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Janmohamed A, Doledec D, Dissieka R, Jalloh UH, Juneja S, Beye M, Ndiaye F, Jumbe T, Baker MM. Vitamin A supplementation coverage and associated factors for children aged 6 to 59 months in integrated and campaign-based delivery systems in four sub-Saharan African countries. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1189. [PMID: 38678255 PMCID: PMC11055222 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a leading contributor to the poor health and nutrition of young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Funding constraints are compelling many countries to shift from longstanding campaigns to integrating vitamin A supplementation (VAS) into routine health services. We assessed child VAS coverage and associated factors for integrated delivery systems in Mozambique, Senegal, and Sierra Leone and for a campaign-based delivery strategy in Tanzania. METHODS Data were obtained using representative household surveys administered to primary caregivers of N = 16,343 children aged 6-59 months (Mozambique: N = 1,659; Senegal: N = 7,254; Sierra Leone: N = 4,149; Tanzania: N = 3,281). Single-dose VAS coverage was assessed and bivariate and multivariable associations were examined for child VAS receipt with respect to rural or urban residence; child age and sex; maternal age, education, and VAS program knowledge; and household wealth. RESULTS VAS coverage for children aged 6-59 months was 42.8% (95% CI: 40.2, 45.6) in Mozambique, 46.1% (95% CI: 44.9, 47.4) in Senegal, 86.9% (95% CI: 85.8, 87.9) in Sierra Leone, and 42.4% (95% CI: 40.2, 44.6) in Tanzania and was significantly higher for children 6-11 vs. 24-59 months in Mozambique, Senegal, and Tanzania. In Sierra Leone, children aged 12-23 months (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.86) and 24-59 months (aOR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.25) were more likely to receive VAS, compared to those 6-11 months. Maternal awareness of VAS programs was associated with higher uptake in Mozambique (aOR = 4.00; 95% CI: 2.81, 5.68), Senegal (aOR = 2.72; 95% CI: 2.35, 3.15), and Tanzania (aOR = 14.50; 95% CI: 10.98, 19.17). Increased household wealth was associated with a higher likelihood of child VAS in Senegal and Tanzania. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate routine delivery approaches for VAS are not achieving the level of coverage needed for public health impact in these settings. Intensive outreach efforts contributed to the higher coverage in Sierra Leone and highlight the importance of reducing the burdens associated with seeking supplementation at health facilities. As countries move towards incorporating VAS into routine health services, the essentiality of informed communities and potential losses for older children and socio-economically disadvantaged populations are key considerations in the sub-Saharan African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amynah Janmohamed
- Helen Keller International Vitamin A Supplementation Africa Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Doledec
- Helen Keller International Vitamin A Supplementation Africa Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Romance Dissieka
- Helen Keller International Vitamin A Supplementation Africa Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Umu H Jalloh
- Helen Keller International, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | | | - Melissa M Baker
- Helen Keller International Vitamin A Supplementation Africa Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Makori N, Masanja H, Masumo R, Rashid S, Jumbe T, Tegeye M, Esau D, Muiruri J, Mchau G, Mafung'a SH, Moshi C, Shosho N, Kwara V, Mshida H, Leyna G. Efficacy of ready-to-use food supplement for treatment of moderate acute malnutrition among children aged 6 to 59 months. Matern Child Nutr 2024; 20:e13602. [PMID: 38192064 PMCID: PMC10981477 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) is a persistent public health problem in Tanzania. The current approach for its management is nutrition counselling. However, there has been no commercial production of ready-to-use supplementary foods for the management of MAM in the country but rather imported from companies outside the country. The objective of the study was to determine the ability of a ready-to-use food supplementation versus corn soya blend (CSB+) to manage MAM. The randomised controlled trial employed three parallel arm approach. The first arm received CSB+ and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) counselling, the second arm received ready-to-use food (RUF) and IYCF counselling and the third arm, a control group, received IYCF as standard care for three consecutive months. Results indicated that the overall proportion of children who recovered from MAM was 65.6%. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in the proportion of children who recovered from MAM between the three arms (CSB+, RUF and standard care). Results revealed further a high recovery rate of 83.7% in the RUF arm, followed by 71.9% in the CSB+ arm and 41% in the standard care arm. The risk differences for RUF compared with CSB+ and standard care were 11.8% and 42.7%, respectively. RUFs can be used as an alternative supplement to conventional CSB+ for the management of MAM in children and, thus, has the potential to scale up its use to address the problem of MAM among 6 to 59 months' children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyabasi Makori
- Department of Nutrition Education and Training (NET)Tanzania Food and Nutrition CentreDar es salaamTanzania
| | - Hope Masanja
- Department of Nutrition Education and Training (NET)Tanzania Food and Nutrition CentreDar es salaamTanzania
| | - Ray Masumo
- Department of Nutrition Education and Training (NET)Tanzania Food and Nutrition CentreDar es salaamTanzania
| | - Suleman Rashid
- Department of Food Science and AgroprocessingSokoine University of AgricultureMorogoroTanzania
| | - Theresia Jumbe
- Department of Food Science and AgroprocessingSokoine University of AgricultureMorogoroTanzania
| | | | | | | | - Geofrey Mchau
- Department of Nutrition Education and Training (NET)Tanzania Food and Nutrition CentreDar es salaamTanzania
| | - Stanslaus H. Mafung'a
- Department of Nutrition Education and Training (NET)Tanzania Food and Nutrition CentreDar es salaamTanzania
| | - Cypriana Moshi
- Department of Nutrition Education and Training (NET)Tanzania Food and Nutrition CentreDar es salaamTanzania
| | | | - Vera Kwara
- World Food ProgrammeDar Es SalaamTanzania
| | - Hoyce Mshida
- Department of Nutrition Education and Training (NET)Tanzania Food and Nutrition CentreDar es salaamTanzania
| | - Germana Leyna
- Department of Nutrition Education and Training (NET)Tanzania Food and Nutrition CentreDar es salaamTanzania
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMuhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamTanzania
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Mchau G, Killel E, Azizi K, Henry S, Ainan S, Jumbe T, Bundara N, Kystikila W, Mwingira F, Machafuko P, Wilson B, Paulo HA, Epimack S, Mshinda H, Chacky F, Noor R, Masumo R, Leyna G. Co-occurrence of Overweight, Stunting, and Anemia among Adolescents (10-19 Years) in Tanzania Mainland: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102016. [PMID: 38304732 PMCID: PMC10832378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence on double and triple burdens of malnutrition among adolescents is an essential key to informing policy design, implementation, and tracking progress of adolescent nutritional programs. Tanzania has a scarcity of studies on the double and triple burden of malnutrition among adolescents. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the co-occurrence of malnutrition (overweight, stunting, and anemia) among adolescents (10-19 y) in mainland Tanzania. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 44,120 primary school adolescents aged 10 to 19 y in mainland Tanzania. Anthropometric assessments (weight, height, and body mass index), dietary assessments, and hemoglobin levels were used to calculate the single, double, and triple burden of malnutrition. Data were analyzed using Stata software 15. The chi-square test was used to test the association between the nutrition condition and social demographic variables, physical activity, and dietary quality. Log-binomial models were used to determine factors associated with stunting, overweight, and anemia. Multivariable log-binomial models were used to control confounders. All analyses were 2-tailed, and the significance level was set at 5%. Results The prevalence of anemia was 34.1%, while stunting and overweight had a prevalence of 32% and 4.2%, respectively. Approximately 41.7%, 13.5%, and 0.3% had single, double, and triple burden malnutrition-related conditions, respectively. Females were found to have a higher risk of being overweight compared with males (relative risk [RR]: 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21, 1.45), while engaging in moderate to low levels of physical activity was associated with a decreased risk of being overweight. Additionally, residing in urban areas was linked to a decreased risk of stunting (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.80) and a 27% lower risk of anemia when compared with participants from rural areas. Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that the complex nature of malnutrition among school adolescents warrants consideration when designing policies and interventions to reduce the burden of malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geofrey Mchau
- Department of Community Health and Nutrition, Tanzania Food Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Erick Killel
- Department of Community Health and Nutrition, Tanzania Food Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kaunara Azizi
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Tanzania Food Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stanslaus Henry
- Department of Community Health and Nutrition, Tanzania Food Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Samafilan Ainan
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Theresia Jumbe
- Hellen Keller International (HKI), Tanzania
- Department of Human Nutrition and Consumer Studies, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania
| | | | - Wiggins Kystikila
- Department of Statistics, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Bwire Wilson
- Department of Statistics, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Heavenlight A. Paulo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sauli Epimack
- Department of Community Health and Nutrition, Tanzania Food Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Hoyce Mshinda
- Department of Community Health and Nutrition, Tanzania Food Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Frank Chacky
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health (MoH), Tanzania
| | | | - Ray Masumo
- Department of Community Health and Nutrition, Tanzania Food Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Germana Leyna
- Department of Community Health and Nutrition, Tanzania Food Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Basheikh ZO, Jumbe T, Kulwa K. Perception and attitudes of street food vendors toward the healthiness of meals prepared and sold in Dodoma. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:3885-3897. [PMID: 37457159 PMCID: PMC10345679 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of street meals among urban dwellers has become inevitable, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It has been linked to higher incidence of dietary-related diseases. Vendors' perceptions and attitudes toward the healthiness of meals can influence nutritional quality of the offered meals. Therefore, the study aimed to assess perceptions and attitudes of vendors toward healthy and unhealthy meals as well as the healthiness of meals they prepare and sell. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 384 street food vendors. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using semistructured questionnaire. Pearson Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used in comparing and testing for the association of perceptions and attitudes to vendors' characteristics. Street food vendors that took part in this study demonstrated good perceptions based on what they perceived to be healthy meals (58.33%) and positive attitudes (95.57%) toward preparation and provision of healthy meals. Perceptions were associated with sex (p = .007), education level (p = .002), and investment cost (p = .000). Results from logistic regression showed that better perceptions of healthy meals were associated with being female (OR = 2.46, p-value < .031), having higher education (OR = 11.88, p-value < .042), and vending experience of 1-5 years and more than 5 years (OR = 3.17, 2.95, p-value < .019, .039, respectively) while having moderate investment cost showed significant lower chances of having better perceptions (OR = 0.33, p-value < .001). Attitudes were associated with sex (p = .002), age (p = .002), marital status (p = .013), education (p = .009), and vending experience (p = .008). Female vendors, having 25 years of age and above, living with partners, with tertiary education, and having vending experience of more than 1 year had shown to have more positive attitudes toward healthy meals. Generally, street food vendors had good perceptions and attitudes toward healthy meals. This implies possible room for change and adoption of better ways of preparing meals. These findings could be used as a stepping stone in improving nutritional and healthy quality of street meals. Increased efforts are needed on the inclusion of nutritional aspects of healthy meals as they were merely considered by vendors. Future interventions on these vendors should focus more on male vendors, vendors with little vending experience, and little education as they had shown to have relatively poorer attitudes and perceptions compared to other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalia Omary Basheikh
- Department of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Theresia Jumbe
- Department of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Kissa Kulwa
- Department of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania
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Gowele VF, Kinabo J, Jumbe T, Rybak C, Stuetz W. High Prevalence of Stunting and Anaemia Is Associated with Multiple Micronutrient Deficiencies in School Children of Small-Scale Farmers from Chamwino and Kilosa Districts, Tanzania. Nutrients 2021; 13:1576. [PMID: 34066852 PMCID: PMC8151684 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate macro- and micronutrient nutrition and its consequences, such as anaemia, iron and vitamin deficiency, and growth retardation, could particularly affect children of small-scale farmers. In the present cross-sectional study, 666 school children aged 5-10 years from villages of Chamwino and Kilosa districts were studied for associations between nutritional and micronutrient status and dietary intake. The overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, and overweight was 28.1, 14.4, and 5%, while that of anaemia and deficiency of iron (ID), vitamin A (VAD), and zinc (ZnD) was 42.9, 29.3, 24.9, and 26.4%, respectively. Dietary recalls (24h) revealed that, except of iron (74%), only small proportions of children reached the recommended daily micronutrient intakes: 4% for zinc, 19% for vitamin A, and 14-46% for B vitamins. Stunting was highly associated with wasting in both districts and with VAD in Chamwino. Anaemia was predicted by ID, VAD, and ZnD in Chamwino and by elevated infection markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α-1 glycoprotein (AGP), in Kilosa. Overall, elevated CRP and/or AGP increased the risk while higher serum carotenoids indicating a diet of more fruit and vegetables reduced the risk of VAD. The significantly lower prevalence of anaemia and ID in Chamwino was related to higher iron and vitamin A intake and the consumption of mainly bulrush millet with dark green leafy vegetables compared to maize or rice with legumes in Kilosa. Nutrition and hygiene education integrated with home and school garden programmes could reduce the multiple burdens of anaemia; micronutrient deficiencies and infections; and, in the long term, the prevalence of stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Flavian Gowele
- Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3006, Tanzania; (V.F.G.); (J.K.); (T.J.)
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joyce Kinabo
- Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3006, Tanzania; (V.F.G.); (J.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Theresia Jumbe
- Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3006, Tanzania; (V.F.G.); (J.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Constance Rybak
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Stuetz
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Bundala N, Kinabo J, Jumbe T, Rybak C, Sieber S. Does homestead livestock production and ownership contribute to consumption of animal source foods? A pre-intervention assessment of rural farming communities in Tanzania. Scientific African 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Bundala N, Kinabo J, Jumbe T, Bonatti M, Rybak C, Sieber S. Gaps in knowledge and practice on dietary consumption among rural farming households; a call for nutrition education training in Tanzania. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:341-351. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1655533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nyamizi Bundala
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SusLAND: Sustainable Land Use in Developing Countries, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF e. V), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Joyce Kinabo
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Theresia Jumbe
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Michelle Bonatti
- SusLAND: Sustainable Land Use in Developing Countries, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF e. V), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Constance Rybak
- SusLAND: Sustainable Land Use in Developing Countries, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF e. V), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Sieber
- SusLAND: Sustainable Land Use in Developing Countries, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF e. V), Müncheberg, Germany
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Gowele VF, Kinabo J, Jumbe T, Kirschmann C, Frank J, Stuetz W. Provitamin A Carotenoids, Tocopherols, Ascorbic Acid and Minerals in Indigenous Leafy Vegetables from Tanzania. Foods 2019; 8:foods8010035. [PMID: 30669425 PMCID: PMC6352189 DOI: 10.3390/foods8010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential micronutrients in indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) could substantially contribute to the micronutrient supply in rural communities in Tanzania, but concentrations differ between species. Provitamin A carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, minerals, and phytate were analysed in 13 different species using HPLC-, ICP-OES, and photometric techniques. Eight of the 13 ILVs, including Amaranthus ssp. and Sesamum angustifolium, had high β-carotene concentrations (2.91–4.84 mg/100 g fresh weight), which could provide ≥50% of vitamin A’s recommended nutrient intake (RNI). Six ILVs including Cleome hirta and Sonchus luxurians had high iron contents (34.5–60.4 mg/100 g, >50% RNI); Amaranthus ssp. represented the ILV with high calcium, magnesium and zinc contents (85%, 207% and 21% of RNI per 100 g); Cleome hirta and Cleome gynandra had high ascorbic acid contents (>15 mg/100 g, 34–35% of RNI), while Sesamum angustifolium was the only ILV with a high tocopherol content (7.34 mg α-TE/100 g). The highest phytate concentration was found in Amaranthus ssp., which could negatively affect its role as a very good source of minerals. Results indicate that the analysed ILVs could make a substantial contribution to the vitamin A and iron supply in the diets of rural Tanzanian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Flavian Gowele
- Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Joyce Kinabo
- Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Theresia Jumbe
- Department of Food Technology Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Carolyn Kirschmann
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Stuetz
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Jumbe T, Comstock SS, Hahn SL, Harris WS, Kinabo J, Fenton JI. Whole Blood Levels of the n-6 Essential Fatty Acid Linoleic Acid Are Inversely Associated with Stunting in 2-to-6 Year Old Tanzanian Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154715. [PMID: 27137223 PMCID: PMC4854382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Tanzania, 35% of all children below five years of age are stunted. Dietary fatty acids (FA) are critical for growth and development. However, whole blood FA levels in Tanzanian children are poorly described. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to assess 1) whole blood levels of essential fatty acids and 2) the association between whole blood FA levels and growth parameters in Tanzanian children 2-6 years of age. METHODS A drop of blood was collected on an antioxidant treated card and analyzed for FA composition. Weight and height were measured and z-scores calculated. Relationships between FAs and growth parameters were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS Of the 334 children that participated, 30.3% were stunted. The average whole blood level of Mead acid was 0.15%. The anthropometric z-score height-for-age (HAZ) was inversely associated with Mead acid, the Mead acid to arachidonic acid (T/T) ratio, and total n-9 FA. Additionally, HAZ was positively associated with linoleic acid and total n-6 FA. BMI-for-age was positively associated with oleic acid, total n-9 FA and T/T ratio but inversely associated with arachidonic acid and total n-6 FA. Weight-for-height was inversely associated with arachidonic acid and total n-6 FAs and positively associated with oleic acid and total n-9 FA. Weight-for-age was not associated with any FA tested. Total n-3 FAs were not associated with any growth parameters measured. CONCLUSIONS The EFA linoleic acid and the markers of FA deficiency were associated with HAZ, an indicator for stunting in 2-6 year old Tanzanian children. Total n-6, total n-9, and a number of individual FAs were associated with growth. Increasing dietary intake of EFA and n-6 FAs may be a strategy to combat stunting in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Jumbe
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sarah S. Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Hahn
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - William S. Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota and OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Joyce Kinabo
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jenifer I. Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jumbe T, Hahn S, Harris W, Kinabo J, Pontifex M, Fenton J. Association between fatty acid status and executive function in Tanzanian children aged 2‐6. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.598.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Jumbe
- >Food Science & Human Nutrition & KinesiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUnited States
| | - Samantha Hahn
- >Food Science & Human Nutrition & KinesiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUnited States
| | - William Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota and OmegaQuant Analytics, LLCUnited States
| | - Joyce Kinabo
- Food Science and TechnologySokoine University of AgricultureUnited Republic of Tanzania
| | - Matthew Pontifex
- >Food Science & Human Nutrition & KinesiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUnited States
| | - Jenifer Fenton
- >Food Science & Human Nutrition & KinesiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUnited States
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Hahn S, Jumbe T, Harris W, Kinabo J, Fenton J. Association of blood fatty acids and growth in Tanzanian children 2‐6 years of age. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.31.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hahn
- Food Science & Human NutritionMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUnited States
| | - Theresia Jumbe
- Food Science & Human NutritionMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUnited States
| | - William Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota and OmegaQuant Analytics, LLCUnited States
| | - Joyce Kinabo
- Food Science and TechnologySokoine University of AgricultureTanzania, United Republic of
| | - Jenifer Fenton
- Food Science & Human NutritionMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUnited States
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