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Öfverholm A, Karlsson P, Rosén A. The experience of receiving a letter from a cancer genetics clinic about risk for hereditary cancer. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:539-544. [PMID: 38355958 PMCID: PMC11061288 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct contact may be an option for supporting disclosure in families with hereditary cancer risk. In this qualitative interview study, we explored how healthy at-risk relatives experience receiving a letter with information about hereditary cancer directly from healthcare rather than via a relative. The study is part of an ongoing multicentre randomised clinical trial in Sweden that evaluates the effectiveness of direct letters from cancer genetics clinics to at-risk relatives. After conducting semi-structured interviews with 14 relatives who had received a letter and contacted the clinic, we analysed the data using thematic analysis. The relatives had different levels of prior knowledge about the hereditary cancer assessment. Many had been notified by family that a letter was coming but some had not. Overall, these participants believed healthcare-mediated disclosure could complement family-mediated disclosure. They expressed that the letter and the message raised concerns and a need for counselling, and they wanted healthcare to be accessible and informed when making contact. The participants found the message easier to cope with when they had been notified by a family member beforehand, with a general attitude that notifying relatives was the appropriate step to take. They thought healthcare should help patients with the disclosure process but also guard the right of at-risk relatives to be informed. The findings support a direct approach from healthcare as a possible complement to an established model of family-mediated risk disclosure, but implementation must be made within existing frameworks of good practice for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Öfverholm
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Per Karlsson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Rosén
- Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Papareddy P, Tapken I, Kroh K, Varma Bhongir RK, Rahman M, Baumgarten M, Cim EI, Györffy L, Smeds E, Neumann A, Veerla S, Olinder J, Thorlacus H, Ryden C, Bartakova E, Holub M, Herwald H. The role of extracellular vesicle fusion with target cells in triggering systemic inflammation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1150. [PMID: 38326335 PMCID: PMC10850166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules from donor to recipient cells. As a result, EV fusion leads to the modulation of cellular functions and has an impact on both physiological and pathological processes in the recipient cell. This study explores the impact of EV fusion on cellular responses to inflammatory signaling. Our findings reveal that fusion renders non-responsive cells susceptible to inflammatory signaling, as evidenced by increased NF-κB activation and the release of inflammatory mediators. Syntaxin-binding protein 1 is essential for the merge and activation of intracellular signaling. Subsequent analysis show that EVs transfer their functionally active receptors to target cells, making them prone to an otherwise unresponsive state. EVs in complex with their agonist, require no further stimulation of the target cells to trigger mobilization of NF-κB. While receptor antagonists were unable to inhibit NF-κB activation, blocking of the fusion between EVs and their target cells with heparin mitigated inflammation in mice challenged with EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Papareddy
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ines Tapken
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Keshia Kroh
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Milladur Rahman
- Section of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Baumgarten
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eda Irem Cim
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lilla Györffy
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuel Smeds
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ariane Neumann
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Veerla
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jon Olinder
- Division of Infection Medicine, Helsingborg Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Thorlacus
- Section of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Ryden
- Division of Infection Medicine, Helsingborg Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Bartakova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holub
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Heiko Herwald
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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3
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Kumar R, Le Marchand T, Adam L, Bobrovs R, Chen G, Fridmanis J, Kronqvist N, Biverstål H, Jaudzems K, Johansson J, Pintacuda G, Abelein A. Identification of potential aggregation hotspots on Aβ42 fibrils blocked by the anti-amyloid chaperone-like BRICHOS domain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:965. [PMID: 38302480 PMCID: PMC10834949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding can generate toxic intermediates, which underlies several devastating diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The surface of AD-associated amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) fibrils has been suggested to act as a catalyzer for self-replication and generation of potentially toxic species. Specifically tailored molecular chaperones, such as the BRICHOS protein domain, were shown to bind to amyloid fibrils and break this autocatalytic cycle. Here, we identify a site on the Aβ42 fibril surface, consisting of three C-terminal β-strands and particularly the solvent-exposed β-strand stretching from residues 26-28, which is efficiently sensed by a designed variant of Bri2 BRICHOS. Remarkably, while only a low amount of BRICHOS binds to Aβ42 fibrils, fibril-catalyzed nucleation processes are effectively prevented, suggesting that the identified site acts as a catalytic aggregation hotspot, which can specifically be blocked by BRICHOS. Hence, these findings provide an understanding how toxic nucleation events can be targeted by molecular chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tanguy Le Marchand
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Resonance Magnétique Nucléaire (CRMN) à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurène Adam
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Raitis Bobrovs
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gefei Chen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jēkabs Fridmanis
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Nina Kronqvist
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Henrik Biverstål
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Department of Physical Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jan Johansson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Resonance Magnétique Nucléaire (CRMN) à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon (UMR 5082 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Axel Abelein
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Prill S, Caddeo A, Baselli G, Jamialahmadi O, Dongiovanni P, Rametta R, Kanebratt KP, Pujia A, Pingitore P, Mancina RM, Lindén D, Whatling C, Janefeldt A, Kozyra M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Valenti L, Andersson TB, Romeo S. The TM6SF2 E167K genetic variant induces lipid biosynthesis and reduces apolipoprotein B secretion in human hepatic 3D spheroids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11585. [PMID: 31406127 PMCID: PMC6690969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a high unmet need for developing treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), for which there are no approved drugs today. Here, we used a human in vitro disease model to understand mechanisms linked to genetic risk variants associated with NAFLD. The model is based on 3D spheroids from primary human hepatocytes from five different donors. Across these donors, we observed highly reproducible differences in the extent of steatosis induction, demonstrating that inter-donor variability is reflected in the in vitro model. Importantly, our data indicates that the genetic variant TM6SF2 E167K, previously associated with increased risk for NAFLD, induces increased hepatocyte fat content by reducing APOB particle secretion. Finally, differences in gene expression pathways involved in cholesterol, fatty acid and glucose metabolism between wild type and TM6SF2 E167K mutation carriers (N = 125) were confirmed in the in vitro model. Our data suggest that the 3D in vitro spheroids can be used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the association of human genetic variants associated with NAFLD. This model may also be suitable to discover new treatments against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prill
- DMPK, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Caddeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Guido Baselli
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Oveis Jamialahmadi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaela Rametta
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Kajsa P Kanebratt
- DMPK, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Piero Pingitore
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Lindén
- Bioscience Diabetes, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Whatling
- Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Janefeldt
- DMPK, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Kozyra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Valenti
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
- Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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5
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Abstract
The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is a contender for emerging applications of light, primarily because it offers low-cost solution fabrication of easily functionalized device architectures. The attractive properties originate in the in-situ formation of electrochemically doped transport regions that enclose an emissive intrinsic region, but the understanding of how this intricate doping structure affects the optical performance of the LEC is largely lacking. We combine angle- and doping-dependent measurements and simulations, and demonstrate that the emission zone in our high-performance LEC is centered at ~30% of the active-layer thickness (dal) from the anode. We further find that the emission intensity and efficiency are undulating with dal, and establish that the first emission maximum at dal ~ 100 nm is largely limited by the lossy coupling of excitons to the doping regions, whereas the most prominent loss channel at the second maximum at dal ~ 300 nm is wave-guided modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mattias Lindh
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Petter Lundberg
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lanz
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Edman
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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6
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Li J, Pylypchuk I, Johansson DP, Kessler VG, Seisenbaeva GA, Langton M. Self-assembly of plant protein fibrils interacting with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8939. [PMID: 31222107 PMCID: PMC6586877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ fibrillation of plant proteins in presence of the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NP) promoted formation of a hybrid nanocomposite. The morphology of NP-fibril composite was revealed using ex-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) in air. The NP-fibrils were associated into extended multi-fibril structures, indicating that the addition of NPs promoted protein association via β-sheet assembly. Real-time movement of NPs attached to fibrils under an external magnetic field was visualized using in-situ AFM in liquid, revealing that composite structures were stable at low pH, and displaying dipolar property of the NPs in the composite at high pH. Changes in magnetic properties of NPs when interacting with protein fibrils were quantitatively mapped using magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The magnetic moment of the NPs in composite was increased by co-existing with protein at low pH, while their dipolar nature was maintained at high pH. Self-assembly of the protein into fibrils is accelerated with increasing NP concentration within an optimal range, which is attributed to a fibrillation-competent conformation of the peptides. The latter was explained by the formation of favorable hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and efficient surface energy transfer between NPs and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- The Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ievgen Pylypchuk
- The Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel P Johansson
- The Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vadim G Kessler
- The Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gulaim A Seisenbaeva
- The Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maud Langton
- The Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Lind L, Kullberg J, Ahlström H, Michaëlsson K, Strand R. Proof of principle study of a detailed whole-body image analysis technique, "Imiomics", regarding adipose and lean tissue distribution. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7388. [PMID: 31089168 PMCID: PMC6517436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This "proof-of-principle" study evaluates if the recently presented "Imiomics" technique could visualize how fat and lean tissue mass are associated with local tissue volume and fat content at high/unprecedented resolution. A whole-body quantitative water-fat MRI scan was performed in 159 men and 167 women aged 50 in the population-based POEM study. Total fat and lean mass were measured by DXA. Fat content was measured by the water-fat MRI. Fat mass and distribution measures were associated to the detailed differences in tissue volume and fat concentration throughout the body using Imiomics. Fat mass was positively correlated (r > 0.50, p < 0.05) with tissue volume in all subcutaneous areas of the body, as well as volumes of the liver, intraperitoneal fat, retroperitoneal fat and perirenal fat, but negatively to lung volume. Fat mass correlated positively with volumes of paravertebral muscles, and muscles in the ventral part of the thigh and lower limb. Fat mass was distinctly correlated with the fat content in subcutaneous adipose tissue at the trunk. Lean mass was positively related to the large skeletal muscles and the skeleton. The present study indicates the Imiomics technique to be suitable for studies of fat and lean tissue distribution, and feasible for large scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Division of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Antaros Medical, BioVenture Hub, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Division of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Antaros Medical, BioVenture Hub, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Strand
- Division of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Cardenas DE, Ostermayr TM, Di Lucchio L, Hofmann L, Kling MF, Gibbon P, Schreiber J, Veisz L. Sub-cycle dynamics in relativistic nanoplasma acceleration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7321. [PMID: 31086214 PMCID: PMC6513988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of light with nanometer-sized solids provides the means of focusing optical radiation to sub-wavelength spatial scales with associated electric field enhancements offering new opportunities for multifaceted applications. We utilize collective effects in nanoplasmas with sub-two-cycle light pulses of extreme intensity to extend the waveform-dependent electron acceleration regime into the relativistic realm, by using 106 times higher intensity than previous works to date. Through irradiation of nanometric tungsten needles, we obtain multi-MeV energy electron bunches, whose energy and direction can be steered by the combined effect of the induced near-field and the laser field. We identified a two-step mechanism for the electron acceleration: (i) ejection within a sub-half-optical-cycle into the near-field from the target at >TVm-1 acceleration fields, and (ii) subsequent acceleration in vacuum by the intense laser field. Our observations raise the prospect of isolating and controlling relativistic attosecond electron bunches, and pave the way for next generation electron and photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cardenas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - T M Ostermayr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - L Di Lucchio
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Jülich Supercomputing Centre, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - L Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - M F Kling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - P Gibbon
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Jülich Supercomputing Centre, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Centre for Mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, Department of Mathematics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - J Schreiber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Am Couloumbwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - L Veisz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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9
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Engel F, Attermeyer K, Ayala AI, Fischer H, Kirchesch V, Pierson DC, Weyhenmeyer GA. Phytoplankton gross primary production increases along cascading impoundments in a temperate, low-discharge river: Insights from high frequency water quality monitoring. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6701. [PMID: 31040329 PMCID: PMC6491547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43008-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Damming alters carbon processing along river continua. Estimating carbon transport along rivers intersected by multiple dams requires an understanding of the effects of cascading impoundments on the riverine metabolism. We analyzed patterns of riverine metabolism and phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a; Chla) along a 74.4-km river reach intersected by six low-head navigation dams. Calculating gross primary production (GPP) from continuous measurements of dissolved oxygen concentration, we found a maximum increase in the mean GPP by a factor of 3.5 (absolute difference of 0.45 g C m-3 d-1) along the first 26.5 km of the study reach, while Chla increased over the entire reach by a factor of 2.9 (8.7 µg l-1). In the intermittently stratified section of the deepest impoundment the mean GPP between the 1 and 4 m water layer differed by a factor of 1.4 (0.31 g C m-3 d-1). Due to the strong increase in GPP, the river featured a wide range of conditions characteristic of low- to medium-production rivers. We suggest that cascading impoundments have the potential to stimulate riverine GPP, and conclude that phytoplankton CO2 uptake is an important carbon flux in the river Saar, where a considerable amount of organic matter is of autochthonous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Engel
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Katrin Attermeyer
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
- WasserCluster Lunz Biologische Station GmbH, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, 3293, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Ana I Ayala
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helmut Fischer
- Department of Microbial Ecology, German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Volker Kirchesch
- Department of Microbial Ecology, German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Don C Pierson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gesa A Weyhenmeyer
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Marlevi D, Ruijsink B, Balmus M, Dillon-Murphy D, Fovargue D, Pushparajah K, Bertoglio C, Colarieti-Tosti M, Larsson M, Lamata P, Figueroa CA, Razavi R, Nordsletten DA. Estimation of Cardiovascular Relative Pressure Using Virtual Work-Energy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1375. [PMID: 30718699 PMCID: PMC6362021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cardiovascular diseases lead to local increases in relative pressure, reflecting the higher costs of driving blood flow. The utility of this biomarker for stratifying the severity of disease has thus driven the development of methods to measure these relative pressures. While intravascular catheterisation remains the most direct measure, its invasiveness limits clinical application in many instances. Non-invasive Doppler ultrasound estimates have partially addressed this gap; however only provide relative pressure estimates for a range of constricted cardiovascular conditions. Here we introduce a non-invasive method that enables arbitrary interrogation of relative pressures throughout an imaged vascular structure, leveraging modern phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging, the virtual work-energy equations, and a virtual field to provide robust and accurate estimates. The versatility and accuracy of the method is verified in a set of complex patient-specific cardiovascular models, where relative pressures into previously inaccessible flow regions are assessed. The method is further validated within a cohort of congenital heart disease patients, providing a novel tool for probing relative pressures in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marlevi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bram Ruijsink
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Balmus
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond Dillon-Murphy
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Fovargue
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kuberan Pushparajah
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristóbal Bertoglio
- Bernoulli Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Massimiliano Colarieti-Tosti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matilda Larsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pablo Lamata
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Alberto Figueroa
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Reza Razavi
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Nordsletten
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Rinne SS, Leitao CD, Mitran B, Bass TZ, Andersson KG, Tolmachev V, Ståhl S, Löfblom J, Orlova A. Optimization of HER3 expression imaging using affibody molecules: Influence of chelator for labeling with indium-111. Sci Rep 2019; 9:655. [PMID: 30679757 PMCID: PMC6345776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36827-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radionuclide molecular imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) expression using affibody molecules could be used for patient stratification for HER3-targeted cancer therapeutics. We hypothesized that the properties of HER3-targeting affibody molecules might be improved through modification of the radiometal-chelator complex. Macrocyclic chelators NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid), NODAGA (1-(1,3-carboxypropyl)-4,7-carboxymethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane), DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid), and DOTAGA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododececane,1-(glutaric acid)-4,7,10-triacetic acid) were conjugated to the C-terminus of anti-HER3 affibody molecule Z08698 and conjugates were labeled with indium-111. All conjugates bound specifically and with picomolar affinity to HER3 in vitro. In mice bearing HER3-expressing xenografts, no significant difference in tumor uptake between the conjugates was observed. Presence of the negatively charged 111In-DOTAGA-complex resulted in the lowest hepatic uptake and the highest tumor-to-liver ratio. In conclusion, the choice of chelator influences the biodistribution of indium-111 labeled anti-HER3 affibody molecules. Hepatic uptake of anti-HER3 affibody molecules could be reduced by the increase of negative charge of the radiometal-chelator complex on the C-terminus without significantly influencing the tumor uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Rinne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles Dahlsson Leitao
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bogdan Mitran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tarek Z Bass
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ken G Andersson
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Ståhl
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Orlova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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De Wit P, Yamada K, Panova M, André C, Johannesson K. Diet-dependent gene expression highlights the importance of Cytochrome P450 in detoxification of algal secondary metabolites in a marine isopod. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16824. [PMID: 30429500 PMCID: PMC6235865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isopods of the genus Idotea have an unusual ability to feed on algae containing high amounts of chemical defense molecules, such as species of the genera Fucus and Ulva. In this study, we compared gene expression patterns of Idotea balthica individuals fed with Fucus vesiculosus to individuals fed with Ulva lactuca. We generated the first-ever transcriptome assembly for this species, and found 3,233 differentially expressed genes across feeding regimes. However, only a handful of biological functions were enriched with regard to differentially expressed genes, the most notable being "alkaloid metabolic process". Within this category, we found eight differentially expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) unigenes, all of which had a higher expression in the U. lactuca diet treatment. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the differentially expressed CYP genes are closely related to a CYP gene described from the hepatopancreas of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus, and we hypothesize that these transcripts are involved in metabolite detoxification. This is a first step in the understanding of this algae-grazer interaction, and will form a basis for future work to characterize cytochrome P450 functioning in marine crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre De Wit
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö, Sweden.
| | - Keith Yamada
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry, Turku, Finland
| | - Marina Panova
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö, Sweden
| | - Carl André
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö, Sweden
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13
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Xu H, Zhang L, Heyman B. IgG-mediated immune suppression in mice is epitope specific except during high epitope density conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15292. [PMID: 30327481 PMCID: PMC6191431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific IgG antibodies, passively administered together with erythrocytes, suppress antibody responses against the erythrocytes. Although used to prevent alloimmunization in Rhesus (Rh)D-negative women carrying RhD-positive fetuses, the mechanism behind is not understood. In mice, IgG suppresses efficiently in the absence of Fcγ-receptors and complement, suggesting an Fc-independent mechanism. In line with this, suppression is frequently restricted to the epitopes to which IgG binds. However, suppression of responses against epitopes not recognized by IgG has also been observed thus arguing against Fc-independence. Here, we explored the possibility that non-epitope specific suppression can be explained by steric hindrance when the suppressive IgG binds to an epitope present at high density. Mice were transfused with IgG anti-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP) together with NP-conjugated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with high, intermediate, or low NP-density. Antibody titers and the number of single antibody-forming cells were determined. As a rule, IgG suppressed NP- but not SRBC-specific responses (epitope specific suppression). However, there was one exception: suppression of both IgM anti-SRBC and IgM anti-NP responses occurred when high density SRBC-NP was administered (non-epitope specific suppression). These findings answer a longstanding question in antibody feedback regulation and are compatible with the hypothesis that epitope masking explains IgG-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Heyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Barbé L, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Echasserieau K, Bernardeau K, Carton T, Bovin N, Nordgren J, Svensson L, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Le Pendu J. Histo-blood group antigen-binding specificities of human rotaviruses are associated with gastroenteritis but not with in vitro infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12961. [PMID: 30154494 PMCID: PMC6113245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human strains of rotavirus A (RVAs) recognize fucosylated glycans belonging to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) through their spike protein VP8*. Lack of these ligands due to genetic polymorphisms is associated with resistance to gastroenteritis caused by P[8] genotype RVAs. With the aim to delineate the contribution of HBGAs in the process, we analyzed the glycan specificity of VP8* proteins from various P genotypes. Binding to saliva of VP8* from P[8] and P[4] genotypes required expression of both FUT2 and FUT3 enzymes, whilst binding of VP8* from the P[14] genotype required FUT2 and A enzymes. We further defined a glycan motif, GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc, recognized by P[6] clinical strains. Conversion into Lewis antigens by the FUT3 enzyme impaired recognition, explaining their lower binding to saliva of Lewis positive phenotype. In addition, the presence of neutralizing antibodies was associated with the presence of the FUT2 wild type allele in sera from young healthy adults. Nonetheless, in vitro infection of transformed cell lines was independent of HBGAs expression, indicating that HBGAs are not human RV receptors. The match between results from saliva-based binding assays and the epidemiological data indicates that the polymorphism of human HBGAs controls susceptibility to RVAs, although the exact mechanism remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Barbé
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Klara Echasserieau
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Plateforme P2R « Production de protéines recombinantes », SFR Sante F. Bonamy-IRS-UN, Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Bernardeau
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Plateforme P2R « Production de protéines recombinantes », SFR Sante F. Bonamy-IRS-UN, Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Nicolai Bovin
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Ruvoën-Clouet
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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15
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Kristensson E, Berrocal E. Crossed patterned structured illumination for the analysis and velocimetry of transient turbid media. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11751. [PMID: 30082685 PMCID: PMC6079086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging through turbid environments is experimentally challenging due to multiple light scattering. Structured laser illumination has proven to be effective to minimize errors arising from this phenomenon, allowing the interior of optically dense media to be observed. However, in order to preserve the image spatial resolution while suppressing the intensity contribution from multiple light scattering, the method relies on multiple acquisitions and thus sequential illumination. These requirements significantly limit the usefulness of structured illumination when imaging highly transient events. Here we present a method for achieving snapshot visualizations using structured illumination, where the spatial frequency domain is increased by a factor of two compared to past structured illumination snapshots. Our approach uses two crossed intensity-modulated patterns, allowing us to expand the spatial frequency response of the extracted data. The snapshot capability of this imaging approach allows tracking single particles and opens up for the extraction of velocity vectors by combining it with standard particle tracking/image velocimetry (PTV or PIV) equipment. In this paper we demonstrate the capabilities of this new method and, for the first time, use structured illumination to extract velocity vectors in 2D in a transient turbid medium, in this case an optically dense atomizing spray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kristensson
- Department of Physics, Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Edouard Berrocal
- Department of Physics, Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Del Giudice M, Bosia C, Grigolon S, Bo S. Stochastic sequestration dynamics: a minimal model with extrinsic noise for bimodal distributions and competitors correlation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10387. [PMID: 29991682 PMCID: PMC6039506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological processes are known to be based on molecular sequestration. This kind of dynamics involves two types of molecular species, namely targets and sequestrants, that bind to form a complex. In the simple framework of mass-action law, key features of these systems appear to be threshold-like profiles of the amounts of free molecules as a function of the parameters determining their possible maximum abundance. However, biochemical processes are probabilistic and take place in stochastically fluctuating environments. How these different sources of noise affect the final outcome of the network is not completely characterised yet. In this paper we specifically investigate the effects induced by a source of extrinsic noise onto a minimal stochastic model of molecular sequestration. We analytically show how bimodal distributions of the targets can appear and characterise them as a result of noise filtering mediated by the threshold response. We then address the correlations between target species induced by the sequestrant and discuss how extrinsic noise can turn the negative correlation caused by competition into a positive one. Finally, we consider the more complex scenario of competitive inhibition for enzymatic kinetics and discuss the relevance of our findings with respect to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, IT-10129, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, via Nizza 52, I-10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Bosia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, IT-10129, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, via Nizza 52, I-10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Grigolon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Bo
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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