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Esmaeili S, Latifian M, Mahmoudi A, Ghasemi A, Mohammadi A, Mordadi A, Ziapour SP, Naddaf SR, Mostafavi E. Molecular investigation of Coxiella burnetii and Francisella tularensis infection in ticks in northern, western, and northwestern Iran. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289567. [PMID: 37590254 PMCID: PMC10434890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tularemia and Q fever are endemic diseases in Iran; however, little information is available on the prevalence of the causative agents, Coxiella burnetii and Francisella tularensis, in Iranian ticks. This study investigated C. burnetii and F. tularensis among hard ticks in this country. We collected ticks from livestock and other mammals in Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan (northern Iran), Kurdistan (western Iran), and West Azerbaijan (northwestern Iran) provinces. Genomic DNA from collected ticks was extracted and screened for C. burnetii and F. tularensis using Real-time PCR. A total of 4,197 ticks (belonging to 12 different species) were collected, and Ixodes ricinus (46.4%), Rhipicephalus turanicus (25%), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (19.1%) were the most collected species. Of 708 pooled tick samples, 11.3% and 7.20% were positive for C. burnetii and F. tularensis, respectively. The genus of Rhipicephalus had the highest (18.3%) C. burnetii infection among the collected tick pools (P<0.001). Furthermore, the most positive pools for F. tularensis belonged to Haemaphysalis spp. (44.4%). Kurdistan had the most significant percentage of C. burnetii-infected ticks (92.5%), and there was a meaningful relationship between the provinces and the infection (P< 0.001). The ticks from Golestan exhibited the highest F. tularensis infection rate (10. 9%), and the infection showed no significant relationship with the provinces (P = 0.19). Ticks collected from grasslands had a higher Coxiella burnetii infection rate than those collected from animals (39.4% vs. 7.9%; p<0.01). However, ticks collected from animal surfaces had a slightly higher rate of Francisella tularensis infection than those collected from grasslands (7.6% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.24). Here, we demonstrated the presence of both pathogens in the north (Guilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan provinces), the west (Kurdistan province), and the northwest (West Azerbaijan province) of Iran. The public health system should pay particular attention to tick bites in veterinary medicine and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Esmaeili
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, KabudarAhang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Latifian
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, KabudarAhang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mahmoudi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, KabudarAhang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Research Center of Reference Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mordadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Payman Ziapour
- Department of Parasitology, Zoonoses, Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, KabudarAhang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Naddaf SR, Mahmoudi A, Ghasemi A, Rohani M, Mohammadi A, Ziapour SP, Nemati AH, Mostafavi E. Infection of hard ticks in the Caspian Sea littoral of Iran with Lyme borreliosis and relapsing fever borreliae. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101500. [PMID: 32993956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Caspian Sea littoral of Iran is home to various hard tick species, including Ixodes ricinus, the notorious vector of Lyme borreliosis (LB) in Eurasia. Here, in this area, we examined I. ricinus and other hard ticks, along with common rodents and small mammals for LB and relapsing fever (RF) borreliae infection. Ticks were collected from various mammalian hosts, including sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses, dogs, donkeys, rodents, and hedgehogs. Rodents and small mammals were live-captured from different habitats. A real-time PCR for 16S rRNA sequence revealed borrelial DNA in 71 out of 501 (≈14 %) specimens belonging to I. ricinus and Rhipicephalus ticks. None of the rodents and small mammals showed borrelial infection in the viscera. PCR amplification and sequencing of a 600-bp sequence of the flaB identified Borrelia bavariensis, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia valaisiana, and the RF Borrelia, B. miyamotoi in I. ricinus ticks. The RF-like Borrelia in Rhipicephalus ticks shared the highest identity (98.97 %) with an isolate infecting Haemaphysalis megaspinosa ticks in Japan. Our phylogeny and BLAST analysis suggest the range extension of the European I. ricinus-associated borreliae into the north of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied Reza Naddaf
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Mahmoudi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rohani
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyyed Payman Ziapour
- Department of Parasitology, Zoonosis Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Amir Hesam Nemati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Ziapour SP, Ghorbani F, Salim-Abadi Y, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Enayati A. First Report of Biochemical Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance in the Field Population of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) From Sari, Mazandaran, North of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.18502/jad.v13i4.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Culex pipiens play an important role in transmission of infectious diseases. Vector control by chemical pesticides, leads inevitably to resistance development. Understanding the underlying resistance mechanisms can help improve the control programmes and insecticide resistance management.
Methods: The total contents of cytochrome p450s and the activities of glutathione S-transferases, alpha- and beta-esterases and inhibition rates of acetylcholine esterase (by propoxur) were measured in the field population of Cx. pipiens collected from Sari County, North of Iran, in 2016 and the results were compared with those of the laboratory susceptible strain according to the biochemical assay methods of WHO for adult mosquitoes. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean values of enzyme activities/contents between filed and laboratory susceptible popula-tions.
Results: The enzyme ratio of cytochrome p450s, alpha- and beta-esterases in the field population was 2.07, 3.72 and 1.36 respectively when compared with the results of the laboratory population. Although not statistically significant, the mean GSTs activities in the field population was marginally less than the laboratory population (ER=0.92). Ace-tylcholinesterase was insensitive to propoxur in 62.82% of the individuals of the tested field population. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) between all values of the activities/contents of the enzyme in the field population except for GSTs compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. The highest enzyme activity was related to alpha esterase.
Conclusion: The present study showed a range of metabolic mechanisms, comprising p450s and esterases combined with target site insensitivity of AChE, contributing to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in the field population of Cx. pipiens.
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Ziapour SP, Ghorbani F, Salim-Abadi Y, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Enayati AA. First Report of Biochemical Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance in the Field Population of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Sari, Mazandaran, North of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2019; 13:378-390. [PMID: 32368555 PMCID: PMC7188772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex pipiens play an important role in transmission of infectious diseases. Vector control by chemical pesticides, leads inevitably to resistance development. Understanding the underlying resistance mechanisms can help improve the control programmes and insecticide resistance management. METHODS The total contents of cytochrome p450s and the activities of glutathione S-transferases, alpha- and beta-esterases and inhibition rates of acetylcholine esterase (by propoxur) were measured in the field population of Cx. pipiens collected from Sari County, North of Iran, in 2016 and the results were compared with those of the laboratory susceptible strain according to the biochemical assay methods of WHO for adult mosquitoes. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean values of enzyme activities/contents between filed and laboratory susceptible populations. RESULTS The enzyme ratio of cytochrome p450s, alpha- and beta-esterases in the field population was 2.07, 3.72 and 1.36 respectively when compared with the results of the laboratory population. Although not statistically significant, the mean GSTs activities in the field population was marginally less than the laboratory population (ER=0.92). Acetylcholinesterase was insensitive to propoxur in 62.82% of the individuals of the tested field population. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) between all values of the activities/contents of the enzyme in the field population except for GSTs compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. The highest enzyme activity was related to alpha esterase. CONCLUSION The present study showed a range of metabolic mechanisms, comprising p450s and esterases combined with target site insensitivity of AChE, contributing to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid resistance in the field population of Cx. pipiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Payman Ziapour
- Department of Parasitology, Zoonosis Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghorbani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Salim-Abadi
- Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Corresponding author: Dr Ahmad Ali Enayati, E-mail:
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Fazeli-Dinan M, Asgarian F, Nikookar SH, Ziapour SP, Enayati A. Defining and comparison of biodiversity components of hard ticks on domestic hosts at Highland, Woodland and Plain in Northern Iran. Trop Biomed 2019; 36:114-130. [PMID: 33597432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the biodiversity patterns of tick species in the Northern Iran between June 2007 and June 2008. 41 villages within three locations, viz. highland, woodland and plain, were selected using cluster randomized sampling method. A total of 504 sheep and 162 cattle visited monthly for a period of 12 months for the presence of ticks. Estimated richness was calculated using rarefaction curves and richness estimators. Defining the contribution of biodiversity components was adjusted using SHE analysis. A total of 1,231 hard ticks (consisting of 6 genera and 6 species) were collected. Rhipicephalus bursa (in highland and plain) and Boophilus annulatus (in woodland) were identified as eudominant species with the most abundance. Seasonal activity of the ticks varied among species. Rarefaction curves showed that summer and spring had the highest species diversity and richness in different locations. SHE analysis revealed that evenness had the greatest effect on the changes of species diversity and also showed that all regions are mainly occupied by common species. The study demonstrated that the seasonal fluctuations of R. bursa have a significant impact on the changes of species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - F Asgarian
- School of Allied Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - S H Nikookar
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - S P Ziapour
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - A Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Azari-Hamidian S, Nasab SNM, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Enayati A, Hemingway J. Fauna, Ecological Characteristics, and Checklist of the Mosquitoes in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. J Med Entomol 2018; 55:634-645. [PMID: 29325101 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vectors of human and animal diseases. This study updates current knowledge on fauna, dominance, and distribution of mosquitoes in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran, to inform disease control effort. Larval collections, using standard dippers or droppers, and adult collections, using total catches, shelter pits, CDC light traps, and human landing catches, were performed monthly in 30 villages across 16 counties, from May to December 2014. Ovitraps, baited with hay infusion as oviposition attractants or stimulants for Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes, were installed in each village and inspected weekly for eggs. Lactophenol and Berlese media were used for preserving and mounting specimens. Overall, 36,024 mosquito specimens (19,840 larvae and 16,184 adults) belonging to 4 genera and 20 species were morphologically identified. The dominance and distribution indices showed that Culex pipiens s.s. was the eudominant species with a constant distribution of larvae (D = 69.07%, C = 100%) and adults (D = 31.86%, C = 100%), followed by Cx tritaeniorhynchus (D = 38.14%, C = 100%) and Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (D = 11.05%, C = 100%) as adults. Aedes vexans was the dominant (7.85%) species, but it had a sporadic (20%) distribution. Culex torrentium and Culiseta morsitans were added as the new species to the checklist of mosquitoes in Mazandaran Province. Due to the potential role, Cx. pipiens s.s. as a vector of various pathogens, further ecological studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- School of Health, Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Aarabi
- Department of Social Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Payman Ziapour
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Azari-Hamidian S, Mousavinasab SN, Arabi M, Ziapour SP, Shojaee J, Enayati A. Species composition and abundance of mosquito larvae in relation with their habitat characteristics in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Bull Entomol Res 2017; 107:598-610. [PMID: 28956526 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit a variety of diseases to humans. Their abundance and distribution are related to the characteristics of larval habitats. Mosquito larvae were collected from 120 natural and artificial habitats in 30 villages of 16 counties using standard 350 ml dippers and pipette, on a monthly basis from May-December 2014 in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Larval habitat characteristics were recorded separately, based on the conditions of the habitats (permanent or temporary, stagnant or running), type of habitats (natural or artificial), vegetation, exposure to sun, type of bed, water condition (clear or turbid), expanse (m), depth (cm, m) and temperature (°C) of habitats. The relationship between larval density and environmental variables was assessed by Chi-square tests. Totally, 19,840 larvae from three genera and 16 species were collected and identified. Anopheles maculipennis s.l. and Culex pipiens were the dominant species and collected with the highest density in plain areas. The highest number of larvae were collected from natural habitats (60.34%), including; river edge, marsh, pit and wetlands; with temporary and stagnant water, expanse of 0-5 m, depth of 1-25 cm, without plant, shadow-sun, muddy floor, turbid water, temperature 20-25°C and in sunny conditions. River edge and rice fields for An. maculipennis s.l and, wetlands and discarded tires for Cx. pipiens were the main larval habitats in the province. Statistical analysis revealed significant relation between occurrence of An. maculipennis s.l., Cx. pipiens, Culex torrentium, Culex mimeticus and Cs. annulata with each of the environmental variables (P < 0.001). These findings are essential in expanding our knowledge of the vectors ecology specially the type of habitat preference and will be beneficial in larval control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Nikookar
- Student Research Committee,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control,Health Sciences Research Center,School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari,Iran
| | - M Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control,School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center,Mazandaran University of Medical Science,Sari,Iran
| | - S Azari-Hamidian
- School of Health, Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences,Rasht,Iran
| | - S N Mousavinasab
- Department of Biostatistics,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari,Iran
| | - M Arabi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari,Iran
| | - S P Ziapour
- Student Research Committee,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control,Health Sciences Research Center,School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari,Iran
| | - J Shojaee
- Health Sciences Research Center,Students Research Committee,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari,Iran
| | - A Enayati
- Head of Medical Entomology Department,School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari,Iran
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Azari-Hamidian S, Mousavinasab SN, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Esfandyari Y, Enayati A. Correlation between mosquito larval density and their habitat physicochemical characteristics in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005835. [PMID: 28820882 PMCID: PMC5576754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Characteristics of mosquito larval habitats are important in determining whether they can survive and successfully complete their developmental stages. Therefore, data on the ecological factors affecting mosquito density and abundance especially the physicochemical properties of water of their breeding sites, can possibly be helpful in implementing larval management programs. Mosquito larvae were collected using a standard 350 ml dipper from fixed habitats including: artificial pool, river edge, creek and etc, in 30 villages of 16 counties from May-December 2014. Water samples were collected during larval collection and temperature (°C), acidity (pH), turbidity (NTU), electrical conductivity (μS/cm), alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3), total hardness (mg/l), nitrate (mg/l), chloride (mg/l), phosphate (mg/l) and sulphate (mg/l) were measured using standard methods. Spearman correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis test of nonparametric analysis, Chi-square (χ2) analysis, regression analysis and C8 interspecific correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. A total of 7,566 mosquito larvae belonging to 15 species representing three genera were collected from fixed larval breeding places. Culex pipiens was the dominant species except in four villages where An. maculipennis s.l. and Cx. torrentium were predominant. There was a significant positive correlation between the density of Cx. pipiens and electrical conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness and chloride, whereas no significant negative correlation was observed between physicochemical factors and larval density. The highest interspecific association of up to 0.596 was observed between An. maculipennis s.l/An. pseudopictus followed by up to 0.435 between An. maculipennis s.l/An. hyrcanus and An. hyrcanus/An. pseudopictus. The correlations observed between physicochemical factors and larval density, can possibly confirm the effect of these parameters on the breeding activities of mosquitoes, and may be indicative of the presence of certain mosquito fauna in a given region. Determination of association between mosquito larval abundance and physicochemical factors in aquatic habitats in Mazandaran Province was the purpose of this study. In 30 villages of 16 counties in the province, Culex pipiens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. maculipennis s.l. were the most abundant species discovered in larval habitats. The pair of species An. maculipennis s.l/An. pseudopictus has the highest interspecific association in the area. Culex pipiens showed the greatest compatibility compared with other species with a range of densities from the lowest to the highest in different habitats containing varying levels of physicochemical factors. Measuring physicochemical factors of water in larval habitats indicated that values of chloride, electrical conductivity, alkalinity and total hardness were significantly associated with the larval abundance in different larval habitats. The electrical conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness and chloride had significant positive correlation with the density of Cx. pipiens, whereas no negative correlation was obtained between larval density and physicochemical factors. These differences in preferences and association with varying levels of physicochemical factors can have vector-borne diseases control implications, because habitat changes through the manipulation of these factors to the detriment of vector species can ultimately lead to reduced abundance of vector species. The data may also be useful to predict changes in the densities of mosquito larvae or their transition should natural or artificial environmental modifications lead to alteration in the physicochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Associate Professor, School of Health and Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyed Nouraddin Mousavinasab
- Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aarabi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Payman Ziapour
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Yahya Esfandyari
- Ph. D student, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Head of Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Safi NHZ, Ahmadi AA, Nahzat S, Ziapour SP, Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati A, Hemingway J. Evidence of metabolic mechanisms playing a role in multiple insecticides resistance in Anopheles stephensi populations from Afghanistan. Malar J 2017; 16:100. [PMID: 28253925 PMCID: PMC5335852 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is endemic in most parts of Afghanistan and insecticide-based vector control measures are central in controlling the disease. Insecticide resistance in the main malaria vector Anopheles stephensi from Afghanistan is increasing and attempts should be made to determine the underlying resistance mechanisms for its adequate management. METHODS The contents of cytochrome P450s, esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activities were measured in the Kunar and Nangarhar populations of An. stephensi from Afghanistan and the results were compared with those of the susceptible Beech strain using the World Health Organization approved biochemical assay methods for adult mosquitoes. RESULTS The cytochrome P450s enzyme ratios were 2.23- and 2.54-fold in the Kunar and Nangarhar populations compared with the susceptible Beech strain. The enzyme ratios for esterases with alpha-naphthyl acetate were 1.45 and 2.11 and with beta-naphthyl acetate were 1.62 and 1.85 in the Kunar and Nangarhar populations respectively compared with the susceptible Beech strain. Esterase ratios with para-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA) were 1.61 and 1.75 in the Kunar and Nangarhar populations compared with the susceptible Beech strain. The GSTs enzyme ratios were 1.33 and 1.8 in the Kunar and Nangarhar populations compared with the susceptible Beech strain. The inhibition of AChE was 70.9 in the susceptible Beech strain, and 56.7 and 51.5 in the Kunar and Nangarhar populations. The differences between all values of the enzymes activities/contents and AChE inhibition rates in the Kunar and Nangarhar populations were statistically significant when compared with those of the susceptible Beech strain. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, the reported resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides, and tolerance to bendiocarb in the Kunar and Nangarhar populations of An. stephensi from Afghanistan are likely to be caused by a range of metabolic mechanisms, including esterases, P450s and GSTs combined with target site insensitivity in AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Halim Zahid Safi
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Abdul Ali Ahmadi
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Sami Nahzat
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Seyyed Payman Ziapour
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, North Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Ziapour SP, Kheiri S, Fazeli-Dinan M, Sahraei-Rostami F, Mohammadpour RA, Aarabi M, Nikookar SH, Sarafrazi M, Asgarian F, Enayati A, Hemingway J. Pyrethroid resistance in Iranian field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 136:70-79. [PMID: 28187834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to acaricides in ticks is becoming increasingly widespread throughout the world; therefore, tick control requires resistance monitoring for each tick species. The aims of this study were to monitor the susceptibility status of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae), against pyrethroid acaricides from Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, and where resistance was evident, and establish the possible underlying mechanisms. Fully engorged adult R. (B.) annulatus females collected on cattle from Mazandaran Province. Twenty-nine tick populations produced 10-18days old larvae and bioassayed with cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin by larval packet test and the levels of detoxification enzymes were measured. Population AM-29 had a maximum resistance ratio (RR99) of 20.21 to cypermethrin and 53.57% of the tick populations were resistant at LC99 level. With λ-cyhalothrin, 17.86% of the tick populations were resistant and AM-29 was the most resistant population with RR99=4.54. AM-29 also showed significant elevation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) (2.76- and 2.39-fold, respectively) (P<0.001). Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus showed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides with elevated levels of P450, GST and para-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NPA) in resistant populations. Operational failure was noted in controlling R. (B.) annulatus by pyrethroid insecticides, therefore alternative pest management measures should be adopted in Iran. For the first time, a new estimate of insecticide resistance based on effective dose recommended by the pesticide manufacturer termed Operational Dose Ratio (ODR) is defined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Payman Ziapour
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Kheiri
- Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sahraei-Rostami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Reza Ali Mohammadpour
- Department of Biostatistics, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aarabi
- Department of Social Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sarafrazi
- DVM, Animal Health and Diseases Control Unit, Mazandaran Provincial Veterinary Organization, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Asgarian
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Janet Hemingway
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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11
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Yazdi F, Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Hosseini SA, Yazdi M, Ziapour SP, Enayati A. Diversity and species composition of mosquitoes (Culicidae: Diptera) in Noor County, northern Iran. Trop Biomed 2017; 34:14-21. [PMID: 33592975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are highly important as public health problem due to their blood sucking habits and transmitting malaria, arboviruses and other diseases to humans. The present research was undertaken to determine the fauna, abundance, monthly distribution and activity of Culicidae mosquito larvae and adults in Noor County, northern Iran. This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from August 2012 to November 2013 in the rural and urban outskirts of Noor. In each area, natural larval breeding places such as river beds, shallow wells, pits, sewer, marsh, small holes, tracks of animals as well as man-made breeding places like pools and rice paddy fields have been visited monthly for larval collection. To collect adult mosquitoes, human and animal dwellings including bedrooms, store rooms, toilets, barns, stables and pen were surveyed using WHO standard methods. A total of 844 larvae and 1484 adult mosquitoes were caught. Of the 665 Culicinae larvae, 501 were Cx. pipiens (75.3%), 108 Cx. mimeticus (16.2%) and 56 Cx. theileri (8.4%). Of the 179 Anophelinae larvae, 96 were An. hyrcanus (53.6%) and 83 An. maculipennis s.l. (46.4%). Among 889 adult Culicinae, 495 were Cx. pipiens (55.7%), 238 Cx. mimeticus (26.8%), 156 Cx. theileri (17.6%), and from 595 adult Anophelinae 371 were An. hyrcanus (62.4%) and 224 An. maculipennis (37.7%). Anopheles hyrcanus with 96 larvae (53.6%) and 371 adults (62.4%) and Cx. pipiens with 501 larvae (75.3%) and 495 adults (55.7%) showed the highest abundance and distribution in the county calling for more studies on their population, ecology, behavior and probable roles as vectors of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yazdi
- MSc in Medical Entomology, Noor Health Center, Iran
| | - S H Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - M Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - S A Hosseini
- MSc in Medical Entomology, Noor Health Center, Iran
| | - M Yazdi
- Student of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - S P Ziapour
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - A Enayati
- Professor and Head of Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Ziapour SP, Kheiri S, Fazeli-Dinan M, Sahraei-Rostami F, Mohammadpour RA, Aarabi M, Asgarian F, Sarafrazi M, Nikookar SH, Enayati A. Susceptibility status of field populations of Rhipicephalus bursa (Acari: Ixodidae) to pyrethroid insecticides. Trop Biomed 2016; 33:446-461. [PMID: 33579116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus bursa is a two-host ixodid tick with wide distribution in north of Iran especially in Mazandaran province. Acaricide treatment is the main tick control measure; however, acaricide resistance occurs in hard ticks in many areas of the world including Iran. Comprehensive information on susceptibility status of Rhipicephalus bursa is lacking, therefore, this study is undertaken to determine the susceptibility status of the species to pyrethroid acaricides and probable biochemical underlying mechanisms of resistance. From May 2013 to March 2014, engorged females Rhipicephalus bursa were collected using standard entomological procedures from body surface of sheep, goat and cattle in different areas of Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Eleven and ten pooled tick populations were tested against cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively using larval packet test. Population SC-16 showed a maximum resistance ratio of 5.79 against cypermethrin in Sari County when compared to the most susceptible population NH-16 and 63.64% of tick populations were resistant at LC99 level. With lambda-cyhalothrin, 30% of the tick populations were resistant with low level and NK-2 was the most resistant population with resistance ratio of 4.32 in Nowshahr County. The results of biochemical assays demonstrated elevated levels of monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases and esterases in pyrethroid resistant populations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Ziapour
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.Box: 139, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - S Kheiri
- Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.Box: 139, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - M Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - F Sahraei-Rostami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - R A Mohammadpour
- Department of Biostatistics, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - M Aarabi
- Diabetes Research Center, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - F Asgarian
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur
| | - M Sarafrazi
- DVM, Animal Health and Control Diseases Unit, Mazandaran Provincial Veterinary Organization, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - S H Nikookar
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - A Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
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Nikookar SH, Azari-Hamidian S, Fazeli-Dinan M, Nasab SNM, Aarabi M, Ziapour SP, Enayati A. Species composition, co-occurrence, association and affinity indices of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Acta Trop 2016; 157:20-9. [PMID: 26805471 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in the past years in management of mosquito borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever and West Nile fever through research in biology and ecology of the vectors, these diseases are still major threats to human health. Therefore, more research is required for better management of the diseases. This investigation provides information on the composition, co-occurrence, association and affinity indices of mosquito larvae in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. In a large scale field study, mosquito larvae were collected from 120 sentinel sites in 16 counties in Mazandaran Province, using standard 350 ml dipper. Sampling took place monthly from May to December 2014. Collected larvae were mounted on glass slides using de Faure's medium and were diagnosed using morphological characters. Totally, 19,840 larvae were collected including three genera and 16 species from 120 larval habitats, as follows: Anopheles claviger, Anopheles hyrcanus, Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Anopheles marteri, Anopheles plumbeus, Anopheles pseudopictus, Culex pipiens, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex torrentium, Culex perexiguus, Culex territans, Culex mimeticus, Culex hortensis, Culiseta annulata, Culiseta longiareolata, and Culiseta morsitans. Predominant species were Cx. pipiens and An. maculipennis s.l. which show the highest co-occurrence. The pair of species An. hyrcanus/An. pseudopictus showed significant affinity and association. High co-occurrence of the predominant species Cx. pipiens and An. maculipennis s.l. in the study area is of considerable importance in terms of vector ecology. It was also revealed that An. pseudopictus/An. hyrcanus often occur sympatrically indicating their common habitat requirements. The information may be equally important when vector control measures are considered.
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Ziapour SP, Kheiri S, Asgarian F, Fazeli-Dinan M, Yazdi F, Mohammadpour RA, Aarabi M, Enayati A. First report of pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus larvae (Say, 1821) from Iran. Acta Trop 2016; 156:22-9. [PMID: 26772446 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus is one of the most important hard ticks parasitizing cattle in northern Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate pyrethroid resistance levels of this species from Nur County, northern Iran. The hard ticks were collected through a multistage cluster randomized sampling method from the study area and fully engorged female R. (B.) annulatus were reared in a controlled insectary until they produced larvae for bioassay. Seventeen populations of the hard ticks were bioassayed with cypermethrin and 12 populations with lambda-cyhalothrin using a modified larval packet test (LPT). Biochemical assays to measure the contents/activity of different enzyme groups including mixed function oxidases (MFOs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and general esterases were performed. Population 75 showed a resistance ratio of 4.05 with cypermethrin when compared with the most susceptible field population 66 at the LC50 level. With lambda-cyhalothrin the resistance ratio based on LC50 was 3.67 when compared with the susceptible population. The results of biochemical assays demonstrated significantly elevated levels of GSTs and esterases in populations tested compared with the heterozygous susceptible filed population and a correlation coefficient of these enzymes was found in association to lambda-cyhalothrin resistance. Based on the results, pyrethroid acaricides may operationally fail to control R. (B.) annulatus in North of Iran. This study is the first document of pyrethroid resistance in R. (B.) annulatus populations from Iran.
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Nikookar SH, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Enayati AA, Motevali-Haghi F, Ziapour SP, Fazeli-Dinan M. Biodiversity of culicid mosquitoes in rural Neka township of Mazandaran province, northern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis 2015; 52:63-72. [PMID: 25815869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES This paper presents the results of a study on ecological parameters including diversity indices applied on populations of Culicidae mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from three rural areas (Darvishan, Chalmardi and Khairabad) of Neka township in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. METHODS Adult and larval stages of mosquitoes were systematically sampled to obtain data required for measuring diversity of mosquitoes in these areas. Alfa and beta indices were analyzed to compare mosquito diversity. A total of 5270 specimens belonging to four genera and 14 different species were collected and identified. RESULTS Evaluation of dominance structure of species showed that culicid mosquitoes of Neka rangelands include one eudominant species, two dominant species, two subdominant species, two rare species and eight subrare species when Heydemann classification was used. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Data analysis revealed a higher diversity of mosquitoes in Khairabad with a low degree of interspecific dominance, while Darvishan and Chalmardi recorded the lowest observed diversity and a high degree of interspecific dominance. The cluster analysis based on Jaccard's index indicated the relationship between the categories and indicates that Darvishan and Khairabad are the closest categories in their specific composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Ziapour SP, Esfandiari B, Youssefi MR. Study of the Prevalence of Babesiosis in Domesticated Animals with Suspected Signs in Mazandaran Province, North of Iran, During 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2011.712.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sharif M, Gholami S, Ziaei H, Daryani A, Laktarashi B, Ziapour SP, Rafiei A, Vahedi M. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered for food in Mazandaran province, Iran, during 2005. Vet J 2007; 174:422-4. [PMID: 16919980 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples from 290 cattle, 400 goats and 588 sheep slaughtered for food in various areas of the Mazandaran province, Iran were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), from December 2004 to April 2005. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 30% (120/400) goats and 35% (206/588) sheep and 0% (0/290) cattle, at a dilution of 1:16 or more for goats and sheep and 1:128 or more for cattle. The highest titres observed in cattle, goats and sheep were 1:64 (0.7%), 1:128 (1%), 1:64 (2%), respectively. These results indicate that T. gondii antibodies are widespread in the animal populations and suggest that toxoplasmosis is a widely spread zoonotic infection in northern Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sharif
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, PC 48168-95475 Sari, Iran.
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Abstract
AbstractA cross-sectional survey was undertaken to study the prevalence and intensity of infection withToxocara catiin 100 stray cats, from April to October 2004 in urban areas of Sari, northern Iran. A total of 44 cats (44%) were found to be infected withT. cati. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of infection relative to host age and weight (P = 0.000). There was also a significant difference in the intensity of infection relative to body weight and urban sites (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the prevalence of infection relative to host gender, urban sites and season (P>0.05), nor in the intensity of infection between host gender, age and season (P>0.05). The intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 32 worms per cat, with a mean of 7.30 ± 6.82.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sharif
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, PC 48168-95475, Sari, Iran.
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