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Ahad A, Saeed HK, Del Solar V, López-Hernández JE, Michel A, Mathew J, Lewis JS, Contel M. Correction to "Shifting the Antibody-Drug Conjugate Paradigm: A Trastuzumab-Gold-Based Conjugate Demonstrates High Efficacy against Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer Mouse Model". ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:298-299. [PMID: 38230288 PMCID: PMC10789141 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00270.].
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Miachin K, Del Solar V, El Khoury E, Nayeem N, Khrystenko A, Appelt P, Neary MC, Buccella D, Contel M. Intracellular Localization Studies of the Luminescent Analogue of an Anticancer Ruthenium Iminophosphorane with High Efficacy in a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Mouse Model. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19152-19164. [PMID: 34846878 PMCID: PMC9912119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of ruthenium(II) compounds as an alternative to platinum-based clinical anticancer agents has been unveiled after extensive research for over 2 decades. As opposed to cisplatin, ruthenium(II) compounds have distinct mechanisms of action that do not rely solely on interactions with DNA. In a previous report from our group, we described the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of a cationic, water-soluble, organometallic ruthenium(II) iminophosphorane (IM) complex of p-cymene, ([(η6-p-cymene)Ru{(Ph3P═N-CO-2N-C5H4)-κ-N,O}Cl]Cl (1 or Ru-IM), that was found to be highly cytotoxic against a panel of cell lines resistant to cisplatin, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231, through canonical or caspase-dependent apoptosis. Studies on a MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice model (after 28 days of treatment) afforded an excellent tumor reduction of 56%, with almost negligible systemic toxicity, and a favored ruthenium tumor accumulation compared to other organs. 1 is known to only interact weakly with DNA, but its intracellular distribution and ultimate targets remain unknown. To gain insight on potential mechanisms for this highly efficacious ruthenium compound, we have developed two luminescent analogues containing the BOPIPY fluorophore (or a modification) in the IM scaffold with the general structure of [(η6-p-cymene)Ru{(BODIPY-Ph2P═N-CO-2-NC5H4)-κ-N,O}Cl]Cl {BODIPY-Ph2P = 8-[(4-diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-4,4-dimethyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,6-diethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (3a) and 4,4-difluoro-8-[4-[[2-[4-(diphenylphosphino)benzamido]ethyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl,2,6-diethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (3b)}. We report on the synthesis, characterization, lipophilicity, stability, luminescence properties, and cell viability studies in the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231, nonmalignant breast cells (MCF10a), and lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) of the new compounds. The ruthenium derivative 3b was studied by fluorescence confocal microscopy. These studies point to a preferential accumulation of the compound in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis also confirms a greater ruthenium accumulation in the cytoplasmic fraction, including endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, and a smaller percentage of accumulation in mitochondria and the nucleus. ICP-OES analysis of the parent compound 1 indicates that it accumulates preferentially in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Subsequent experiments in 1-treated MDA-MB-231 cells demonstrate significant reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Miachin
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Elsy El Khoury
- Department of Chemistry, New York University; New York, NY 10003
| | - Nazia Nayeem
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210,Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
| | - Anton Khrystenko
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Patricia Appelt
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210,Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, 81540-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Michelle C. Neary
- Chemistry Department, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10021
| | - Daniela Buccella
- Department of Chemistry, New York University; New York, NY 10003
| | - Maria Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210,Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016,Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016,Biochemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
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Wang SS, Solar VD, Yu X, Antonopoulos A, Friedman AE, Agarwal K, Garg M, Ahmed SM, Addhya A, Nasirikenari M, Lau JT, Dell A, Haslam SM, Sampathkumar SG, Neelamegham S. Efficient inhibition of O-glycan biosynthesis using the hexosamine analog Ac 5GalNTGc. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:699-710.e5. [PMID: 33609441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop small-molecule inhibitors of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. The best-known reagent currently is benzyl-GalNAc, but it is effective only at millimolar concentrations. This article demonstrates that Ac5GalNTGc, a peracetylated C-2 sulfhydryl-substituted GalNAc, fulfills this unmet need. When added to cultured leukocytes, breast cells, and prostate cells, Ac5GalNTGc increased cell-surface VVA binding by ∼10-fold, indicating truncation of O-glycan biosynthesis. Cytometry, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis of HL-60 promyelocytes demonstrated that 50-80 μM Ac5GalNTGc prevented elaboration of 30%-60% of the O-glycans beyond the Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) stage. The effect of the compound on N-glycans and glycosphingolipids was small. Glycan inhibition induced by Ac5GalNTGc resulted in 50%-80% reduction in leukocyte sialyl-Lewis X expression and L-/P-selectin-mediated rolling under flow conditions. Ac5GalNTGc was pharmacologically active in mouse. It reduced neutrophil infiltration to sites of inflammation by ∼60%. Overall, Ac5GalNTGc may find diverse applications as a potent inhibitor of O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuen-Shiuan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xinheng Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Alan E Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kavita Agarwal
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Syed Meheboob Ahmed
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ahana Addhya
- Laboratory of Chemical Glycobiology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mehrab Nasirikenari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph T Lau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Del Solar V, Gupta R, Zhou Y, Pawlowski G, Matta KL, Neelamegham S. Robustness in glycosylation systems: effect of modified monosaccharides, acceptor decoys and azido sugars on cellular nucleotide-sugar levels and pattern of N-linked glycosylation. Mol Omics 2020; 16:377-386. [PMID: 32352119 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule monosaccharide analogs (e.g. 4F-GlcNAc, 4F-GalNAc) and acceptor decoys (e.g. ONAP, SNAP) are commonly used as metabolic glycoengineering tools to perturb molecular and cellular recognition processes. Azido-derivatized sugars (e.g. ManNAz, GlcNAz, GalNAz) are also used as bioorthogonal probes to assay the glycosylation status of cells and tissue. With the goal of obtaining a systems-level understanding of how these compounds work, we cultured cells with these molecules and systematically evaluated their impact on: (i) cellular nucleotide-sugar levels, and (ii) N-linked glycosylation. To this end, we developed a streamlined, simple workflow to quantify nucleotide-sugar levels using amide-based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation followed by negative-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap detector. N-Glycans released from cells were also procainamide functionalized and quantified using positive-mode ESI-MS/MS. Results show that all tested compounds changed the baseline nucleotide-sugar levels, with the effect being most pronounced for the fluoro-HexNAc compounds. These molecules depressed UDP-HexNAc levels in cells by up to 80%, while concomitantly elevating UDP-4F-GalNAc and UDP-4F-GlcNAc. While the measured changes in nucleotide-sugar concentration were substantial in many cases, their impact on N-linked glycosylation was relatively small. This may be due to the high nucleotide-sugar concentrations in the Golgi, which far exceed the KM values of the glycosylating enzymes. Thus, the glycosylation system output exhibits 'robustness' even in the face of significant changes in cellular nucleotide-sugar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Del Solar V, Contel M. Metal-based antibody drug conjugates. Potential and challenges in their application as targeted therapies in cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 199:110780. [PMID: 31434020 PMCID: PMC6745269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates have emerged as a very attractive type of targeted therapy in cancer. They combine the antigen-targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the cytotoxic potency of chemotherapeutics. This review focuses on antibody drug conjugates based on metal-containing cytotoxic payloads. We will also describe antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) in which a metal-based component (mostly metallic nanoparticles) exerts a relevant function in the ADC (for photodynamic or photothermal therapy, as air-plasma-enhancer or chemo-sensitizer, as carrier of other cytotoxic payloads or as an integral part of the linker structure). Challenges and opportunities to increase the translational potential of these ADCs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Chemistry PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA.
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Wang SS, Gao X, Solar VD, Yu X, Antonopoulos A, Friedman AE, Matich EK, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Nasirikenari M, Lau JT, Dell A, Haslam SM, Laine RA, Matta KL, Neelamegham S. Thioglycosides Are Efficient Metabolic Decoys of Glycosylation that Reduce Selectin Dependent Leukocyte Adhesion. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1519-1532.e5. [PMID: 30344053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic decoys are synthetic analogs of naturally occurring biosynthetic acceptors. These compounds divert cellular biosynthetic pathways by acting as artificial substrates that usurp the activity of natural enzymes. While O-linked glycosides are common, they are only partially effective even at millimolar concentrations. In contrast, we report that N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) incorporated into various thioglycosides robustly truncate cell surface N- and O-linked glycan biosynthesis at 10-100 μM concentrations. The >10-fold greater inhibition is in part due to the resistance of thioglycosides to hydrolysis by intracellular hexosaminidases. The thioglycosides reduce β-galactose incorporation into lactosamine chains, cell surface sialyl Lewis-X expression, and leukocyte rolling on selectin substrates including inflamed endothelial cells under fluid shear. Treatment of granulocytes with thioglycosides prior to infusion into mouse inhibited neutrophil homing to sites of acute inflammation and bone marrow by ∼80%-90%. Overall, thioglycosides represent an easy to synthesize class of efficient metabolic inhibitors or decoys. They reduce N-/O-linked glycan biosynthesis and inflammatory leukocyte accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuen-Shiuan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- TumorEnd LLC, Louisiana Emerging Technology Center, 340 East Parker Drive, Suite 246, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Clinical & Translational Research Center and State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Xinheng Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | | | - Alan E Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Eryn K Matich
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | | | - Mehrab Nasirikenari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Joseph T Lau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Roger A Laine
- TumorEnd LLC, Louisiana Emerging Technology Center, 340 East Parker Drive, Suite 246, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Khushi L Matta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; TumorEnd LLC, Louisiana Emerging Technology Center, 340 East Parker Drive, Suite 246, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Clinical & Translational Research Center and State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Quiñones-Lombraña A, Li N, Del Solar V, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Blanco JG. CBR1 rs9024 genotype status impacts the bioactivation of loxoprofen in human liver. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:315-318. [PMID: 29851133 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Loxoprofen is an anti-inflammatory drug that requires bioactivation into the trans-OH metabolite to exert pharmacological activity. Evidence suggests that carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) is important during the bioactivation of loxoprofen. This study examined the impact of the functional single nucleotide polymorphism CBR1 rs9024 on the bioactivation of loxoprofen in a collection of human liver samples. The synthesis ratios of trans-OH loxoprofen/cis-OH loxoprofen were 33% higher in liver cytosols from donors homozygous for the CBR1 rs9024 G allele in comparison with the ratios in samples from donors with heterozygous GA genotypes. Complementary studies examined the impact of CBR1 rs9024 on the bioactivation of loxoprofen in lymphoblastoid cell lines. CBR1 rs9024 genotype status impacts the synthesis of the bioactive trans-OH metabolite of loxoprofen in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Quiñones-Lombraña
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Nasi Li
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Virginia Del Solar
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Javier G Blanco
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Del Solar V, Quiñones-Lombraña A, Cabrera S, Padrón JM, Ríos-Luci C, Alvarez-Valdés A, Navarro-Ranninger C, Alemán J. Expanding the synthesis of new trans-sulfonamide platinum complexes: cytotoxicity, SAR, fluorescent cell assays and stability studies. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 127:128-40. [PMID: 23474039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we describe the synthesis of new trans-N-sulfonamide platinum complexes and their antiproliferative activity (GI50, μM) in human solid tumors cells. The structure activity relationships (SAR), with different new synthesized complexes by variation in ligand, halogen and also in the stereochemistry of the ligand, has been studied. Solubility and stability studies have also been carried out as well as fluorescent cell assays in order to clarify the final target in the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Del Solar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica (Módulo 7), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Concellón JM, Suárez JR, Del Solar V. Synthesis of Enantiopure Allylamines by Reductive Alkylation of Amino Epoxides with Organolithium Reagents. Org Lett 2005; 8:349-51. [PMID: 16408912 DOI: 10.1021/ol0529602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Transformation of enantiopure (2R,1'S)-2-(1-aminoalkyl)epoxides 1 into the corresponding allylamines 2 is described. The opening of the epoxide ring with different organolithium compounds takes place with total selectivity and in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Concellón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, Spain.
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Concellón JM, Suárez JR, Del Solar V. Regioselective Ring Opening of Amino Epoxides with Nitriles: An Easy Synthesis of (2R,3S)- and (2S,3S)-1,3-Diaminoalkan-2-ols with Differently Protected Amine Functions. J Org Chem 2005; 70:7447-50. [PMID: 16122275 DOI: 10.1021/jo051109y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Transformation of enantiopure (2R,1'S)- or (2S,1'S)-2-(1-aminoalkyl)epoxides 1 or 2 into the corresponding (2R,3S)- and (2S,3S)-1,3-diaminoalkan-2-ols 3 or 4 is described. The opening of the epoxide ring with different nitriles (Ritter reaction) takes place with total selectivity and in high yields in the presence of BF3.Et2O. Interestingly, the two amine groups are differently protected. A mechanism to explain this transformation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Concellón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33071 Oviedo, Spain.
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