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Paharkova V, Orgel E, Neely M, Louie S, Mittelman S. Abstract 6059: Targeting the anthracycline metabolizing enzyme AKR1C3 in adipocytes to improve cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: We have reported that mouse and human adipocytes take up and metabolize the anthracycline, daunorubicin (DNR), reducing its concentration in the adipocyte microenvironments. This may contribute to anthracycline resistance for cancers, which reside in adipocyte rich environments such as omentum and bone marrow. Adipocytes express several carbonyl- and aldo-keto reductases (CBRs and AKRs) which metabolize and inactivate anthracyclines, and it is unclear which of these might be important targets to improve treatment outcome.
Experimental Procedures: We knocked out AKR1C3 in the human preadipocyte cell line Chub S7 using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. We chose AKR1C3 first as it is one of the overexpressed enzymes in adipocytes with the highest anthracycline-metabolizing activity. We delivered ribonucleoprotein complexes of CRISPR-Cas9 enzyme plus guide RNAs by nucleofection. Then we established single-cell derived clones and tested for successful KO by Western blot. Finally, we quantified adipocyte lysate AKR activity using a colorimetric assay based on NADPH-dependent reduction of phenanthrenequinone.
Data Summary: We chose three Chub S7 preadipocyte clones that demonstrated successful AKR1C3 knockout based on almost undetectable protein expression by western blot. AKR activity was significantly reduced in all three clones; control preadipocytes had 44±4.7, while clones had activity of 28±7.3, 33±3.4, and 35±5.7 pmol/min/µg (p<0.05 for all comparisons, n=3 for each assay).
Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that AKR1C3 knockout can be successfully done in human preadipocytes using a CRISPR-Cas9 system. Knockout of AKR1C3 significantly reduces overall aldoketoreductase activity in preadipocyte cells. This implies that a substantial portion of preadipocyte AKR activity is dependent on the isoenzyme, AKR1C3. Future testing is needed to determine whether AKR1C3 KO will reduce the clearance of anthracyclines from the cancer microenvironment, and may represent a treatment target to enhance anthracycline cytotoxicity.
Citation Format: Vladislava Paharkova, Etan Orgel, Michael Neely, Stan. Louie, Steven Mittelman. Targeting the anthracycline metabolizing enzyme AKR1C3 in adipocytes to improve cytotoxicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6059.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Paharkova
- 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Etan Orgel
- 2Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Neely
- 3Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stan. Louie
- 4School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven Mittelman
- 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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McConnell R, Gilliland F, Goran M, Allayee H, Hricko A, Mittelman S. Does near-roadway air pollution contribute to childhood obesity? Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:1-3. [PMID: 25820202 PMCID: PMC4821543 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to man-made combustion products, including secondhand tobacco smoke, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and near-roadway air pollution (NRAP), have been associated with increased body mass index and obesity in children and have been shown to result in excess weight gain in animal models. Potential mechanisms include pro-inflammatory central nervous system effects of airborne particles on appetite control, resulting in increased caloric intake, or changes in basal metabolism due to effects on mitochondria and brown adipose tissue. Combustion-derived polyaromatic hydrocarbons have also been linked to altered lipid metabolism, epigenetic effects on PPARγ expression, particle-induced estrogenic effects, and alterations in the distribution of visceral fat. Emerging evidence that a broad spectrum of environmental chemicals have “obesogenic” properties and alter the metabolic profile of adipose tissue challenges the prevailing model that the childhood obesity epidemic is explained solely by increased caloric density of food and decreased physical activity. Research on environmental obesogens could identify novel targets for intervention and yield public health benefits, since NRAP and SHS exposure are both common in populations most at-risk for development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob McConnell
- Division of Environmental Health, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Southern California Environmental Health Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Frank Gilliland
- Division of Environmental Health, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Southern California Environmental Health Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Michael Goran
- Southern California Environmental Health Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Southern California Environmental Health Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrea Hricko
- Southern California Environmental Health Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Steven Mittelman
- Southern California Environmental Health Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Shih EM, Mittelman S, Pitukcheewanont P, Azen CG, Monzavi R. Effects of vitamin D repletion on glycemic control and inflammatory cytokines in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; 17:36-43. [PMID: 25524404 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. On the basis of adult studies showing that vitamin D improves insulin sensitivity and decreases inflammatory cytokines linked to microvascular complications, we hypothesized that treating vitamin D deficiency in adolescents with type 1 diabetes would improve glycemia and reduce inflammatory markers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a randomized, prospective, crossover study of 25 adolescents with type 1 diabetes for at least a year (aged: 13-21 yr; 62% female; 62% Hispanic) and vitamin D deficiency (25-OH vitamin D ≤30 ng/mL). Subjects received vitamin D3 (20 000 IU/week) for 6 months, either immediately or after 6 months of observation. RESULTS At baseline, 63% of subjects screened were vitamin D deficient and randomized. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly higher in the vitamin D deficient group compared with the sufficient group (medians: 0.36 vs. 0.18) (p = 0.026), whereas neither C-reactive protein (CRP) nor tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) differed. Vitamin D treatment increased serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D from 22 ± 5.3 to 34.3 ± 12.1 ng/mL (p < 0.01). However, treatment did not affect glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin dosage, CRP, interleukin-6 (IL-6), or TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in the adolescent type 1 diabetes population, and could be associated with changes in inflammatory markers. However, vitamin D repletion over 6 months did not affect glycemia or markers of inflammation in our study, highlighting the need for additional research to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Shih
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Steven Mittelman
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Pisit Pitukcheewanont
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Colleen G Azen
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI), The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Roshanak Monzavi
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
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Chung SA, Dorey F, Mittelman S, Gilsanz V. Effect of gender on intra-abdominal fat in teenagers and young adults. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:469-75. [PMID: 21038077 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult men accumulate greater intra-abdominal fat (IAF) than adult women, a difference closely related to gender differences in cardiometabolic disease risk in the elderly. However, the time when this gender difference appears is a matter of controversy. OBJECTIVE We examine the influence of gender on IAF deposition in lean, overweight and obese teenagers and young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured subcutaneous abdominal fat (SAF) and IAF in 505 healthy sexually mature teenagers and young adults (254 males, 251 females; 15-22 years) using a single CT scan at the level of the umbilicus. RESULTS Regardless of body size, young females had greater SAF values than young males. Although lean females had higher IAF values than lean males (13.7 ± 7.8 vs. 11.2 ± 5.4; P = 0.001), overweight and obese females and males had strikingly similar IAF values (23.4 ± 11.1 vs. 23.1 ± 9.5; P = 0.88 and 36.5 ± 20.4 vs. 38.8 ± 13.2; P = 0.59, respectively). In contrast, the ratio of IAF/SAF was greater in males than females, except in the very obese. Multiple regression analysis indicated that while gender was a strong predictor of SAF in lean and overweight subjects (P's < 0.0001), it did not influence IAF after adjusting for height and weight (P = 0.35 and 0.65, respectively) in overweight and obese subjects. CONCLUSION Overweight and obese young women have similar absolute amounts of IAF as young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Chung
- Department of Radiology, MS #81, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, USC, Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Butturini A, Mittelman S, Freyer DR, Gilsanz V, Hart N, Nuno D. Relationship between serum vitamin D levels, adipocytes, and bone density in pre-adolescents and teenagers with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Gitlin G, Tsarbopoulos A, Patel ST, Sydor W, Pramanik BN, Jacobs S, Westreich L, Mittelman S, Bausch JN. Isolation and characterization of a monomethioninesulfoxide variant of interferon alpha-2b. Pharm Res 1996; 13:762-9. [PMID: 8860434 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016059902645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To isolate and characterize a monomethioninesulfoxide variant of the commercially available therapeutic protein interferon alpha-2b. METHODS The methionine (Met)-oxidized variant was isolated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by SDS-PAGE, peptide mapping and mass spectrometric analysis of the trypsin/V8-generated peptide fragments. The biological and immunological activities of the isolated variant were also evaluated. RESULTS The rHuIFN alpha-2b variant was found to contain a Met sulfoxide residue at position 111 of the rHuIFN alpha-2b molecule. The far-UV CD spectra showed a slight loss of alpha-helical content and an increase in the beta-sheet contribution. The CD spectra indicate that both chromatographic conditions and Met oxidation contribute to the observed secondary structure changes. Both interferon alpha-2b main component and its methionine-oxidized variant showed different reactivity to monoclonal antibodies employed in immunoassays for the protein. CONCLUSIONS A monomethioninesulfoxide rHuIFN alpha-2b variant was found to be present in the rHuIFN alpha-2b bulk drug substance in solution. The Met(111) residue was identified as Met sulfoxide by comparative tryptic/V8 mapping and mass spectrometric analysis. Nevertheless, the oxidation of the Met(111) residue did not seem to have a detectable effect on the biological activity of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gitlin
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Abstract
Ultrasonic nebulization of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was investigated using a DeVilbiss "Aerosonic" nebulizer. The enzyme (8ml, 0.025 mg/ml Na2HPO4, pH 7.0) was completely inactivated after 20 minutes of operation. However, the inactivation profile observed during ultrasonic nebulization was different from that previously observed using air-jet nebulization. At least two mechanisms are involved, one associated with heating and the other with aerosol production. By preventing heating of the nebulizer fluid during operation, the denaturation profile was dramatically altered. By additionally including 0.01% w/v Tween 80 or 1% w/v PEG 8000, almost all activity was retained. Similar results were obtained by preventing aerosol production and heating. However, 100% of activity was lost when heating was allowed to occur without aerosol formation. The results demonstrate that cooling in conjunction with a surfactant is one approach that could be used to stabilize proteins to ultrasonic nebulization. However, cooling also significantly reduced solute output from the nebulizer. When operated at 10 degrees C output was negligible. At 50 degrees C the output was 5x greater than that found at room temperature. The median droplet size (micron(s)) was not significantly influenced by the operating temperature of the nebulizer fluid (3.6 +/- 0.4, 21 degrees C; 3.9 +/- 0.2, 50 degrees C, p = NS (n = 6)) although the size distribution was noted to increase at the higher temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Niven
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
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Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotic 66-40G is a minor component produced in the fermentation of Micromonospora inyoensis. Its structure has been established as 3''-de-N-methyl-sisomicin (4) by spectroscopic means and by direct comparison with an authentic sample obtained from photochemical oxidative de-N-methylation of sisomicin (1).
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