Development and basic performance verification of a rapid homogeneous bioassay for agonistic antibodies against the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor

Graves' disease is a type of autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb).1 The combination of a porcine thyroid cell bioassay and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) immunoassay (TSAb-enzyme immunoassay; EIA) is a clinically approved TSAb measurement method. Due to the requirement of multiple procedures and a long assay time of 6 h in the TSAb-EIA, a simplified and rapid assay is desired. Herein, we developed a rapid homogeneous TSAb bioassay (rapid-TSAb assay) using the human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293), engineered to express the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), along with a cAMP-dependent luminescence biosensor. The measurement consists of three steps: thawing frozen cells, blood sample addition, and luminescence detection. The procedures can be conducted within 1 h. The World Health Organization International Standard TSAb (NIBSC 08/204) stimulated the cells co-expressing TSHR and cAMP biosensor. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variance were < 10%. Stimulation activity using wild-type TSHR and chimeric TSHR (Mc4) almost completely correlated with the tested Graves' disease and normal samples. In the rapid-TSAb assay, the evaluation of 39 samples, including TSHR antibody-positive sera, yielded a sensitivity of 100.0% and a specificity of 90.9%, compared to the TSAb-EIA control. The rapid-TSAb assay enables simple and rapid measurement of TSAb and is promising for improving the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Corrigendum: Allelic haplotype combinations at the MS-P1 region, including P-class pentatricopeptide repeat family genes, influence wide phenotypic variation in pollen grain number through a cytoplasmic male sterility model in citrus

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1163358.].

FL118 Is a Potent Therapeutic Agent against Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Resistant to BCR-ABL Inhibitors through Targeting RNA Helicase DDX5

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is induced by the expression of the fused tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL, which is caused by a chromosomal translocation. BCR-ABL inhibitors have been used to treat CML; however, the acquisition of resistance by CML cells during treatment is a serious issue. We herein demonstrated that BCR-ABL induced the expression of the RNA helicase DDX5 in K562 cells derived from CML patients in a manner that was dependent on its kinase activity, which resulted in cell proliferation and survival. The knockout of DDX5 decreased the expression of BIRC5 (survivin) and activated caspase 3, leading to apoptosis in K562 cells. Similar results were obtained in cells treated with FL118, an inhibitor of DDX5 and a derivative compound of camptothecin (CPT). Furthermore, FL118 potently induced apoptosis not only in Ba/F3 cells expressing BCR-ABL, but also in those expressing the BCR-ABL T315I mutant, which is resistant to BCR-ABL inhibitors. Collectively, these results revealed that DDX5 is a critical therapeutic target in CML and that FL118 is an effective candidate compound for the treatment of BCR-ABL inhibitor-resistant CML.

Establishment of anti-asialo-GM1 rabbit monoclonal antibodies capable of reducing natural killer cell activity in mice

Rabbit anti-asialo-GM1 (ASGM1) serum or polyclonal antibodies can eliminate mouse splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitro and in vivo. We developed rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against ASGM1 using a single-cell analysis and isolation system. Five mAbs (GA109, GA115, GA116, GA131, and GA134) that were reactive to ASGM1 were isolated from the spleen lymphocytes of rabbits immunized with ASGM1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thin-layer chromatography immunostaining results showed that the mAbs strongly reacted with ASGM1. Two mAbs (GA116 and GA134) reacted exclusively with ASGM1, whereas three mAbs (GA109, GA115, and GA131) showed slight or considerable cross-reactivity with GM1. The administration of the mAbs (4-20 μg) to BALB/c mice completely abolished NK cell activity in vivo. The anti-ASGM1 rabbit mAbs obtained in this study may provide a useful and reproducible tool for various future studies, such as depleting NK cell activity to enhance xenograft engraftment in mouse models.

Allelic haplotype combinations at the MS-P1 region, including P-class pentatricopeptide repeat family genes, influence wide phenotypic variation in pollen grain number through a cytoplasmic male sterility model in citrus

In citrus breeding programs, male sterility is an important trait for developing seedless varieties. Sterility associated with the male sterile cytoplasm of Kishu mandarin (Kishu-cytoplasm) has been proposed to fit the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) model. However, it remains undetermined whether CMS in citrus is controlled by interactions between sterile cytoplasm and nuclear restorer-of-fertility (Rf) genes. Accordingly, mechanisms underlying the control of the wide phenotypic variation in pollen number for breeding germplasm should be elucidated. This study aimed to identify complete linkage DNA markers responsible for male sterility at the MS-P1 region based on fine mapping. Two P-class pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) family genes were identified as candidates for Rf based on predicted mitochondrial localization and higher expression in a male fertile variety/selected strain than in a male sterile variety. Eleven haplotypes (HT1-HT11) at the MS-P1 region were defined based on genotyping of DNA markers. Association analysis of diplotypes at the MS-P1 region and the number of pollen grains per anther (NPG) in breeding germplasms harboring Kishu-cytoplasm revealed that the diplotypes in this region influenced NPG. Among these haplotypes, HT1 is a non-functional restorer-of-fertility (rf) haplotype; HT2, a less-functional Rf; HT3-HT5 are semi-functional Rfs; and HT6 and HT7 are functional Rfs. However, the rare haplotypes HT8-HT11 could not be characterized. Therefore, P-class PPR family genes in the MS-P1 region may constitute the nuclear Rf genes within the CMS model, and a combination of the seven haplotypes could contribute to phenotypic variation in the NPG of breeding germplasms. These findings reveal the genomic mechanisms of CMS in citrus and will contribute to seedless citrus breeding programs by selecting candidate seedless seedlings using the DNA markers at the MS-P1 region.

Soy Phospholipids Exert a Renoprotective Effect by Inhibiting the Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathway in Macrophages

Complications associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which involves kidney inflammation, are a major health problem. Soy protein isolate (SPI) reportedly inhibits CKD exacerbation; however, its detailed action mechanism remains obscure. Therefore, the role of the polar lipid component of SPI in suppressing inflammation was investigated. Zucker fatty rats were divided into three groups and fed a diet containing casein, SPI, or casein + SPI ethanol extract (SPIEE) for 16 weeks. The isoflavones and phospholipids of SPIEE were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects. Rats in the SPI and casein + SPIEE groups showed reduced levels of the urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and renal IL-1β mRNA (an inflammatory marker) compared with those in the casein group. In proximal tubular cells, genistein significantly inhibited monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression induced by an IL-1β stimulus. In macrophages, soybean phospholipids suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β gene expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of inhibitor κB and p65. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) was found to be essential for inhibition of IL-1β expression. SPIEE inhibited the exacerbation of kidney disease. Genistein and soybean phospholipids, especially soybean-specific phospholipids containing PI, effectively inhibited the inflammatory spiral in vitro. Hence, daily soybean intake may be effective for inhibiting chronic inflammation and slowing kidney disease progression.

The role of MerTK in promoting cell migration is enhanced by the oncogenic Ras/IL-33 signaling axis

Ras genes are frequently mutated in many cancer types; however, there are currently no conclusively effective anticancer drugs against Ras-induced cancer. Therefore, the downstream effectors of Ras signaling need to be identified for the development of promising novel therapeutic approaches. We previously reported that oncogenic Ras induced the expression of NF-HEV/IL-33, a member of the interleukin-1 family, and showed that intracellular IL-33 was required for oncogenic Ras-induced cellular transformation. In the present study, we demonstrated that the c-Mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MerTK), a receptor tyrosine kinase, played essential roles in oncogenic Ras/IL-33 signaling. The expression of MerTK was enhanced in transformed NIH-3T3 cells by the expression of oncogenic Ras, H-Ras (G12V), in an IL-33-dependent manner. In human colorectal cancer tissues, MerTK expression also correlated with IL-33 expression. The knockdown of IL-33 or MerTK effectively attenuated the migration of NIH-3T3 cells transformed by H-Ras (G12V) and A549, LoVo, and HCT116 cells harboring an oncogenic K-Ras mutation. Furthermore, the suppression of Ras-induced cell migration by the knockdown of IL-33 was rescued by the enforced expression of MerTK. The present results also revealed that MerTK was effectively phosphorylated in NIH-3T3 cells transformed by Ras (G12V). Ras signaling was essential for the tyrosine phosphorylation of MerTK, and the kinase activity of MerTK was indispensable for accelerating cell migration. Collectively, the present results reveal a novel role for MerTK in cancer malignancy, which may be utilized to develop novel therapeutic strategies that target Ras-transformed cells.

K15 promoter-driven enforced expression of NKIRAS exhibits tumor suppressive activity against the development of DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumors

NKIRAS1 and NKIRAS2 (also called as κB-Ras) were identified as members of the atypical RAS family that suppress the transcription factor NF-κB. However, their function in carcinogenesis is still controversial. To clarify how NKIRAS acts on cellular transformation, we generated transgenic mice in which NKIRAS2 was forcibly expressed using a cytokeratin 15 (K15) promoter, which is mainly activated in follicle bulge cells. The ectopic expression of NKIRAS2 was mainly detected in follicle bulges of transgenic mice with NKIRAS2 but not in wild type mice. K15 promoter-driven expression of NKIRAS2 failed to affect the development of epidermis, which was evaluated using the expression of K10, K14, K15 and filaggrin. However, K15 promoter-driven expression of NKIRAS2 effectively suppressed the development of skin tumors induced by treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). This observation suggested that NKIRAS seemed to function as a tumor suppressor in follicle bulges. However, in the case of oncogenic HRAS-driven cellular transformation of murine fibroblasts, knockdown of NKIRAS2 expression drastically suppressed HRAS-mutant-provoked cellular transformation, suggesting that NKIRAS2 was required for the cellular transformation of murine fibroblasts. Furthermore, moderate enforced expression of NKIRAS2 augmented oncogenic HRAS-provoked cellular transformation, whereas an excess NKIRAS2 expression converted its functional role into a tumor suppressive phenotype, suggesting that NKIRAS seemed to exhibit a biphasic bell-shaped enhancing effect on HRAS-mutant-provoked oncogenic activity. Taken together, the functional role of NKIRAS in carcinogenesis is most likely determined by not only cellular context but also its expression level.

ILDR2 stabilization is regulated by its interaction with GRP78

Ildr2 was initially identified as a genetic modifier of diabetes susceptibility in B6.DBA Lep^ob congenic mice, and was associated with decreased β-cell replication rates, reduced β-cell mass, and persistent mild hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia. However, the molecular mechanisms of how the ILDR2 protein is involved in these effects are largely unknown. We sought to identify ILDR2-interacting proteins to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underpinning ILDR2 function in pancreatic β-cells. Using TAP tag technology, we purified proteins interacting with ILDR2 in the pancreatic β-cell line MIN6, and identified the endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperones, GRP78 and PDIA1, as novel proteins interacting with ILDR2. We demonstrated that GRP78 interacted with ILDR2 and was possibly involved in ILDR2 stabilization by inhibiting ubiquitin–proteasome degradation. Additionally, adenoviral ILDR2 knockdown led to reduced glucose-responsive insulin secretion in MIN6 β-cells, suggesting ILDR2 may be implicated in a new pathway in hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia. These data provide evidence for a novel association between GRP78 and ILDR2, and suggest GPR78-ILDR2 may a novel target for diabetic therapeutic modulation in decreased insulin secretion.

Thin film growth of CaAgAs by molecular beam epitaxy

We have grown thin films of CaAgAs by molecular beam epitaxy, which was theoretically proposed to be a topological insulator. The temperature dependence of resistivity and the carrier concentration at 4 K were similar to the reported results of bulk samples. However, the magnetoresistance exhibited a steep increase at low magnetic fields, a behavior not observed for bulk samples. This steep increase of resistivity is ascribable to the weak antilocalization effect and provides clues to the nature of the topological surface state of CaAgAs.

Oncogenic Ras mutant causes the hyperactivation of NF-κB via acceleration of its transcriptional activation

It is well established that nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) acts as one of the most important transcription factors for tumor initiation and progression, as it both protects cells from apoptotic/necrotic signals and accelerates angiogenesis and tumor metastasis, which is mediated via the expression of target genes. However, it has not yet been clarified how oncogenic signals accelerate the activation of NF-κB. In the current study, we utilized untransformed NIH-3T3 cells stably harboring a κB-driven luciferase gene to show that an oncogenic mutant of Ras GTPase augmented TNFα-induced NF-κB activation. Notably, enforced expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, such as p27^Kip1 and p21^Cip1 , effectively canceled the accelerated activation of NF-κB, suggesting that oncogenic Ras-induced cell cycle progression is essential for the hyperactivation of NF-κB. Furthermore, we found that Ras (G12V) augmented the transcriptional activation of NF-κB, and this activation required the p38 MAP kinase. We observed that a downstream kinase of p38 MAP kinase, MSK1, was activated by Ras (G12V) and catalyzed the phosphorylation of p65/RelA at Ser-276, which is critical for its transcriptional activation. Significantly, phosphorylation of the p65/RelA subunit at Ser-276 was elevated in patient samples of colorectal cancer harboring oncogenic mutations of the K-Ras gene, and the expression levels of NF-κB target genes were drastically enhanced in several cancer tissues. These observations strongly suggest that oncogenic signal-induced acceleration of NF-κB activation is caused by activation of the p38 MAP kinase-MSK1 signaling axis and by cell cycle progression in cancer cells.

MITE insertion-dependent expression of CitRKD1 with a RWP-RK domain regulates somatic embryogenesis in citrus nucellar tissues

BACKGROUND

Somatic embryogenesis in nucellar tissues is widely recognized to induce polyembryony in major citrus varieties such as sweet oranges, satsuma mandarins and lemons. This capability for apomixis is attractive in agricultural production systems using hybrid seeds, and many studies have been performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of various types of apomixis. To identify the gene responsible for somatic embryogenesis in citrus, a custom oligo-DNA microarray including predicted genes in the citrus polyembryonic locus was used to compare the expression profiles in reproductive tissues between monoembryonic and polyembryonic varieties. The full length of CitRKD1, which was identified as a candidate gene responsible for citrus somatic embryogenesis, was isolated from satsuma mandarin and its molecular function was investigated using transgenic 'Hamlin' sweet orange by antisense-overexpression.

RESULTS

The candidate gene CitRKD1, predominantly transcribed in reproductive tissues of polyembryonic varieties, is a member of the plant RWP-RK domain-containing protein. CitRKD1 of satsuma mandarin comprised two alleles (CitRKD1-mg1 and CitRKD1-mg2) at the polyembryonic locus controlling embryonic type (mono/polyembryony) that were structurally divided into two types with or without a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE)-like insertion in the upstream region. CitRKD1-mg2 with the MITE insertion was the predominant transcript in flowers and young fruits where somatic embryogenesis of nucellar cells occurred. Loss of CitRKD1 function by antisense-overexpression abolished somatic embryogenesis in transgenic sweet orange and the transgenic T₁ plants were confirmed to derive from zygotic embryos produced by self-pollination by DNA diagnosis. Genotyping PCR analysis of 95 citrus traditional and breeding varieties revealed that the CitRKD1 allele with the MITE insertion (polyembryonic allele) was dominant and major citrus varieties with the polyembryonic allele produced polyembryonic seeds.

CONCLUSION

CitRKD1 at the polyembryonic locus plays a principal role in regulating citrus somatic embryogenesis. CitRKD1 comprised multiple alleles that were divided into two types, polyembryonic alleles with a MITE insertion in the upstream region and monoembryonic alleles without it. CitRKD1 was transcribed in reproductive tissues of polyembryonic varieties with the polyembryonic allele. The MITE insertion in the upstream region of CitRKD1 might be involved in regulating the transcription of CitRKD1.

QTL mapping of male sterility and transmission pattern in progeny of Satsuma mandarin

Seedlessness is one of the important traits in citrus breeding. Male sterility derived from Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) has been used in Japanese citrus breeding programs to obtain seedless cultivars. The efficiency of seedless cultivar breeding would be improved by developing a selection marker linked to seedlessness. In this study, we performed QTL mapping in ‘Okitsu No. 46’ × ‘Okitsu No. 56’ (O46-O56) crosses for the number of pollen grains per anther (NPG) and apparent pollen fertility (APF), two traits used as an index of male sterility, and detected a candidate QTL for NPG (MS-P1) on linkage group 8 with a significant LOD score (7.31) and 47% of variance explained. The QTL for APF (MS-F1) was detected on linkage group 6 with a significant LOD score (5.71) and 63.6% of variance explained. The role of both MS-P1 in reducing NPG and MS-F1 in decreasing APF were confirmed with the ‘Okitsu No.46’ × ‘Kara’ (O46-K) cross. Pedigree analysis inferred that both MS-P1 and MS-F1 in ‘Okitsu No. 46’ were derived from kunenbo (Citrus nobilis) through hassaku (C. hassaku) and ‘Sweet Spring’. Cytoplasm analysis revealed that both male-sterile ‘Sweet Spring’ and ‘Okitsu No. 46’ have cytoplasm derived from Kishu (C. kinokuni hort. ex Tanaka), but the cytoplasm of male-sterile kunenbo and hassaku were derived from other varieties rather than Kishu. These results suggest that MS-P1 and MS-F1 primarily reduce the NPG and decrease APF, but their expression requires a cytoplasm derived from Kishu. These findings will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of male sterility in citrus and help to develop a DNA marker for seedless breeding in citrus.

Si-based Mach-Zehnder wavelength/mode multi/demultiplexer for a WDM/MDM transmission system

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a low-loss and low-crosstalk Mach-Zehnder mode/wavelength multi/demultiplexer for WDM/MDM transmission based on a Si-photonics platform. A broadband 3-dB mode divider, which is also newly devised here, makes it possible to compose a Mach-Zehnder filter for "mode" and "wavelength" simultaneously. Transmission characteristics of fabricated 3-dB mode dividers are in excellent agreement with theoretical results. Mach-Zehnder filters using the 3-dB mode divider with a free spectral range (FSR) of 20 and 1 nm are also fabricated and the modal crosstalk is less than -24 dB in the 40-nm wavelength range for the MZ filter with an FSR of 20 nm. The tuning of the peak wavelength position by the TiN heater is also demonstrated.

IgE sensitization to food allergens and airborne allergens in relation to biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in asthma

BACKGROUND

We have recently reported that sensitization to food allergens and sensitization to airborne allergens had independent associations with increased fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and blood eosinophils in middle-aged adults and in young subjects with asthma.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relation between IgE sensitization and several type 2 inflammation biomarkers in adult asthmatics.

METHODS

FeNO, urinary eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (U-EDN), serum eosinophil cationic protein (S-ECP) and periostin were measured in 396 asthmatics, aged 17-76 years, from the Swedish GA2LEN study. Sensitization to airborne allergens was examined with skin prick tests (≥3 mm wheal) and sensitization to food allergens with measurement of specific IgE (≥0.35 kU/L).

RESULTS

Asthmatics sensitized to food allergens had higher FeNO, 22.3 ppb (18.6, 26.7) vs 16.1 ppb (14.2, 18.2) (P = .005), S-ECP, 17.7 mg/L (14.8, 21.1) vs 12.8 mg/L (10.9, 14.9) (P = .01), and periostin, 73.7 (67.5, 80.3) ng/mL vs 59.9 (55.8, 64.2) ng/mL (P = .003), than non-sensitized subjects. Periostin levels in this group were also significantly higher than in the group sensitized only to airborne allergens (P = .01). Sensitization to food allergens related independently to FeNO (P = .02), S-ECP (P = .006) and periostin (P = .004), whereas sensitization only to airborne allergens related only to FeNO (P = .02) after adjustments for age, sex, height, weight and smoking history. FeNO correlated weakly with S-ECP (r = .17, P < .001), periostin (r = .19, P < .001) and U-EDN (0.16, P < .001). S-ECP also correlated weakly with U-EDN (r = .12, P = .02). None of the correlations between the remaining pairs of markers of type 2 inflammation were significant.

CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Sensitization to food allergens related to several local and systemic type 2 inflammation markers, such as FeNO, S-ECP and periostin. Assessing the profile of allergic sensitization, including to food allergens, might improve the understanding and interpretation of inflammatory markers and potentially improve asthma management.

Prospective predictors of exacerbation status in severe asthma over a 3-year follow-up

BACKGROUND

A predisposition to exacerbations is being recognized as a distinct phenotype with "previous exacerbations" representing the strongest clinical factor associated with future exacerbation. Thus, to identify additional novel biomarkers associated with asthma exacerbations, "past exacerbation status" must be included as a confounding factor.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to characterize the clinical and biomarker features associated with asthma exacerbations in severe asthma.

METHODS

We evaluated clinical parameters from 105 severe asthmatics yearly for 3 years, as well as their exacerbation status. We classified the subjects into 3 groups: (i) consistent non-exacerbators (CNE, subjects who did not experience any exacerbation over the 3-year period); (ii) consistent frequent exacerbators (CFE, subjects with frequent exacerbation, defined as those who had 2 or more exacerbations within 1 year, throughout the 3-year period); and (iii) intermittent exacerbators (IE). We conducted multivariate analysis for comparisons among the groups for multiple factors, including several Th2-related biomarkers, in addition to the "past exacerbation status."

RESULTS

Thirty-nine subjects were classified as CNE, 15 as CFE, and 51 as IE. Frequent exacerbations in the previous year predicted exacerbations for the following year (P < .001). Among the several Th2-related biomarkers, only FeNO was associated with exacerbation status. When we analysed the data after the second visit, the impact of FeNO on predicting future exacerbation remained significant, even after considering the exacerbation status during the first year (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Measurement of FeNO has a significant potential to predict future asthma exacerbation, which is independent of the "past exacerbation history."

Serum periostin relates to type-2 inflammation and lung function in asthma: Data from the large population-based cohort Swedish GA(2)LEN

BACKGROUND

Periostin has been suggested as a novel, phenotype-specific biomarker for asthma driven by type 2 inflammation. However, large studies examining relationships between circulating periostin and patient characteristics are lacking and the suitability of periostin as a biomarker in asthma remains unclear.

AIM

To examine circulating periostin in healthy controls and subjects with asthma from the general population with different severity and treatment profiles, both with and without chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), in relation to other biomarkers and clinical characteristics.

METHODS

Serum periostin was examined by ELISA in 1100 subjects aged 17-76 from the Swedish Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN) study, which included 463 asthmatics with/without chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), 98 individuals with CRS only, and 206 healthy controls. Clinical tests included measurement of lung function, Fraction of exhaled NO (FeNO), IgE, urinary eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (U-EDN), and serum eosinophil cationic protein (S-ECP), as well as completion of questionnaires regarding respiratory symptoms, medication, and quality of life.

RESULTS

Although median periostin values showed no differences when comparing disease groups with healthy controls, multiple regression analyses revealed that periostin was positively associated with higher FeNO, U-EDN, and total IgE. In patients with asthma, an inverse relationship with lung function was also observed. Current smoking was associated with decreased periostin levels, whereas increased age and lower body mass index (BMI) related to higher periostin levels in subjects both with and without asthma.

CONCLUSION

We confirm associations between periostin and markers of type 2 inflammation, as well as lung function, and identify novel constitutional factors of importance to the use of periostin as a phenotype-specific biomarker in asthma.

ST2 gene products critically contribute to cellular transformation caused by an oncogenic Ras mutant

The ST2 gene was originally identified as a primary responsive gene, and the expressions of its gene products are induced by stimulation with growth factors and by oncogenic stresses. In this study, we observed that oncogenic Ras mutant induced the expression of ST2 and ST2L proteins. Interestingly, the enforced expression of ST2 gene products in NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts remarkably enhanced Ras (G12V)-induced cellular transformation. Furthermore, when the expression of ST2 gene products was silenced by RNA-interference technique, Ras (G12V)-induced cellular transformation was drastically suppressed. According to these observations, it was indicated that the oncogenic Ras-induced expression of ST2 gene products is required for the acceleration of cellular transformation, and this seems to be independent of the stimulation with IL-33, a ligand for ST2/ST2L. Interestingly, knockdown of ST2 gene products caused a reduction in Rb phosphorylation in transformed murine fibroblasts, suggesting the functional involvement of ST2 gene products in cell cycle progression during cellular transformation. Our current study strongly suggests the importance of ST2 gene products in cellular transformation, and the presence of novel mechanism how ST2 gene products affect the cellular transformation and cell proliferation.

ARIH2 Ubiquitinates NLRP3 and Negatively Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a molecular platform that induces caspase-1 activation and subsequent IL-1β maturation, and is implicated in inflammatory diseases; however, little is known about the negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In this article, we identified an E3 ligase, Ariadne homolog 2 (ARIH2), as a posttranslational negative regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activity in macrophages. ARIH2 interacted with NLRP3 via its NACHT domain (aa 220-575) in the NLRP3 inflammasome complex. In particular, we found that while using mutants of ARIH2 and ubiquitin, the really interesting new gene 2 domain of ARIH2 was required for NLRP3 ubiquitination linked through K48 and K63. Deletion of endogenous ARIH2 using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing inhibited NLRP3 ubiquitination and promoted NLRP3 inflammasome activation, resulting in apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain oligomerization, pro-IL-1β processing, and IL-1β production. Conversely, ARIH2 overexpression promoted NLRP3 ubiquitination and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of ubiquitination-dependent negative regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by ARIH2 and highlight ARIH2 as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases.

Pancreatoduodenectomy with portal vein resection for distal cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the value of portal vein (PV) resection in distal cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of PV resection in distal cholangiocarcinoma.

METHODS

Patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for distal cholangiocarcinoma between 2001 and 2010 at one of 31 hospitals in Japan were reviewed retrospectively with special attention to PV resection. Short- and long-term outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS

In the study interval, 453 consecutive patients with distal cholangiocarcinoma underwent PD, of whom 31 (6·8 per cent) had combined PV resection. The duration of surgery (510 versus 427 min; P = 0·005) and incidence of blood transfusion (48 versus 30·7 per cent; P = 0·042) were greater in patients who had PV resection than in those who did not. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were no different in the two groups. Several indices of tumour progression, including high T classification, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, pancreatic invasion and lymph node metastasis, were more common in patients who had PV resection. Consequently, the incidence of R1/2 resection was higher in this group (32 versus 11·8 per cent; P = 0·004). Survival among the 31 patients with PV resection was worse than that for the 422 patients without PV resection (15 versus 42·4 per cent at 5 years; P < 0·001). Multivariable analyses revealed that age, blood loss, histological grade, perineural invasion, pancreatic invasion, lymph node metastasis and surgical margin were independent risk factors for overall survival. PV resection was not an independent risk factor.

CONCLUSION

PV invasion in distal cholangiocarcinoma is associated with locally advanced disease and several negative prognostic factors. Survival for patients who have PV resection is poor even after curative resection.

Population of the temperate mosquito, Culex pipiens, decreases in response to habitat climatological changes in future

Predictions of the temporal distribution of vector mosquitoes are an important issue for human health because the response of mosquito populations to climate change could have implications for the risk of vector-borne diseases. To elucidate the effects of climate change on mosquito populations inhabiting temperate regions, we developed a Physiology-based Climate-driven Mosquito Population model for temperate regions. For accurately reproducing the temporal patterns observed in mosquito populations, the key factors were identified by implementing the combinations of factors into the model. We focused on three factors: the effect of diapause, the positive effect of rainfall on larval carrying capacity, and the negative effect of rainfall as the washout mortality on aquatic stages. For each model, parameters were calibrated using weekly observation data of a Culex pipiens adult population collected in Tokyo, Japan. Based on its likelihood value, the model incorporating diapause, constant carrying capacity, and washout mortality was the best to replicate the observed data. By using the selected model and applying global climate model data, our results indicated that the mosquito population would decrease and adults' active season would be shortened under future climate conditions. We found that incorporating the washout effect in the model settings or not caused a difference in the temporal patterns in the projected mosquito populations. This suggested that water resources in mosquito habitats in temperate regions should be considered for predicting the risk of vector-borne diseases in such regions.

IL4Rα and ADAM33 as genetic markers in asthma exacerbations and type-2 inflammatory endotype

BACKGROUND

Genetic markers of susceptibility to asthma exacerbations in adults remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To identify genetic markers of asthma exacerbations, particularly in patients with type-2 inflammatory endotype.

METHODS

In this observational study of patients enrolled in the Kinki Hokuriku Airway disease Conference multicenter study, frequency of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids during 2 years after enrolment and associated risk factors was determined. For genetic marker analysis, interleukin-4 receptor α (IL4RA) rs8832 and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) S_2 (rs528557), T_1 (rs2280091), T_2 (rs2280090), and V_4 (rs2787094) variants were included. Elevated serum periostin levels at enrolment (≥95 ng/mL, defined as type-2 inflammatory endotype) were considered in the analysis.

RESULTS

Among 217 patients who were successfully followed up for 2 years after enrolment, 60 patients showed at least one asthma exacerbation during the 2 years. Airflow limitation (%FEV₁ <80%) and recent exacerbations but not genetic variants were identified as risk markers of exacerbations. A total of 27 patients showed type-2 inflammatory endotype (serum periostin ≥95 ng/mL at enrolment) and subsequent exacerbations; risk factors in these patients were airflow limitation (odds ratio, 6.51; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.37-18.6; P=.0003), GG genotype of IL4RA rs8832 (odds ratio, 4.01; 95% CI: 1.47-11.0; P=.007), and A allele of ADAM33 T_2 (odds ratio, 2.81; 95% CI: 1.05-7.67; P=.04) by multivariate analysis. In addition, GG genotype of IL4RA rs8832 was associated with type-2 endotype, whereas A allele of ADAM33 T_2 was associated with mixed type of eosinophilic/type-2 and neutrophilic inflammations.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

IL4RA and ADAM33 variants may be risk markers of asthma exacerbations in type-2 inflammatory endotype. Precise endotyping may facilitate the identification of genetic risk markers of asthma exacerbations.

Abstract P1-03-03: High concordance of ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 by central IHC and FISH with mRNA measurements by GeneXpert® breast cancer stratifier assay

Current methods for the assessment of ER, PR, Her2, and Ki67 using FFPE tissues are hard to standardize and difficult to perform in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC). The GeneXpert® breast cancer stratifier assay (RUO) (BC Strat) is a cartridge-based, RT-qPCR assay of ESR1, PGR, ERBB2, and MKi67 mRNAs using FFPE specimens. The assay is fast (&lt;2 hours, including &lt;10 minutes of hands-on time) and easy to perform.

The aims of this study were: 1) to evaluate the concordance of BC Strat using different IHC antibodies and scoring methods in a preliminary dataset (Part I); and 2) to assess concordance between BC Strat and high quality standard methods in an expanded dataset (Part II).

Methods

Part I: IHC Antibody Variability

To assess BC Strat concordance with various IHC antibodies, 155 invasive ductal carcinoma blocks were sourced from 3 sites. Twenty-four adjacent slide sections from each block were prepared and shipped to different labs for BC Strat analysis(Cepheid) or IHC and FISH testing. Table 1 summarizes the IHC antibodies and scoring methods used in each reference lab.

Table 1:IHC antibodies and scoring methods used in reference labs Antibody for IHClabIHC scoringERSP1MPLNAutomated (Aperio)ER6F11Path IncAutomated (Aperio)ER6F11USCManualPRIE2MPLNAutomated (Aperio)PR16Path IncAutomated (Aperio)PRPGR636USCManualHer2*4B5MPLNAutomated (Aperio)Her2*HercepTestUSCManualKi6730-9MPLNAutomated (Aperio)Ki67MIB1Path IncAutomated (Aperio)Ki67MIB1USCManual*HER2 FISH (all with PathVysion kit) was performed at USC

Part II: Concordance Study

522 invasive ductal carcinoma FFPE samples were sourced from 5 sites. All BC Strat analysis was performed at Cepheid and all IHC and FISH was performed in the Press laboratory at USC. Overall percent agreement (OPA), positive percent agreement (PPA), and negative percent agreement (NPA) between BC Strat and IHC were determined.

Results

Part I: IHC Antibody Variability

Table 2 summarizes the OPA for BC Strat analysis and IHC performed with different IHC antibodies and scoring methods. Slightly better concordance for ER and PR was observed between the BC Strat and the IHC methods performed at USC. Discordant IHC results were also observed among the reference labs' standard methodologies.

Table 2: Overall Percent Agreement between IHC and BC Strat Reference LabOPA with BC StratERMPLN92%ERPath Inc96%ERUSC98%PRMPLN84%PRPath Inc83%PRUSC87%Her2*MPLN*93%Her2*USC*91%Ki67MPLN75%Ki67Path Inc67%Ki67USC81%*for IHC 2+(equivocal), FISH HER2/CEP17 ratio was examined

Part II: Concordance Study

Of the 522 samples tested, 499 (96%) yielded valid results for both BC Strat and IHC (IHC and FISH for Her2). OPA between BC Strat and IHC was 98% for ESR1, 91% for PGR, 93% for ERBB2 (IHC and FISH, 97% for Her2 IHC excluding IHC2+), and 81% for MKi67.

Conclusion

BC Strat assay measurements for ESR1, PGR, ERBB2 and MKi67 mRNA expression in FFPE breast tumor tissues are highly concordant with IHC and FISH performed by high quality reference labs. Further investigations using clinical outcomes from independent studies including prospective-retrospective clinical trials are in progress.

Citation Format: Wu NC, Wong W, Ho KE, Chu VC, Rizo A, Davonport S, Kelly D, Makar R, Jassem J, Duchnowska R, Biernat W, Radecka B, Fujita T, Klein JL, Stonecypher M, Ohta S, Juhl H, Weidler JM, Bates M, Press MF. High concordance of ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 by central IHC and FISH with mRNA measurements by GeneXpert® breast cancer stratifier assay [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-03-03.

STAT3 and ERK pathways are involved in cell growth stimulation of the ST2/IL1RL1 promoter

The ST2 gene was originally identified as a primary responsive gene induced by stimulation with growth factors and by oncogenic stress. The ST2 gene harbors two distinct promoters - a distal promoter and a proximal promoter. In this study, we identified a novel type of serum-responsive element in the ST2 proximal promoter using reporter gene analysis; this element includes a possible responsive element for STAT family proteins. Indeed, enforced expression of constitutively active STAT3 activated this promoter element and induced the expression of ST2 gene products. Furthermore, an oncogenic Ras (G12V) mutant also caused the expression of ST2 gene products by utilizing the proximal promoter. We also clarified that activation of the ST2 promoter by either growth stimulation or oncogenic Ras was suppressed by the inhibitors for STAT3 and ERK pathways. Our observations strongly suggest the importance of STAT family and ERK pathways for the induction of ST2 gene products by cell growth stimulation.

3D inkjet printing of star block copolymer hydrogels cross-linked using various metallic ions

We have, for the first time, investigated 3D inkjet printing of ionically cross-linked star block copolymer hydrogels.

Parental diagnosis of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) revealed by nuclear and cytoplasmic markers

Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc.) are the predominant cultivated citrus variety in Japan. Clarification of its origin would prove valuable for citrus taxonomy and mandarin breeding programs; however, current information is limited. We applied genome-wide genotyping using a 384 citrus single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and MARCO computer software to investigate the satsuma mandarin parentage. Genotyping data from 206 validated SNPs were obtained to evaluate 67 citrus varieties and lines. A total of five parent-offspring relationships were newly found by MARCO based on the 206 SNP genotypes, indicating that 'Kishuu mikan' type mandarins (Citrus kinokuni hort. ex Tanaka accession 'Kishuu mikan' and 'Nanfengmiju') and 'Kunenbo' type mandarins (Citrus nobilis Lour. var. kunip Tanaka accession 'Kunenbo' and 'Bendiguangju') are possible parents of the satsuma mandarin. Moreover, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences analysis showed that the genotypes of four regions in chloroplast DNA of 'Kishuu mikan' type mandarins were identical to that of the satsuma mandarin. Considering the historical background, satsuma mandarins may therefore derive from an occasional cross between a 'Kishuu mikan' type mandarin seed parent (derivative or synonym of 'Nanfengmiju') and a 'Kunenbo' type mandarin pollen parent (derivative or synonym of 'Bendiguangju').

Hybrid Origins of Citrus Varieties Inferred from DNA Marker Analysis of Nuclear and Organelle Genomes

Most indigenous citrus varieties are assumed to be natural hybrids, but their parentage has so far been determined in only a few cases because of their wide genetic diversity and the low transferability of DNA markers. Here we infer the parentage of indigenous citrus varieties using simple sequence repeat and indel markers developed from various citrus genome sequence resources. Parentage tests with 122 known hybrids using the selected DNA markers certify their transferability among those hybrids. Identity tests confirm that most variant strains are selected mutants, but we find four types of kunenbo (Citrus nobilis) and three types of tachibana (Citrus tachibana) for which we suggest different origins. Structure analysis with DNA markers that are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium deduce three basic taxa coinciding with the current understanding of citrus ancestors. Genotyping analysis of 101 indigenous citrus varieties with 123 selected DNA markers infers the parentages of 22 indigenous citrus varieties including Satsuma, Temple, and iyo, and single parents of 45 indigenous citrus varieties, including kunenbo, C. ichangensis, and Ichang lemon by allele-sharing and parentage tests. Genotyping analysis of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes using 11 DNA markers classifies their cytoplasmic genotypes into 18 categories and deduces the combination of seed and pollen parents. Likelihood ratio analysis verifies the inferred parentages with significant scores. The reconstructed genealogy identifies 12 types of varieties consisting of Kishu, kunenbo, yuzu, koji, sour orange, dancy, kobeni mikan, sweet orange, tachibana, Cleopatra, willowleaf mandarin, and pummelo, which have played pivotal roles in the occurrence of these indigenous varieties. The inferred parentage of the indigenous varieties confirms their hybrid origins, as found by recent studies.

Utility of serum periostin and free IgE levels in evaluating responsiveness to omalizumab in patients with severe asthma

BACKGROUND

Omalizumab, a humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, has demonstrated efficacy in patients with severe allergic asthma. However, treatment responses vary widely among individuals. Despite a lack of data, free serum IgE levels following omalizumab treatment have been proposed as a marker of treatment responsiveness.

METHODS

In this prospective, observational study, we assessed the utility of biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in predicting omalizumab treatment responses, as determined by the absence of asthma exacerbation during the first year of treatment. Free serum IgE levels were monitored for 2 years to examine their association with baseline biomarker levels and the number of exacerbations.

RESULTS

We enrolled thirty patients who had been treated with omalizumab for at least 1 year, of whom 27 were treated for 2 years. Baseline serum periostin levels and blood eosinophil counts were significantly higher in patients without exacerbations during the first year of treatment than in patients with exacerbations. Baseline serum periostin levels, but not eosinophil counts, were negatively associated with free serum IgE levels after 16 or 32 weeks of treatment. Reduced free serum IgE levels during treatment from those at baseline were associated with reduced exacerbation numbers at 2 years. In 14 patients who continued to have exacerbations during the first year of treatment, exacerbation numbers gradually and significantly decreased over the 2-year study period, with concurrent significant reductions in free serum IgE levels.

CONCLUSION

Baseline serum periostin levels and serum free IgE levels during treatment follow-up may be useful in evaluating responses to omalizumab treatment.

Elevation of serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen 2 in patients with psoriasis: associations with disease severity and response to the treatment

BACKGROUND

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) belongs to the ovalbumin-serpin family and is a known tumour marker. Expression of SCCA is upregulated in the serum and skin of patients with psoriasis.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to determine SCCA2 levels in association with disease severity and treatment efficacy in patients with psoriasis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with psoriasis (n = 123) and healthy controls (n = 25) were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis was performed to determine serum SCCA2 levels. SCCA2 expression in skin was evaluated using immunohistochemical analysis. Serum SCCA2 levels were compared with Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores. The effect of treatment on serum SCCA2 levels was assessed using serial examinations. Induction of SCCA2 by several psoriatic cytokines in human keratinocytes was evaluated.

RESULTS

The serum levels of SCCA2 were significantly higher in patients with psoriasis than healthy controls and correlated well with disease severity. Increased SCCA2 staining was observed in lesional skin but not in nonlesional skin of patients with psoriasis. In addition, SCCA2 expression levels in skin correlated with serum concentrations of SCCA2. SCCA2 significantly decreased according to improvement of PASI scores. Interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 synergistically increased the production of SCCA2 at both mRNA and protein levels in human keratinocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant elevation of SCCA2 is associated with disease severity and reflects treatment efficacy. SCCA2 may be a useful biomarker in psoriasis, reflecting T-helper 17-type inflammation - the main determinant of the severity of psoriasis.

Effect of blue LED light intensity on carotenoid accumulation in citrus juice sacs

In the present study, the effects of blue LED light intensity on carotenoid accumulation and expression of genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated in the juice sacs of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) in vitro. The results showed that 100 μmol m(-2)s(-1) blue LED light (100B) was effective for increasing carotenoid content, especially β-cryptoxanthin, in Satsuma mandarin after cultured in vitro for four weeks. In Valencia orange, in contrast, 50 μmol m(-2)s(-1) blue LED light (50B) treatment was effective for inducing carotenoid accumulation through increasing the contents of two major carotenoids, all-trans-violaxanthin and 9-cis-violaxanthin. In addition, gene expression results showed that the simultaneous increases in the expression of genes (CitPSY, CitPDS, CitZDS, CitLCYb2, and CitHYb) involved in producing β,β-xanthophylls were well consistent with the accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin in Satsuma mandarin under 100B, and violaxanthin in Valencia orange under 50B. The results presented herein contribute to further elucidating the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid accumulation by blue LED light.

MRI study of atherosclerotic plaque progression using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate plaque progression by using MRI with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) and by histopathological studies.

METHODS

We divided 12 Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits into 4 groups based on their age (3, 9, 14 and 26 months) and injected them intravenously with 0.8 mmol (Fe) kg(-1) of USPIO (size, 32 nm; concentration, 15 mg dl(-1)). On the fifth post-injection day, they were again given an intravenous injection with 40 μmol kg(-1) of the same USPIO, and MR angiography (MRA) was performed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in regions of interest in the wall of the upper abdominal aorta was calculated on coronal images. Specimens from the same level of the aorta were subjected to iron staining and RAM-11 immunostaining and used for histopathological study. For statistical analysis of the MRA and histopathological findings, we used analysis of variance [Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) test].

RESULTS

In 9-month-old rabbits, the SNR was significantly lower than in rabbits of the other ages (p < 0.01), and the area of RAM-11 (DAKO Corporation, Glostrup, Denmark) and iron uptake in the aortic wall was significantly larger (RAM-11, p < 0.01; iron, p < 0.05). These areas were the smallest in 3-month-old rabbits.

CONCLUSION

Histopathologically, the number of macrophages was the greatest in 9-month-old rabbits. Our findings indicate that the SNR on MRI scans reflects the number of macrophages in the aortic wall of WHHL rabbits.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

USPIO-enhanced MRI visualized the accumulation of macrophages in early atherosclerotic plaques of WHHL rabbits in the course of natural progression.

Regulation of ascorbic acid metabolism by blue LED light irradiation in citrus juice sacs

In the present study, the effects of red and blue LED lights on the accumulation of ascorbic acid (AsA) were investigated in the juice sacs of three citrus varieties, Satsuma mandarin, Valencia orange, and Lisbon lemon. The results showed that the blue LED light treatment effectively increased the AsA content in the juice sacs of the three citrus varieties, whereas the red LED light treatment did not. By increasing the blue LED light intensity, the juice sacs of the three citrus varieties accumulated more AsA. Moreover, continuous irradiation with blue LED light was more effective than pulsed irradiation for increasing the AsA content in the juice sacs of the three citrus varieties. Gene expression results showed that the modulation of AsA accumulation by blue LED light was highly regulated at the transcription level. The up-regulation of AsA biosynthetic genes (CitVTC1, CitVTC2, CitVTC4, and CitGLDH), AsA regeneration genes (CitMDAR1, CitMDAR2, and CitDHAR) and two GSH-producing genes (CitGR and CitchGR) contributed to these increases in the AsA content in the three citrus varieties.

Periostin levels correlate with disease severity and chronicity in patients with atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND

Recent findings indicate that periostin, an extracellular matrix protein induced by T helper 2 cytokines, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD).

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether serum periostin level is associated with clinical phenotype in adult patients with AD.

METHODS

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine serum periostin levels in 257 adult patients with AD, 66 patients with psoriasis vulgaris (PV) as a disease control and 25 healthy controls. Serum periostin levels were analysed together with clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters, including thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood eosinophil count and total IgE. Immunohistochemical analysis evaluated the expression of periostin in association with various clinical phenotypes of AD. The effect of treatment on serum periostin level was also assessed.

RESULTS

Serum periostin was significantly higher in patients with AD than in patients with PV and healthy controls. Periostin level was found to be positively correlated with disease severity, TARC level, LDH level and eosinophil count, but not with IgE level. Higher serum periostin level was observed in patients with extrinsic AD compared with patients with intrinsic AD; the positive correlation of disease severity disappeared in patients with intrinsic AD. Robust expression of periostin was detected in the dermis of patients with AD with erythroderma, lichenification and, to a lesser extent, scaly erythema. Serial measurement of serum periostin revealed decreased levels of periostin after treatment for AD.

CONCLUSIONS

Periostin may play a critical role in disease severity and chronicity in the pathogenesis of AD.

GLCCI1 variant accelerates pulmonary function decline in patients with asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids

BACKGROUND

In steroid-naive patients with asthma, several gene variants are associated with a short-term response to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment; this has mostly been observed in Caucasians. However, not many studies have been conducted for other ethnicities. Here, we aimed to determine the relationship between the annual decline in forced expiratory flow volume in one second (FEV1 ) and the variant of the glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 gene (GLCCI1) in Japanese patients with asthma receiving long-term ICS treatment, taking into account the effect of high serum periostin levels, a known association factor of pulmonary function decline and a marker of refractory eosinophilic/Th2 inflammation.

METHODS

In this study, 224 patients with asthma receiving ICS treatment for at least 4 years were enrolled. The effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GLCCI1, stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1), and T gene on the decline in FEV1 of 30 ml/year or greater were determined.

RESULTS

Besides the known contributing factors, that is, the most intensive treatment step, ex-smoking, and high serum periostin levels (≥95 ng/ml), the GG genotype of GLCCI1 rs37973, and not other SNPs, was independently associated with a decline in FEV1 of 30 ml/year or greater. When patients were stratified according to their serum periostin levels, the GG genotype of rs37973 was significantly associated with blood eosinophilia (≥250/μl) in the high serum periostin group.

CONCLUSIONS

A GLCCI1 variant is a risk factor of pulmonary function decline in Japanese patients with asthma receiving long-term ICS treatment. Thus, GLCCI1 may be associated with response to ICS across ethnicities.