1
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Zielinski M, Peralta Reyes FS, Gremer L, Schemmert S, Frieg B, Schäfer LU, Willuweit A, Donner L, Elvers M, Nilsson LNG, Syvänen S, Sehlin D, Ingelsson M, Willbold D, Schröder GF. Cryo-EM of Aβ fibrils from mouse models find tg-APP ArcSwe fibrils resemble those found in patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2073-2080. [PMID: 37973869 PMCID: PMC10689242 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of transgenic mice displaying amyloid-β (Aβ) brain pathology has been essential for the preclinical assessment of new treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease. However, the properties of Aβ in such mice have not been systematically compared to Aβ in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Here, we determined the structures of nine ex vivo Aβ fibrils from six different mouse models by cryogenic-electron microscopy. We found novel Aβ fibril structures in the APP/PS1, ARTE10 and tg-SwDI models, whereas the human type II filament fold was found in the ARTE10, tg-APPSwe and APP23 models. The tg-APPArcSwe mice showed an Aβ fibril whose structure resembles the human type I filament found in patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. A detailed assessment of the Aβ fibril structure is key to the selection of adequate mouse models for the preclinical development of novel plaque-targeting therapeutics and positron emission tomography imaging tracers in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Zielinski
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Frieg
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Luisa U Schäfer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lili Donner
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars N G Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gunnar F Schröder
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Physics Department, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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2
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Kutzsche J, Schemmert S, Bujnicki T, Zafiu C, Halbgebauer S, Kraemer-Schulien V, Pils M, Blömeke L, Post J, Kulawik A, Jürgens D, Rossberg WM, Hümpel M, Bannach O, Otto M, Araujo JA, Willuweit A, Willbold D. Oral treatment with the all-d-peptide RD2 enhances cognition in aged beagle dogs - A model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18443. [PMID: 37609390 PMCID: PMC10440458 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease-modifying therapies to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) are of fundamental interest for aging humans, societies, and health care systems. Predictable disease progression in transgenic AD models favors preclinical studies employing a preventive study design with an early pre-symptomatic treatment start, instead of assessing a truly curative approach with treatment starting after diagnosed disease onset. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile and efficacy of RD2 to enhance short-term memory and cognition in cognitively impaired aged Beagle dogs - a non-transgenic model of truly sporadic AD. RD2 has previously demonstrated pharmacodynamic efficacy in three different transgenic AD mouse models in three different laboratories. Here, we demonstrate that oral treatment with RD2 significantly reduced cognitive deficits in cognitively impaired aged Beagle dogs even beyond the treatment end, which suggests in combination with the treatment dependent CSF tau oligomer decrease a disease-modifying effect of RD2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tuyen Bujnicki
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Zafiu
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Victoria Kraemer-Schulien
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marlene Pils
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- attyloid GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lara Blömeke
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Post
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulawik
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Jürgens
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Oliver Bannach
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- attyloid GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Altendorf T, Gering I, Santiago-Schübel B, Aghabashlou Saisan S, Tamgüney G, Tusche M, Honold D, Schemmert S, Hoyer W, Mohrlüder J, Willbold D. Stabilization of Monomeric Tau Protein by All D-Enantiomeric Peptide Ligands as Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Tauopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032161. [PMID: 36768484 PMCID: PMC9917023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies are the world's leading causes of dementia and memory loss. These diseases are thought to be caused by the misfolding and aggregation of the intracellular tau protein, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. The tau protein is involved in a multitude of different neurodegenerative diseases. During the onset of tauopathies, tau undergoes structural changes and posttranslational modifications and aggregates into amyloid fibrils that are able to spread with a prion-like behavior. Up to now, there is no therapeutic agent which effectively controls or reverses the disease. Most of the therapeutics that were developed and underwent clinical trials targeted misfolded or aggregated forms of tau. In the current manuscript, we present the selection and characterization of two all D-enantiomeric peptides that bind monomeric tau protein with a low nanomolar KD, stabilize tau in its monomeric intrinsically disordered conformation, and stop the conversion of monomers into aggregates. We show that the effect of the two all D-enantiomeric peptides is strong enough to stop ongoing tau aggregation in vitro and is able to significantly reduce tau fibril assembly in cell culture. Both compounds may serve as new lead components for the development of therapeutic agents against Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Altendorf
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ian Gering
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Beatrix Santiago-Schübel
- Zentralinstitut für Engineering, Elektronik und Analytik, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Selma Aghabashlou Saisan
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gültekin Tamgüney
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoyer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeannine Mohrlüder
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (D.W.); Tel.: +49-2461-613518 (J.M.); +49-2461-612100 (D.W.)
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (D.W.); Tel.: +49-2461-613518 (J.M.); +49-2461-612100 (D.W.)
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4
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Kutzsche J, Schemmert S, Bujnicki T, Willuweit A, Willbold D. Aβ oligomer elimination decreases tau oligomer concentration in CSF and enhances cognition in cognitively impaired aged Beagle dogs ‐ a model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.065078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dieter Willbold
- Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
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5
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Willbold D, Kass B, Bujnicki T, Pils M, Zafiu C, Schemmert S, Bannach O, Kutzsche J. Ex vivo
target engagement of the Abeta oligomer disassembling compound RD2 in patient derived brain homogenates. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.069258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Willbold
- Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oliver Bannach
- Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
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6
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Kass B, Schemmert S, Zafiu C, Pils M, Bannach O, Kutzsche J, Bujnicki T, Willbold D. Aβ oligomer concentration in mouse and human brain and its drug-induced reduction ex vivo. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100630. [PMID: 35584626 PMCID: PMC9133466 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers is a promising strategy for therapeutic drug development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD mouse models that develop Aβ pathology have been used to demonstrate in vivo efficacy of compounds that later failed in clinical development. Here, we analyze the concentration and size distribution of Aβ oligomers in different transgenic mouse models of AD and in human brain samples by surface-based fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (sFIDA), a highly sensitive method for detecting and quantitating protein aggregates. We demonstrate dose- and time-dependent oligomer elimination by the compound RD2 in mouse and human AD brain homogenates as sources of native Aβ oligomers. Such ex vivo target engagement analyses with mouse- and human-brain-derived oligomers have the potential to enhance the translational value from pre-clinical proof-of-concept studies to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Kass
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Christian Zafiu
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany; attyloid GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Marlene Pils
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; attyloid GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Oliver Bannach
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; attyloid GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Tuyen Bujnicki
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; attyloid GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany; Priavoid GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
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7
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Willuweit A, Schöneck M, Schemmert S, Lohmann P, Bremen S, Honold D, Burda N, Jiang N, Beer S, Ermert J, Willbold D, Shah NJ, Langen KJ. Comparison of the Amyloid Load in the Brains of Two Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models Quantified by Florbetaben Positron Emission Tomography. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:699926. [PMID: 34671235 PMCID: PMC8520975 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.699926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, which can be mimicked by transgenic mouse models. Here, we report on the characterization of amyloid load in the brains of two transgenic amyloidosis models using positron emission tomography (PET) with florbetaben (FBB), an 18F-labeled amyloid PET tracer routinely used in AD patients. Young, middle-aged, and old homozygous APP/PS1 mice (ARTE10), old hemizygous APPswe/PS1ΔE9, and old wild-type control mice were subjected to FBB PET using a small animal PET/computed tomography scanner. After PET, brains were excised, and ex vivo autoradiography was performed. Plaque pathology was verified on brain sections with histological methods. Amyloid plaque load increased progressively with age in the cortex and hippocampus of ARTE10 mice, which could be detected with both in vivo FBB PET and ex vivo autoradiography. FBB retention showed significant differences to wild-type controls already at 9 months of age by both in vivo and ex vivo analyses. An excellent correlation between data derived from PET and autoradiography could be obtained (r Pearson = 0.947, p < 0.0001). Although amyloid load detected by FBB in the brains of old APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice was as low as values obtained with young ARTE10 mice, statistically significant discrimination to wild-type animals was reached (p < 0.01). In comparison to amyloid burden quantified by histological analysis, FBB retention correlated best with total plaque load and number of congophilic plaques in the brains of both mouse models. In conclusion, the homozygous ARTE10 mouse model showed superior properties over APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice for FBB small animal amyloid PET imaging. The absolute amount of congophilic dense-cored plaques seems to be the decisive factor for feasibility of amyloidosis models for amyloid PET analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schöneck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Stereotaxy and Functional Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saskia Bremen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicole Burda
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nan Jiang
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Beer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-Brain-Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Camargo LC, Schöneck M, Sangarapillai N, Honold D, Shah NJ, Langen KJ, Willbold D, Kutzsche J, Schemmert S, Willuweit A. PEAβ Triggers Cognitive Decline and Amyloid Burden in a Novel Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137062. [PMID: 34209113 PMCID: PMC8267711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiopathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has improved substantially based on studies of mouse models mimicking at least one aspect of the disease. Many transgenic lines have been established, leading to amyloidosis but lacking neurodegeneration. The aim of the current study was to generate a novel mouse model that develops neuritic plaques containing the aggressive pyroglutamate modified amyloid-β (pEAβ) species in the brain. The TAPS line was developed by intercrossing of the pEAβ-producing TBA2.1 mice with the plaque-developing line APPswe/PS1ΔE9. The phenotype of the new mouse line was characterized using immunostaining, and different cognitive and general behavioral tests. In comparison to the parental lines, TAPS animals developed an earlier onset of pathology and increased plaque load, including striatal pEAβ-positive neuritic plaques, and enhanced neuroinflammation. In addition to abnormalities in general behavior, locomotion, and exploratory behavior, TAPS mice displayed cognitive deficits in a variety of tests that were most pronounced in the fear conditioning paradigm and in spatial learning in comparison to the parental lines. In conclusion, the combination of a pEAβ- and a plaque-developing mouse model led to an accelerated amyloid pathology and cognitive decline in TAPS mice, qualifying this line as a novel amyloidosis model for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Cristina Camargo
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (L.C.C.); (D.H.); (D.W.); (J.K.); (S.S.)
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Schöneck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (N.S.); (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
| | - Nivethini Sangarapillai
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (N.S.); (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (L.C.C.); (D.H.); (D.W.); (J.K.); (S.S.)
| | - N. Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (N.S.); (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
- JARA-Brain-Translational Medicine, JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 52062 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (N.S.); (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (L.C.C.); (D.H.); (D.W.); (J.K.); (S.S.)
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (L.C.C.); (D.H.); (D.W.); (J.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (L.C.C.); (D.H.); (D.W.); (J.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (N.S.); (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-2461-6196358
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9
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Elfgen A, Santiago-Schübel B, Hupert M, Schemmert S, Schartmann E, Tusche M, Gering I, Zafiu C, Kutzsche J. Oral absorption enhancement of the amyloid-β oligomer eliminating compound RD2 by conjugation with folic acid. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 156:105581. [PMID: 33035662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a central role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with Aβ oligomers representing the most toxic species. The all-d-enantiomeric peptide RD2, which recently successfully completed clinical phase I, specifically eliminates Aβ oligomers in vitro as well as in vivo and improves cognitive deficits in various transgenic AD mouse models even after oral administration. To further enhance the oral absorption of RD2, folic acid has been conjugated to the d-peptide promoting an endocytosis-mediated uptake via a folate receptor located in the intestine. Two different conjugation strategies were selected to obtain prodrugs with folic acid being cleaved after intestinal absorption releasing unmodified RD2 in order to enable RD2's unaltered systemic efficacy. Both conjugates remained stable in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. But only one of them was suitable as prodrug as it was cleaved to RD2 in vitro in human blood plasma and liver microsomes and in vivo in mice after intravenous injection leading to a systemic release of RD2. Furthermore, the conjugate's permeability in vitro and after oral administration in mice was strongly enhanced compared to unconjugated RD2 demonstrating the prodrug's functionality. However, the conjugate seemed to have impaired the mice's wellbeing shortly after oral administration possibly resulting from strain-specific hypersensitivity to folic acid. Nevertheless, we assume that the prodrug is actually non-toxic, especially in lower concentrations as verified by a cell viability test. Furthermore, lower dosages can be applied with unaltered efficacy due to its enhanced oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Elfgen
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Beatrix Santiago-Schübel
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michelle Hupert
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Elena Schartmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian Gering
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Zafiu
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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10
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Camargo LC, Schöneck M, Sangarapillai N, Honold D, Schemmert S, Langen K, Kutzsche J, Willbold D, Willuweit A. Behavioural characterization of a new Alzheimer′s disease mouse model. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.042743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Cristina Camargo
- Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
- Institute for Physical Biology/Heinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Michael Schöneck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Research Center Jülich Jülich Germany
| | | | | | | | - Karl‐Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Research Center Jülich Jülich Germany
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11
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Dunkelmann T, Schemmert S, Honold D, Teichmann K, Butzküven E, Demuth HU, Shah NJ, Langen KJ, Kutzsche J, Willbold D, Willuweit A. Comprehensive Characterization of the Pyroglutamate Amyloid-β Induced Motor Neurodegenerative Phenotype of TBA2.1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:115-130. [PMID: 29578479 PMCID: PMC5900553 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and is being intensively investigated using a broad variety of animal models. Many of these models express mutant versions of human amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) that are associated with amyloid-β protein (Aβ)-induced early onset familial AD. Most of these models, however, do not develop bold neurodegenerative pathology and the respective phenotypes. Nevertheless, this may well be essential for their suitability to identify therapeutically active compounds that have the potential for a curative or at least disease-modifying therapy in humans. In this study, the new transgenic mouse model TBA2.1 was explored in detail to increase knowledge about the neurodegenerative process induced by the presence of pyroglutamate modified human Aβ3-42 (pEAβ3-42). Analysis of the sensorimotor phenotype, motor coordination, Aβ pathology, neurodegeneration, and gliosis revealed formation and progression of severe pathology and phenotypes including massive neuronal loss in homozygous TBA2.1 mice within a few months. In contrast, the start of a slight phenotype was observed only after 21 months in heterozygous mice. These data highlight the role of pEAβ3-42 in the disease development and progression of AD. Based on the findings of this study, homozygous TBA2.1 mice can be utilized to gain deeper understanding in the underlying mechanisms of pEAβ3-42 and might be suitable as an animal model for treatment studies targeting toxic Aβ species, complementary to the well described transgenic AβPP mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Dunkelmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Teichmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Elke Butzküven
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation (MWT), Fraunhofer-Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Biozentrum, Halle, Germany
| | - Nadim Joni Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, JARA, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Germany
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12
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Schartmann E, Schemmert S, Niemietz N, Honold D, Ziehm T, Tusche M, Elfgen A, Gering I, Brener O, Shah NJ, Langen KJ, Kutzsche J, Willbold D, Willuweit A. In Vitro Potency and Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Comparison of All-D-Enantiomeric Peptides Developed for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:859-873. [PMID: 29966196 PMCID: PMC6218115 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diffusible amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are currently presumed to be the most cytotoxic Aβ assembly and held responsible to trigger the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, Aβ oligomers are a prominent target in AD drug development. Previously, we reported on our solely D-enantiomeric peptide D3 and its derivatives as AD drug candidates. Here, we compare one of the most promising D3 derivatives, ANK6, with its tandem version (tANK6), and its head-to-tail cyclized isoform (cANK6r). In vitro tests investigating the D-peptides’ potencies to inhibit Aβ aggregation, eliminate Aβ oligomers, and reduce Aβ-induced cytotoxicity revealed that all three D-peptides efficiently target Aβ. Subsequent preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of the three all-D-peptides in wildtype mice showed promising blood-brain barrier permeability with cANK6r yielding the highest levels in brain. The peptides’ potencies to lower Aβ toxicity and their remarkable brain/plasma ratios make them promising AD drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Schartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicole Niemietz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anne Elfgen
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian Gering
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Brener
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadim Joni Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, JARA, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence to: Antje Willuweit, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany. Tel.: +49 2461 6196358; E-mail: and Dieter Willbold, Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany. Tel.: +49 2461 612100; E-mail:
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Correspondence to: Antje Willuweit, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany. Tel.: +49 2461 6196358; E-mail: and Dieter Willbold, Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany. Tel.: +49 2461 612100; E-mail:
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13
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Willbold D, Kutzsche J, Schemmert S, Willuweit A, Jürgens D. P4-672: EXPLORING A POTENTIALLY DIFFERENT OR ADDITIONAL MOA FOR THE CLINICAL STAGE COMPOUND PRI-002. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Willbold
- Priavoid; Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | | | - Antje Willuweit
- Priavoid; Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Dagmar Jürgens
- Priavoid; Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
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14
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Schemmert S, Gering I, Tusche M, Ziehm T, Willbold D. P2-061: Aβ-OLIGOMER ELIMINATING D-PEPTIDES: A RATIONAL DRUG OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY LEADS TO A HIGHER IN VITRO EFFICACY. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Gering
- Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | | | | | - Dieter Willbold
- Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
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15
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Willbold D, Kutzsche J, Schemmert S, Willuweit A. O4-02-06: ORAL TREATMENT WITH RD2 REDUCES Aβ OLIGOMER LOAD, ENHANCES COGNITION, DECELERATES NEURODEGENERATION, REVERSES DISEASE PHENOTYPE IN OLD-AGED TG AD MICE, AND IS SAFE IN HUMANS. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Willbold
- Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
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16
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Schemmert S, Schartmann E, Honold D, Zafiu C, Ziehm T, Langen KJ, Shah NJ, Kutzsche J, Willuweit A, Willbold D. Deceleration of the neurodegenerative phenotype in pyroglutamate-Aβ accumulating transgenic mice by oral treatment with the Aβ oligomer eliminating compound RD2. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:36-45. [PMID: 30391539 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, a multifactorial incurable disorder, is mainly characterised by progressive neurodegeneration, extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ), and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. During the last years, Aβ oligomers have been claimed to be the disease causing agent. Consequently, development of compounds that are able to disrupt already existing Aβ oligomers is highly desirable. We developed d-enantiomeric peptides, consisting solely of d-enantiomeric amino acid residues, for the direct and specific elimination of toxic Aβ oligomers. The drug candidate RD2 did show high oligomer elimination efficacy in vitro and the in vivo efficacy of RD2 was demonstrated in treatment studies by enhanced cognition in transgenic mouse models of amyloidosis. Here, we report on the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the compound towards pyroglutamate-Aβ, a particular aggressive Aβ species. Using the transgenic TBA2.1 mouse model, which develops pyroglutamate-Aβ(3-42) induced neurodegeneration, we are able to show that oral RD2 treatment resulted in a significant deceleration of the progression of the phenotype. The in vivo efficacy against this highly toxic Aβ species further validates RD2 as a drug candidate for the therapeutic use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Elena Schartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Zafiu
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadim Joni Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, JARA, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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17
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Schemmert S, Schartmann E, Zafiu C, Kass B, Hartwig S, Lehr S, Bannach O, Langen KJ, Shah NJ, Kutzsche J, Willuweit A, Willbold D. Aβ Oligomer Elimination Restores Cognition in Transgenic Alzheimer's Mice with Full-blown Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2211-2223. [PMID: 30003517 PMCID: PMC6394605 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers of the amyloid-β (Aβ) protein are suspected to be responsible for the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, the development of compounds that are able to eliminate already formed toxic Aβ oligomers is very desirable. Here, we describe the in vivo efficacy of the compound RD2, which was developed to directly and specifically eliminate toxic Aβ oligomers. In a truly therapeutic, rather than a preventive study, oral treatment with RD2 was able to reverse cognitive deficits and significantly reduce Aβ pathology in old-aged transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease mice with full-blown pathology and behavioral deficits. For the first time, we demonstrate the in vivo target engagement of RD2 by showing a significant reduction of Aβ oligomers in the brains of RD2-treated mice compared to placebo-treated mice. The correlation of Aβ elimination in vivo and the reversal of cognitive deficits in old-aged transgenic mice support the hypothesis that Aβ oligomers are relevant not only for disease development and progression, but also offer a promising target for the causal treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Elena Schartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Zafiu
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bettina Kass
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Bannach
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadim Joni Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, JARA, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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18
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Elfgen A, Santiago-Schübel B, Schemmert S, Schartmann AE, Tusche M, Kutzsche J, Willbold D. P4‐213: ORAL ABSORPTION ENHANCEMENT OF THE AMYLOID‐β OLIGOMER ELIMINATING COMPOUND PRI‐002 BY CONJUGATION WITH FOLIC ACID. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Schemmert S, Schartmann AE, Kutzsche J, Willuweit A, Willbold D. P2‐055: Aβ OLIGOMER ELIMINATION IMPROVES COGNITIVE AND MOTORIC IMPAIRMENT IN DIFFERENT ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE MOUSE MODELS AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Dunkelmann T, Teichmann K, Ziehm T, Schemmert S, Frenzel D, Tusche M, Dammers C, Jürgens D, Langen KJ, Demuth HU, Shah NJ, Kutzsche J, Willuweit A, Willbold D. Aβ oligomer eliminating compounds interfere successfully with pEAβ(3-42) induced motor neurodegenerative phenotype in transgenic mice. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:27-35. [PMID: 29273382 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are no causative or disease modifying treatments available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, it has been shown that D3, a small, fully d-enantiomeric peptide is able to eliminate low molecular weight Aβ oligomers in vitro, enhance cognition and reduce plaque load in AD transgenic mice. To further characterise the therapeutic potential of D3 towards N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamated Aβ (pEAβ(3-42)) we tested D3 and its head-to-tail tandem derivative D3D3 both in vitro and in vivo in the new mouse model TBA2.1. These mice produce human pEAβ(3-42) leading to a strong, early onset motor neurodegenerative phenotype. In the present study, we were able to demonstrate 1) strong binding affinity of both D3 and D3D3 to pEAβ(3-42) in comparison to Aβ(1-42) and 2) increased affinity of the tandem derivative D3D3 in comparison to D3. Subsequently we tested the therapeutic potentials of both peptides in the TBA2.1 animal model. Truly therapeutic, non-preventive treatment with D3 and D3D3 clearly slowed the progression of the neurodegenerative TBA2.1 phenotype, indicating the strong therapeutic potential of both peptides against pEAβ(3-42) induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Dunkelmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Teichmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Frenzel
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Dammers
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Jürgens
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer-Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation (MWT), Biozentrum, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Nadim Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, JARA, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering and Monash Biomedical Imaging, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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21
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Schartmann E, Schemmert S, Ziehm T, Leithold LHE, Jiang N, Tusche M, Joni Shah N, Langen KJ, Kutzsche J, Willbold D, Willuweit A. Comparison of blood-brain barrier penetration efficiencies between linear and cyclic all-d-enantiomeric peptides developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 114:93-102. [PMID: 29225107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), until now, is an incurable progressive neurodegenerative disease. To target toxic amyloid β oligomers in AD patients' brains and to convert them into non-toxic aggregation-incompetent species, we designed peptides consisting solely of d-enantiomeric amino acid residues. The original lead compound was named D3 and several D3 derivatives were designed to enhance beneficial properties. Here, we compare four d-peptides concerning their efficiencies to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We demonstrate that the d-peptides' concentrations in murine brain directly correlate with concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. The cyclic d-enantiomeric peptide cRD2D3 is characterized by the highest efficiency to pass the BBB. For in total three cyclic peptides we show that administration of cyclic peptides resulted in up to tenfold higher peak concentrations in brain as compared to their linear equivalents which have partially been characterized before (Jiang et al., 2015; Leithold et al., 2016a). These results suggest that cyclic peptides pass the murine BBB more efficiently than their linear equivalents. cRD2D3's proteolytic stability, oral bioavailability, long duration of action and its favorable brain/plasma ratio reveal that it may become a suitable drug for long-term AD-treatment from a pharmacokinetic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Schartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Leonie H E Leithold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nan Jiang
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - N Joni Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, JARA, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering and Monash Biomedical Imaging, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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22
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van Groen T, Schemmert S, Brener O, Gremer L, Ziehm T, Tusche M, Nagel-Steger L, Kadish I, Schartmann E, Elfgen A, Jürgens D, Willuweit A, Kutzsche J, Willbold D. The Aβ oligomer eliminating D-enantiomeric peptide RD2 improves cognition without changing plaque pathology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16275. [PMID: 29176708 PMCID: PMC5701182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While amyloid-β protein (Aβ) aggregation into insoluble plaques is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), soluble oligomeric Aβ has been hypothesized to be responsible for synapse damage, neurodegeneration, learning, and memory deficits in AD. Here, we investigate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the d-enantiomeric peptide RD2, a rationally designed derivative of the previously described lead compound D3, which has been developed to efficiently eliminate toxic Aβ42 oligomers as a promising treatment strategy for AD. Besides the detailed in vitro characterization of RD2, we also report the results of a treatment study of APP/PS1 mice with RD2. After 28 days of treatment we observed enhancement of cognition and learning behaviour. Analysis on brain plaque load did not reveal significant changes, but a significant reduction of insoluble Aβ42. Our findings demonstrate that RD2 was significantly more efficient in Aβ oligomer elimination in vitro compared to D3. Enhanced cognition without reduction of plaque pathology in parallel suggests that synaptic malfunction due to Aβ oligomers rather than plaque pathology is decisive for disease development and progression. Thus, Aβ oligomer elimination by RD2 treatment may be also beneficial for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Brener
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Luitgard Nagel-Steger
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Inga Kadish
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elena Schartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anne Elfgen
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Jürgens
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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23
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Schartmann AE, Schemmert S, Leithold LH, Jiang N, Ziehm T, Willuweit A, Kutzsche J, Willbold D. [P2–053]: CYCLIC D‐ENANTIOMERIC PEPTIDE TARGETING AMYLOID‐BETA IN ALZHEIMER's DISEASE. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nan Jiang
- Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
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24
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Schartmann AE, Schemmert S, Ziehm T, Leithold LH, Jiang N, Kutzsche J, Willuweit A, Willbold D. P4‐397: RAISING AVAILABLE BRAIN CONCENTRATIONS OF A POTENTIAL ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE DRUG CANDIDATE BY PEPTIDE CYCLIZATION. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nan Jiang
- Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | | | | | - Dieter Willbold
- Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- Heinrich-Heine-UniversitätDüsseldorfGermany
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25
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Schemmert S, Schartmann AE, Kutzsche J, Willuweit A, Willbold D. P4‐403: Therapeutic Treatment with an All‐D‐Enantiomeric Peptide Improves Cognitive Impairment in Old Appswe/Ps1 Transgenic Mice. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.07.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dieter Willbold
- Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- Heinrich-Heine-UniversitätDüsseldorfGermany
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