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Pyle HJ, Evans JC, Artami M, Raj P, Sridharan S, Arana C, Eckert KM, McDonald JG, Harris-Tryon TA, Mauskar MM. Assessment of the Cutaneous Hormone Landscapes and Microbiomes in Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00111-8. [PMID: 38368928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a progressive skin disease of unknown etiology. In this longitudinal case-control exploratory study, we evaluated the hormonal and microbial landscapes in 18 postmenopausal women (mean [SD] age: 64.4 [8.4]) with vulvar lichen sclerosus and controls. We reevaluated the VLS patients after 10-14 weeks of daily topical Class I steroid. We found that groin cutaneous estrone was lower in vulvar lichen sclerosus versus controls (-22.33, 95% CI -36.96 to -7.70; P = 0.006); cutaneous progesterone was higher (5.73, 95% CI 3.74 to 7.73; P< 0.0001). Forehead 11-deoxycortisol (-0.24, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.06; P = 0.01) and testosterone (-7.22, 95% CI -12.83 to -1.62; P = 0.02) were lower in disease. With treatment, cutaneous estrone (-7.88, 95% CI -44.07 to 28.31; P = 0.62), progesterone (2.02, 95% CI -2.08 to 6.11; P = 0.29), and 11-deoxycortisol (-0.13, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.05; P = 0.15) normalized; testosterone remained suppressed (-7.41, 95% CI -13.38 to -1.43; P = 0.02). 16S rRNA V1-V3 and ITS1 amplicon sequencing revealed bacterial and fungal microbiome alterations in disease. Findings suggest that cutaneous sex hormone and bacterial microbiome alterations may be associated with VLS in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J Pyle
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Jessica C Evans
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Methinee Artami
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Srisha Sridharan
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Carlos Arana
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Eckert
- Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.
| | - Melissa M Mauskar
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.
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2
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John MS, Chinnappan M, Artami M, Bhattacharya M, Keogh RA, Kavanaugh J, Sharma T, Horswill AR, Harris-Tryon TA. Androgens at the skin surface regulate S. aureus pathogenesis through the activation of agr quorum sensing. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.10.579753. [PMID: 38370751 PMCID: PMC10871326 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.10.579753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, the most frequent cause of skin infections, is more common in men than women and selectively colonizes the skin during inflammation. Yet, the specific cues that drive infection in these settings remain unclear. Here we show that the host androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone promote S. aureus pathogenesis and skin infection. Without the secretion of these hormones, skin infection in vivo is limited. Testosterone activates S. aureus virulence in a concentration dependent manner through stimulation of the agr quorum sensing system, with the capacity to circumvent other inhibitory signals in the environment. Taken together, our work defines a previously uncharacterized inter-kingdom signal between the skin and the opportunistic pathogen S. aureus and identifies the mechanism of sex-dependent differences in S. aureus skin infection. One-Sentence Summary Testosterone promotes S. aureus pathogenesis through activation of the agr quorum sensing system.
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3
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Pyle HJ, Artami M, Edwards M, Raj P, Zhang B, Arana C, Harris-Tryon TA. Saprophytic bacteria and fungi colonize stearoyl coenzyme-A desaturase-1 knockout skin. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:78-84. [PMID: 36114818 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids synthesized on the skin are critical to the antimicrobial barrier. Skin lipids also facilitate survival of lipophilic skin commensals in an otherwise dry and acidic ecological landscape. Thus, skin-specific stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 knockout mice (Scd1ΔK14 ) with sebocyte atrophy and decreased synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids, triglycerides and wax diesters have dry, inflamed skin. Here, we used 16S rRNA (V1-V2 and V1-V9) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) amplicon sequencing to compare bacterial and fungal skin microbiomes between Scd1ΔK14 mice and wildtype control mice (Scd1fl/fl ) in a barrier facility. Saprophytic bacteria including Sporosarcina spp. and Staphylococcus lentus and saprophytic fungi including Alternaria infectoria were found in higher relative abundance in the Scd1ΔK14 group (ANCOM). Analysis of community diversity (Shannon index) revealed greater fungal alpha diversity in the Scd1ΔK14 group (p = 0.009, Kruskal-Wallis). Principal coordinates analysis (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) showed that both bacterial (p = 0.002, PERMANOVA) and fungal communities (p = 0.006, PERMANOVA) of the Scd1ΔK14 group were unique from the wildtype group. Altogether, these results suggest that sebaceous gland-derived lipids normally restrict the skin microbiome, and in the absence of these lipids, a greater diversity of opportunistic organisms are able to colonize the surface of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J Pyle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Methinee Artami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Marshall Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos Arana
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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4
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Harris-Tryon TA. The scent of a microbe: how host viral infection increases mosquito attraction. Cell Res 2022; 32:1040-1041. [PMID: 36071215 PMCID: PMC9715705 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Human skin forms a protective barrier against the external environment and is our first line of defense against toxic, solar, and pathogenic insults. Our skin also defines our outward appearance, protects our internal tissues and organs, acts as a sensory interface, and prevents dehydration. Crucial to the skin's barrier function is the colonizing microbiota, which provides protection against pathogens, tunes immune responses, and fortifies the epithelium. Here we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how the microbiota mediates multiple facets of skin barrier function. We discuss recent insights into pathological host-microbiota interactions and implications for disorders of the skin and distant organs. Finally, we examine how microbiota-based mechanisms can be targeted to prevent or manage skin disorders and impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Zhang C, Hu Z, Lone AG, Artami M, Edwards M, Zouboulis CC, Stein M, Harris-Tryon TA. Small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs) are epidermally produced antimicrobial proteins that defend the cutaneous barrier by direct bacterial membrane disruption. eLife 2022; 11:76729. [PMID: 35234613 PMCID: PMC8912919 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin functions as a physical barrier, preventing the entry of foreign pathogens while also accommodating a myriad of commensal microorganisms. A key contributor to the skin landscape is the sebaceous gland. Mice devoid of sebocytes are prone to skin infection, yet our understanding of how sebocytes function in host defense is incomplete. Here we show that the small proline-rich proteins, SPRR1 and SPRR2 are bactericidal in skin. SPRR1B and SPPR2A were induced in human sebocytes by exposure to the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Colonization of germ-free mice was insufficient to trigger increased SPRR expression in mouse skin, but LPS injected into mouse skin triggered the expression of the mouse SPRR orthologous genes, Sprr1a and Sprr2a, through stimulation of MYD88. Both mouse and human SPRR proteins displayed potent bactericidal activity against MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and skin commensals. Thus, Sprr1a-/-;Sprr2a-/- mice are more susceptible to MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infection. Lastly, mechanistic studies demonstrate that SPRR proteins exert their bactericidal activity through binding and disruption of the bacterial membrane. Taken together, these findings provide insight into the regulation and antimicrobial function of SPRR proteins in skin and how the skin defends the host against systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zehan Hu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Abdul G Lone
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Methinee Artami
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Marshall Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Department of Dermatology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodore Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Maggie Stein
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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7
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Hu Z, Zhang C, Sifuentes-Dominguez L, Zarek CM, Propheter DC, Kuang Z, Wang Y, Pendse M, Ruhn KA, Hassell B, Behrendt CL, Zhang B, Raj P, Harris-Tryon TA, Reese TA, Hooper LV. Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection. Science 2021; 374:eabe6723. [PMID: 34735226 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe6723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A diverse group of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) helps protect the mammalian intestine from varied microbial challenges. We show that small proline-rich protein 2A (SPRR2A) is an intestinal antibacterial protein that is phylogenetically unrelated to previously discovered mammalian AMPs. In this study, SPRR2A was expressed in Paneth cells and goblet cells and selectively killed Gram-positive bacteria by disrupting their membranes. SPRR2A shaped intestinal microbiota composition, restricted bacterial association with the intestinal surface, and protected against Listeria monocytogenes infection. SPRR2A differed from other intestinal AMPs in that it was induced by type 2 cytokines produced during helminth infection. Moreover, SPRR2A protected against helminth-induced bacterial invasion of intestinal tissue. Thus, SPRR2A is a distinctive AMP triggered by type 2 immunity that protects the intestinal barrier during helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehan Hu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chenlu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luis Sifuentes-Dominguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christina M Zarek
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel C Propheter
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zheng Kuang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mihir Pendse
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kelly A Ruhn
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian Hassell
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cassie L Behrendt
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tiffany A Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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8
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Mariottoni P, Jiang SW, Prestwood CA, Jain V, Suwanpradid J, Whitley MJ, Coates M, Brown DA, Erdmann D, Corcoran DL, Gregory SG, Jaleel T, Zhang JY, Harris-Tryon TA, MacLeod AS. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Cellular and Transcriptional Changes Associated With M1 Macrophage Polarization in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:665873. [PMID: 34504848 PMCID: PMC8421606 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.665873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent abscesses, nodules, and sinus tracts in areas of high hair follicle and sweat gland density. These sinus tracts can present with purulent drainage and scar formation. Dysregulation of multiple immune pathways drives the complexity of HS pathogenesis and may account for the heterogeneity of treatment response in HS patients. Using transcriptomic approaches, including single-cell sequencing and protein analysis, we here characterize the innate inflammatory landscape of HS lesions. We identified a shared upregulation of genes involved in interferon (IFN) and antimicrobial defense signaling through transcriptomic overlap analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in datasets from HS skin, diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), and the inflammatory stage of normal healing wounds. Overlap analysis between HS- and DFU-specific DEGs revealed an enrichment of gene signatures associated with monocyte/macrophage functions. Single-cell RNA sequencing further revealed monocytes/macrophages with polarization toward a pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype and increased effector function, including antiviral immunity, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Specifically, we identified the STAT1/IFN-signaling axis and the associated IFN-stimulated genes as central players in monocyte/macrophage dysregulation. Our data indicate that monocytes/macrophages are a potential pivotal player in HS pathogenesis and their pathways may serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers in HS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mariottoni
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Simon W. Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Courtney A. Prestwood
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Melodi Javid Whitley
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Margaret Coates
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David A. Brown
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Detlev Erdmann
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David L. Corcoran
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Simon G. Gregory
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tarannum Jaleel
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tamia A. Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Amanda S. MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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9
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Pineider J, Liu M, Harris-Tryon TA. Rapidly progressive tumors of the neck. JAAD Case Rep 2021; 13:156-157. [PMID: 34345642 PMCID: PMC8319678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pineider
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Melinda Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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10
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Chinnappan M, Harris-Tryon TA. Novel mechanisms of microbial crosstalk with skin innate immunity. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1484-1495. [PMID: 34252227 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin is an organ with a dynamic ecosystem that harbours pathogenic and commensal microbes, which constantly communicate amongst each other and with the host immune system. Evolutionarily, skin and its microbiota have evolved to remain in homeostasis. However, frequently this homeostatic relationship is disturbed by a variety of factors such as environmental stress, diet, genetic mutations, and the microbiome itself. Commensal microbes also play a major role in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis. In addition to their ability to limit pathogens, many skin commensals such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes have recently been implicated in disease pathogenesis either by directly modulating the host immune components or by supporting the expansion of other pathogenic microbes. Likewise, opportunistic skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus lugdunensis are able to breach the skin and cause disease. Though much has been established about the microbiota's function in skin immunity, we are in a time where newer mechanistic insights rapidly redefine our understanding of the host/microbial interface in the skin. In this review, we provide a concise summary of recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between host defense strategies and the skin microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Chinnappan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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11
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Harris-Tryon TA, Bel S. A Staphylococcus Path to Improved Therapeutics in Atopic Dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol 2021; 157:2781295. [PMID: 34132734 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Shai Bel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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12
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Reese TA, Harris-Tryon TA, Gill JG, Banaszynski LA. Supporting women in academia during and after a global pandemic. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabg9310. [PMID: 33627436 PMCID: PMC7904251 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Reese
- Tiffany A. Reese, Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Tamia A. Harris-Tryon, Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Jennifer G. Gill, Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Laura A. Banaszynski, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Tiffany A. Reese, Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Tamia A. Harris-Tryon, Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Jennifer G. Gill, Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Laura A. Banaszynski, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Jennifer G Gill
- Tiffany A. Reese, Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Tamia A. Harris-Tryon, Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Jennifer G. Gill, Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Laura A. Banaszynski, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Laura A Banaszynski
- Tiffany A. Reese, Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Tamia A. Harris-Tryon, Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Jennifer G. Gill, Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Laura A. Banaszynski, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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