1
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Ohanele C, Peoples JN, Karlstaedt A, Geiger JT, Gayle AD, Ghazal N, Sohani F, Brown ME, Davis ME, Porter GA, Faundez V, Kwong JQ. Mitochondrial citrate carrier SLC25A1 is a dosage-dependent regulator of metabolic reprogramming and morphogenesis in the developing heart. bioRxiv 2024:2023.05.22.541833. [PMID: 37292906 PMCID: PMC10245819 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The developing mammalian heart undergoes an important metabolic shift from glycolysis toward mitochondrial oxidation, such that oxidative phosphorylation defects may present with cardiac abnormalities. Here, we describe a new mechanistic link between mitochondria and cardiac morphogenesis, uncovered by studying mice with systemic loss of the mitochondrial citrate carrier SLC25A1. Slc25a1 null embryos displayed impaired growth, cardiac malformations, and aberrant mitochondrial function. Importantly, Slc25a1 heterozygous embryos, which are overtly indistinguishable from wild type, exhibited an increased frequency of these defects, suggesting Slc25a1 haploinsuffiency and dose-dependent effects. Supporting clinical relevance, we found a near-significant association between ultrarare human pathogenic SLC25A1 variants and pediatric congenital heart disease. Mechanistically, SLC25A1 may link mitochondria to transcriptional regulation of metabolism through epigenetic control of gene expression to promote metabolic remodeling in the developing heart. Collectively, this work positions SLC25A1 as a novel mitochondrial regulator of ventricular morphogenesis and cardiac metabolic maturation and suggests a role in congenital heart disease.
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2
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Lane AR, Wynne ME, Faundez V. Human-specific translational control of neuronal mitochondria and excitability. Neuron 2023; 111:3901-3903. [PMID: 38128477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
How are human-specific brain bioenergetics and excitability connected? In this Neuron issue, Shen et al.1 reveal a human-specific interaction between RACK1 mRNA and FMRP. Reducing RACK1 mimics FMRP-dependent excitability and mitochondrial phenotypes, which can be reversed with mitochondrial-protective drugs. These findings suggest that FMRP-mediated translation adapts mitochondria to excitability energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Lane
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Meghan E Wynne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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3
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Zlatic SA, Werner E, Surapaneni V, Lee CE, Gokhale A, Singleton K, Duong D, Crocker A, Gentile K, Middleton F, Dalloul JM, Liu WLY, Patgiri A, Tarquinio D, Carpenter R, Faundez V. Systemic proteome phenotypes reveal defective metabolic flexibility in Mecp2 mutants. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 33:12-32. [PMID: 37712894 PMCID: PMC10729867 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes mutated in monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders are broadly expressed. This observation supports the concept that monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders are systemic diseases that profoundly impact neurodevelopment. We tested the systemic disease model focusing on Rett syndrome, which is caused by mutations in MECP2. Transcriptomes and proteomes of organs and brain regions from Mecp2-null mice as well as diverse MECP2-null male and female human cells were assessed. Widespread changes in the steady-state transcriptome and proteome were identified in brain regions and organs of presymptomatic Mecp2-null male mice as well as mutant human cell lines. The extent of these transcriptome and proteome modifications was similar in cortex, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle and more pronounced than in the hippocampus and striatum. In particular, Mecp2- and MECP2-sensitive proteomes were enriched in synaptic and metabolic annotated gene products, the latter encompassing lipid metabolism and mitochondrial pathways. MECP2 mutations altered pyruvate-dependent mitochondrial respiration while maintaining the capacity to use glutamine as a mitochondrial carbon source. We conclude that mutations in Mecp2/MECP2 perturb lipid and mitochondrial metabolism systemically limiting cellular flexibility to utilize mitochondrial fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Steet, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Steet, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Veda Surapaneni
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Steet, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Chelsea E Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Steet, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Steet, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Kaela Singleton
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Steet, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Duc Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Amanda Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Bicentennial Way, Middlebury, VT 05753, United States
| | - Karen Gentile
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Frank Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Joseph Martin Dalloul
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - William Li-Yun Liu
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Anupam Patgiri
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Daniel Tarquinio
- Center for Rare Neurological Diseases, 5600 Oakbrook Pkwy, Norcross, GA 30093, United States
| | - Randall Carpenter
- Rett Syndrome Research Trust, 67 Under Cliff Rd, Trumbull, CT 06611, United States
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Steet, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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4
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Zlatic SA, Werner E, Surapaneni V, Lee CE, Gokhale A, Singleton K, Duong D, Crocker A, Gentile K, Middleton F, Dalloul JM, Liu WLY, Patgiri A, Tarquinio D, Carpenter R, Faundez V. Systemic Proteome Phenotypes Reveal Defective Metabolic Flexibility in Mecp2 Mutants. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.03.535431. [PMID: 37066332 PMCID: PMC10103972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Genes mutated in monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders are broadly expressed. This observation supports the concept that monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders are systemic diseases that profoundly impact neurodevelopment. We tested the systemic disease model focusing on Rett syndrome, which is caused by mutations in MECP2. Transcriptomes and proteomes of organs and brain regions from Mecp2-null mice as well as diverse MECP2-null male and female human cells were assessed. Widespread changes in the steady-state transcriptome and proteome were identified in brain regions and organs of presymptomatic Mecp2-null male mice as well as mutant human cell lines. The extent of these transcriptome and proteome modifications was similar in cortex, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle and more pronounced than in the hippocampus and striatum. In particular, Mecp2- and MECP2-sensitive proteomes were enriched in synaptic and metabolic annotated gene products, the latter encompassing lipid metabolism and mitochondrial pathways. MECP2 mutations altered pyruvate-dependent mitochondrial respiration while maintaining the capacity to use glutamine as a mitochondrial carbon source. We conclude that mutations in Mecp2/MECP2 perturb lipid and mitochondrial metabolism systemically limiting cellular flexibility to utilize mitochondrial fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Veda Surapaneni
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Chelsea E. Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Kaela Singleton
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Duc Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Amanda Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753
| | - Karen Gentile
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Frank Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Joseph Martin Dalloul
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - William Li-Yun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | - Anupam Patgiri
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
| | | | | | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30322
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5
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Purcell RH, Sefik E, Werner E, King AT, Mosley TJ, Merritt-Garza ME, Chopra P, McEachin ZT, Karne S, Raj N, Vaglio BJ, Sullivan D, Firestein BL, Tilahun K, Robinette MI, Warren ST, Wen Z, Faundez V, Sloan SA, Bassell GJ, Mulle JG. Cross-species analysis identifies mitochondrial dysregulation as a functional consequence of the schizophrenia-associated 3q29 deletion. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh0558. [PMID: 37585521 PMCID: PMC10431714 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The 1.6-megabase deletion at chromosome 3q29 (3q29Del) is the strongest identified genetic risk factor for schizophrenia, but the effects of this variant on neurodevelopment are not well understood. We interrogated the developing neural transcriptome in two experimental model systems with complementary advantages: isogenic human cortical organoids and isocortex from the 3q29Del mouse model. We profiled transcriptomes from isogenic cortical organoids that were aged for 2 and 12 months, as well as perinatal mouse isocortex, all at single-cell resolution. Systematic pathway analysis implicated dysregulation of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. These molecular signatures were supported by analysis of oxidative phosphorylation protein complex expression in mouse brain and assays of mitochondrial function in engineered cell lines, which revealed a lack of metabolic flexibility and a contribution of the 3q29 gene PAK2. Together, these data indicate that metabolic disruption is associated with 3q29Del and is conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H. Purcell
- Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esra Sefik
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexia T. King
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Trenell J. Mosley
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zachary T. McEachin
- Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sridhar Karne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nisha Raj
- Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brandon J. Vaglio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Dylan Sullivan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Bonnie L. Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kedamawit Tilahun
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maxine I. Robinette
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen T. Warren
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven A. Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gary J. Bassell
- Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer G. Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Purcell RH, Sefik E, Werner E, King AT, Mosley TJ, Merritt-Garza ME, Chopra P, McEachin ZT, Karne S, Raj N, Vaglio BJ, Sullivan D, Firestein BL, Tilahun K, Robinette MI, Warren ST, Wen Z, Faundez V, Sloan SA, Bassell GJ, Mulle JG. Cross-species transcriptomic analysis identifies mitochondrial dysregulation as a functional consequence of the schizophrenia-associated 3q29 deletion. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.27.525748. [PMID: 36747819 PMCID: PMC9901184 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the genetics of schizophrenia (SCZ) have identified rare variants that confer high disease risk, including a 1.6 Mb deletion at chromosome 3q29 with a staggeringly large effect size (O.R. > 40). Understanding the impact of the 3q29 deletion (3q29Del) on the developing CNS may therefore lead to insights about the pathobiology of schizophrenia. To gain clues about the molecular and cellular perturbations caused by the 3q29 deletion, we interrogated transcriptomic effects in two experimental model systems with complementary advantages: isogenic human forebrain cortical organoids and isocortex from the 3q29Del mouse model. We first created isogenic lines by engineering the full 3q29Del into an induced pluripotent stem cell line from a neurotypical individual. We profiled transcriptomes from isogenic cortical organoids that were aged for 2 months and 12 months, as well as day p7 perinatal mouse isocortex, all at single cell resolution. Differential expression analysis by genotype in each cell-type cluster revealed that more than half of the differentially expressed genes identified in mouse cortex were also differentially expressed in human cortical organoids, and strong correlations were observed in mouse-human differential gene expression across most major cell-types. We systematically filtered differentially expressed genes to identify changes occurring in both model systems. Pathway analysis on this filtered gene set implicated dysregulation of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism, although the direction of the effect was dependent on developmental timepoint. Transcriptomic changes were validated at the protein level by analysis of oxidative phosphorylation protein complexes in mouse brain tissue. Assays of mitochondrial function in human heterologous cells further confirmed robust mitochondrial dysregulation in 3q29Del cells, and these effects are partially recapitulated by ablation of the 3q29Del gene PAK2 . Taken together these data indicate that metabolic disruption is associated with 3q29Del and is conserved across species. These results converge with data from other rare SCZ-associated variants as well as idiopathic schizophrenia, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a significant but overlooked contributing factor to the development of psychotic disorders. This cross-species scRNA-seq analysis of the SCZ-associated 3q29 deletion reveals that this copy number variant may produce early and persistent changes in cellular metabolism that are relevant to human neurodevelopment.
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7
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Wynne ME, Ogunbona O, Lane AR, Gokhale A, Zlatic SA, Xu C, Wen Z, Duong DM, Rayaprolu S, Ivanova A, Ortlund EA, Dammer EB, Seyfried NT, Roberts BR, Crocker A, Shanbhag V, Petris M, Senoo N, Kandasamy S, Claypool SM, Barrientos A, Wingo A, Wingo TS, Rangaraju S, Levey AI, Werner E, Faundez V. APOE expression and secretion are modulated by mitochondrial dysfunction. eLife 2023; 12:e85779. [PMID: 37171075 PMCID: PMC10231934 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria influence cellular function through both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms, such as production of paracrine and endocrine factors. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial regulation of the secretome is more extensive than previously appreciated, as both genetic and pharmacological disruption of the electron transport chain caused upregulation of the Alzheimer's disease risk factor apolipoprotein E (APOE) and other secretome components. Indirect disruption of the electron transport chain by gene editing of SLC25A mitochondrial membrane transporters as well as direct genetic and pharmacological disruption of either complexes I, III, or the copper-containing complex IV of the electron transport chain elicited upregulation of APOE transcript, protein, and secretion, up to 49-fold. These APOE phenotypes were robustly expressed in diverse cell types and iPSC-derived human astrocytes as part of an inflammatory gene expression program. Moreover, age- and genotype-dependent decline in brain levels of respiratory complex I preceded an increase in APOE in the 5xFAD mouse model. We propose that mitochondria act as novel upstream regulators of APOE-dependent cellular processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Wynne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Oluwaseun Ogunbona
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Alicia R Lane
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | | | - Chongchong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Sruti Rayaprolu
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Anna Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | | | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Amanda Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury CollegeMiddleburyUnited States
| | - Vinit Shanbhag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Michael Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Nanami Senoo
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | | | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of MiamiMiamiUnited States
| | - Aliza Wingo
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
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8
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Werner E, Gokhale A, Ackert M, Xu C, Wen Z, Roberts AM, Roberts BR, Vrailas-Mortimer A, Crocker A, Faundez V. The mitochondrial RNA granule modulates manganese-dependent cell toxicity. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar108. [PMID: 35921164 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-03-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged manganese exposure causes manganism, a neurodegenerative movement disorder. The identity of adaptive and nonadaptive cellular processes targeted by manganese remains mostly unexplored. Here we study mechanisms engaged by manganese in genetic cellular models known to increase susceptibility to manganese exposure, the plasma membrane manganese efflux transporter SLC30A10 and the mitochondrial Parkinson's gene PARK2. We found that SLC30A10 and PARK2 mutations as well as manganese exposure compromised the mitochondrial RNA granule composition and function, resulting in disruption of mitochondrial transcript processing. These RNA granule defects led to impaired assembly and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Notably, cells that survived a cytotoxic manganese challenge had impaired RNA granule function, thus suggesting that this granule phenotype was adaptive. CRISPR gene editing of subunits of the mitochondrial RNA granule, FASTKD2 or DHX30, as well as pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial transcription-translation, were protective rather than deleterious for survival of cells acutely exposed to manganese. Similarly, adult Drosophila mutants with defects in the mitochondrial RNA granule component scully were safeguarded from manganese-induced mortality. We conclude that impairment of the mitochondrial RNA granule function is a protective mechanism for acute manganese toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - A Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - M Ackert
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 617901
| | - C Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Z Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - A M Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - B R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - A Vrailas-Mortimer
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 617901
| | - A Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753
| | - V Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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9
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Wingo TS, Liu Y, Gerasimov ES, Vattathil SM, Wynne ME, Liu J, Lori A, Faundez V, Bennett DA, Seyfried NT, Levey AI, Wingo AP. Shared mechanisms across the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4314. [PMID: 35882878 PMCID: PMC9325708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several common psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases share epidemiologic risk; however, whether they share pathophysiology is unclear and is the focus of our investigation. Using 25 GWAS results and LD score regression, we find eight significant genetic correlations between psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. We integrate the GWAS results with human brain transcriptomes (n = 888) and proteomes (n = 722) to identify cis- and trans- transcripts and proteins that are consistent with a pleiotropic or causal role in each disease, referred to as causal proteins for brevity. Within each disease group, we find many distinct and shared causal proteins. Remarkably, 30% (13 of 42) of the neurodegenerative disease causal proteins are shared with psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, we find 2.6-fold more protein-protein interactions among the psychiatric and neurodegenerative causal proteins than expected by chance. Together, our findings suggest these psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases have shared genetic and molecular pathophysiology, which has important ramifications for early treatment and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Wingo
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Selina M Vattathil
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E Wynne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Atlanta Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA.
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10
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Lane A, Gokhale A, Werner E, Roberts A, Freeman A, Roberts B, Faundez V. Sulfur- and phosphorus-standardized metal quantification of biological specimens using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101334. [PMID: 35496782 PMCID: PMC9047006 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes how inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can quantify metals, sulfur, and phosphorus present in biological specimens. The high sensitivity of ICP-MS enables detection of these elements at very low concentrations, and absolute quantification is achieved with standard curves. Sulfur or phosphorus standardization reduces variability that arises because of slight differences in sample composition. This protocol bypasses challenges because of limited sample amounts and facilitates studies examining the biological roles of metals in health and disease. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hartwig et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Lane
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anne Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Amanda Freeman
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Blaine Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Gokhale A, Lee CE, Zlatic SA, Freeman AAH, Shearing N, Hartwig C, Ogunbona O, Bassell JL, Wynne ME, Werner E, Xu C, Wen Z, Duong D, Seyfried NT, Bearden CE, Oláh VJ, Rowan MJM, Glausier JR, Lewis DA, Faundez V. Mitochondrial Proteostasis Requires Genes Encoded in a Neurodevelopmental Syndrome Locus. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6596-6616. [PMID: 34261699 PMCID: PMC8336702 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2197-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells maintain proteostasis through mechanisms that require cytoplasmic and mitochondrial translation. Genetic defects affecting cytoplasmic translation perturb synapse development, neurotransmission, and are causative of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Fragile X syndrome. In contrast, there is little indication that mitochondrial proteostasis, either in the form of mitochondrial protein translation and/or degradation, is required for synapse development and function. Here we focus on two genes deleted in a recurrent copy number variation causing neurodevelopmental disorders, the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. We demonstrate that SLC25A1 and MRPL40, two genes present in the microdeleted segment and whose products localize to mitochondria, interact and are necessary for mitochondrial ribosomal integrity and proteostasis. Our Drosophila studies show that mitochondrial ribosome function is necessary for synapse neurodevelopment, function, and behavior. We propose that mitochondrial proteostasis perturbations, either by genetic or environmental factors, are a pathogenic mechanism for neurodevelopmental disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The balance between cytoplasmic protein synthesis and degradation, or cytoplasmic proteostasis, is required for normal synapse function and neurodevelopment. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomes are necessary for two compartmentalized, yet interdependent, forms of proteostasis. Proteostasis dependent on cytoplasmic ribosomes is a well-established target of genetic defects that cause neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism. Here we show that the mitochondrial ribosome is a neurodevelopmentally regulated organelle whose function is required for synapse development and function. We propose that defective mitochondrial proteostasis is a mechanism with the potential to contribute to neurodevelopmental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Cell Biology
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Duc Duong
- and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | | | | | - Jill R Glausier
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - David A Lewis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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12
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Peoples JN, Ghazal N, Duong DM, Hardin KR, Manning JR, Seyfried NT, Faundez V, Kwong JQ. Loss of the mitochondrial phosphate carrier SLC25A3 induces remodeling of the cardiac mitochondrial protein acylome. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C519-C534. [PMID: 34319827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00156.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are recognized as signaling organelles because, under stress, mitochondria can trigger various signaling pathways to coordinate the cell's response. The specific pathway(s) engaged by mitochondria in response to mitochondrial energy defects in vivo and in high-energy tissues like the heart are not fully understood. Here, we investigated cardiac pathways activated in response to mitochondrial energy dysfunction by studying mice with cardiomyocyte-specific loss of the mitochondrial phosphate carrier (SLC25A3), an established model that develops cardiomyopathy as a result of defective mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial energy dysfunction induced a striking pattern of acylome remodeling, with significantly increased post-translational acetylation and malonylation. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics further revealed that energy dysfunction-induced remodeling of the acetylome and malonylome preferentially impacts mitochondrial proteins. Acetylation and malonylation modified a highly interconnected interactome of mitochondrial proteins, and both modifications were present on the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2). Intriguingly, IDH2 activity was enhanced in SLC25A3-deleted mitochondria, and further study of IDH2 sites targeted by both acetylation and malonylation revealed that these modifications can have site-specific and distinct functional effects. Finally, we uncovered a novel crosstalk between the two modifications, whereby mitochondrial energy dysfunction-induced acetylation of sirtuin 5 (SIRT5), inhibited its function. Because SIRT5 is a mitochondrial deacylase with demalonylase activity, this finding suggests that acetylation can modulate the malonylome. Together, our results position acylations as an arm of the mitochondrial response to energy dysfunction and suggest a mechanism by which focal disruption to the energy production machinery can have an expanded impact on global mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Peoples
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nasab Ghazal
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine R Hardin
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Janet R Manning
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer Q Kwong
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Bülow P, Wenner PA, Faundez V, Bassell GJ. Mitochondrial Structure and Polarity in Dendrites and the Axon Initial Segment Are Regulated by Homeostatic Plasticity and Dysregulated in Fragile X Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702020. [PMID: 34350185 PMCID: PMC8327182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been overlooked in neurodevelopmental disorders, but recent studies have provided new links to genetic forms of autism, including Rett syndrome and fragile X syndrome (FXS). Mitochondria show plasticity in morphology and function in response to neuronal activity, and previous research has reported impairments in mitochondrial morphology and function in disease. We and others have previously reported abnormalities in distinct types of homeostatic plasticity in FXS. It remains unknown if or how activity deprivation triggering homeostatic plasticity affects mitochondria in axons and/or dendrites and whether impairments occur in neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we test the hypothesis that mitochondria are structurally and functionally modified in a compartment-specific manner during homeostatic plasticity using a model of activity deprivation in cortical neurons from wild-type mice and that this plasticity-induced regulation is altered in Fmr1-knockout (KO) neurons. We uncovered dendrite-specific regulation of the mitochondrial surface area, whereas axon initial segment (AIS) mitochondria show changes in polarity; both responses are lost in the Fmr1 KO. Taken together, our results demonstrate impairments in mitochondrial plasticity in FXS, which has not previously been reported. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysregulation in FXS could contribute to abnormal neuronal plasticity, with broader implications to other neurodevelopmental disorders and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Bülow
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peter A Wenner
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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14
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Singleton KS, Faundez V. Robustness and innovation along the endocytic route: Lessons from darkness. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202105030. [PMID: 34081082 PMCID: PMC8178755 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
What mechanisms ensure the loading of a SNARE into a nascent carrier? In this issue, Bowman et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202005173) describe an unprecedented mechanism where two sorting complexes, AP-3 and BLOC-1, the latter bound to syntaxin 13, work as a fail-safe to recognize sorting signals in VAMP7, a membrane protein required for fusion to melanosomes. Their observations define one of the first examples of distributed robustness in membrane traffic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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15
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Wynne ME, Lane AR, Singleton KS, Zlatic SA, Gokhale A, Werner E, Duong D, Kwong JQ, Crocker AJ, Faundez V. Heterogeneous Expression of Nuclear Encoded Mitochondrial Genes Distinguishes Inhibitory and Excitatory Neurons. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0232-21.2021. [PMID: 34312306 PMCID: PMC8387155 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0232-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial composition varies by organ and their constituent cell types. This mitochondrial diversity likely determines variations in mitochondrial function. However, the heterogeneity of mitochondria in the brain remains underexplored despite the large diversity of cell types in neuronal tissue. Here, we used molecular systems biology tools to address whether mitochondrial composition varies by brain region and neuronal cell type in mice. We reasoned that proteomics and transcriptomics of microdissected brain regions combined with analysis of single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNAseq) could reveal the extent of mitochondrial compositional diversity. We selected nuclear encoded gene products forming complexes of fixed stoichiometry, such as the respiratory chain complexes and the mitochondrial ribosome, as well as molecules likely to perform their function as monomers, such as the family of SLC25 transporters. We found that the proteome encompassing these nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes and obtained from microdissected brain tissue segregated the hippocampus, striatum, and cortex from each other. Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transcripts could only segregate cell types and brain regions when the analysis was performed at the single-cell level. In fact, single-cell mitochondrial transcriptomes were able to distinguish glutamatergic and distinct types of GABAergic neurons from one another. Within these cell categories, unique SLC25A transporters were able to identify distinct cell subpopulations. Our results demonstrate heterogeneous mitochondrial composition across brain regions and cell types. We postulate that mitochondrial heterogeneity influences regional and cell type-specific mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Wynne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alicia R Lane
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | | | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Duc Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Amanda J Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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16
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Bülow P, Zlatic SA, Wenner PA, Bassell GJ, Faundez V. FMRP attenuates activity dependent modifications in the mitochondrial proteome. Mol Brain 2021; 14:75. [PMID: 33931071 PMCID: PMC8086361 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic plasticity is necessary for the construction and maintenance of functional neuronal networks, but principal molecular mechanisms required for or modified by homeostatic plasticity are not well understood. We recently reported that homeostatic plasticity induced by activity deprivation is dysregulated in cortical neurons from Fragile X Mental Retardation protein (FMRP) knockout mice (Bulow et al. in Cell Rep 26: 1378-1388 e1373, 2019). These findings led us to hypothesize that identifying proteins sensitive to activity deprivation and/or FMRP expression could reveal pathways required for or modified by homeostatic plasticity. Here, we report an unbiased quantitative mass spectrometry used to quantify steady-state proteome changes following chronic activity deprivation in wild type and Fmr1-/y cortical neurons. Proteome hits responsive to both activity deprivation and the Fmr1-/y genotype were significantly annotated to mitochondria. We found an increased number of mitochondria annotated proteins whose expression was sensitive to activity deprivation in Fmr1-/y cortical neurons as compared to wild type neurons. These findings support a novel role of FMRP in attenuating mitochondrial proteome modifications induced by activity deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Bülow
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stephanie A Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Peter A Wenner
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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17
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Abstract
This protocol describes immunoprecipitation of proteins associated with FLAG-tagged recombinant proteins followed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics to identify the associated interactome components. FLAG epitope was chosen, because existing high-affinity monoclonal antibodies allow for sensitive immunoprecipitation and FLAG peptides permit efficient elution of protein complexes. With many commercially available FLAG tools, this protocol is highly versatile. This procedure reduces immunoprecipitation of nonspecific binding proteins. Gene ontology analyses performed following mass spectrometry-based proteomics may elucidate novel functions of proteins of interest. For complete details on the use and application of this protocol, please refer to Valdez-Sinon et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Gary Jonathan Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding author
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal P Sarma
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Allan Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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19
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Lee CE, Singleton KS, Wallin M, Faundez V. Rare Genetic Diseases: Nature's Experiments on Human Development. iScience 2020; 23:101123. [PMID: 32422592 PMCID: PMC7229282 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare genetic diseases are the result of a continuous forward genetic screen that nature is conducting on humans. Here, we present epistemological and systems biology arguments highlighting the importance of studying these rare genetic diseases. We contend that the expanding catalog of mutations in ∼4,000 genes, which cause ∼6,500 diseases and their annotated phenotypes, offer a wide landscape for discovering fundamental mechanisms required for human development and involved in common diseases. Rare afflictions disproportionately affect the nervous system in children, but paradoxically, the majority of these disease-causing genes are evolutionarily ancient and ubiquitously expressed in human tissues. We propose that the biased prevalence of childhood rare diseases affecting nervous tissue results from the topological complexity of the protein interaction networks formed by ubiquitous and ancient proteins encoded by childhood disease genes. Finally, we illustrate these principles discussing Menkes disease, an example of the discovery power afforded by rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kaela S Singleton
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Melissa Wallin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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20
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Lee FY, Larimore J, Faundez V, Dell'Angelica EC, Ghiani CA. Sex-dimorphic effects of biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 deficiency on mouse perinatal brain development. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:67-89. [PMID: 32436302 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The function(s) of the Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex-1 (BLOC-1) during brain development is to date largely unknown. Here, we investigated how its absence alters the trajectory of postnatal brain development using as model the pallid mouse. Most of the defects observed early postnatally in the mutant mice were more prominent in males than in females and in the hippocampus. Male mutant mice, but not females, had smaller brains as compared to sex-matching wild types at postnatal day 1 (P1), this deficit was largely recovered by P14 and P45. An abnormal cytoarchitecture of the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus was observed in P1 pallid male, but not female, or juvenile mice (P45), along with severely decreased expression levels of the radial glial marker Glutamate-Aspartate Transporter. Transcriptomic analyses showed that the overall response to the lack of functional BLOC-1 was more pronounced in hippocampi at P1 than at P45 or in the cerebral cortex. These observations suggest that absence of BLOC-1 renders males more susceptible to perinatal brain maldevelopment and although most abnormalities appear to have been resolved in juvenile animals, still permanent defects may be present, resulting in faulty neuronal circuits, and contribute to previously reported cognitive and behavioral phenotypes in adult BLOC-1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esteban C Dell'Angelica
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Valdez-Sinon AN, Lai A, Shi L, Lancaster CL, Gokhale A, Faundez V, Bassell GJ. Cdh1-APC Regulates Protein Synthesis and Stress Granules in Neurons through an FMRP-Dependent Mechanism. iScience 2020; 23:101132. [PMID: 32434143 PMCID: PMC7236060 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a balance between protein degradation and protein synthesis is necessary for neurodevelopment. Although the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase promoting complex and its regulatory subunit Cdh1 (Cdh1-APC) has been shown to regulate learning and memory, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we have identified a role of Cdh1-APC as a regulator of protein synthesis in neurons. Proteomic profiling revealed that Cdh1-APC interacts with known regulators of translation, including stress granule proteins. Inhibition of Cdh1-APC activity caused an increase in stress granule formation that is dependent on fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). We propose a model in which Cdh1-APC targets stress granule proteins, such as FMRP, and inhibits the formation of stress granules, leading to protein synthesis. Elucidation of a role for Cdh1-APC in regulation of stress granules and protein synthesis in neurons has implications for how Cdh1-APC can regulate protein-synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin Lai
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Carly L. Lancaster
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gary J. Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,Corresponding author
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22
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Abstract
The training of physician-scientists lies at the heart of future medical research. In this commentary, we apply Narayanamurti and Odumosu’s framework of the “discovery-invention cycle” to analyze the structure and outcomes of the integrated MD/PhD program. We argue that the linear model of “bench-to-bedside” research, which is also reflected in the present training of MD/PhDs, merits continual re-evaluation to capitalize on the richness of opportunities arising in clinical medicine. In addition to measuring objective career outcomes, as existing research has done, we suggest that detailed characterization of researchers’ efforts using both qualitative and quantitative techniques is necessary to understand if dual-degree training is being utilized. As an example, we propose that the application of machine learning and data science to corpora of biomedical literature and anonymized clinical data might allow us to see if there are objective “signatures” of research uniquely enabled by MD/PhD training. We close by proposing several hypotheses for shaping physician-scientist training, the relative merits of which could be assessed using the techniques proposed above. Our overarching message is the importance of deeply understanding individual career trajectories as well as characterizing organizational details and cultural nuances to drive new policy which shapes the future of the physician-scientist workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal P Sarma
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Allan Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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23
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Faundez V, Wynne M, Crocker A, Tarquinio D. Molecular Systems Biology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Rett Syndrome as an Archetype. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 13:30. [PMID: 31379529 PMCID: PMC6650571 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders represent a challenging biological and medical problem due to their genetic and phenotypic complexity. In many cases, we lack the comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms necessary for targeted therapeutic development. One key component that could improve both mechanistic understanding and clinical trial design is reliable molecular biomarkers. Presently, no objective biological markers exist to evaluate most neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we discuss how systems biology and "omic" approaches can address the mechanistic and biomarker limitations in these afflictions. We present heuristic principles for testing the potential of systems biology to identify mechanisms and biomarkers of disease in the example of Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a well-defined monogenic defect in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2). We propose that such an approach can not only aid in monitoring clinical disease severity but also provide a measure of target engagement in clinical trials. By deepening our understanding of the "big picture" of systems biology, this approach could even help generate hypotheses for drug development programs, hopefully resulting in new treatments for these devastating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Meghan Wynne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amanda Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, United States
| | - Daniel Tarquinio
- Rare Neurological Diseases (Private Research Institution), Atlanta, GA, United States
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24
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Tower-Gilchrist C, Zlatic SA, Yu D, Chang Q, Wu H, Lin X, Faundez V, Chen P. Adaptor protein-3 complex is required for Vangl2 trafficking and planar cell polarity of the inner ear. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2422-2434. [PMID: 31268833 PMCID: PMC6741063 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates coordinated cellular polarity among neighboring cells to establish a polarity axis parallel to the plane of the tissue. Disruption in PCP results in a range of developmental anomalies and diseases. A key feature of PCP is the polarized and asymmetric localization of several membrane PCP proteins, which is essential to establish the polarity axis to orient cells coordinately. However, the machinery that regulates the asymmetric partition of PCP proteins remains largely unknown. In the present study, we show Van gogh-like 2 (Vangl2) in early and recycling endosomes as made evident by colocalization with diverse endosomal Rab proteins. Vangl2 biochemically interacts with adaptor protein-3 complex (AP-3). Using short hairpin RNA knockdown, we found that Vangl2 subcellular localization was modified in AP-3–depleted cells. Moreover, Vangl2 membrane localization within the cochlea is greatly reduced in AP-3–deficient mocha mice, which exhibit profound hearing loss. In inner ears from AP-3–deficient mocha mice, we observed PCP-dependent phenotypes, such as misorientation and deformation of hair cell stereociliary bundles and disorganization of hair cells characteristic of defects in convergent extension that is driven by PCP. These findings demonstrate a novel role of AP-3–mediated sorting mechanisms in regulating PCP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie A Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dehong Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital and Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital and Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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25
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Gokhale A, Hartwig C, Freeman AAH, Bassell JL, Zlatic SA, Sapp Savas C, Vadlamudi T, Abudulai F, Pham TT, Crocker A, Werner E, Wen Z, Repetto GM, Gogos JA, Claypool SM, Forsyth JK, Bearden CE, Glausier J, Lewis DA, Seyfried NT, Kwong JQ, Faundez V. Systems Analysis of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome Converges on a Mitochondrial Interactome Necessary for Synapse Function and Behavior. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3561-3581. [PMID: 30833507 PMCID: PMC6495129 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1983-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders offer insight into synaptic mechanisms. To unbiasedly uncover these mechanisms, we studied the 22q11.2 syndrome, a recurrent copy number variant, which is the highest schizophrenia genetic risk factor. We quantified the proteomes of 22q11.2 mutant human fibroblasts from both sexes and mouse brains carrying a 22q11.2-like defect, Df(16)A+/- Molecular ontologies defined mitochondrial compartments and pathways as some of top ranked categories. In particular, we identified perturbations in the SLC25A1-SLC25A4 mitochondrial transporter interactome as associated with the 22q11.2 genetic defect. Expression of SLC25A1-SLC25A4 interactome components was affected in neuronal cells from schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, hemideficiency of the Drosophila SLC25A1 or SLC25A4 orthologues, dSLC25A1-sea and dSLC25A4-sesB, affected synapse morphology, neurotransmission, plasticity, and sleep patterns. Our findings indicate that synapses are sensitive to partial loss of function of mitochondrial solute transporters. We propose that mitoproteomes regulate synapse development and function in normal and pathological conditions in a cell-specific manner.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We address the central question of how to comprehensively define molecular mechanisms of the most prevalent and penetrant microdeletion associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. This complex mutation reduces gene dosage of ∼63 genes in humans. We describe a disruption of the mitoproteome in 22q11.2 patients and brains of a 22q11.2 mouse model. In particular, we identify a network of inner mitochondrial membrane transporters as a hub required for synapse function. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial composition and function modulate the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Trishna Vadlamudi
- Department of Chemistry, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia 30030
| | - Farida Abudulai
- Department of Chemistry, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia 30030
| | | | - Amanda Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753
| | | | | | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jennifer K Forsyth
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, and
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, and
| | - Jill Glausier
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
| | - David A Lewis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
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26
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Faundez V, De Toma I, Bardoni B, Bartesaghi R, Nizetic D, de la Torre R, Cohen Kadosh R, Herault Y, Dierssen M, Potier MC. Translating molecular advances in Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome into therapies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:675-690. [PMID: 29887288 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing treatments for genetic developmental disorders of the central nervous system are mostly symptomatic and do not correct the genetic cause. Recent identification of common mechanisms between diseases has suggested that new therapeutic targets could be applied across intellectual disabilities with potential disease-modifying properties. The European Down syndrome and other genetic developmental disorders (DSG2D) network joined basic and clinical scientists to foster this research and carry out clinical trials. Here we discuss common mechanisms between several intellectual disabilities from genetic origin including Down's and Fragile X syndromes: i) how to model these complex diseases using neuronal cells and brain organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells; ii) how to integrate genomic, proteomic and interactome data to help defining common mechanisms and boundaries between diseases; iii) how to target common pathways for designing clinical trials and assessing their efficacy; iv) how to bring new neuro-therapies, such as noninvasive brain stimulations and cognitive training to clinical research. The basic and translational research efforts of the last years have utterly transformed our understanding of the molecular pathology of these diseases but much is left to be done to bring them to newborn babies and children to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ilario De Toma
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBERER, Spain
| | - Barbara Bardoni
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne, France
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dean Nizetic
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrated Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBERER, Spain.
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.
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27
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Zlatic SA, Vrailas-Mortimer A, Gokhale A, Carey LJ, Scott E, Burch R, McCall MM, Rudin-Rush S, Davis JB, Hartwig C, Werner E, Li L, Petris M, Faundez V. Rare Disease Mechanisms Identified by Genealogical Proteomics of Copper Homeostasis Mutant Pedigrees. Cell Syst 2018; 6:368-380.e6. [PMID: 29397366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rare neurological diseases shed light onto universal neurobiological processes. However, molecular mechanisms connecting genetic defects to their disease phenotypes are elusive. Here, we obtain mechanistic information by comparing proteomes of cells from individuals with rare disorders with proteomes from their disease-free consanguineous relatives. We use triple-SILAC mass spectrometry to quantify proteomes from human pedigrees affected by mutations in ATP7A, which cause Menkes disease, a rare neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorder stemming from systemic copper depletion. We identified 214 proteins whose expression was altered in ATP7A-/y fibroblasts. Bioinformatic analysis of ATP7A-mutant proteomes identified known phenotypes and processes affected in rare genetic diseases causing copper dyshomeostasis, including altered mitochondrial function. We found connections between copper dyshomeostasis and the UCHL1/PARK5 pathway of Parkinson disease, which we validated with mitochondrial respiration and Drosophila genetics assays. We propose that our genealogical "omics" strategy can be broadly applied to identify mechanisms linking a genomic locus to its phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alysia Vrailas-Mortimer
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University, Normal, IL 617901, USA; University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lucas J Carey
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University, Normal, IL 617901, USA
| | - Elizabeth Scott
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University, Normal, IL 617901, USA
| | - Reid Burch
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University, Normal, IL 617901, USA; University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Morgan M McCall
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University, Normal, IL 617901, USA
| | | | | | - Cortnie Hartwig
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Chemistry, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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28
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Sarma GP, Faundez V. Integrative biological simulation praxis: Considerations from physics, philosophy, and data/model curation practices. Cell Logist 2017; 7:e1392400. [PMID: 29296511 PMCID: PMC5739097 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2017.1392400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Integrative biological simulations have a varied and controversial history in the biological sciences. From computational models of organelles, cells, and simple organisms, to physiological models of tissues, organ systems, and ecosystems, a diverse array of biological systems have been the target of large-scale computational modeling efforts. Nonetheless, these research agendas have yet to prove decisively their value among the broader community of theoretical and experimental biologists. In this commentary, we examine a range of philosophical and practical issues relevant to understanding the potential of integrative simulations. We discuss the role of theory and modeling in different areas of physics and suggest that certain sub-disciplines of physics provide useful cultural analogies for imagining the future role of simulations in biological research. We examine philosophical issues related to modeling which consistently arise in discussions about integrative simulations and suggest a pragmatic viewpoint that balances a belief in philosophy with the recognition of the relative infancy of our state of philosophical understanding. Finally, we discuss community workflow and publication practices to allow research to be readily discoverable and amenable to incorporation into simulations. We argue that there are aligned incentives in widespread adoption of practices which will both advance the needs of integrative simulation efforts as well as other contemporary trends in the biological sciences, ranging from open science and data sharing to improving reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal P Sarma
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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29
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Hartwig C, Monis WJ, Chen X, Dickman DK, Pazour GJ, Faundez V. Neurodevelopmental disease mechanisms, primary cilia, and endosomes converge on the BLOC-1 and BORC complexes. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:311-330. [PMID: 28986965 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) and the bloc-one-related complex (BORC) are the cytosolic protein complexes required for specialized membrane protein traffic along the endocytic route and the spatial distribution of endosome-derived compartments, respectively. BLOC-1 and BORC complex subunits and components of their interactomes have been associated with the risk and/or pathomechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, cellular processes requiring BLOC-1 and BORC interactomes have the potential to offer novel insight into mechanisms underlying behavioral defects. We focus on interactions between BLOC-1 or BORC subunits with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, membrane tethers, and SNAREs. These interactions highlight requirements for BLOC-1 and BORC in membrane movement by motors, control of actin polymerization, and targeting of membrane proteins to specialized cellular domains such as the nerve terminal and the primary cilium. We propose that the endosome-primary cilia pathway is an underappreciated hub in the genesis and mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 311-330, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortnie Hartwig
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - William J Monis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605
| | - Xun Chen
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089
| | - Dion K Dickman
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
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30
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Monis WJ, Faundez V, Pazour GJ. BLOC-1 is required for selective membrane protein trafficking from endosomes to primary cilia. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2131-2150. [PMID: 28576874 PMCID: PMC5496619 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Monis et al. demonstrate that the BLOC-1 protein complex is required for trafficking polycystin-2, but not fibrocystin or smoothened, from endosomes to primary cilia. This is the first demonstration of a role for BLOC-1 in ciliary assembly and emphasizes the complexity of distinct ciliary membrane protein trafficking routes. Primary cilia perceive the extracellular environment through receptors localized in the ciliary membrane, but mechanisms directing specific proteins to this domain are poorly understood. To address this question, we knocked down proteins potentially important for ciliary membrane targeting and determined how this affects the ciliary trafficking of fibrocystin, polycystin-2, and smoothened. Our analysis showed that fibrocystin and polycystin-2 are dependent on IFT20, GMAP210, and the exocyst complex, while smoothened delivery is largely independent of these components. In addition, we found that polycystin-2, but not smoothened or fibrocystin, requires the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) for ciliary delivery. Consistent with the role of BLOC-1 in sorting from the endosome, we find that disrupting the recycling endosome reduces ciliary polycystin-2 and causes its accumulation in the recycling endosome. This is the first demonstration of a role for BLOC-1 in ciliary assembly and highlights the complexity of pathways taken to the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Monis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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31
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Comstra HS, McArthy J, Rudin-Rush S, Hartwig C, Gokhale A, Zlatic SA, Blackburn JB, Werner E, Petris M, D'Souza P, Panuwet P, Barr DB, Lupashin V, Vrailas-Mortimer A, Faundez V. The interactome of the copper transporter ATP7A belongs to a network of neurodevelopmental and neurodegeneration factors. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28355134 PMCID: PMC5400511 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors, such as metals, interact to determine neurological traits. We reasoned that interactomes of molecules handling metals in neurons should include novel metal homeostasis pathways. We focused on copper and its transporter ATP7A because ATP7A null mutations cause neurodegeneration. We performed ATP7A immunoaffinity chromatography and identified 541 proteins co-isolating with ATP7A. The ATP7A interactome concentrated gene products implicated in neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental disorders, including subunits of the Golgi-localized conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. COG null cells possess altered content and subcellular localization of ATP7A and CTR1 (SLC31A1), the transporter required for copper uptake, as well as decreased total cellular copper, and impaired copper-dependent metabolic responses. Changes in the expression of ATP7A and COG subunits in Drosophila neurons altered synapse development in larvae and copper-induced mortality of adult flies. We conclude that the ATP7A interactome encompasses a novel COG-dependent mechanism to specify neuronal development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Comstra
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Jacob McArthy
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, United States
| | | | - Cortnie Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | | | - Jessica B Blackburn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Michael Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Priya D'Souza
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Vladimir Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
| | | | - Victor Faundez
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
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32
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Larimore J, Zlatic SA, Arnold M, Singleton KS, Cross R, Rudolph H, Bruegge MV, Sweetman A, Garza C, Whisnant E, Faundez V. Dysbindin Deficiency Modifies the Expression of GABA Neuron and Ion Permeation Transcripts in the Developing Hippocampus. Front Genet 2017; 8:28. [PMID: 28344592 PMCID: PMC5344932 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental factor dysbindin is required for synapse function and GABA interneuron development. Dysbindin protein levels are reduced in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. Mouse dysbindin genetic defects and other mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders share defective GABAergic neurotransmission and, in several instances, a loss of parvalbumin-positive interneuron phenotypes. This suggests that mechanisms downstream of dysbindin deficiency, such as those affecting GABA interneurons, could inform pathways contributing to or ameliorating diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we define the transcriptome of developing wild type and dysbindin null Bloc1s8sdy/sdy mouse hippocampus in order to identify mechanisms downstream dysbindin defects. The dysbindin mutant transcriptome revealed previously reported GABA parvalbumin interneuron defects. However, the Bloc1s8sdy/sdy transcriptome additionally uncovered changes in the expression of molecules controlling cellular excitability such as the cation-chloride cotransporters NKCC1, KCC2, and NCKX2 as well as the potassium channel subunits Kcne2 and Kcnj13. Our results suggest that dysbindin deficiency phenotypes, such as GABAergic defects, are modulated by the expression of molecules controlling the magnitude and cadence of neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miranda Arnold
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Cross
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Hannah Rudolph
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | - Andrea Sweetman
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Cecilia Garza
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Eli Whisnant
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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33
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Ghiani CA, Faundez V. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1093-1096. [PMID: 28225560 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A Ghiani
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology and the Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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34
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Arnold M, Cross R, Singleton KS, Zlatic S, Chapleau C, Mullin AP, Rolle I, Moore CC, Theibert A, Pozzo-Miller L, Faundez V, Larimore J. The Endosome Localized Arf-GAP AGAP1 Modulates Dendritic Spine Morphology Downstream of the Neurodevelopmental Disorder Factor Dysbindin. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:218. [PMID: 27713690 PMCID: PMC5031601 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AGAP1 is an Arf1 GTPase activating protein that interacts with the vesicle-associated protein complexes adaptor protein 3 (AP-3) and Biogenesis of Lysosome Related Organelles Complex-1 (BLOC-1). Overexpression of AGAP1 in non-neuronal cells results in an accumulation of endosomal cargoes, which suggests a role in endosome-dependent traffic. In addition, AGAP1 is a candidate susceptibility gene for two neurodevelopmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ); yet its localization and function in neurons have not been described. Here, we describe that AGAP1 localizes to axons, dendrites, dendritic spines and synapses, colocalizing preferentially with markers of early and recycling endosomes. Functional studies reveal overexpression and down-regulation of AGAP1 affects both neuronal endosomal trafficking and dendritic spine morphology, supporting a role for AGAP1 in the recycling endosomal trafficking involved in their morphogenesis. Finally, we determined the sensitivity of AGAP1 expression to mutations in the DTNBP1 gene, which is associated with neurodevelopmental disorder, and found that AGAP1 mRNA and protein levels are selectively reduced in the null allele of the mouse ortholog of DTNBP1. We postulate that endosomal trafficking contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders affecting dendritic spine morphology, and thus excitatory synapse structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Arnold
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Cross
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Kaela S Singleton
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Christopher Chapleau
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Isaiah Rolle
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, The Medical School of Ohio University Athens, OH, USA
| | - Carlene C Moore
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anne Theibert
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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35
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Marzolo MP, Faundez V, Galli T. EMBO workshop al fin del mundo: a meeting on membrane trafficking and its implication for polarity and diseases. Biol Cell 2016; 107:245-8. [PMID: 26133153 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201570100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The EMBO worskhop at the "end of the world'" (al fin del mundo), a meeting on membrane trafficking and its implication for polarity and diseases, took place in the Chilean Patagonia surrounded by the landscapes once witnessed by Charles Darwin. The meeting showcased some of the best membrane trafficking science with an emphasis in neuroscience and disease models. Speakers from Europe, USA, South America and the graduate students behind it; embarked on an enthusiastic and eclectic dialog where a wide range of cell types, model genetic systems, and diseases where discussed. This meeting demonstrated the power of trafficking concepts to integrate diverse biology and to formulate mechanisms of normal and disease cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Paz Marzolo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 30322
| | - Thierry Galli
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, INSERM ERL U950, Paris, France
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36
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Gokhale A, Ryder PV, Zlatic SA, Faundez V. Identification of the Interactome of a Palmitoylated Membrane Protein, Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Type II Alpha. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1376:35-42. [PMID: 26552673 PMCID: PMC5696628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3170-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4K) are enzymes responsible for the production of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphates, important intermediates in several cell signaling pathways. PI4KIIα is the most abundant membrane-associated kinase in mammalian cells and is involved in a variety of essential cellular functions. However, the precise role(s) of PI4KIIα in the cell is not yet completely deciphered. Here we present an experimental protocol that uses a chemical cross-linker, DSP, combined with immunoprecipitation and immunoaffinity purification to identify novel PI4KIIα interactors. As predicted, PI4KIIα participates in transient, low-affinity interactions that are stabilized by the use of DSP. Using this optimized protocol we have successfully identified actin cytoskeleton regulators-the WASH complex and RhoGEF1, as major novel interactors of PI4KIIα. While this chapter focuses on the PI4KIIα interactome, this protocol can and has been used to generate other membrane interactome networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street Room 446, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pearl V Ryder
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street Room 446, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stephanie A Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street Room 446, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street Room 446, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Delevoye C, Heiligenstein X, Ripoll L, Gilles-Marsens F, Dennis MK, Linares RA, Derman L, Gokhale A, Morel E, Faundez V, Marks MS, Raposo G. BLOC-1 Brings Together the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons to Generate Recycling Endosomes. Curr Biol 2015; 26:1-13. [PMID: 26725201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recycling endosomes consist of a tubular network that emerges from vacuolar sorting endosomes and diverts cargoes toward the cell surface, the Golgi, or lysosome-related organelles. How recycling tubules are formed remains unknown. We show that recycling endosome biogenesis requires the protein complex BLOC-1. Mutations in BLOC-1 subunits underlie an inherited disorder characterized by albinism, the Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, and are associated with schizophrenia risk. We show here that BLOC-1 coordinates the kinesin KIF13A-dependent pulling of endosomal tubules along microtubules to the Annexin A2/actin-dependent stabilization and detachment of recycling tubules. These components cooperate to extend, stabilize and form tubular endosomal carriers that function in cargo recycling and in the biogenesis of pigment granules in melanocytic cells. By shaping recycling endosomal tubules, our data reveal that dysfunction of the BLOC-1-KIF13A-Annexin A2 molecular network underlies the pathophysiology of neurological and pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Xavier Heiligenstein
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Léa Ripoll
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Floriane Gilles-Marsens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Megan K Dennis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ricardo A Linares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura Derman
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and the Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Etienne Morel
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM) Université, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, 75993 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology and the Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005 Paris, France
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Devergnas A, Chen E, Ma Y, Hamada I, Pittard D, Kammermeier S, Mullin AP, Faundez V, Lindsley CW, Jones C, Smith Y, Wichmann T. Anatomical localization of Cav3.1 calcium channels and electrophysiological effects of T-type calcium channel blockade in the motor thalamus of MPTP-treated monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2015; 115:470-85. [PMID: 26538609 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00858.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional anti-Parkinsonian dopamine replacement therapy is often complicated by side effects that limit the use of these medications. There is a continuing need to develop nondopaminergic approaches to treat Parkinsonism. One such approach is to use medications that normalize dopamine depletion-related firing abnormalities in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry. In this study, we assessed the potential of a specific T-type calcium channel blocker (ML218) to eliminate pathologic burst patterns of firing in the basal ganglia-receiving territory of the motor thalamus in Parkinsonian monkeys. We also carried out an anatomical study, demonstrating that the immunoreactivity for T-type calcium channels is strongly expressed in the motor thalamus in normal and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys. At the electron microscopic level, dendrites accounted for >90% of all tissue elements that were immunoreactive for voltage-gated calcium channel, type 3.2-containing T-type calcium channels in normal and Parkinsonian monkeys. Subsequent in vivo electrophysiologic studies in awake MPTP-treated Parkinsonian monkeys demonstrated that intrathalamic microinjections of ML218 (0.5 μl of a 2.5-mM solution, injected at 0.1-0.2 μl/min) partially normalized the thalamic activity by reducing the proportion of rebound bursts and increasing the proportion of spikes in non-rebound bursts. The drug also attenuated oscillatory activity in the 3-13-Hz frequency range and increased gamma frequency oscillations. However, ML218 did not normalize Parkinsonism-related changes in firing rates and oscillatory activity in the beta frequency range. Whereas the described changes are promising, a more complete assessment of the cellular and behavioral effects of ML218 (or similar drugs) is needed for a full appraisal of their anti-Parkinsonian potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaelle Devergnas
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
| | - Erdong Chen
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuxian Ma
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ikuma Hamada
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Damien Pittard
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefan Kammermeier
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Klinikum der Universität München, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, München, Germany
| | - Ariana P Mullin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Carrie Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Gokhale A, Vrailas-Mortimer A, Larimore J, Comstra HS, Zlatic SA, Werner E, Manvich DF, Iuvone PM, Weinshenker D, Faundez V. Neuronal copper homeostasis susceptibility by genetic defects in dysbindin, a schizophrenia susceptibility factor. Hum Mol Genet 2015. [PMID: 26199316 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors and susceptible genomes interact to determine the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Although few genes and environmental factors have been linked, the intervening cellular and molecular mechanisms connecting a disorder susceptibility gene with environmental factors remain mostly unexplored. Here we focus on the schizophrenia susceptibility gene DTNBP1 and its product dysbindin, a subunit of the BLOC-1 complex, and describe a neuronal pathway modulating copper metabolism via ATP7A. Mutations in ATP7A result in Menkes disease, a disorder of copper metabolism. Dysbindin/BLOC-1 and ATP7A genetically and biochemically interact. Furthermore, disruption of this pathway causes alteration in the transcriptional profile of copper-regulatory and dependent factors in the hippocampus of dysbindin/BLOC-1-null mice. Dysbindin/BLOC-1 loss-of-function alleles do not affect cell and tissue copper content, yet they alter the susceptibility to toxic copper challenges in both mammalian cells and Drosophila. Our results demonstrate that perturbations downstream of the schizophrenia susceptibility gene DTNBP1 confer susceptibility to copper, a metal that in excess is a neurotoxin and whose depletion constitutes a micronutrient deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Heather S Comstra
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Erica Werner
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel F Manvich
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,
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Zlatic S, Comstra HS, Gokhale A, Petris MJ, Faundez V. Molecular basis of neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental defects in Menkes disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 81:154-61. [PMID: 25583185 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP7A mutations impair copper metabolism resulting in three distinct genetic disorders in humans. These diseases are characterized by neurological phenotypes ranging from intellectual disability to neurodegeneration. Severe ATP7A loss-of-function alleles trigger Menkes disease, a copper deficiency condition where systemic and neurodegenerative phenotypes dominate clinical outcomes. The pathogenesis of these manifestations has been attributed to the hypoactivity of a limited number of copper-dependent enzymes, a hypothesis that we refer as the oligoenzymatic pathogenic hypothesis. This hypothesis, which has dominated the field for 25 years, only explains some systemic Menkes phenotypes. However, we argue that this hypothesis does not fully account for the Menkes neurodegeneration or neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Here, we propose revisions of the oligoenzymatic hypothesis that could illuminate the pathogenesis of Menkes neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental defects through unsuspected overlap with other neurological conditions including Parkinson's, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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41
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Billadeau DD, Faundez V. Neuronal and immune synapses on the move at traffic. Traffic 2014; 16:227-8. [PMID: 25524292 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Evstratova A, Chamberland S, Faundez V, Tóth K. Vesicles derived via AP-3-dependent recycling contribute to asynchronous release and influence information transfer. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5530. [PMID: 25410111 PMCID: PMC4239664 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Action potentials trigger synchronous and asynchronous neurotransmitter release. Temporal properties of both types of release could be altered in an activity-dependent manner. While the effects of activity-dependent changes in synchronous release on postsynaptic signal integration have been studied, the contribution of asynchronous release to information transfer during natural stimulus patterns is unknown. Here we find that during trains of stimulations, asynchronous release contributes to the precision of action potential firing. Our data show that this form of release is selectively diminished in AP-3b2 KO animals, which lack functional neuronal AP-3, an adaptor protein regulating vesicle formation from endosomes generated during bulk endocytosis. We find that in the absence of neuronal AP-3, asynchronous release is attenuated and the activity-dependent increase in the precision of action potential timing is compromised. Lack of asynchronous release decreases the capacity of synaptic information transfer and renders synaptic communication less reliable in response to natural stimulus patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesya Evstratova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Quebec Mental Health Institute, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1J 2G3
| | - Simon Chamberland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Quebec Mental Health Institute, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1J 2G3
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Katalin Tóth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Quebec Mental Health Institute, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1J 2G3
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Gokhale A, Perez-Cornejo P, Duran C, Hartzell HC, Faundez V. A comprehensive strategy to identify stoichiometric membrane protein interactomes. Cell Logist 2014; 2:189-196. [PMID: 23676845 PMCID: PMC3607620 DOI: 10.4161/cl.22717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous experimental approaches to identify the interaction networks of soluble proteins, but strategies for the identification of membrane protein interactomes remain limited. We discuss in detail the logic of an experimental design that led us to identify the interactome of a membrane protein of complex membrane topology, the calcium activated chloride channel Anoctamin 1/Tmem16a (Ano1). We used covalent chemical stabilizers of protein-protein interactions combined with magnetic bead immuno-affinity chromatography, quantitative SILAC mass-spectrometry and in silico network construction. This strategy led us to define a putative Ano1 interactome from which we selected key components for functional testing. We propose a combination of procedures to narrow down candidate proteins interacting with a membrane protein of interest for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
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Zlatic SA, Tornieri K, L'hernault SW, Faundez V. Metazoan cell biology of the HOPS tethering complex. Cell Logist 2014; 1:111-117. [PMID: 21922076 DOI: 10.4161/cl.1.3.17279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion with vacuoles, the lysosome equivalent of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is among the best understood membrane fusion events. Our precise understanding of this fusion machinery stems from powerful genetics and elegant in vitro reconstitution assays. Central to vacuolar membrane fusion is the multi-subunit tether the HO motypic fusion and Protein Sorting (HOPS) complex, a complex of proteins that organizes other necessary components of the fusion machinery. We lack a similarly detailed molecular understanding of membrane fusion with lysosomes or lysosome-related organelles in metazoans. However, it is likely that fundamental principles of how rabs, SNAREs and HOPS tethers work to fuse membranes with lysosomes and related organelles are conserved between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans. Here, we discuss emerging differences in the coat-dependent mechanisms that govern HOPS complex subcellular distribution between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans. These differences reside upstream of the membrane fusion event. We propose that the differences in how coats segregate class C Vps/HOPS tethers to organelles and domains of metazoan cells are adaptations to complex architectures that characterize metazoan cells such as those of neuronal and epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Zlatic
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology; Emory University; Atlanta, GA USA
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Larimore J, Zlatic SA, Gokhale A, Tornieri K, Singleton KS, Mullin AP, Tang J, Talbot K, Faundez V. Mutations in the BLOC-1 subunits dysbindin and muted generate divergent and dosage-dependent phenotypes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14291-300. [PMID: 24713699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-mortem analysis has revealed reduced levels of the protein dysbindin in the brains of those suffering from the neurodevelopmental disorder schizophrenia. Consequently, mechanisms controlling the cellular levels of dysbindin and its interacting partners may participate in neurodevelopmental processes impaired in that disorder. To address this question, we studied loss of function mutations in the genes encoding dysbindin and its interacting BLOC-1 subunits. We focused on BLOC-1 mutants affecting synapse composition and function in addition to their established systemic pigmentation, hematological, and lung phenotypes. We tested phenotypic homogeneity and gene dosage effects in the mouse null alleles muted (Bloc1s5(mu/mu)) and dysbindin (Bloc1s8(sdy/sdy)). Transcripts of NMDA receptor subunits and GABAergic interneuron markers, as well as expression of BLOC-1 subunit gene products, were affected differently in the brains of Bloc1s5(mu/mu) and Bloc1s8(sdy/sdy) mice. Unlike Bloc1s8(sdy/sdy), elimination of one or two copies of Bloc1s5 generated indistinguishable pallidin transcript phenotypes. We conclude that monogenic mutations abrogating the expression of a protein complex subunit differentially affect the expression of other complex transcripts and polypeptides as well as their downstream effectors. We propose that the genetic disruption of different subunits of protein complexes and combinations thereof diversifies phenotypic presentation of pathway deficiencies, contributing to the wide phenotypic spectrum and complexity of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Larimore
- From the Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia 30030
| | | | | | | | - Kaela S Singleton
- From the Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia 30030
| | | | - Junxia Tang
- the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Konrad Talbot
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Victor Faundez
- the Department of Cell Biology and the Center for Social Translational Neuroscience Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322,
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Stahley SN, Saito M, Faundez V, Koval M, Mattheyses AL, Kowalczyk AP. Desmosome assembly and disassembly are membrane raft-dependent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87809. [PMID: 24498201 PMCID: PMC3907498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong intercellular adhesion is critical for tissues that experience mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart. Desmosomes provide adhesive strength to tissues by anchoring desmosomal cadherins of neighboring cells to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. Alterations in assembly and disassembly compromise desmosome function and may contribute to human diseases, such as the autoimmune skin blistering disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV). We previously demonstrated that PV auto-antibodies directed against the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) cause loss of adhesion by triggering membrane raft-mediated Dsg3 endocytosis. We hypothesized that raft membrane microdomains play a broader role in desmosome homeostasis by regulating the dynamics of desmosome assembly and disassembly. In human keratinocytes, Dsg3 is raft associated as determined by biochemical and super resolution immunofluorescence microscopy methods. Cholesterol depletion, which disrupts rafts, prevented desmosome assembly and adhesion, thus functionally linking rafts to desmosome formation. Interestingly, Dsg3 did not associate with rafts in cells lacking desmosomal proteins. Additionally, PV IgG-induced desmosome disassembly occurred by redistribution of Dsg3 into raft-containing endocytic membrane domains, resulting in cholesterol-dependent loss of adhesion. These findings demonstrate that membrane rafts are required for desmosome assembly and disassembly dynamics, suggesting therapeutic potential for raft targeting agents in desmosomal diseases such as PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Stahley
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Masataka Saito
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexa L. Mattheyses
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mullin AP, Gokhale A, Moreno-De-Luca A, Sanyal S, Waddington JL, Faundez V. Neurodevelopmental disorders: mechanisms and boundary definitions from genomes, interactomes and proteomes. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e329. [PMID: 24301647 PMCID: PMC4030327 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia lack precise boundaries in their clinical definitions, epidemiology, genetics and protein-protein interactomes. This calls into question the appropriateness of current categorical disease concepts. Recently, there has been a rising tide to reformulate neurodevelopmental nosological entities from biology upward. To facilitate this developing trend, we propose that identification of unique proteomic signatures that can be strongly associated with patient's risk alleles and proteome-interactome-guided exploration of patient genomes could define biological mechanisms necessary to reformulate disorder definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Mullin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Moreno-De-Luca
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - S Sanyal
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Biogen-Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J L Waddington
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - V Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. E-mail:
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48
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Morgan JR, Comstra HS, Cohen M, Faundez V. Presynaptic membrane retrieval and endosome biology: defining molecularly heterogeneous synaptic vesicles. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a016915. [PMID: 24086045 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The release and uptake of neurotransmitters by synaptic vesicles is a tightly controlled process that occurs in response to diverse stimuli at morphologically disparate synapses. To meet these architectural and functional synaptic demands, it follows that there should be diversity in the mechanisms that control their secretion and retrieval and possibly in the composition of synaptic vesicles within the same terminal. Here we pay particular attention to areas where such diversity is generated, such as the variance in exocytosis/endocytosis coupling, SNAREs defining functionally diverse synaptic vesicle populations and the adaptor-dependent sorting machineries capable of generating vesicle diversity. We argue that there are various synaptic vesicle recycling pathways at any given synapse and discuss several lines of evidence that support the role of the endosome in synaptic vesicle recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Morgan
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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Tornieri K, Zlatic SA, Mullin AP, Werner E, Harrison R, L'hernault SW, Faundez V. Vps33b pathogenic mutations preferentially affect VIPAS39/SPE-39-positive endosomes. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5215-28. [PMID: 23918659 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Vps33 isoforms cause pigment dilution in mice (Vps33a, buff) and Drosophila (car) and the neurogenic arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome in humans (ARC1, VPS33B). The later disease is also caused by mutations in VIPAS39, (Vps33b interacting protein, apical-basolateral polarity regulator, SPE-39 homolog; ARC2), a protein that interacts with the HOmotypic fusion and Protein Sorting (HOPS) complex, a tether necessary for endosome-lysosome traffic. These syndromes offer insight into fundamental endosome traffic processes unique to metazoans. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these mutant phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here we investigate interactions of wild-type and disease-causing mutations in VIPAS39/SPE-39 and Vps33b by yeast two hybrid, immunoprecipitation and quantitative fluorescent microscopy. We find that although few mutations prevent interaction between VIPAS39/SPE-39 and Vps33b, some mutants fragment VIPAS39/SPE-39-positive endosomes, but all mutants alter the subcellular localization of Vps33b to VIPAS39/SPE-39-positive endosomes. Our data suggest that the ARC syndrome may result through impaired VIPAS39/SPE-39 and Vps33b-dependent endosomal maturation or fusion.
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Simionescu-Bankston A, Leoni G, Wang Y, Pham PP, Ramalingam A, DuHadaway JB, Faundez V, Nusrat A, Prendergast GC, Pavlath GK. The N-BAR domain protein, Bin3, regulates Rac1- and Cdc42-dependent processes in myogenesis. Dev Biol 2013; 382:160-71. [PMID: 23872330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Actin dynamics are necessary at multiple steps in the formation of multinucleated muscle cells. BAR domain proteins can regulate actin dynamics in several cell types, but have been little studied in skeletal muscle. Here, we identify novel functions for the N-BAR domain protein, Bridging integrator 3 (Bin3), during myogenesis in mice. Bin3 plays an important role in regulating myofiber size in vitro and in vivo. During early myogenesis, Bin3 promotes migration of differentiated muscle cells, where it colocalizes with F-actin in lamellipodia. In addition, Bin3 forms a complex with Rac1 and Cdc42, Rho GTPases involved in actin polymerization, which are known to be essential for myotube formation. Importantly, a Bin3-dependent pathway is a major regulator of Rac1 and Cdc42 activity in differentiated muscle cells. Overall, these data classify N-BAR domain proteins as novel regulators of actin-dependent processes in myogenesis, and further implicate BAR domain proteins in muscle growth and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Simionescu-Bankston
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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