolatent base within a covalently crosslinked thiol-epoxy network. Demonstrated with stress relaxation measurements conducted well above the network's Tv , only the controlled release of TBD facilitates the immediate onset of transesterification in terms of a viscoelastic flow. Moreover, the spatially resolved UV-mediated photoactivation of vitrimeric properties is confirmed by permanent shape changes induced locally in the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
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27
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Reisinger D, Kaiser S, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Rieger B, Schlögl S. Einsatz photolatenter Basen zur lokalen Kontrolle dynamischer Austauschreaktionen in thermisch aktivierbaren Vitrimeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 8700 Leoben Österreich
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28
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Moazzen K, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Shaukat U, Schlögl S. Role of Organic Phosphates and Phosphonates in Catalyzing Dynamic Exchange Reactions in Thiol‐Click Vitrimers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Moazzen
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
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29
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Rossegger E, Höller R, Reisinger D, Fleisch M, Strasser J, Wieser V, Griesser T, Schlögl S. High resolution additive manufacturing with acrylate based vitrimers using organic phosphates as transesterification catalyst. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Giebler M, Alabiso W, Wieser V, Radl S, Schlögl S. Photopatternable and Rewritable Epoxy‐Anhydride Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202170005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Romano A, Sangermano M, Rossegger E, Mühlbacher I, Griesser T, Giebler M, Palmara G, Frascella F, Roppolo I, Schlögl S. Hybrid silica micro-particles with light-responsive surface properties and Janus-like character. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00459j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work highlights the synthesis and post-modification of silica-based micro-particles containing photo-responsive polymer brushes with photolabile o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Romano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - M. Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - E. Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - I. Mühlbacher
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - T. Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - M. Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - G. Palmara
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - F. Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - I. Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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Abstract
By following shape-memory assisted self-healing (SMASH), we used the shape-memory properties of thiol-acrylate photopolymers to physically close a scratch, whilst chemical healing was obtained via thermo-activated dynamic exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Tiago Manuel Hron
- Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2/IV, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - David Reisinger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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34
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Rossegger E, Moazzen K, Fleisch M, Schlögl S. Locally controlling dynamic exchange reactions in 3D printed thiol-acrylate vitrimers using dual-wavelength digital light processing. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A photolatent transesterification catalyst is applied to locally switch on and control topological rearrangements in 3D printable thiol-acrylate vitrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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35
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Rossegger E, Höller R, Reisinger D, Strasser J, Fleisch M, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Digital light processing 3D printing with thiol–acrylate vitrimers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01520b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The customized fabrication of soft active devices with self-healing function is demonstrated by 3D printing with vitrimeric thiol–acrylate photopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | | | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | | | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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36
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Cazin I, Rossegger E, Guedes de la Cruz G, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Recent Advances in Functional Polymers Containing Coumarin Chromophores. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E56. [PMID: 33375724 PMCID: PMC7794725 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives have gained increased attention in the design of functional polymers and polymer networks due to their unique optical, biological, and photochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview over recent developments in macromolecular architecture and mainly covers examples from the literature published from 2004 to 2020. Along with a discussion on coumarin and its photochemical properties, we focus on polymers containing coumarin as a nonreactive moiety as well as polymer systems exploiting the dimerization and/or reversible nature of the [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction. Coumarin moieties undergo a reversible [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition reaction upon irradiation with specific wavelengths in the UV region, which is applied to impart intrinsic healability, shape-memory, and reversible properties into polymers. In addition, coumarin chromophores are able to dimerize under the exposure to direct sunlight, which is a promising route for the synthesis and cross-linking of polymer systems under "green" and environment-friendly conditions. Along with the chemistry and design of coumarin functional polymers, we highlight various future application fields of coumarin containing polymers involving tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, soft robotics, or 4D printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Gema Guedes de la Cruz
- Department Polymer Engineering and Science, Institute Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (G.G.d.l.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Department Polymer Engineering and Science, Institute Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (G.G.d.l.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (I.C.); (E.R.)
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Beter J, Maroh B, Schrittesser B, Mühlbacher I, Griesser T, Schlögl S, Fuchs PF, Pinter G. Tailored Interfaces in Fiber-Reinforced Elastomers: A Surface Treatment Study on Optimized Load Coupling via the Modified Fiber Bundle Debond Technique. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010036. [PMID: 33374154 PMCID: PMC7795769 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The interface between the reinforcement and surrounding matrix in a fibrous composite is decisive and critical for maintaining component performance, durability, and mechanical structure properties for load coupling assessment, especially for highly flexible composite materials. The clear trend towards tailored solutions reveals that an in-depth knowledge on surface treating methods to enhance the fiber–matrix interfacial interaction and adhesion properties for an optimized load transfer needs to be ensured. This research aims to quantify the effect of several surface treatments for glass fibers applied in endless fiber-reinforced elastomers with pronounced high deformations. Due to this, the glass fiber surface is directly modified with selected sizings, using a wet chemical treatment, and characterized according to chemical and mechanical aspects. For this purpose, the interfacial adhesion performance between fibers and the surrounding matrix material is investigated by a modified fiber pull-out device. The results clearly show that an optimized surface treatment improves the interface strength and chemical bonding significantly. The fiber pull-out test confirms that an optimized fiber–matrix interface can be enhanced up to 85% compared to standard surface modifications, which distinctly provides the basis of enhanced performances on the component level. These findings were validated by chemical analysis methods and corresponding optical damage analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Beter
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (B.M.); (B.S.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (P.F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-3842-42962-31
| | - Boris Maroh
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (B.M.); (B.S.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (P.F.F.)
| | - Bernd Schrittesser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (B.M.); (B.S.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (P.F.F.)
| | - Inge Mühlbacher
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (B.M.); (B.S.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (P.F.F.)
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (B.M.); (B.S.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (P.F.F.)
| | - Peter Filipp Fuchs
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (B.M.); (B.S.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (P.F.F.)
| | - Gerald Pinter
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
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Giebler M, Alabiso W, Wieser V, Radl S, Schlögl S. Photopatternable and Rewritable Epoxy-Anhydride Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000466. [PMID: 32996232 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work highlights a new approach to write, erase, and rewrite micropatterns into the same region of covalent adaptable polymer networks. Thermal curing of an epoxy-terminated o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) derivative with hexahydrophthalic anhydride in the presence of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene yields a dynamic covalent network, whose solubility is locally controlled by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. The photolysis of the o-NBE chromophores enables a well-defined cleavage of the epoxy-anhydride network, and the formation of soluble photolysis products is confirmed by sol-gel analysis. The photo-induced change in solubility is exploited to inscribe micropatterns by photolithographic techniques and after development in an organic solvent positive tone structures with a feature size of 20 µm are obtained. Due to the thermo-activated exchange reactions of the hydroxyl ester links and the related macroscopic reflow, the polymer patterns are fully erased at temperatures well above the topological freezing transition of the vitrimer network. The regenerated film has a smooth surface topology and can be reused to inscribe new micropatterns via mask lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Viktoria Wieser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Simone Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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Kaiser S, Jandl J, Novak P, Schlögl S. Design and characterisation of vitrimer-like elastomeric composites from HXNBR rubber. Soft Matter 2020; 16:8577-8590. [PMID: 32766610 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00362j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims at the incorporation of vitrimer-like properties into elastomeric composites as a promising approach towards the sustainable production of rubber-based materials. In particular, hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (HXNBR), as a technically relevant high-performance rubber, is covalently cross-linked with epoxy group-functionalised calcium silicate (Esilicate) across its pending carboxylic acid moieties. Reaction with the reactive functions attached on the filler surface results in the formation of β-hydroxyl ester linkages at the HXNBR-Esilicate interface, which undergo thermo-activated transesterifications in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Topology rearrangements in the composites are confirmed by stress relaxation measurements at elevated temperatures. Comparison with an unfilled reference network reveals that the extent of stress relaxation can be mostly maintained upon the addition of the reactive filler even at large quantities. The Esilicate serves as both cross-linker and reinforcing filler, leading to a significant enhancement of the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Julius Jandl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Patrick Novak
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
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Malik MS, Schlögl S, Wolfahrt M, Sangermano M. Review on UV-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization of Epoxy Monomers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092146. [PMID: 32962306 PMCID: PMC7570253 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-induced cationic frontal polymerization has emerged as a novel technique that allows rapid curing of various epoxy monomers upon UV irradiation within a few seconds. In the presence of a diaryliodonium salt photoinitiator together with a thermal radical initiator, the cationic ring opening polymerization of an epoxide monomer is auto-accelerated in the form of a self-propagating front upon UV irradiation. This hot propagating front generates the required enthalpy to sustain curing reaction throughout the resin formulation without further need for UV irradiation. This unique reaction pathway makes the cationic frontal polymerization a promising route towards the efficient curing of epoxy-based thermosetting resins and related composite structures. This review represents a comprehensive overview of the mechanism and progress of UV-induced cationic frontal polymerization of epoxy monomers that have been reported so far in literature. At the same time, this review covers important aspects on the frontal polymerization of various epoxide monomers involving the chemistry of the initiators, the effect of appropriate sensitizers, diluents and fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Malik
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rossegerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.M.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rossegerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.M.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Markus Wolfahrt
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rossegerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.M.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Alabiso W, Schlögl S. The Impact of Vitrimers on the Industry of the Future: Chemistry, Properties and Sustainable Forward-Looking Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1660. [PMID: 32722554 PMCID: PMC7465221 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosets are known to be very reliable polymeric materials for high-performance and light-weight applications, due to their retained dimensional stability, chemical inertia and rigidity over a broad range of temperatures. However, once fully cured, they cannot be easily reshaped or reprocessed, thus leaving still unsolved the issues of recycling and the lack of technological flexibility. Vitrimers, introduced by Leibler et al. in 2011, are a valiant step in the direction of bridging the chasm between thermoplastics and thermosets. Owing to their dynamic covalent networks, they can retain mechanical stability and solvent resistance, but can also flow on demand upon heating. More generally, the family of Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs) is gleaming with astounding potential, thanks to the huge variety of chemistries that may enable bond exchange. Arising from this signature feature, intriguing properties such as self-healing, recyclability and weldability may expand the horizons for thermosets in terms of improved life-span, sustainability and overall enhanced functionality and versatility. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the most promising studies featuring CANs and vitrimers specifically, with particular regard for their industrial applications. Investigations into composites and sustainable vitrimers from epoxy-based and elastomeric networks are covered in detail.
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Romano A, Roppolo I, Rossegger E, Schlögl S, Sangermano M. Recent Trends in Applying Rrtho-Nitrobenzyl Esters for the Design of Photo-Responsive Polymer Networks. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E2777. [PMID: 32575481 PMCID: PMC7344511 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymers with light-responsive groups have gained increased attention in the design of functional materials, as they allow changes in polymers properties, on demand, and simply by light exposure. For the synthesis of polymers and polymer networks with photolabile properties, the introduction o-nitrobenzyl alcohol (o-NB) derivatives as light-responsive chromophores has become a convenient and powerful route. Although o-NB groups were successfully exploited in numerous applications, this review pays particular attention to the studies in which they were included as photo-responsive moieties in thin polymer films and functional polymer coatings. The review is divided into four different sections according to the chemical structure of the polymer networks: (i) acrylate and methacrylate; (ii) thiol-click; (iii) epoxy; and (iv) polydimethylsiloxane. We conclude with an outlook of the present challenges and future perspectives of the versatile and unique features of o-NB chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Romano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
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Giebler M, Sperling C, Kaiser S, Duretek I, Schlögl S. Epoxy-Anhydride Vitrimers from Aminoglycidyl Resins with High Glass Transition Temperature and Efficient Stress Relaxation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1148. [PMID: 32429574 PMCID: PMC7284387 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy-anhydride vitrimers are covalent adaptable networks, which undergo associative bond exchange reactions at elevated temperature. Their service temperature is influenced by the glass transition temperature (Tg) as well as the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv), at which the covalent bond exchange reactions become significantly fast. The present work highlights the design of high-Tg epoxy-anhydride vitrimers that comprise an efficient stress relaxation at elevated temperature. Networks are prepared by thermally curing aminoglycidyl monomers with glutaric anhydride in different stoichiometric ratios. The tertiary amine groups present in the structure of the aminoglycidyl derivatives not only accelerate the curing reaction but also catalyse the transesterification reaction above Tv, as shown in stress relaxation measurements. The topology rearrangements render the networks recyclable, which is demonstrated by reprocessing a grinded powder of the cured materials in a hot press. The epoxy-anhydride vitrimers are characterised by a high Tg (up to 140 °C) and an adequate storage modulus at 25 °C (~2.5 GPa), which makes them interesting candidates for structural applications operating at high service temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.G.); (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Clemens Sperling
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.G.); (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.G.); (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Ivica Duretek
- Chair of Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.G.); (C.S.); (S.K.)
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Romano A, Angelini A, Rossegger E, Palmara G, Castellino M, Frascella F, Chiappone A, Chiadò A, Sangermano M, Schlögl S, Roppolo I. Laser‐Triggered Writing and Biofunctionalization of Thiol‐Ene Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000084. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Romano
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Angelo Angelini
- Advanced Materials Metrology and Life SciencesIstituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica Strada delle Cacce 91 Torino 10135 Italy
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Gianluca Palmara
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Francesca Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Alessandro Chiadò
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
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Hennen D, Hartmann D, Rieger PH, Oesterreicher A, Wiener J, Arbeiter F, Feuchter M, Fröhlich E, Pichelmayer M, Schlögl S, Griesser T. Exploiting the Carbon and Oxa Michael Addition Reaction for the Synthesis of Yne Monomers: Towards the Conversion of Acrylates to Biocompatible Building Blocks. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hennen
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Delara Hartmann
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Paul H. Rieger
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Andreas Oesterreicher
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Johannes Wiener
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of PolymersUniversity of Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Florian Arbeiter
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of PolymersUniversity of Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Michael Feuchter
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of PolymersUniversity of Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- ZMF – Center for Medical Research Stiftingtalstrasse 24 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Margit Pichelmayer
- Division of Oral Surgery and OrthodonticsDepartment of Dental Medicine and Oral HealthMedical University Graz Billrothgasse 4 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
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46
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Rossegger E, Nees D, Turisser S, Radl S, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Photo-switching of surface wettability on micropatterned photopolymers for fast transport of water droplets over a long-distance. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Long distance movement (>20 mm) of water droplets across thiol–acrylate photopolymers with inscribed wettability and Laplace pressure gradient is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - D. Nees
- Joanneum Research GmbH
- A-8160 Weiz
- Austria
| | - S. Turisser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - S. Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - T. Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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47
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Strohmeier L, Frommwald H, Schlögl S. Digital light processing 3D printing of modified liquid isoprene rubber using thiol-click chemistry. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23607-23614. [PMID: 35517336 PMCID: PMC9054738 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastomer-based 3D objects with good resolution are fabricated by additive manufacturing of photo-reactive liquid rubber formulations with digital light processing.
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Kaiser S, Wurzer S, Pilz G, Kern W, Schlögl S. Stress relaxation and thermally adaptable properties in vitrimer-like elastomers from HXNBR rubber with covalent bonds. Soft Matter 2019; 15:6062-6072. [PMID: 31298258 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00856j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Widening the scope of skeletons in the chemistry of vitrimer(-like) high molecular weight rubbers, the present study highlights the preparation of vitrimer-like elastomers based on a technically relevant rubber that is characterised by high thermal and oxidation stability. In particular, we prepared covalently crosslinked hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (HXNBR) networks that can rearrange their topology due to the exchangeable nature of the crosslinks. By crosslinking with a di-functional epoxide, β-hydroxyl ester linkages are incorporated into the rubber, enabling thermo-activated transesterifications in the presence of the catalyst triazabicyclodecene. At moderate temperatures, the covalent linkages ensure good mechanical properties as well as chemical and thermal stability of the rubber, which is essential for most applications. In addition, bond exchange reactions allow for fast and distinctive stress relaxation at elevated temperatures. Due to the enhanced network mobility above the vitrification transition temperature, the materials exhibit thermally adaptable properties. A comparative study throughout all experiments with catalyst-free samples serving as a reference is made. Shape change experiments reveal a certain malleability of the HXNBR elastomers and improved adhesion properties are shown by means of lap shear tests. In the presence of catalyst, the failure mechanism changes from adhesive to cohesive failure proving the weldability of the material. Furthermore, the samples exhibit thermally triggered repair capabilities as demonstrated by stress-rupture tests. In general, it is shown that already low quantities of exchangeable crosslinks of associative nature impart a promising thermal adaptability into high molecular weight HXNBR rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaiser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Stefan Wurzer
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Gerald Pilz
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
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Giebler M, Radl S, Ules T, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Photopatternable Epoxy-Based Thermosets. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E2350. [PMID: 31344852 PMCID: PMC6695657 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work provides a comparative study on the photopatterning of epoxy-based thermosets as a function of network structure and network mobility. Local switching of solubility properties by light of a defined wavelength is achieved by exploiting versatile o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) chemistry. o-NBE derivatives with terminal epoxy groups are synthetized and thermally cured with different types of cycloaliphatic anhydrides via nucleophilic ring opening reaction. By varying the structure of the anhydride, glass transition temperature (Tg) and surface hardness are adjusted over a broad range. Once the network has been formed, the photolysis of the o-NBE groups enables a well-defined degradation of the 3D network. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy studies demonstrate that cleavage rate and cleavage yield increase with rising mobility of the network, which is either facilitated by inherent network properties (Tg below room temperature) or a simultaneous heating of the thermosets above their Tg. The formation of soluble species is evidenced by sol-gel analysis, revealing that low-Tg networks are prone to secondary photoreactions at higher exposure doses, which lead to a re-crosslinking of the cleaved polymer chains. The change in solubility properties is exploited to inscribe positive tone micropatterns within the thermosets by photolithographic techniques. Contrast curves show that the resist performance of rigid networks is superior to flexible ones, with a contrast of 1.17 and a resolution of 8 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Simone Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Ules
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
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Taudt C, Nelsen B, Rossegger E, Schlögl S, Koch E, Hartmann P. Spatially Resolved Cross-Linking Characterization by Imaging Low-Coherence Interferometry. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19051152. [PMID: 30866475 PMCID: PMC6427346 DOI: 10.3390/s19051152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method to characterize cross-linking differences in polymers such as waveguide polymers has been developed. The method is based on the scan-free information acquisition utilizing a low-coherence interferometer in conjunction with an imaging spectrometer. By the introduction of a novel analyzing algorithm, the recorded spectral-phase data was interpreted as wavelength-dependent optical thickness which is matchable with the refractive index and therefore with the degree of cross-linking. In the course of this work, the method was described in its hardware and algorithmic implementation as well as in its accuracy. Comparative measurements and error estimations showed an accuracy in the range of 10−6 in terms of the refractive index. Finally, photo-lithographically produced samples with laterally defined cross-linking differences have been characterized. It could be shown, that differences in the optical thickness of ±1.5 μm are distinguishable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Taudt
- Faculty of Physical Engineering/Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Zwickau, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Application Center for Optical Metrology and Surface Technologies, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Bryan Nelsen
- Faculty of Physical Engineering/Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Zwickau, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Application Center for Optical Metrology and Surface Technologies, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
| | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, AT-8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Edmund Koch
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Peter Hartmann
- Faculty of Physical Engineering/Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Zwickau, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Application Center for Optical Metrology and Surface Technologies, D-08056 Zwickau, Germany.
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