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Casas B, Vilén L, Bauer S, Kanebratt KP, Wennberg Huldt C, Magnusson L, Marx U, Andersson TB, Gennemark P, Cedersund G. Integrated experimental-computational analysis of a HepaRG liver-islet microphysiological system for human-centric diabetes research. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010587. [PMID: 36260620 PMCID: PMC9621595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) are powerful tools for emulating human physiology and replicating disease progression in vitro. MPS could be better predictors of human outcome than current animal models, but mechanistic interpretation and in vivo extrapolation of the experimental results remain significant challenges. Here, we address these challenges using an integrated experimental-computational approach. This approach allows for in silico representation and predictions of glucose metabolism in a previously reported MPS with two organ compartments (liver and pancreas) connected in a closed loop with circulating medium. We developed a computational model describing glucose metabolism over 15 days of culture in the MPS. The model was calibrated on an experiment-specific basis using data from seven experiments, where HepaRG single-liver or liver-islet cultures were exposed to both normal and hyperglycemic conditions resembling high blood glucose levels in diabetes. The calibrated models reproduced the fast (i.e. hourly) variations in glucose and insulin observed in the MPS experiments, as well as the long-term (i.e. over weeks) decline in both glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. We also investigated the behaviour of the system under hypoglycemia by simulating this condition in silico, and the model could correctly predict the glucose and insulin responses measured in new MPS experiments. Last, we used the computational model to translate the experimental results to humans, showing good agreement with published data of the glucose response to a meal in healthy subjects. The integrated experimental-computational framework opens new avenues for future investigations toward disease mechanisms and the development of new therapies for metabolic disorders. Microphysiological systems (MPS) are powerful tools to unravel biological knowledge underlying disease. MPS provide a physiologically relevant, human-based in vitro setting, which can potentially yield better translatability to humans than current animal models and traditional cell cultures. However, mechanistic interpretation and extrapolation of the experimental results to human outcome remain significant challenges. In this study, we confront these challenges using an integrated experimental-computational approach. We present a computational model describing glucose metabolism in a previously reported MPS integrating liver and pancreas. This MPS supports a homeostatic feedback loop between HepaRG/HHSteC spheroids and pancreatic islets, and allows for detailed investigations of mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes in humans. We show that the computational model captures the complex dynamics of glucose-insulin regulation observed in the system, and can provide mechanistic insight into disease progression features, such as insulin resistance and β-cell dynamics. Furthermore, the computational model can explain key differences in temporal dynamics between MPS and human responses, and thus provides a tool for translating experimental insights into human outcome. The integrated experimental-computational framework opens new avenues for future investigations toward disease mechanisms and the development of new therapies for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Casas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Liisa Vilén
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kajsa P. Kanebratt
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Wennberg Huldt
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Magnusson
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Cedersund
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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2
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Eide Kvitne K, Hole K, Krogstad V, Wollmann BM, Wegler C, Johnson LK, Hertel JK, Artursson P, Karlsson C, Andersson S, Andersson TB, Sandbu R, Hjelmesæth J, Skovlund E, Christensen H, Jansson-Löfmark R, Åsberg A, Molden E, Robertsen I. Correlations between 4β-hydroxycholesterol and hepatic and intestinal CYP3A4: protein expression, microsomal ex vivo activity, and in vivo activity in patients with a wide body weight range. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 78:1289-1299. [PMID: 35648149 PMCID: PMC9283167 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Variability in cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) metabolism is mainly caused by non-genetic factors, hence providing a need for accurate phenotype biomarkers. Although 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βOHC) is a promising endogenous CYP3A4 biomarker, additional investigations are required to evaluate its ability to predict CYP3A4 activity. This study investigated the correlations between 4βOHC concentrations and hepatic and intestinal CYP3A4 protein expression and ex vivo microsomal activity in paired liver and jejunum samples, as well as in vivo CYP3A4 phenotyping (midazolam) in patients with a wide body weight range. METHODS The patients (n = 96; 78 with obesity and 18 normal or overweight individuals) were included from the COCKTAIL-study (NCT02386917). Plasma samples for analysis of 4βOHC and midazolam concentrations, and liver (n = 56) and jejunal (n = 38) biopsies were obtained. The biopsies for determination of CYP3A4 protein concentration and microsomal activity were obtained during gastric bypass or cholecystectomy. In vivo CYP3A4 phenotyping was performed using semi-simultaneous oral (1.5 mg) and intravenous (1.0 mg) midazolam. RESULTS 4βOHC concentrations were positively correlated with hepatic microsomal CYP3A4 activity (ρ = 0.53, p < 0.001), and hepatic CYP3A4 concentrations (ρ = 0.30, p = 0.027), but not with intestinal CYP3A4 concentrations (ρ = 0.18, p = 0.28) or intestinal microsomal CYP3A4 activity (ρ = 0.15, p = 0.53). 4βOHC concentrations correlated weakly with midazolam absolute bioavailability (ρ = - 0.23, p = 0.027) and apparent oral clearance (ρ = 0.28, p = 0.008), but not with systemic clearance (ρ = - 0.03, p = 0.81). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that 4βOHC concentrations reflect hepatic, but not intestinal, CYP3A4 activity. Further studies should investigate the potential value of 4βOHC as an endogenous biomarker for individual dose requirements of intravenously administered CYP3A4 substrate drugs. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical. TRIALS gov identifier: NCT02386917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kine Eide Kvitne
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kristine Hole
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veronica Krogstad
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Line K Johnson
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Jens K Hertel
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Karlsson
- Clinical Metabolism, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Late-Stage Development, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rune Sandbu
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Deparment of Surgery, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Jøran Hjelmesæth
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hege Christensen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplant Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Molden
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Robertsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Kvitne KE, Krogstad V, Wegler C, Johnson LK, K Kringen M, Hovd MH, Hertel JK, Heijer M, Sandbu R, Skovlund E, Artursson P, Karlsson C, Andersson S, Andersson TB, Hjelmesaeth J, Åsberg A, Jansson-Löfmark R, Christensen H, Robertsen I. Short- and long-term effects of body weight, calorie restriction, and gastric bypass on CYP1A2-, CYP2C19-, and CYP2C9 activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4121-4133. [PMID: 35404513 PMCID: PMC9541356 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) may influence drug disposition due to surgery‐induced gastrointestinal alterations and/or subsequent weight loss. The objective was to compare short‐ and long‐term effects of RYGB and diet on the metabolic ratios of paraxanthine/caffeine (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 1A2 activity), 5‐hydroxyomeprazole/omeprazole (CYP2C19 activity) and losartan/losartan carboxylic acid (CYP2C9 activity), and cross‐sectionally compare these CYP‐activities with normal‐to‐overweight controls. Methods This trial included patients with severe obesity preparing for RYGB (n = 40) or diet‐induced (n = 41) weight loss, and controls (n = 18). Both weight loss groups underwent a 3‐week low‐energy diet (<1200 kcal/day, weeks 0‐3) followed by a 6‐week very‐low‐energy diet or RYGB (both <800 kcal/day, weeks 3‐9). Follow‐up time was 2 years, with four pharmacokinetic investigations. Results Mean ± SD weight loss from baseline was similar in the RYGB‐group (13 ± 2.4%) and the diet group (10.5 ± 3.9%) at week 9, but differed at year 2 (RYGB −30 ± 6.9%, diet −3.1 ± 6.3%). From weeks 0 to 3, mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) CYP2C19 activity similarly increased in both groups (RYGB 43% [16, 55], diet 48% [22, 60]). Mean CYP2C19 activity increased by 30% (2.6, 43) after RYGB (weeks 3‐9), but not in the diet‐group (between‐group difference −0.30 [−0.63, 0.03]). CYP2C19 activity remained elevated in the RYGB group at year 2. Baseline CYP2C19 activity was 2.7‐fold higher in controls compared with patients with obesity, whereas no difference was observed in CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 activities. Conclusion Our findings suggest that CYP2C19 activity is lower in patients with obesity and increases following weight loss. This may be clinically relevant for drug dosing. No clinically significant effect on CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 activities was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kine Eide Kvitne
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veronica Krogstad
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne K Kringen
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Herberg Hovd
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens K Hertel
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Maria Heijer
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rune Sandbu
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Surgery, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Karlsson
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Research and Early Development, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jøran Hjelmesaeth
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hege Christensen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Robertsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Wegler C, Wiśniewski JR, Robertsen I, Christensen H, Hertel JK, Hjelmesaeth J, Jansson-Löfmark R, Åsberg A, Andersson TB, Artursson P. Drug disposition protein quantification in matched human jejunum and liver from donors with obesity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 111:1142-1154. [PMID: 35158408 PMCID: PMC9310776 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical models, such as physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic models, are used to predict, for example, drug disposition and toxicity. However, populations differ in the abundance of proteins involved in these processes. To improve the building and refinement of such models, they must take into account these interindividual variabilities. In this study, we used global proteomics to characterize the protein composition of jejunum and liver from 37 donors with obesity enrolled in the COCKTAIL study. Liver protein levels from the 37 donors were further compared with those from donors without obesity. We quantified thousands of proteins and could present the expression of several drug‐metabolizing enzymes, for the first time, in jejunum, many of which belong to the cytochrome P450 (CYP) (e.g., CYP2U1) and the amine oxidase (flavin‐containing) (e.g., monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)) families. Although we show that many metabolizing enzymes had greater expression in liver, others had higher expression in jejunum (such as, MAOA and CES2), indicating the role of the small intestine in extrahepatic drug metabolism. We further show that proteins involved in drug disposition are not correlated in the two donor‐matched tissues. These proteins also do not correlate with physiological factors such as body mass index, age, and inflammation status in either tissue. Furthermore, the majority of these proteins are not differently expressed in donors with or without obesity. Nonetheless, interindividual differences were considerable, with implications for personalized prediction models and systems pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.,DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ida Robertsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Christensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Kristoffer Hertel
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Boks, 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Jøran Hjelmesaeth
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Boks, 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Kvitne KE, Robertsen I, Skovlund E, Christensen H, Krogstad V, Wegler C, Angeles PC, Wollmann BM, Hole K, Johnson LK, Sandbu R, Artursson P, Karlsson C, Andersson S, Andersson TB, Hjelmesaeth J, Jansson-Löfmark R, Åsberg A. Short- and long-term effects of body weight loss following calorie restriction and gastric bypass on CYP3A-activity - a non-randomized three-armed controlled trial. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:221-233. [PMID: 34435745 PMCID: PMC8742654 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains uncertain whether pharmacokinetic changes following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) can be attributed to surgery-induced gastrointestinal alterations per se and/or the subsequent weight loss. The aim was to compare short- and long-term effects of RYGB and calorie restriction on CYP3A-activity, and cross-sectionally compare CYP3A-activity with normal weight to overweight controls using midazolam as probe drug. This three-armed controlled trial included patients with severe obesity preparing for RYGB (n = 41) or diet-induced (n = 41) weight-loss, and controls (n = 18). Both weight-loss groups underwent a 3-week low-energy-diet (<1200 kcal/day) followed by a 6-week very-low-energy-diet or RYGB (both <800 kcal/day). Patients were followed for 2 years, with four pharmacokinetic investigations using semisimultaneous oral and intravenous dosing to determine changes in midazolam absolute bioavailability and clearance, within and between groups. The RYGB and diet groups showed similar weight-loss at week 9 (13 ± 2.4% vs. 11 ± 3.6%), but differed substantially after 2 years (-30 ± 7.0% vs. -3.1 ± 6.3%). At baseline, mean absolute bioavailability and clearance of midazolam were similar in the RYGB and diet groups, but higher compared with controls. On average, absolute bioavailability was unaltered at week 9, but decreased by 40 ± 7.5% in the RYGB group and 32 ± 6.1% in the diet group at year 2 compared with baseline, with no between-group difference. No difference in clearance was observed over time, nor between groups. In conclusion, neither RYGB per se nor weight loss impacted absolute bioavailability or clearance of midazolam short term. Long term, absolute bioavailability was similarly decreased in both groups despite different weight loss, suggesting that the recovered CYP3A-activity is not only dependent on weight-loss through RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kine Eide Kvitne
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Robertsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hege Christensen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veronica Krogstad
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Philip Carlo Angeles
- Vestfold Hospital Trust, The Morbid Obesity Center, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Surgery, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Kristine Hole
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rune Sandbu
- Vestfold Hospital Trust, The Morbid Obesity Center, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Surgery, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Karlsson
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Research and Early Development, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jøran Hjelmesaeth
- Vestfold Hospital Trust, The Morbid Obesity Center, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Gopaul VS, Vildhede A, Andersson TB, Erlandsson F, Lee CA, Johansson S, Hilgendorf C. In Vitro Assessment of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Verinurad and Its Metabolites as Substrates and Inhibitors of Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:108-123. [PMID: 34074714 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Verinurad is a selective uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitor in development for the treatment of chronic kidney disease and heart failure. In humans, two major acyl glucuronide metabolites have been identified: direct glucuronide M1 and N-oxide glucuronide M8. Using in vitro systems recommended by regulatory agencies, we evaluated the interactions of verinurad, M1, and M8 with major drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters and the potential for clinically relevant drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The IC50 for inhibition of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4/5 for verinurad was ≥14.5 µM, and maximum free plasma concentration (Iu,max)/IC50 was <0.02 at the anticipated therapeutic Cmax and therefore not considered a DDI risk. Verinurad was not an inducer of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4/5. Verinurad was identified as a substrate of the hepatic uptake transporter organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B3. Since verinurad hepatic uptake involved both active and passive transport, there is a low risk of clinically relevant DDIs with OATP, and further study is warranted. Verinurad was a substrate of the efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and renal transporter organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), although it is not considered a DDI risk in vivo because of dose-proportional pharmacokinetics (P-gp and BCRP) and limited renal excretion of verinurad (OAT1). M1 and M8 were substrates of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2 and MRP4 and inhibitors of MRP2. Apart from verinurad being a substrate of OATP1B3 in vitro, the potential for clinically relevant DDIs involving verinurad and its metabolites as victims or perpetrators of metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters is considered low. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes have an important role in the absorption and disposition of a drug and its metabolites. Using in vitro systems recommended by regulatory agencies, we determined that, apart from verinurad being a substrate of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3, the potential for clinically relevant drug-drug interactions involving verinurad and its metabolites M1 and M8 as victims or perpetrators of metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters is considered low.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sashi Gopaul
- Early Research and Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (V.S.G, A.V., T.B.A, C.H.); CVRM Late Clinical, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (F.E.); Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA (C.A.L.); Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences & AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (S.J.)
| | - Anna Vildhede
- Early Research and Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (V.S.G, A.V., T.B.A, C.H.); CVRM Late Clinical, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (F.E.); Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA (C.A.L.); Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences & AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (S.J.)
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Early Research and Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (V.S.G, A.V., T.B.A, C.H.); CVRM Late Clinical, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (F.E.); Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA (C.A.L.); Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences & AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (S.J.)
| | - Fredrik Erlandsson
- Early Research and Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (V.S.G, A.V., T.B.A, C.H.); CVRM Late Clinical, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (F.E.); Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA (C.A.L.); Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences & AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (S.J.)
| | - Caroline A Lee
- Early Research and Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (V.S.G, A.V., T.B.A, C.H.); CVRM Late Clinical, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (F.E.); Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA (C.A.L.); Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences & AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (S.J.)
| | - Susanne Johansson
- Early Research and Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (V.S.G, A.V., T.B.A, C.H.); CVRM Late Clinical, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (F.E.); Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA (C.A.L.); Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences & AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (S.J.)
| | - Constanze Hilgendorf
- Early Research and Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (V.S.G, A.V., T.B.A, C.H.); CVRM Late Clinical, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (F.E.); Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA (C.A.L.); Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences & AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R&D Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden (S.J.)
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7
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Wegler C, Matsson P, Krogstad V, Urdzik J, Christensen H, Andersson TB, Artursson P. Influence of Proteome Profiles and Intracellular Drug Exposure on Differences in CYP Activity in Donor-Matched Human Liver Microsomes and Hepatocytes. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1792-1805. [PMID: 33739838 PMCID: PMC8041379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human liver microsomes (HLM) and human hepatocytes (HH) are important in vitro systems for studies of intrinsic drug clearance (CLint) in the liver. However, the CLint values are often in disagreement for these two systems. Here, we investigated these differences in a side-by-side comparison of drug metabolism in HLM and HH prepared from 15 matched donors. Protein expression and intracellular unbound drug concentration (Kpuu) effects on the CLint were investigated for five prototypical probe substrates (bupropion-CYP2B6, diclofenac-CYP2C9, omeprazole-CYP2C19, bufuralol-CYP2D6, and midazolam-CYP3A4). The samples were donor-matched to compensate for inter-individual variability but still showed systematic differences in CLint. Global proteomics analysis outlined differences in HLM from HH and homogenates of human liver (HL), indicating variable enrichment of ER-localized cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the HLM preparation. This suggests that the HLM may not equally and accurately capture metabolic capacity for all CYPs. Scaling CLint with CYP amounts and Kpuu could only partly explain the discordance in absolute values of CLint for the five substrates. Nevertheless, scaling with CYP amounts improved the agreement in rank order for the majority of the substrates. Other factors, such as contribution of additional enzymes and variability in the proportions of active and inactive CYP enzymes in HLM and HH, may have to be considered to avoid the use of empirical scaling factors for prediction of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wegler
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
- DMPK,
Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronica Krogstad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jozef Urdzik
- Department
of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hege Christensen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- DMPK,
Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department
of Pharmacy and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Kanebratt KP, Janefeldt A, Vilén L, Vildhede A, Samuelsson K, Milton L, Björkbom A, Persson M, Leandersson C, Andersson TB, Hilgendorf C. Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroid Model as a 3D In Vitro Platform for Metabolism Studies. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:422-431. [PMID: 33122050 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
3D cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are emerging as a more in vivo-like culture system than previously available hepatic models. This work describes the characterisation of drug metabolism in 3D PHH spheroids. Spheroids were formed from three different donors of PHH and the expression and activities of important cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4) were maintained for up to 21 days after seeding. The activity of CYP2B6 and 3A4 decreased, while the activity of CYP2C9 and 2D6 increased over time (P < 0.05). For six test compounds, that are metabolised by multiple enzymes, intrinsic clearance (CLint) values were comparable to standard in vitro hepatic models and successfully predicted in vivo CLint within 3-fold from observed values for low clearance compounds. Remarkably, the metabolic turnover of these low clearance compounds was reproducibly measured using only 1-3 spheroids, each composed of 2000 cells. Importantly, metabolites identified in the spheroid cultures reproduced the major metabolites observed in vivo, both primary and secondary metabolites were captured. In summary, the 3D PHH spheroid model shows promise to be used in drug discovery projects to study drug metabolism, including unknown mechanisms, over an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa P Kanebratt
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Annika Janefeldt
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liisa Vilén
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Vildhede
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristin Samuelsson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lucas Milton
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Björkbom
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Persson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Leandersson
- Physical & Analytical Chemistry, Research and Early Development Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Constanze Hilgendorf
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Matsson P, Baranczewski P, Giacomini KM, Andersson TB, Palm J, Palm K, Charman WN, Bergström CAS. A Tribute to Professor Per Artursson - Scientist, Explorer, Mentor, Innovator, and Giant in Pharmaceutical Research. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:2-11. [PMID: 33096136 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This issue of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is dedicated to Professor Per Artursson and the groundbreaking contributions he has made and continues to make in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Per is one of the most cited researchers in his field, with more than 30,000 citations and an h-index of 95 as of September 2020. Importantly, these citations are distributed over the numerous fields he has explored, clearly showing the high impact the research has had on the discipline. We provide a short portrait of Per, with emphasis on his personality, driving forces and the inspirational sources that shaped his career as a world-leading scientist in the field. He is a curious scientist who deftly moves between disciplines and has continued to innovate, expand boundaries, and profoundly impact the pharmaceutical sciences throughout his career. He has developed new tools and provided insights that have significantly contributed to today's molecular and mechanistic approaches to research in the fields of intestinal absorption, cellular disposition, and exposure-efficacy relationships of pharmaceutical drugs. We want to celebrate these important contributions in this special issue of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Per's honor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pawel Baranczewski
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Retired)
| | - Johan Palm
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katrin Palm
- Early Product Development and Manufacture, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - William N Charman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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10
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Krogstad V, Peric A, Robertsen I, Kringen MK, Vistnes M, Hjelmesæth J, Sandbu R, Johnson LK, Angeles PC, Jansson-Löfmark R, Karlsson C, Andersson S, Åsberg A, Andersson TB, Christensen H. Correlation of Body Weight and Composition With Hepatic Activities of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:432-437. [PMID: 33091408 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with comorbidities of which pharmacological treatment is needed. Physiological changes associated with obesity may influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs, but the effect of body weight on drug metabolism capacity remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate ex vivo activities of hepatic drug metabolizing CYP enzymes in patients covering a wide range of body weight. Liver biopsies from 36 individuals with a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 18 to 63 kg/m2 were obtained. Individual hepatic microsomes were prepared and activities of CYP3A, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 were determined. The unbound intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) values for CYP3A correlated negatively with body weight (r = -0.43, p < 0.01), waist circumference (r = -0.47, p < 0.01), hip circumference (r = -0.51, p < 0.01), fat percent (r = -0.41, p < 0.05), fat mass (r = -0.48, p < 0.01) and BMI (r = -0.46, p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that CLint,u values for CYP3A decreased with 5% with each 10% increase in body weight (r2 = 0.12, β = -0.558, p < 0.05). There were no correlations between body weight measures and CLint,u values for the other CYP enzymes investigated. These results indicate reduced hepatic metabolizing capacity of CYP3A substrates in patients with increasing body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Krogstad
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Peric
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida Robertsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne K Kringen
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Vistnes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jøran Hjelmesæth
- The Morbid Obesity Centre, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Sandbu
- The Morbid Obesity Centre, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Philip Carlo Angeles
- The Morbid Obesity Centre, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; Department of Surgery, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Karlsson
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Research and Early Development, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hege Christensen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Wegler C, Prieto Garcia L, Klinting S, Robertsen I, Wiśniewski JR, Hjelmesaeth J, Åsberg A, Jansson-Löfmark R, Andersson TB, Artursson P. Proteomics-Informed Prediction of Rosuvastatin Plasma Profiles in Patients With a Wide Range of Body Weight. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:762-771. [PMID: 32970864 PMCID: PMC7984432 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin is a frequently used probe to study transporter‐mediated hepatic uptake. Pharmacokinetic models have therefore been developed to predict transporter impact on rosuvastatin disposition in vivo. However, the interindividual differences in transporter concentrations were not considered in these models, and the predicted transporter impact was compared with historical in vivo data. In this study, we investigated the influence of interindividual transporter concentrations on the hepatic uptake clearance of rosuvastatin in 54 patients covering a wide range of body weight. The 54 patients were given an oral dose of rosuvastatin the day before undergoing gastric bypass or cholecystectomy, and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were established from each patient’s individual time‐concentration profiles. Liver biopsies were sampled from each patient and their individual hepatic transporter concentrations were quantified. We combined the transporter concentrations with in vitro uptake kinetics determined in HEK293‐transfected cells, and developed a semimechanistic model with a bottom‐up approach to predict the plasma concentration profiles of the single dose of rosuvastatin in each patient. The predicted PK parameters were evaluated against the measured in vivo plasma PKs from the same 54 patients. The developed model predicted the rosuvastatin PKs within two‐fold error for rosuvastatin area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC; 78% of the patients; average fold error (AFE): 0.96), peak plasma concentration (Cmax; 76%; AFE: 1.05), and terminal half‐life (t1/2; 98%; AFE: 0.89), and captured differences in the rosuvastatin PKs in patients with the OATP1B1 521T<C polymorphism. This demonstrates that hepatic uptake clearance determined in transfected cell lines, together with proteomics scaling, provides a useful tool for prediction models, without the need for empirical scaling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luna Prieto Garcia
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Signe Klinting
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Robertsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jøran Hjelmesaeth
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Wiebel FJ, Andersson TB, Casciano DA, Dickins M, Fischer V, Glatt H, Horbach J, Langenbach RJ, Luyten W, Turchi G, Vandewalle A. Genetically Engineered Cell Lines: Characterisation and Applications in Toxicity Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299702500605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- BIOMET Department, GlaxoWellcome, Building 2, Park Road, Ware SG12 ODP, UK
| | - Daniel A. Casciano
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, 59 route 10, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Maurice Dickins
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Abtl. Ernährungstoxikologie, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Volker Fischer
- RITOX, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Laboratory of Carcinogenesis/Mutagenesis, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jean Horbach
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutsebaan 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Langenbach
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università di Pisa, Via S. Giuseppe 22, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Walter Luyten
- INSERM U246, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Gino Turchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università di Pisa, Via S. Giuseppe 22, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alain Vandewalle
- INSERM U246, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
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13
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Hendriks DFG, Vorrink SU, Smutny T, Sim SC, Nordling Å, Ullah S, Kumondai M, Jones BC, Johansson I, Andersson TB, Lauschke VM, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Clinically Relevant Cytochrome P450 3A4 Induction Mechanisms and Drug Screening in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Primary Human Hepatocytes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:844-855. [PMID: 32320483 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 induction is an important cause of drug-drug interactions, making early identification of drug candidates with CYP3A4 induction liability in drug development a prerequisite. Here, we present three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) as a novel CYP3A4 induction screening model. Screening of 25 drugs (12 known CYP3A4 inducers in vivo and 13 negative controls) at physiologically relevant concentrations revealed a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity of the system. Three of the in vivo CYP3A4 inducers displayed much higher CYP3A4 induction capacity in 3D spheroid cultures as compared with in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Among those, we identified AZD1208, a proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinase inhibitor terminated in phase I of development due to unexpected CYP3A4 autoinduction, as a CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroids but not in 2D monolayer cultures. Gene knockdown experiments revealed that AZD1208 requires pregnane X receptor (PXR) to induce CYP3A4. Rifampicin requires solely PXR to induce CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, while phenobarbital-mediated induction of these CYPs did not show absolute dependency on either PXR or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), suggesting its ability to switch nuclear receptor activation. Mechanistic studies into AZD1208 uncovered an involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway in CYP3A4 induction that is sensitive to the culture format used, as revealed by its inhibition of ERK1/2 Tyrosine 204 phosphorylation and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor (EGF) pressure. In line, we also identified lapatinib, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR/HER2) inhibitor, as another CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroid culture. Our findings offer insights into the pathways involved in CYP3A4 induction and suggest PHH spheroids for preclinical CYP3A4 induction screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delilah F G Hendriks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah C Sim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahid Ullah
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Inger Johansson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Ghosheh N, Küppers-Munther B, Asplund A, Andersson CX, Björquist P, Andersson TB, Carén H, Simonsson S, Sartipy P, Synnergren J. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Show Higher Transcriptional Correlation with Adult Liver Tissue than with Fetal Liver Tissue. ACS Omega 2020; 5:4816-4827. [PMID: 32201767 PMCID: PMC7081255 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (hPSC-HEP) display many properties of mature hepatocytes, including expression of important genes of the drug metabolizing machinery, glycogen storage, and production of multiple serum proteins. To this date, hPSC-HEP do not, however, fully recapitulate the complete functionality of in vivo mature hepatocytes. In this study, we applied versatile bioinformatic algorithms, including functional annotation and pathway enrichment analyses, transcription factor binding-site enrichment, and similarity and correlation analyses, to datasets collected from different stages during hPSC-HEP differentiation and compared these to developmental stages and tissues from fetal and adult human liver. Our results demonstrate a high level of similarity between the in vitro differentiation of hPSC-HEP and in vivo hepatogenesis. Importantly, the transcriptional correlation of hPSC-HEP with adult liver (AL) tissues was higher than with fetal liver (FL) tissues (0.83 and 0.70, respectively). Functional data revealed mature features of hPSC-HEP including cytochrome P450 enzymes activities and albumin secretion. Moreover, hPSC-HEP showed expression of many genes involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Despite the high similarities observed, we identified differences of specific pathways and regulatory players by analyzing the gene expression between hPSC-HEP and AL. These findings will aid future intervention and improvement of in vitro hepatocyte differentiation protocol in order to generate hepatocytes displaying the complete functionality of mature hepatocytes. Finally, on the transcriptional level, our results show stronger correlation and higher similarity of hPSC-HEP to AL than to FL. In addition, potential targets for further functional improvement of hPSC-HEP were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Ghosheh
- School
of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | | | - Annika Asplund
- Takara
Bio Europe AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Petter Björquist
- VeriGraft
AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe
20, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Cardiovascular
Renal and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech
Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska
Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine,
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stina Simonsson
- Institute
of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine,
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sartipy
- School
of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
- Late
Stage Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- School
of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
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15
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Wegler C, Ölander M, Wiśniewski JR, Lundquist P, Zettl K, Åsberg A, Hjelmesæth J, Andersson TB, Artursson P. Global variability analysis of mRNA and protein concentrations across and within human tissues. NAR Genom Bioinform 2020; 2:lqz010. [PMID: 33575562 PMCID: PMC7671341 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes and proteins show variable expression patterns throughout the human body. However, it is not clear whether relative differences in mRNA concentrations are retained on the protein level. Furthermore, inter-individual protein concentration variability within single tissue types has not been comprehensively explored. Here, we used the Gini index for in-depth concentration variability analysis of publicly available transcriptomics and proteomics data, and of an in-house proteomics dataset of human liver and jejunum from 38 donors. We found that the transfer of concentration variability from mRNA to protein is limited, that established 'reference genes' for data normalization vary markedly at the protein level, that protein concentrations cover a wide variability spectrum within single tissue types, and that concentration variability analysis can be a convenient starting point for identifying disease-associated proteins and novel biomarkers. Our results emphasize the importance of considering individual concentration levels, as opposed to population averages, for personalized systems biology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75123, Sweden
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ölander
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75123, Sweden
| | - Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried D-82152, Germany
| | - Patrik Lundquist
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75123, Sweden
| | - Katharina Zettl
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried D-82152, Germany
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | - Jøran Hjelmesæth
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg NO-3103, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75123, Sweden
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16
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Marx U, Akabane T, Andersson TB, Baker E, Beilmann M, Beken S, Brendler-Schwaab S, Cirit M, David R, Dehne EM, Durieux I, Ewart L, Fitzpatrick SC, Frey O, Fuchs F, Griffith LG, Hamilton GA, Hartung T, Hoeng J, Hogberg H, Hughes DJ, Ingber DE, Iskandar A, Kanamori T, Kojima H, Kuehnl J, Leist M, Li B, Loskill P, Mendrick DL, Neumann T, Pallocca G, Rusyn I, Smirnova L, Steger-Hartmann T, Tagle DA, Tonevitsky A, Tsyb S, Trapecar M, Van de Water B, Van den Eijnden-van Raaij J, Vulto P, Watanabe K, Wolf A, Zhou X, Roth A. Biology-inspired microphysiological systems to advance patient benefit and animal welfare in drug development. ALTEX 2020; 37:365-394. [PMID: 32113184 PMCID: PMC7863570 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The first microfluidic microphysiological systems (MPS) entered the academic scene more than 15 years ago and were considered an enabling technology to human (patho)biology in vitro and, therefore, provide alternative approaches to laboratory animals in pharmaceutical drug development and academic research. Nowadays, the field generates more than a thousand scientific publications per year. Despite the MPS hype in academia and by platform providers, which says this technology is about to reshape the entire in vitro culture landscape in basic and applied research, MPS approaches have neither been widely adopted by the pharmaceutical industry yet nor reached regulated drug authorization processes at all. Here, 46 leading experts from all stakeholders - academia, MPS supplier industry, pharmaceutical and consumer products industries, and leading regulatory agencies - worldwide have analyzed existing challenges and hurdles along the MPS-based assay life cycle in a second workshop of this kind in June 2019. They identified that the level of qualification of MPS-based assays for a given context of use and a communication gap between stakeholders are the major challenges for industrial adoption by end-users. Finally, a regulatory acceptance dilemma exists against that background. This t4 report elaborates on these findings in detail and summarizes solutions how to overcome the roadblocks. It provides recommendations and a roadmap towards regulatory accepted MPS-based models and assays for patients' benefit and further laboratory animal reduction in drug development. Finally, experts highlighted the potential of MPS-based human disease models to feedback into laboratory animal replacement in basic life science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Marx
- TissUse GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Technische Universitaet Berlin, Germany
| | - Takafumi Akabane
- Stem Cell Evaluation Technology Research Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Baker
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Mario Beilmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Non-clinical Drug Safety, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sonja Beken
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Rhiannon David
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Lorna Ewart
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suzanne C Fitzpatrick
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Florian Fuchs
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Helena Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biology Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kanamori
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for Validation of Animal Methods, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bo Li
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Peter Loskill
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Donna L Mendrick
- National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Giorgia Pallocca
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Danilo A Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Tonevitsky
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.,National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia
| | - Sergej Tsyb
- Russian Ministry of Production and Trade, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaobing Zhou
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Adrian Roth
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Krogstad V, Peric A, Robertsen I, Kringen MK, Wegler C, Angeles PC, Hjelmesæth J, Karlsson C, Andersson S, Artursson P, Åsberg A, Andersson TB, Christensen H. A Comparative Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Activities in Paired Liver and Small Intestinal Samples from Patients with Obesity. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:8-17. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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18
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Bernasconi C, Pelkonen O, Andersson TB, Strickland J, Wilk-Zasadna I, Asturiol D, Cole T, Liska R, Worth A, Müller-Vieira U, Richert L, Chesne C, Coecke S. Validation of in vitro methods for human cytochrome P450 enzyme induction: Outcome of a multi-laboratory study. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:212-228. [PMID: 31158489 PMCID: PMC6718736 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CYP enzyme induction is a sensitive biomarker for phenotypic metabolic competence of in vitro test systems; it is a key event associated with thyroid disruption, and a biomarker for toxicologically relevant nuclear receptor-mediated pathways. This paper summarises the results of a multi-laboratory validation study of two in vitro methods that assess the potential of chemicals to induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activity, in particular CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4. The methods are based on the use of cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and human HepaRG cells. The validation study was coordinated by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre and involved a ring trial among six laboratories. The reproducibility was assessed within and between laboratories using a validation set of 13 selected chemicals (known human inducers and non-inducers) tested under blind conditions. The ability of the two methods to predict human CYP induction potential was assessed. Chemical space analysis confirmed that the selected chemicals are broadly representative of a diverse range of chemicals. The two methods were found to be reliable and relevant in vitro tools for the assessment of human CYP induction, with the HepaRG method being better suited for routine testing. Recommendations for the practical application of the two methods are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine/Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Aapistie 5B, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland; Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judy Strickland
- Integrated Laboratory Systems (contractor supporting NICEATM), Research Triangle Park, North, Carolina, 27709, USA
| | | | - David Asturiol
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Thomas Cole
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Roman Liska
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ursula Müller-Vieira
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany. Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, an der Riss, Germany
| | - Lysiane Richert
- KaLy-Cell, 20A, rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France(g) Biopredic International, Parc d'activité de la Bretèche Bâtiment A4, 35760 Saint Grégoire, France
| | - Christophe Chesne
- Biopredic International, Parc d'activité de la Bretèche Bâtiment A4, 35760 Saint Grégoire, France
| | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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19
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Prill S, Caddeo A, Baselli G, Jamialahmadi O, Dongiovanni P, Rametta R, Kanebratt KP, Pujia A, Pingitore P, Mancina RM, Lindén D, Whatling C, Janefeldt A, Kozyra M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Valenti L, Andersson TB, Romeo S. The TM6SF2 E167K genetic variant induces lipid biosynthesis and reduces apolipoprotein B secretion in human hepatic 3D spheroids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11585. [PMID: 31406127 PMCID: PMC6690969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a high unmet need for developing treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), for which there are no approved drugs today. Here, we used a human in vitro disease model to understand mechanisms linked to genetic risk variants associated with NAFLD. The model is based on 3D spheroids from primary human hepatocytes from five different donors. Across these donors, we observed highly reproducible differences in the extent of steatosis induction, demonstrating that inter-donor variability is reflected in the in vitro model. Importantly, our data indicates that the genetic variant TM6SF2 E167K, previously associated with increased risk for NAFLD, induces increased hepatocyte fat content by reducing APOB particle secretion. Finally, differences in gene expression pathways involved in cholesterol, fatty acid and glucose metabolism between wild type and TM6SF2 E167K mutation carriers (N = 125) were confirmed in the in vitro model. Our data suggest that the 3D in vitro spheroids can be used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the association of human genetic variants associated with NAFLD. This model may also be suitable to discover new treatments against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prill
- DMPK, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Caddeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Guido Baselli
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Oveis Jamialahmadi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaela Rametta
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Kajsa P Kanebratt
- DMPK, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Piero Pingitore
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Lindén
- Bioscience Diabetes, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Whatling
- Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Janefeldt
- DMPK, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Kozyra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Valenti
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
- Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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20
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Kvist AJ, Kanebratt KP, Walentinsson A, Palmgren H, O'Hara M, Björkbom A, Andersson LC, Ahlqvist M, Andersson TB. Critical differences in drug metabolic properties of human hepatic cellular models, including primary human hepatocytes, stem cell derived hepatocytes, and hepatoma cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:124-140. [PMID: 29953844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHH), HepaRG™, HepG2, and two sources of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived hepatocytes were characterized regarding gene expression and function of key hepatic proteins, important for the metabolic fate of drugs. The gene expression PCA analysis showed a distance between the two iPSC derived hepatocytes as well as the HepG2 and HepaRG™ cells to the three PHH donors and PHH pool, which were clustered more closely together. Correlation-based hierarchical analysis clustered HepG2 close to the stem cell derived hepatocytes both when the expression of 91 genes related to liver function or only cytochrome P450 (P450) genes were analyzed indicating the non-liver feature and a similar low P450 profile in these cell models. The specific P450 activities and the metabolic pattern of well-characterized drug substances in the cell models demonstrated that iPSC derived hepatocytes had modest levels of CYP3A and CYP2C9, while CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6 were barely detectable. High expression of several extrahepatic P450s such as CYP1A1 and 1B1 detected in the stem cell derived hepatocytes may have significant effects on metabolite profiles. However, one of the iPSC derived hepatocytes demonstrated significant combined P450 and conjugating enzyme activity of certain drugs. HepaRG™ cells showed many metabolic properties similar to PHHs and will in many respects be a good model in studies of metabolic pathways and induction of drug metabolism whereas there is still ground to cover before iPSC derived hepatocytes will be seen as a substitute to PHH in drug metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kvist
- IMED Operations Project Management, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kajsa P Kanebratt
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Walentinsson
- Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Palmgren
- Bioscience Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Björkbom
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda C Andersson
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Ahlqvist
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Lindmark B, Lundahl A, Kanebratt KP, Andersson TB, Isin EM. Human hepatocytes and cytochrome P450-selective inhibitors predict variability in human drug exposure more accurately than human recombinant P450s. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2116-2129. [PMID: 29574682 PMCID: PMC5980217 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Drugs metabolically eliminated by several enzymes are less vulnerable to variable compound exposure in patients due to drug-drug interactions (DDI) or if a polymorphic enzyme is involved in their elimination. Therefore, it is vital in drug discovery to accurately and efficiently estimate and optimize the metabolic elimination profile. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CYP3A and/or CYP2D6 substrates with well described variability in vivo in humans due to CYP3A DDI and CYP2D6 polymorphism were selected for assessment of fraction metabolized by each enzyme (fmCYP ) in two in vitro systems: (i) human recombinant P450s (hrP450s) and (ii) human hepatocytes combined with selective P450 inhibitors. Increases in compound exposure in poor versus extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers and by the strong CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole were mathematically modelled and predicted changes in exposure were compared with in vivo data. KEY RESULTS Predicted changes in exposure were within twofold of reported in vivo values using fmCYP estimated in human hepatocytes and there was a strong linear correlation between predicted and observed changes in exposure (r2 = 0.83 for CYP3A, r2 = 0.82 for CYP2D6). Predictions using fmCYP in hrP450s were not as accurate (r2 = 0.55 for CYP3A, r2 = 0.20 for CYP2D6). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results suggest that variability in human drug exposure due to DDI and enzyme polymorphism can be accurately predicted using fmCYP from human hepatocytes and CYP-selective inhibitors. This approach can be efficiently applied in drug discovery to aid optimization of candidate drugs with a favourable metabolic elimination profile and limited variability in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lindmark
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Lundahl
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kajsa P Kanebratt
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emre M Isin
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Hjelmesæth J, Åsberg A, Andersson S, Sandbu R, Robertsen I, Johnson LK, Angeles PC, Hertel JK, Skovlund E, Heijer M, Ek AL, Krogstad V, Karlsen TI, Christensen H, Andersson TB, Karlsson C. Impact of body weight, low energy diet and gastric bypass on drug bioavailability, cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic biomarkers: protocol for an open, non-randomised, three-armed single centre study (COCKTAIL). BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021878. [PMID: 29844102 PMCID: PMC5988193 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP) is associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors and bioavailability of drugs, but whether these changes are induced by calorie restriction, the weight loss or surgery per se, remains uncertain. The COCKTAIL study was designed to disentangle the short-term (6 weeks) metabolic and pharmacokinetic effects of GBP and a very low energy diet (VLED) by inducing a similar weight loss in the two groups. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This open, non-randomised, three-armed, single-centre study is performed at a tertiary care centre in Norway. It aims to compare the short-term (6 weeks) and long-term (2 years) effects of GBP and VLED on, first, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics (24 hours) of probe drugs and biomarkers and, second, their effects on metabolism, cardiometabolic risk factors and biomarkers. The primary outcomes will be measured as changes in: (1) all six probe drugs by absolute bioavailability area under the curve (AUCoral/AUCiv) of midazolam (CYP3A4 probe), systemic exposure (AUCoral) of digoxin and rosuvastatin and drug:metabolite ratios for omeprazole, losartan and caffeine, levels of endogenous CYP3A biomarkers and genotypic variation, changes in the expression and activity data of the drug-metabolising, drug transport and drug regulatory proteins in biopsies from various organs and (2) body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic biomarkers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The COCKTAIL protocol was reviewed and approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (Ref: 2013/2379/REK sørøst A). The results will be disseminated to academic and health professional audiences and the public via presentations at conferences, publications in peer-reviewed journals and press releases and provided to all participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02386917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jøran Hjelmesæth
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rune Sandbu
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Ida Robertsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria Heijer
- Study Operations, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Ek
- Study Operations, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Veronica Krogstad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor-Ivar Karlsen
- The Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Hege Christensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Karlsson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Hakkola J, Bernasconi C, Coecke S, Richert L, Andersson TB, Pelkonen O. Cytochrome P450 Induction and Xeno-Sensing Receptors Pregnane X Receptor, Constitutive Androstane Receptor, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α at the Crossroads of Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission Joint Research Centre; EURL ECVAM; Ispra Italy
| | | | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; IMED Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Section of Pharmacogenetics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
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24
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Kanebratt KP, Janefeldt A, Peric A, Jonsson J, Johansson L, Hilgendorf C, Andersson TB. Development of a primary human hepatocyte spheroid culture model for drug metabolism and disposition studies. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.11.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Wegler C, Gaugaz FZ, Andersson TB, Wiśniewski JR, Busch D, Gröer C, Oswald S, Norén A, Weiss F, Hammer HS, Joos TO, Poetz O, Achour B, Rostami-Hodjegan A, van de Steeg E, Wortelboer HM, Artursson P. Variability in Mass Spectrometry-based Quantification of Clinically Relevant Drug Transporters and Drug Metabolizing Enzymes. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3142-3151. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wegler
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal 431 50, Sweden
| | | | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal 431 50, Sweden
| | - Jacek R. Wiśniewski
- Biochemical
Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Diana Busch
- Center
of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Christian Gröer
- Center
of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Center
of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Agneta Norén
- Department
of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Frederik Weiss
- NMI Natural
and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Helen S. Hammer
- NMI Natural
and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Thomas O. Joos
- NMI Natural
and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Oliver Poetz
- NMI Natural
and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre
for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre
for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), 3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Heleen M. Wortelboer
- TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), 3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Per Artursson
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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26
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Ghosheh N, Küppers-Munther B, Asplund A, Edsbagge J, Ulfenborg B, Andersson TB, Björquist P, Andersson CX, Carén H, Simonsson S, Sartipy P, Synnergren J. Comparative transcriptomics of hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and adult human liver tissue. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:430-446. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-HEP) have the potential to replace presently used hepatocyte sources applied in liver disease treatment and models of drug discovery and development. Established hepatocyte differentiation protocols are effective and generate hepatocytes, which recapitulate some key features of their in vivo counterparts. However, generating mature hPSC-HEP remains a challenge. In this study, we applied transcriptomics to investigate the progress of in vitro hepatic differentiation of hPSCs at the developmental stages, definitive endoderm, hepatoblasts, early hPSC-HEP, and mature hPSC-HEP, to identify functional targets that enhance efficient hepatocyte differentiation. Using functional annotation, pathway and protein interaction network analyses, we observed the grouping of differentially expressed genes in specific clusters representing typical developmental stages of hepatic differentiation. In addition, we identified hub proteins and modules that were involved in the cell cycle process at early differentiation stages. We also identified hub proteins that differed in expression levels between hPSC-HEP and the liver tissue controls. Moreover, we identified a module of genes that were expressed at higher levels in the liver tissue samples than in the hPSC-HEP. Considering that hub proteins and modules generally are essential and have important roles in the protein-protein interactions, further investigation of these genes and their regulators may contribute to a better understanding of the differentiation process. This may suggest novel target pathways and molecules for improvement of hPSC-HEP functionality, having the potential to finally bring this technology to a wider use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Ghosheh
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Ulfenborg
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Stina Simonsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sartipy
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Global Medicines Development Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Global Medicines Development Unit, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- School of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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27
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Andersson TB. Evolution of Novel 3D Culture Systems for Studies of Human Liver Function and Assessments of the Hepatotoxicity of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121:234-238. [PMID: 28470941 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry urgently needs reliable pre-clinical models to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new chemical entities before they enter the clinical trials. Development of in vitro model systems that emulate the functions of the human liver organ has been an elusive task. Cell lines exhibit a low drug-metabolizing capacity and primary liver cells rapidly dedifferentiate in culture, which restrict their usefulness substantially. Recently, the development of hepatocyte spheroid cultures has shown promising results. The proteome and transcriptome in the spheroids were similar to the liver tissue, and hepatotoxicity of selected substances was detected at in vivo-relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy B Andersson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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28
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Bell CC, Lauschke VM, Vorrink SU, Palmgren H, Duffin R, Andersson TB, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Transcriptional, Functional, and Mechanistic Comparisons of Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes, HepaRG Cells, and Three-Dimensional Human Hepatocyte Spheroids as Predictive In Vitro Systems for Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:419-429. [PMID: 28137721 PMCID: PMC5363699 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable and versatile hepatic in vitro systems for the prediction of drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity are essential constituents of preclinical safety assessment pipelines for new medicines. Here, we compared three emerging cell systems—hepatocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, HepaRG cells, and three-dimensional primary human hepatocyte (PHH) spheroids—at transcriptional and functional levels in a multicenter study to evaluate their potential as predictive models for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Transcriptomic analyses revealed widespread gene expression differences between the three cell models, with 8148 of 17,462 analyzed genes (47%) being differentially expressed. Expression levels of genes involved in the metabolism of endogenous as well as xenobiotic compounds were significantly elevated in PHH spheroids, whereas genes involved in cell division and endocytosis were significantly upregulated in HepaRG cells and hepatocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, respectively. Consequently, PHH spheroids were more sensitive to a panel of drugs with distinctly different toxicity mechanisms, an effect that was amplified by long-term exposure using repeated treatments. Importantly, toxicogenomic analyses revealed that transcriptomic changes in PHH spheroids were in compliance with cholestatic, carcinogenic, or steatogenic in vivo toxicity mechanisms at clinically relevant drug concentrations. Combined, the data reveal important phenotypic differences between the three cell systems and suggest that PHH spheroids can be used for functional investigations of drug-induced liver injury in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Bell
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Henrik Palmgren
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.C.B., V.M.L., S.U.V., T.B.A., M.I.-S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (H.P., T.B.A.); and CXR Biosciences Ltd., Dundee, United Kingdom (R.D.)
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29
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Lauschke VM, Vorrink SU, Moro SML, Rezayee F, Nordling Å, Hendriks DFG, Bell CC, Sison-Young R, Park BK, Goldring CE, Ellis E, Johansson I, Mkrtchian S, Andersson TB, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Massive rearrangements of cellular MicroRNA signatures are key drivers of hepatocyte dedifferentiation. Hepatology 2016; 64:1743-1756. [PMID: 27532775 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocytes are dynamic cells that, upon injury, can alternate between nondividing differentiated and dedifferentiated proliferating states in vivo. However, in two-dimensional cultures, primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) rapidly dedifferentiate, resulting in loss of hepatic functions that significantly limits their usefulness as an in vitro model of liver biology, liver diseases, as well as drug metabolism and toxicity. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms and stalling of the dedifferentiation process would be highly beneficial to establish more-accurate and relevant long-term in vitro hepatocyte models. Here, we present comprehensive analyses of whole proteome and transcriptome dynamics during the initiation of dedifferentiation during the first 24 hours of culture. We report that early major rearrangements of the noncoding transcriptome, hallmarked by increased expression of small nucleolar RNAs, long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and ribosomal genes, precede most changes in coding genes during dedifferentiation of PHHs, and we speculated that these modulations could drive the hepatic dedifferentiation process. To functionally test this hypothesis, we globally inhibited the miRNA machinery using two established chemically distinct compounds, acriflavine and poly-l-lysine. These inhibition experiments resulted in a significantly impaired miRNA response and, most important, in a pronounced reduction in the down-regulation of hepatic genes with importance for liver function. Thus, we provide strong evidence for the importance of noncoding RNAs, in particular, miRNAs, in hepatic dedifferentiation, which can aid the development of more-efficient differentiation protocols for stem-cell-derived hepatocytes and broaden our understanding of the dynamic properties of hepatocytes with respect to liver regeneration. CONCLUSION miRNAs are important drivers of hepatic dedifferentiation, and our results provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms behind liver regeneration and possibilities to inhibit dedifferentiation in vitro. (Hepatology 2016;64:1743-1756).
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina M L Moro
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fatemah Rezayee
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delilah F G Hendriks
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine C Bell
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Johansson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Souren Mkrtchian
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines, DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Jones BC, Rollison H, Johansson S, Kanebratt KP, Lambert C, Vishwanathan K, Andersson TB. Managing the Risk of CYP3A Induction in Drug Development: A Strategic Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:35-41. [PMID: 27777246 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of cytochrome P450 (P450) can impact the efficacy and safety of drug molecules upon multiple dosing with coadministered drugs. This strategy is focused on CYP3A since the majority of clinically relevant cases of P450 induction are related to these enzymes. However, the in vitro evaluation of induction is applicable to other P450 enzymes; however, the in vivo relevance cannot be assessed because the scarcity of relevant clinical data. In the preclinical phase, compounds are screened using pregnane X receptor reporter gene assay, and if necessary structure-activity relationships (SAR) are developed. When projects progress toward the clinical phase, induction studies in a hepatocyte-derived model using HepaRG cells will generate enough robust data to assess the compound's induction liability in vivo. The sensitive CYP3A biomarker 4β-hydroxycholesterol is built into the early clinical phase I studies for all candidates since rare cases of in vivo induction have been found without any induction alerts from the currently used in vitro methods. Using this model, the AstraZeneca induction strategy integrates in vitro assays and in vivo studies to make a comprehensive assessment of the induction potential of new chemical entities. Convincing data that support the validity of both the in vitro models and the use of the biomarker can be found in the scientific literature. However, regulatory authorities recommend the use of primary human hepatocytes and do not advise the use of sensitive biomarkers. Therefore, primary human hepatocytes and midazolam studies will be conducted during the clinical program as required for regulatory submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry C Jones
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (B.C.J.) and Drug Safety and Metabolism (H.R.), AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (S.J.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (K.P.K., T.B.A.), AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (C.L.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (K.V.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.).
| | - Helen Rollison
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (B.C.J.) and Drug Safety and Metabolism (H.R.), AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (S.J.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (K.P.K., T.B.A.), AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (C.L.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (K.V.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
| | - Susanne Johansson
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (B.C.J.) and Drug Safety and Metabolism (H.R.), AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (S.J.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (K.P.K., T.B.A.), AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (C.L.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (K.V.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
| | - Kajsa P Kanebratt
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (B.C.J.) and Drug Safety and Metabolism (H.R.), AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (S.J.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (K.P.K., T.B.A.), AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (C.L.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (K.V.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
| | - Craig Lambert
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (B.C.J.) and Drug Safety and Metabolism (H.R.), AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (S.J.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (K.P.K., T.B.A.), AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (C.L.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (K.V.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
| | - Karthick Vishwanathan
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (B.C.J.) and Drug Safety and Metabolism (H.R.), AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (S.J.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (K.P.K., T.B.A.), AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (C.L.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (K.V.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (B.C.J.) and Drug Safety and Metabolism (H.R.), AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology (S.J.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (K.P.K., T.B.A.), AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (C.L.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts (K.V.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
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Lauschke VM, Hendriks DFG, Bell CC, Andersson TB, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Novel 3D Culture Systems for Studies of Human Liver Function and Assessments of the Hepatotoxicity of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1936-1955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Lauschke
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delilah F. G. Hendriks
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine C. Bell
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development
Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hayes MA, Li XQ, Grönberg G, Diczfalusy U, Andersson TB. CYP3A Specifically Catalyzes 1β-Hydroxylation of Deoxycholic Acid: Characterization and Enzymatic Synthesis of a Potential Novel Urinary Biomarker for CYP3A Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1480-9. [PMID: 27402728 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous bile acid metabolite 1β-hydroxy-deoxycholic acid (1β-OH-DCA) excreted in human urine may be used as a sensitive CYP3A biomarker in drug development reflecting in vivo CYP3A activity. An efficient and stereospecific enzymatic synthesis of 1β-OH-DCA was developed using a Bacillus megaterium (BM3) cytochrome P450 (P450) mutant, and its structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A [(2)H4]-labeled analog of 1β-OH-DCA was also prepared. The major hydroxylated metabolite of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in human liver microsomal incubations was identified as 1β-OH-DCA by comparison with the synthesized reference analyzed by UPLC-HRMS. Its formation was strongly inhibited by CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole. Screening of 21 recombinant human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes showed that, with the exception of extrahepatic CYP46A1, the most abundant liver P450 subfamily CYP3A, including CYP3A4, 3A5, and 3A7, specifically catalyzed 1β-OH-DCA formation. This indicated that 1β-hydroxylation of DCA may be a useful marker reaction for CYP3A activity in vitro. The metabolic pathways of DCA and 1β-OH-DCA in human hepatocytes were predominantly via glycine and, to a lesser extent, via taurine and sulfate conjugation. The potential utility of 1β-hydroxylation of DCA as a urinary CYP3A biomarker was illustrated by comparing the ratio of 1β-OH-DCA:DCA in a pooled spot urine sample from six healthy control subjects to a sample from one patient treated with carbamazepine, a potent CYP3A inducer; 1β-OH-DCA:DCA was considerably higher in the patient versus controls (ratio 2.8 vs. 0.4). Our results highlight the potential of 1β-OH-DCA as a urinary biomarker in clinical CYP3A DDI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Hayes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (M.A.H., X.-Q.L., T.B.A.) and Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease, Medicinal Chemistry (G.G.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (U.D.); Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
| | - Xue-Qing Li
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (M.A.H., X.-Q.L., T.B.A.) and Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease, Medicinal Chemistry (G.G.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (U.D.); Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
| | - Gunnar Grönberg
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (M.A.H., X.-Q.L., T.B.A.) and Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease, Medicinal Chemistry (G.G.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (U.D.); Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
| | - Ulf Diczfalusy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (M.A.H., X.-Q.L., T.B.A.) and Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease, Medicinal Chemistry (G.G.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (U.D.); Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (M.A.H., X.-Q.L., T.B.A.) and Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease, Medicinal Chemistry (G.G.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (U.D.); Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.B.A.)
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Marx U, Andersson TB, Bahinski A, Beilmann M, Beken S, Cassee FR, Cirit M, Daneshian M, Fitzpatrick S, Frey O, Gaertner C, Giese C, Griffith L, Hartung T, Heringa MB, Hoeng J, de Jong WH, Kojima H, Kuehnl J, Luch A, Maschmeyer I, Sakharov D, Sips AJAM, Steger-Hartmann T, Tagle DA, Tonevitsky A, Tralau T, Tsyb S, van de Stolpe A, Vandebriel R, Vulto P, Wang J, Wiest J, Rodenburg M, Roth A. Biology-inspired microphysiological system approaches to solve the prediction dilemma of substance testing. ALTEX 2016; 33:272-321. [PMID: 27180100 PMCID: PMC5396467 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1603161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent advent of microphysiological systems - microfluidic biomimetic devices that aspire to emulate the biology of human tissues, organs and circulation in vitro - is envisaged to enable a global paradigm shift in drug development. An extraordinary US governmental initiative and various dedicated research programs in Europe and Asia have led recently to the first cutting-edge achievements of human single-organ and multi-organ engineering based on microphysiological systems. The expectation is that test systems established on this basis would model various disease stages, and predict toxicity, immunogenicity, ADME profiles and treatment efficacy prior to clinical testing. Consequently, this technology could significantly affect the way drug substances are developed in the future. Furthermore, microphysiological system-based assays may revolutionize our current global programs of prioritization of hazard characterization for any new substances to be used, for example, in agriculture, food, ecosystems or cosmetics, thus, replacing laboratory animal models used currently. Thirty-six experts from academia, industry and regulatory bodies present here the results of an intensive workshop (held in June 2015, Berlin, Germany). They review the status quo of microphysiological systems available today against industry needs, and assess the broad variety of approaches with fit-for-purpose potential in the drug development cycle. Feasible technical solutions to reach the next levels of human biology in vitro are proposed. Furthermore, key organ-on-a-chip case studies, as well as various national and international programs are highlighted. Finally, a roadmap into the future is outlined, to allow for more predictive and regulatory-accepted substance testing on a global scale.
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Rubin K, Janefeldt A, Andersson L, Berke Z, Grime K, Andersson TB. HepaRG Cells as Human-Relevant In Vitro Model to Study the Effects of Inflammatory Stimuli on Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:119-25. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Holmgren G, Sjögren AK, Barragan I, Sabirsh A, Sartipy P, Synnergren J, Björquist P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Andersson TB, Edsbagge J. Long-Term Chronic Toxicity Testing Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1401-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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36
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Sjogren AKM, Liljevald M, Glinghammar B, Sagemark J, Li XQ, Jonebring A, Cotgreave I, Brolén G, Andersson TB. Critical differences in toxicity mechanisms in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes, hepatic cell lines and primary hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1427-37. [PMID: 24912781 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (hiPSC-Hep) hold great potential as an unlimited cell source for toxicity testing in drug discovery research. However, little is known about mechanisms of compound toxicity in hiPSC-Hep. In this study, modified mRNA was used to reprogram foreskin fibroblasts into hiPSC that were differentiated into hiPSC-Hep. The hiPSC-Hep expressed characteristic hepatic proteins and exhibited cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activities. Next, the hiPSC-Hep, primary cryopreserved human hepatocytes (cryo-hHep) and the hepatic cell lines HepaRG and Huh7 were treated with staurosporine and acetaminophen, and the toxic responses were compared. In addition, the expression of genes regulating and executing apoptosis was analyzed in the different cell types. Staurosporine, an inducer of apoptosis, decreased ATP levels and activated caspases 3 and 7 in all cell types, but to less extent in Huh7. Furthermore, a hierarchical clustering and a principal component analysis (PCA) of the expression of apoptosis-associated genes separated cryo-hHep from the other cell types, while an enrichment analysis of apoptotic pathways identified hiPSC-Hep as more similar to cryo-hHep than the hepatic cell lines. Finally, acetaminophen induced apoptosis in hiPSC-Hep, HepaRG and Huh7, while the compound initiated a direct necrotic response in cryo-hHep. Our results indicate that for studying compounds initiating apoptosis directly hiPSC-Hep may be a good alternative to cryo-hHep. Furthermore, for compounds with more complex mechanisms of toxicity involving metabolic activation, such as acetaminophen, our data suggest that the cause of cell death depends on a balance between factors controlling death signals and the drug-metabolizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin M Sjogren
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines, DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden,
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Lundquist P, Lööf J, Fagerholm U, Sjögren I, Johansson J, Briem S, Hoogstraate J, Afzelius L, Andersson TB. Prediction of In Vivo Rat Biliary Drug Clearance from an In Vitro Hepatocyte Efflux Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:459-68. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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38
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Englund G, Lundquist P, Skogastierna C, Johansson J, Hoogstraate J, Afzelius L, Andersson TB, Projean D. Cytochrome p450 inhibitory properties of common efflux transporter inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:441-7. [PMID: 24396142 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug transporter inhibitors are important tools to elucidate the contribution of transporters to drug disposition both in vitro and in vivo. These inhibitors are often unselective and affect several transporters as well as drug metabolizing enzymes, which can make experimental results difficult to interpret with confidence. We therefore tested 14 commonly used P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug-resistance associated protein (MRP) inhibitors as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme activities using recombinant enzymes. A subset of P-gp and/or CYP3A inhibitors were selected (cyclosporin A, elacridar, ketoconazole, quinidine, reserpine, and tacrolimus) for a comparison of P450 inhibition in human microsomes and hepatocytes. Most P-gp inhibitors showed CYP3A4 inhibition, with potencies often in a similar range as their P-gp inhibition, as well as less potent CYP2C19 inhibition. Other P450 enzymes were not strongly inhibited except a few cases of CYP2D6 inhibition. MRP and BCRP inhibitors showed limited P450 inhibition. Some inhibitors showed less P450 inhibition in human hepatocytes than human liver microsomes, for example, elacridar, probably due to differences in binding, permeability limitations, or active, P-gp mediated efflux of the inhibitor from the hepatocytes. Quinidine was a potent P450 inhibitor in hepatocytes but only showed weak inhibition in microsomes. Quinidine shows an extensive cellular uptake, which may potentiate intracellular P450 inhibition. Elacridar, described as a potent and selective P-gp inhibitor, displayed modest P450 inhibition in this study and is thus a useful model inhibitor to define the role of P-gp in drug disposition without interference with other processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Englund
- CNS and Pain Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje (G.E., P.L., C.S., J.J., J.H., L.A.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal (P.L., T.B.A., D.P.); Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala (P.L.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (T.B.A.), Sweden
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Lundquist P, Lööf J, Sohlenius-Sternbeck AK, Floby E, Johansson J, Bylund J, Hoogstraate J, Afzelius L, Andersson TB. The impact of solute carrier (SLC) drug uptake transporter loss in human and rat cryopreserved hepatocytes on clearance predictions. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:469-80. [PMID: 24396146 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreserved hepatocytes are often used as a convenient tool in studies of hepatic drug metabolism and disposition. In this study, the expression and activity of drug transporters in human and rat fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes was investigated. In human cryopreserved hepatocytes, Western blot analysis indicated that protein expression of the drug uptake transporters [human Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), human organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), human organic anion transporters, and human organic cation transporters (OCTs)] was considerably reduced compared with liver tissue. In rat cryopreserved cells, the same trend was observed but to a lesser extent. Several rat transporters were reduced as a result of both isolation and cryopreservation procedures. Immunofluorescence showed that a large portion of remaining human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters were internalized in human cryopreserved hepatocytes. Measuring uptake activity using known substrates of OATPs, OCTs, and NTCP showed decreased activity in cryopreserved as compared with fresh hepatocytes in both species. The reduced uptake in cryopreserved hepatocytes limited the in vitro metabolism of several AstraZeneca compounds. A retrospective analysis of clearance predictions of AstraZeneca compounds suggested systematic lower clearance predicted using metabolic stability data from human cryopreserved hepatocytes compared with human liver microsomes. This observation is consistent with a loss of drug uptake transporters in cryopreserved hepatocytes. In contrast, the predicted metabolic clearance from fresh rat hepatocytes was consistently higher than those predicted from liver microsomes, consistent with retention of uptake transporters. The uptake transporters, which are decreased in cryopreserved hepatocytes, may be rate-limiting for the metabolism of the compounds and thus be one explanation for underpredictions of in vivo metabolic clearance from cryopreserved hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Lundquist
- CNS and Pain Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje, (P.L., J.L., A.-K.S.-S., E.F., J.J., J.B., J.H., L.A.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, (P.L., T.B.A.); Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, (P.L.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, (T.B.A.), Sweden
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Lundquist P, Englund G, Skogastierna C, Lööf J, Johansson J, Hoogstraate J, Afzelius L, Andersson TB. Functional ATP-binding cassette drug efflux transporters in isolated human and rat hepatocytes significantly affect assessment of drug disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:448-58. [PMID: 24396144 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshly isolated hepatocytes are considered the gold standard for in vitro studies of hepatic drug disposition. To ensure a reliable supply of cells, cryopreserved human hepatocytes are often used. ABC-superfamily drug efflux transporters are key elements in hepatic drug disposition. These transporters are often considered lost after isolation of hepatocytes. In the present study, the expression and activity of ABC transporters BCRP, BSEP, P-gp, MRP2, MRP3, and MRP4 in human and rat cryopreserved hepatocytes were investigated. In commercially available human cryopreserved hepatocytes, all drug efflux transporters except human BCRP (hBCRP) exhibited similar expression levels as in fresh liver biopsies. Expression levels of hBCRP were 60% lower in cryopreserved human hepatocytes than in liver tissue, which could lead to, at most, a 2.5-fold reduction in hBCRP-mediated efflux. Fresh rat hepatocytes showed significantly lower levels of rat BCRP compared with liver expression levels; expression levels of other ABC transporters were unchanged. ABC transporters in human cryopreserved cells were localized to the plasma membrane. Functional studies could demonstrate P-gp and BCRP activity in both human cryopreserved and fresh rat hepatocytes. Inhibiting P-gp-mediated efflux by elacridar in in vitro experiments significantly decreased fexofenadine efflux from hepatocytes, resulting in an increase in apparent fexofenadine uptake. The results from the present study clearly indicate that ABC transporter-mediated efflux in freshly isolated as well as cryopreserved rat and human hepatocytes should be taken into account in in vitro experiments used for modeling of drug metabolism and disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Lundquist
- CNS and Pain Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje, (P.L., G.E., C.S., J.L., J.J., J.H., L.A.); Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, (P.L., T.B.A.); Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, (P.L.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, (T.B.A.), Sweden
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Björkhem-Bergman L, Bäckström T, Nylén H, Rönquist-Nii Y, Bredberg E, Andersson TB, Bertilsson L, Diczfalusy U. Quinine Compared to 4β-Hydroxycholesterol and Midazolam as Markers for CYP3A Induction by Rifampicin. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:352-5. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-sh-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ulvestad M, Nordell P, Asplund A, Rehnström M, Jacobsson S, Holmgren G, Davidson L, Brolén G, Edsbagge J, Björquist P, Küppers-Munther B, Andersson TB. Drug metabolizing enzyme and transporter protein profiles of hepatocytes derived from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:691-702. [PMID: 23856292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (hESC-Hep and hiPSC-Hep) have the potential to provide relevant human in vitro model systems for toxicity testing and drug discovery studies. In this study, the expression and function of important drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and transporter proteins in hESC-Hep and hiPSC-Hep were compared to cryopreserved human primary hepatocytes (hphep) and HepG2 cells. Overall, CYP activities in hESC-Hep and hiPSC-Hep were much lower than in hphep cultured for 4 h, but CYP1A and 3A activities were comparable to levels in hphep cultured for 48h (CYP1A: 35% and 26% of 48 h hphep, respectively; CYP3A: 80% and 440% of 48 h hphep, respectively). Importantly, in hESC-Hep and hiPSC-Hep, CYP activities were stable or increasing for at least one week in culture which was in contrast to the rapid loss of CYP activities in cultured hphep between 4 and 48 h after plating. With regard to transporters, in hESC-Hep and hiPSC-Hep, pronounced NTCP activity (17% and 29% of 4 h hphep, respectively) and moderate BSEP activity (6% and 8% of 4 h hphep, respectively) were observed. Analyses of mRNA expression and immunocytochemistry supported the observed CYP and transporter activities and showed expression of additional CYPs and transporters. In conclusion, the stable expression and function of CYPs and transporters in hESC-Hep and hiPSC-Hep for at least one week opens up the possibility to reproducibly perform long term and extensive studies, e.g. chronic toxicity testing, in a stem cell-derived hepatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ulvestad
- DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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Herédi-Szabó K, Palm JE, Andersson TB, Pál Á, Méhn D, Fekete Z, Beéry E, Jakab KT, Jani M, Krajcsi P. A P-gp vesicular transport inhibition assay – Optimization and validation for drug–drug interaction testing. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:773-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Björkhem-Bergman L, Bäckström T, Nylén H, Rönquist-Nii Y, Bredberg E, Andersson TB, Bertilsson L, Diczfalusy U. Comparison of Endogenous 4β-Hydroxycholesterol with Midazolam as Markers for CYP3A4 Induction by Rifampicin. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1488-93. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Lübberstedt M, Müller-Vieira U, Biemel KM, Darnell M, Hoffmann SA, Knöspel F, Wönne EC, Knobeloch D, Nüssler AK, Gerlach JC, Andersson TB, Zeilinger K. Serum-free culture of primary human hepatocytes in a miniaturized hollow-fibre membrane bioreactor for pharmacological in vitro studies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:1017-26. [PMID: 23165723 DOI: 10.1002/term.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes represent an important cell source for in vitro investigation of hepatic drug metabolism and disposition. In this study, a multi-compartment capillary membrane-based bioreactor technology for three-dimensional (3D) perfusion culture was further developed and miniaturized to a volume of less than 0.5 ml to reduce demand for cells. The miniaturized bioreactor was composed of two capillary layers, each made of alternately arranged oxygen and medium capillaries serving as a 3D culture for the cells. Metabolic activity and stability of primary human hepatocytes was studied in this bioreactor in the presence of 2.5% fetal calf serum (FCS) under serum-free conditions over a culture period of 10 days. The miniaturized bioreactor showed functions comparable to previously reported data for larger variants. Glucose and lactate metabolism, urea production, albumin synthesis and release of intracellular enzymes (AST, ALT, GLDH) showed no significant differences between serum-free and serum-supplemented bioreactors. Activities of human-relevant cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes (CYP1A2, CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2B6) analyzed by determination of product formation rates from selective probe substrates were also comparable in both groups. Gene expression analysis showed moderately higher expression in the majority of CYP enzymes, transport proteins and enzymes of Phase II metabolism in the serum-free bioreactors compared to those maintained with FCS. In conclusion, the miniaturized bioreactor maintained stable function over the investigated period and thus provides a suitable system for pharmacological studies on primary human hepatocytes under defined serum-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lübberstedt
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Malin Darnell
- DMPK Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan A Hoffmann
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva C Wönne
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas K Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg C Gerlach
- Departments of Surgery and of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Schreiter T, Marquitan G, Darnell M, Sowa JP, Bröcker-Preuss M, Andersson TB, Baba HA, Furch M, Arteel GE, Mathé Z, Treckmann J, Gerken G, Gieseler RK, Canbay A. An ex vivo perfusion system emulating in vivo conditions in noncirrhotic and cirrhotic human liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:730-41. [PMID: 22674469 PMCID: PMC11047139 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various models are used for investigating human liver diseases and testing new drugs. However, data generated in such models have only limited relevance for in vivo conditions in humans. We present here an ex vivo perfusion system using human liver samples that enables the characterization of parameters in a functionally intact tissue context. Resected samples of noncirrhotic liver (NC; n = 10) and cirrhotic liver (CL; n = 12) were perfused for 6-h periods. General and liver-specific parameters (glucose, lactate, oxygen, albumin, urea, and bile acids), liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and γ-glutamyl transferase), overall (M65) and apoptotic (M30) cell-death markers, and indicators of phase-I/phase-II biotransformations were analyzed. The measurement readings closely resembled (patho)physiological characteristics in patients with NC and CL. Mean courses of glucose levels reflected the CLs' reduced glycogen storage capability. Furthermore, CL samples exhibited significantly stronger increases in lactate, bile acids, and the M30/M65 ratio than NC specimens. Likewise, NC samples exhibited more rapid phase-I transformations of phenacetin, midazolam, and diclofenac and phase-I to phase-II turnover rates of the respective intermediates than CL tissue. Collectively, these findings reveal the better hepatic functionality in NC. Perfusion of human liver tissue with this system emulates in vivo conditions and clearly discriminates between noncirrhotic and cirrhotic tissue. This highly reliable device for investigating basic hepatic functionality and testing safety/toxicity, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and efficacies of novel therapeutic modalities promises to generate superior data compared with those obtained via existing economic perfusion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schreiter
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Ulvestad M, Darnell M, Molden E, Ellis E, Åsberg A, Andersson TB. Evaluation of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 and CYP3A4 activities in primary human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells cultured in a dynamic three-dimensional bioreactor system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:145-56. [PMID: 22789711 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.195750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term stability of liver cell functions is a major challenge when studying hepatic drug transport, metabolism, and toxicity in vitro. The aim of the present study was to investigate organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and CYP3A4 activities in fresh primary human hepatocytes and differentiated cryopreserved HepaRG cells when cultured in a three-dimensional (3D) bioreactor system. OATP1B1 activity was determined by loss from media experiments of [(3)H]estradiol-17β-D-glucuronide and atorvastatin acid (ATA) for up to 7 days in culture. ATA metabolite formation was determined at days 3 to 4 to evaluate CYP3A4 activity. Overall, the results showed that freshly isolated human hepatocytes inoculated in the bioreactor retained OATP1B1 activity for at least 7 days, whereas in HepaRG cells no OATP1B1 activity was observed beyond day 2. The activity data were in agreement with immunohistochemical stainings, which showed that OATP1B1 protein expression was preserved for at least 9 days in fresh human hepatocytes, whereas OATP1B1 was expressed markedly lower in HepaRG cells after 9 days in culture. Fresh human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells exhibited similar CYP3A4 activity in bioreactor culture, and immunohistochemical stainings supported these findings. Activity and mRNA expression of OATP1B1 and CYP3A4 in primary human hepatocytes compared with HepaRG cells in fresh suspensions were in agreement with data obtained in bioreactor culture. In conclusion, freshly isolated human hepatocytes cultured in a 3D bioreactor system preserve both OATP1B1 and CYP3A4 activities, allowing long-term in vitro studies on drug disposition and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ulvestad
- DMPK Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
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48
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Darnell M, Ulvestad M, Ellis E, Weidolf L, Andersson TB. In Vitro Evaluation of Major In Vivo Drug Metabolic Pathways Using Primary Human Hepatocytes and HepaRG Cells in Suspension and a Dynamic Three-Dimensional Bioreactor System. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:134-44. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.195834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hoffmann SA, Müller-Vieira U, Biemel K, Knobeloch D, Heydel S, Lübberstedt M, Nüssler AK, Andersson TB, Gerlach JC, Zeilinger K. Analysis of drug metabolism activities in a miniaturized liver cell bioreactor for use in pharmacological studies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:3172-81. [PMID: 22688505 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Based on a hollow fiber perfusion technology with internal oxygenation, a miniaturized bioreactor with a volume of 0.5 mL for in vitro studies was recently developed. Here, the suitability of this novel culture system for pharmacological studies was investigated, focusing on the model drug diclofenac. Primary human liver cells were cultivated in bioreactors and in conventional monolayer cultures in parallel over 10 days. From day 3 on, diclofenac was continuously applied at a therapeutic concentration (6.4 µM) for analysis of its metabolism. In addition, the activity and gene expression of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were assessed. Diclofenac was metabolized in bioreactor cultures with an initial conversion rate of 230 ± 57 pmol/h/10(6) cells followed by a period of stable conversion of about 100 pmol/h/10(6) cells. All CYP activities tested were maintained until day 10 of bioreactor culture. The expression of corresponding mRNAs correlated well with the degree of preservation. Immunohistochemical characterization showed the formation of neo-tissue with expression of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 and the drug transporters breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in the bioreactor. In contrast, monolayer cultures showed a rapid decline of diclofenac conversion and cells had largely lost activity and mRNA expression of the assessed CYP isoforms at the end of the culture period. In conclusion, diclofenac metabolism, CYP activities and gene expression levels were considerably more stable in bioreactor cultures, making the novel bioreactor a useful tool for pharmacological or toxicological investigations requiring a highly physiological in vitro representation of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Hoffmann
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Andersson TB, Kanebratt KP, Kenna JG. The HepaRG cell line: a unique in vitro tool for understanding drug metabolism and toxicology in human. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:909-20. [PMID: 22568886 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.685159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HepaRG is a unique cell line showing a great plasticity, which differentiates to both canaliculae-like and hepatocyte-like cells. The long-term stability of key cell functions, for example, the drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activities, in culture is especially useful in drug metabolism, disposition and toxicity studies. AREAS COVERED This review describes features of the HepaRG cells focusing on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, their functionality and regulation. Several applications in drug discovery studies are discussed and the use of HepaRG, as a human relevant predictive in vitro CYP induction model, is described. In addition, promising studies using HepaRG cells for understanding liver toxicity mechanisms by drug compounds are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION HepaRG cells exhibit features which make them useful as an in vitro model for drug metabolism, disposition and toxicity studies, and could, for many studies, replace the requirement for primary human hepatocytes. Care should be taken since HepaRG cells are of a specific genotype which is reflected in the expression of drug processing proteins. The finding that HepaRG cells form tight junctions provides the basis for formation of functional canalicular structures and this should be investigated further to aid development of human relevant hepatic in vitro 2D and 3D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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