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Asikin Y, Tamura Y, Aono Y, Kusano M, Shiba H, Yamamoto M, Mitsube F, Lin SY, Takara K, Wada K. Multivariate Profiling of Metabolites and Volatile Organic Compounds in Citrus depressa Hayata Fruits from Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan. Foods 2023; 12:2951. [PMID: 37569221 PMCID: PMC10418860 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus depressa Hayata is a small-fruit citrus species; it is indigenous to Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Taiwan. The metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that affect the flavor of its fruits have not been investigated based on geographical origin. In the present study, we investigated the metabolite and VOC profiles of 18 C. depressa cultivation lines from these regions. Multivariate analysis revealed differences in the metabolites of C. depressa based on its cultivation origins; variations in sugar, sugar alcohol, and amino acid contents were also observed. Fruits from Kagoshima and Okinawa had higher galactinol, trehalose, xylose, glucose, and sucrose intensities than fruits from Taiwan (log2-fold change; 2.65-3.44, 1.68-2.13, 1.37-2.01, 1.33-1.57, and 1.07-1.43, respectively), whereas the Taiwanese lines contained higher leucine, isoleucine, serine, and alanine. In contrast to the Taiwanese Nantou line, other cultivation lines had comparable total VOC contents, and the VOCs of all lines were dominated by limonene, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene. Accordingly, the highest VOC intensities were recorded in the Nantou line, which was followed by Shikunin sweet (Kagoshima) and Taoyuan (Taiwan) (log10 normalize concentration; 5.11, 3.08, and 3.01, respectively). Moreover, multivariate analysis plots elucidated the difference in the VOCs of Ishikunibu (Okinawa), Shikunin sweet, and Taoyuan and between those of most Kagoshima and Okinawa cultivation lines. These results suggest that both the cultivation line and origin influence the metabolites and VOCs of C. depressa, thus possibly affecting its flavor quality; the data provide a valuable insight for utilizing C. depressa of different cultivation lines and origins to produce foods and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Asikin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tamura
- Feed and Livestock Production Division, Zennoh, Tokyo 100-6832, Japan
| | - Yusuke Aono
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamamoto
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Mitsube
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center Nago Branch, Nago 905-0012, Japan
| | - Shu-Yen Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kensaku Takara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Oe M, Wada K, Asikin Y, Arakaki M, Horiuchi M, Takahashi M. Effects of processing methods on the aroma constituents of hihatsumodoki (Piper retrofractum Vahl). J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37183927 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hihatsumodoki (Piper retrofractum Vahl) is a traditional spice from Okinawa (Japan) that can be processed in different ways to create the desired flavor. Herein, we examined the effects of processing (sun-drying, oven-drying, roasting, and steaming) on the volatile aroma constituents of hihatsumodoki fruits. Among the 106 chromatographic peaks observed in total, 58 were assigned to known aroma compounds. The relative contents of terpenes, for example, linalool, β-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, and germacrene D, ranged from 57.6% to 88.1%. Sun-drying decreased the content of aldehydes such as hexanal and trans-2-hexenal but did not significantly affect the total content of aroma compounds. The amount of aroma compounds released during oven-drying and roasting increased with temperature up to a certain point (90°C) and decreased at an excessively high temperature of 180°C. High-temperature roasting generated Maillard reaction products such as furans and furanones, which could impart sweet caramel odors. Steamed fruits had the lowest content of aroma compounds, which was ascribed to the loss of these compounds to vapor. Meanwhile, drying steamed fruits resulted in an approximately 3.6-fold increase in their aroma compound content, and the content of sesquiterpenes in the steamed-dried fruits was similar to that in fruits exposed to high temperatures. The effects of processing on aroma quality were visualized using multivariate statistical analysis. The aroma characteristics of roasted (180°C), steamed, and steamed-dried fruits were different from those of the control. The combined findings provide useful information for the selection of processing methods to achieve the desired flavor of hihatsumodoki. Practical Application: This study reveals the effects of different processing methods on the aroma profile of hihatsumodoki (Piper retrofractum Vahl), a subtropical spice from Okinawa (Japan). The results facilitate the selection of preferred hihatsumodoki flavors for household and industrial applications in foods and beverages. In addition, they inspire research on the processing-induced flavor changes of other tropical or subtropical spices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moena Oe
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Yonathan Asikin
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Mika Arakaki
- Subtropical Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Takahashi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
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Ayustaningwarno F, Asikin Y, Amano R, Vu NT, Hajar-Azhari S, Anjani G, Takara K, Wada K. Composition of Minerals and Volatile Organic Components of Non-Centrifugal Cane Sugars from Japan and ASEAN Countries. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071406. [PMID: 37048227 PMCID: PMC10093527 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) is an unrefined dehydrated form of sugar syrup produced worldwide. To date, there is a lack of differentiation in the key nutrients and flavor qualities of NCS products among countries, which makes it difficult for interested parties to select NCSs suitable for their needs. This study aimed to evaluate the minerals and volatile organic components (VOCs) in NCS products from Japan and ASEAN countries. Mineral components were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). VOCs and their aroma profiles were examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and MS-e-nose analyses, respectively. The total minerals content in Japanese NCSs ranged from 228.58 to 1347.53 mg/100 g, comprising K, Ca, Mg, P, and Na (69.1, 16.6, 7.9, 4.5, and 3.2%, respectively); their average total amounts were as high as those of Malaysia and Indonesia origins (962.87, 984.67, and 928.47 mg/100 g, respectively). Forty-four VOCs were identified, of which concentrations of pyrazines, furans, and pyranones varied significantly among the NCSs. Additionally, the MS-e-nose analysis provided a multivariate differentiation profile of the NCS products based on differences in the intensities of the VOC ion masses. Nine statistical clusters were presented, wherein certain NCS products of ASEAN origin had volatile profiles comparable to those of the Japanese products. These outcomes suggest that the origin of production greatly influences the mineral and VOC compositions of NCS, affecting their quality traits.
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Asikin Y, Shimizu K, Iwasaki H, Oku H, Wada K. Stress amelioration and anti-inflammatory potential of Shiikuwasha ( Citrus depressa Hayata) essential oil, limonene, and γ-terpinene. J Food Drug Anal 2022; 30:454-465. [PMCID: PMC9635919 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) essential oil (SEO) extracted from Shiikuwasha fruit pulp contains two major volatile components, limonene and γ-terpinene (56.56–57.31 and 24.41–24.98%, respectively). In this study, we showed that the aroma streams of SEO, limonene, and γ-terpinene exhibited significant physiological stress amelioration effects in nine healthy female panelists tested in a 30-min visual display task. While SEO administration significantly reduced work errors by 15 min compared to the odorless control condition, the limonene stream reduced work errors only at the first and fourth 5-min intervals, and the γ-terpinene effect lasted only for the initial 5-min. However, γ-terpinene inhalation reduced stress by significantly increasing post-work electrocardiogram R–R interval variability and lowering electroencephalogram beta wave powers at the midline occipital Oz position. Additionally, SEO, limonene, and γ-terpinene displayed anti-inflammatory activity in vitro by suppressing the pro-inflammatory markers NO and IL-1β in BV-2 microglial cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Asikin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213,
Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065,
Japan
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Hironori Iwasaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065,
Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213,
Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065,
Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213,
Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213,
Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065,
Japan
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Tamura Y, Iwatoh S, Miyaura K, Asikin Y, Kusano M. Metabolomic profiling reveals the relationship between taste-related metabolites and roasted aroma in aged pork. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Aono Y, Asikin Y, Wang N, Tieman D, Klee H, Kusano M. High-Throughput Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Profiling Reveals Positive Associations with Sugar and Apocarotenoid Volatile Content in Fruits of Tomato Varieties in Modern and Wild Accessions. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060398. [PMID: 34207208 PMCID: PMC8233878 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor and nutritional quality has been negatively impacted during the course of domestication and improvement of the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Recent emphasis on consumers has emphasized breeding strategies that focus on flavor-associated chemicals, including sugars, acids, and aroma compounds. Carotenoids indirectly affect flavor as precursors of aroma compounds, while chlorophylls contribute to sugar production through photosynthesis. However, the relationships between these pigments and flavor content are still unclear. In this study, we developed a simple and high-throughput method to quantify chlorophylls and carotenoids. This method was applied to over one hundred tomato varieties, including S. lycopersicum and its wild relatives (S. l. var. cerasiforme and S. pimpinellifolium), for quantification of these pigments in fruits. The results obtained by integrating data of the pigments, soluble solids, sugars, and aroma compounds indicate that (i) chlorophyll-abundant varieties have relatively higher sugar accumulations and (ii) prolycopene is associated with an abundance of linear carotenoid-derived aroma compounds in one of the orange-fruited varieties, "Dixie Golden Giant". Our results suggest the importance of these pigments not only as components of fruit color but also as factors influencing flavor traits, such as sugars and aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Aono
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Yonathan Asikin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan;
| | - Ning Wang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan;
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Denise Tieman
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (D.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Harry Klee
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (D.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan;
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Asikin Y, Tanahara N, Maeda G, Tsuchida E, Hirose N, Oe M, Takara K, Wada K. Odorous volatiles and methoxypyrazines responsible for the musty-peanut aroma in microwave-heated sponge gourd ( Luffa cylindrica). FSTR 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Asikin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Naoya Tanahara
- Regional Agricultural System Section, Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center
| | - Goki Maeda
- Regional Agricultural System Section, Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center
| | - Eito Tsuchida
- Regional Agricultural System Section, Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center
| | - Naoto Hirose
- Regional Agricultural System Section, Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center
| | - Moena Oe
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University
| | - Kensaku Takara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Koji Wada
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University
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Chen Y, Shukurova MK, Asikin Y, Kusano M, Watanabe KN. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Mango Ginger ( Curcuma amada Roxb.) from Myanmar. Metabolites 2020; 11:21. [PMID: 33396947 PMCID: PMC7824228 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma amada Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as mango ginger because its rhizome and foliar parts have a similar aroma to mango. The rhizome has been widely used in food industries and alternative medicines to treat a variety of internal diseases such as cough, bronchitis, indigestion, colic, loss of appetite, hiccups, and constipation. The composition of the volatile constituents in a fresh rhizome of C. amada is not reported in detail. The present study aimed to screen and characterize the composition of volatile organic compound (VOC) in a fresh rhizome of three C. amada (ZO45, ZO89, and ZO114) and one C. longa (ZO138) accessions originated from Myanmar. The analysis was carried out by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). As a result, 122 VOCs were tentatively identified from the extracted 373 mass spectra. The following compounds were the ten most highly abundant and broadly present ones: ar-turmerone, α-zingiberene, α-santalene, (E)-γ-atlantone, cuparene, β-bisabolene, teresantalol, β-sesquiphellandrene, trans-α-bergamotene, γ-curcumene. The intensity of ar-turmerone, the sesquiterpene which is mainly characterized in C. longa essential oil (up to 15.5-27.5%), was significantly higher in C. amada accession ZO89 (15.707 ± 5.78a) compared to C. longa accession ZO138 (0.300 ± 0.08b). Cis-α-bergamotene was not detected in two C. amada accessions ZO45 and ZO89. The study revealed between-species variation regarding identified VOCs in the fresh rhizome of C. amada and C. longa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhang Chen
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; (Y.C.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Musavvara Kh. Shukurova
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; (Y.C.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Yonathan Asikin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan;
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan;
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuo N. Watanabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan;
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Shukurova MK, Asikin Y, Chen Y, Kusano M, Watanabe KN. Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Wild Indigenous Medicinal Ginger ( Zingiber barbatum Wall.) from Myanmar. Metabolites 2020; 10:E248. [PMID: 32549365 PMCID: PMC7344531 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) strongly depend on the plant species and are differently represented in specific taxa. VOCs have a degree of chemical diversity and also can serve as chemotaxonomic markers. Zingiber barbatum Wall. is a wild medicinal ginger plant endemic to Myanmar whose VOC composition has never been screened before. In this study, we screened the rhizome of Z. barbatum to identify the VOC composition by the application of gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). The resulting VOC profile of Z. barbatum showed that it consists mainly of monoterpenes (21%) and sesquiterpenes (30%). Intraspecific similarities and dissimilarities were found to exist between Z. barbatum genotypes in terms of VOC composition. Four accessions (ZO191, ZO223, ZO217, and the control accession ZO105) collected from the Shan State and Mandalay region of Myanmar were found to share a similar VOC profile, while two accessions (ZO64 and ZO160) collected from the Bago region were found to vary in their VOC profiles compared with the control accession. The two identified compounds, i.e., α-bergamotene and β-(E)-guaiene may serve as discriminative chemical markers for the characterization of Z. barbatum species collected in these three geographical regions of Myanmar. This study represents a first attempt to identify and describe the VOCs in the medicinal species Z. barbatum that have not been reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musavvara Kh. Shukurova
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan;
| | - Yonathan Asikin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan;
| | - Yanhang Chen
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan;
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (K.N.W.)
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuo N. Watanabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; (M.K.); (K.N.W.)
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Asikin Y, Kusumiyati, Taira E, Wada K. Alterations in the morphological, sugar composition, and volatile flavor properties of petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk.) seed during ripening. Food Res Int 2018; 106:647-653. [PMID: 29579971 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Petai seeds are one of the well-known strong-smelling foods of the Southeast Asian region that have been harvested and commercially offered in different ripening forms. The current study focused on alterations in the size, color, sugar composition, and volatile flavor properties of petai seeds in the four ripening stages (unripe, mid ripe, ripe, and over-ripe). The ripening process was mainly indicated by the increase in size and weight as seed color turned paler and less greenish. The total sugar content gradually increased during ripening, and then elevated from 1.60 g/100 g (ripe seed) to the level of 2.82 g/100 g in the over-ripe seed. Ripening also altered the volatile flavor composition of petai seed, wherein the predominant aldehydes (hexanal and acetaldehyde) were decreased, and the sulfuric compounds (hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, and 1,2,4-trithiolane) tended to increase. Additionally, gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) analysis revealed alterations in the perceived odor strength and sensation of each volatile compound and demonstrated volatile flavor profiles, viz. detection percentages of volatile group odor strengths and descriptive odors, of petai seed. These results provide valuable information for monitoring alterations in the physical appearance, sugar composition, and aroma that represent the flavor quality in seasonal petai seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Asikin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Kusumiyati
- Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Eizo Taira
- Department of Regional Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Asikin Y, Kawahira S, Goki M, Hirose N, Kyoda S, Wada K. Extended aroma extract dilution analysis profile of Shiikuwasha ( Citrus depressa Hayata) pulp essential oil. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:268-276. [PMID: 29389564 PMCID: PMC9332631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiikuwasha pulp is an important raw material for producing citrus essential oils. The volatile aroma composition of pulp essential oil was evaluated using gas chromatography (GC) methods, and its aroma profile was assessed using GC-olfactometry with an extended aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) technique in regard to alterations of odor strength and sensorial perception throughout serial dilution steps. The essential oil comprised a mixture of 55 aroma compounds, including monoterpene hydrocarbon, sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, alcohol, aldehyde, ester, and oxide compounds. The predominant compounds were limonene [57.36% (4462.80 mg/100 g of pulp)] and γ-terpinene [25.14% (1956.21 mg/100 g of pulp)]. However, linalool was identified as one of the key aroma components providing the highest flavor dilution factor in AEDA, whilst three sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (δ-elemene, germacrene B, and bicyclosesquiphellandrene) and two esters (heptyl acetate and decyl acetate) had superior relative flavor activities. The extended AEDA profile identified variations in assessed odor perceptions, intensity, and duration of aroma components over dilution, whereas the 12 most odor-active compounds showed comparable odor strengths.
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Asikin Y, Kusumiyati, Shikanai T, Wada K. Volatile aroma components and MS-based electronic nose profiles of dogfruit ( Pithecellobium jiringa) and stink bean ( Parkia speciosa). J Adv Res 2017; 9:79-85. [PMID: 30046489 PMCID: PMC6057232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogfruit (Pithecellobium jiringa) and stink bean (Parkia speciosa) are two typical smelly legumes from Southeast Asia that are widely used in the cuisines of this region. Headspace/gas chromatography/flame ionization detection analysis and mass spectrometry (MS)-based electronic nose techniques were applied to monitor ripening changes in the volatile flavor profiles of dogfruit and stink bean. Compositional analysis showed that the ripening process greatly influenced the composition and content of the volatile aroma profiles of these two smelly food materials, particularly their alcohol, aldehyde, and sulfur components. The quantity of predominant hexanal in stink bean significantly declined (P < 0.05) during the ripening process, whereas the major volatile components of dogfruit changed from 3-methylbutanal and methanol in the unripe state to acetaldehyde and ethanol in the ripe bean. Moreover, the amount of the typical volatile flavor compound 1,2,4-trithiolane significantly increased (P < 0.05) in both ripened dogfruit and stink bean from 1.70 and 0.93%, to relative amounts of 19.97 and 13.66%, respectively. MS-based nose profiling gave further detailed differentiation of the volatile profiles of dogfruit and stink bean of various ripening stages through multivariate statistical analysis, and provided discriminant ion masses, such as m/z 41, 43, 58, 78, and 124, as valuable “digital fingerprint” dataset that can be used for fast flavor monitoring of smelly food resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Asikin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kusumiyati
- Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Takeshi Shikanai
- Department of Regional Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Manikharda, Takahashi M, Arakaki M, Yonamine K, Asikin Y, Takara K, Wada K. Physical Properties, Flavor Characteristics and Antioxidant Capacity of Shimatogarashi ( Capsicum frutescens). FSTR 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manikharda
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Mika Arakaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus
| | | | | | | | - Koji Wada
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus
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Asikin Y, Takahara W, Takahashi M, Hirose N, Ito S, Wada K. Compositional and Electronic Discrimination Analyses of Taste and Aroma Profiles of Non-Centrifugal Cane Brown Sugars. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Weerawatanakorn M, Asikin Y, Takahashi M, Tamaki H, Wada K, Ho CT, Chuekittisak R. Physico-chemical properties, wax composition, aroma profiles, and antioxidant activity of granulated non-centrifugal sugars from sugarcane cultivars of Thailand. J Food Sci Technol 2016; 53:4084-4092. [PMID: 28035164 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) is globally consumed and has various health benefits. It is mostly produced in hardened block form, which is less convenient than in granulated form for food applications. In terms of the traditional processing of NCS, preparation of granulated products is difficult due to the impurities found in the cane juice extracted from the whole stalk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize and determine the physico-chemical properties, wax composition (policosanols and long-chain aldehydes), volatile aroma profiles, and antioxidant activity of traditional NCS in granular form made from four different cane cultivars of Thailand. The total soluble solid, pH, color, and mineral content varied among the sugarcane cultivars, whereas there was no significant difference in the total sugar, phenolic and flavonoid content. The total policosanol, a cholesterol-lowering nutraceutical wax component, and long-chain aldehyde contents were similar in the NCS products amongst three cultivars, and ranged from 2.63 to 3.69 mg/100 g. The granulated NCS products, in which acetaldehyde and dimethyl sulfide were the main volatile compounds, gave less aroma components than traditional NCS. The use of different sugarcane cultivars thus influenced the quality attributes of granulated non-centrifugal sugar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monthana Weerawatanakorn
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Muang Phitsanulok, 65000 Thailand
| | - Yonathan Asikin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Makoto Takahashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Hajime Tamaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Raweewan Chuekittisak
- Sukhothai Agricultural Research and Development Center, Khongtan, Srisamrong, Sukhothai 64120 Thailand
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Kobayashi M, Takakura M, Asikin Y, Ganaha Y, Fujita T, Yogi Y, Kakazu K, Sasazawa Y. Relationship between critical-thinking and decision-making in exercise and lifestyle in adolescents. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw175.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Takahashi M, Ishmael M, Asikin Y, Hirose N, Mizu M, Shikanai T, Tamaki H, Wada K. Composition, Taste, Aroma, and Antioxidant Activity of Solidified Noncentrifugal Brown Sugars Prepared from Whole Stalk and Separated Pith of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarumL.). J Food Sci 2016; 81:C2647-C2655. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Mutanda Ishmael
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Kagoshima Univ; Korimoto 1-21-24 Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Yonathan Asikin
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Naoto Hirose
- Regional Agricultural System Section; Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center; 820 Makabe Itoman Okinawa 901-0336 Japan
| | - Masami Mizu
- Product Development Div; Mitsui Sugar Co. Ltd; Nihonbashi, 36-2 Hakozaki-Cho Tokyo 103-8423 Japan
| | - Takesi Shikanai
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Hajime Tamaki
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Faculty of Agriculture; Univ. of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1 Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
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Asikin Y, Takahashi M, Mizu M, Takara K, Oku H, Wada K. DNA damage protection against free radicals of two antioxidant neolignan glucosides from sugarcane molasses. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:1209-1215. [PMID: 25865605 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane molasses is a potential by-product of the sugarcane manufacturing industry that is rich in antioxidant materials. The present study aimed to obtain antioxidative compounds from sugarcane molasses and to evaluate their ability to protect DNA from oxidative damage. RESULTS Two neolignan glucosides were isolated from sugarcane molasses using bioassay and UV spectra monitoring-guided fractionation. The compounds were elucidated as (7R,8S)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-d-glucoside (1) and (7S,8R)-simulanol-9'-O-β-d-glucoside (2). Neolignan glucoside 2 protected against DNA damage caused by free radicals more effectively than did neolignan glucoside 1 (13.62 and 9.08 µmol L(-1) for peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals, respectively, compared to 48.07 and 14.42 µmol L(-1) ). Additionally, neolignan glucoside 2 exhibited superior DNA protection against free radicals compared with various known antioxidative compounds, including p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid and epigallocatechin gallate. CONCLUSION The isolated neolignan glucosides from sugarcane molasses are able to protect DNA from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. This is the first identification of these two compounds in sugarcane molasses. The sugarcane molasses can therefore be used as potential nutraceutical preventative agents, and the findings may foster the utilization of this by-product as a bioresource-based product. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Asikin
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Makoto Takahashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masami Mizu
- Product Development Division, Mitsui Sugar Co. Ltd, Tokyo, 103-8423, Japan
| | - Kensaku Takara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
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Asikin Y, Hirose N, Tamaki H, Ito S, Oku H, Wada K. Effects of different drying–solidification processes on physical properties, volatile fraction, and antioxidant activity of non-centrifugal cane brown sugar. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ganaha Y, Kobayashi M, Asikin Y, Gushiken T, Shinjo S. The Relationship Between the Status of Unnecessary Accommodations Being Made to Unconfirmed Food Allergy Students and the Presence or Absence of a Doctor's Diagnosis. Children (Basel) 2015; 2:228-43. [PMID: 27417361 PMCID: PMC4928759 DOI: 10.3390/children2020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the current state of unnecessary children food allergy accommodation and the medical efforts to confirm the existence of food allergies in school lunch service kitchens in Okinawa, Japan, including kitchens accommodating food allergy students by requiring medical documentation at the start and during provisions being made (Double Diagnosis), requiring medical documentation at the start only (Single Diagnosis), and with no medical documentation (Non-Diagnosis). Unnecessary accommodations are being made to unconfirmed food allergy students, wherein the more medical consultation was required, the lower the food allergy incident rate was and the more food allergens were diagnosed (Non-Diagnosis > Single Diagnosis > Double Diagnosis). This study suggests the possibility that unconfirmed food allergy students may be receiving unnecessary food allergy accommodations per school lunches, and the number of unnecessary food allergy provisions being made could be reduced by requiring medical documentation at the start and during these provisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Ganaha
- Faculty of Education, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Center for Educational Career Enhancement, Kyoto University of Education, 1 Fukakusa-Fujinomori-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8522, Japan.
| | - Yonathan Asikin
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss German University, Edu Town BSD City, Kav. II.1, Tangerang 15339, Indonesia.
| | - Taichi Gushiken
- Miyakojima Municipal Minami Elementary School, 1068 Shimozato, Hirara, Miyakojima, Okinawa 906-0013, Japan.
| | - Sumie Shinjo
- Okinawa Dietetic Association, 2-23-1 Takushi, Urasoe, Okinawa 901-2112, Japan.
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Asikin Y, Maeda G, Tamaki H, Mizu M, Oku H, Wada K. Cultivation line and fruit ripening discriminations of Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) peel oils using aroma compositional, electronic nose, and antioxidant analyses. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Asikin Y, Fukunaga H, Yamano Y, Hou DX, Maeda G, Wada K. Effect of cultivation line and peeling on food composition, taste characteristic, aroma profile, and antioxidant activity of Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) juice. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:2384-2392. [PMID: 24407942 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) juice from four main cultivation lines subjected to two peeling practices (with or without peeling) were discriminated in terms of quality attributes, represented by sugar and organic acid composition, taste characteristic, aroma profile, and antioxidant activity. RESULTS Shiikuwasha juice from these lines had diverse food compositions; 'Izumi kugani' juice had lower acidity but contained more ascorbic acid than that of other cultivation lines. The composition of volatile aroma components was influenced by fruit cultivation line, whereas its content was affected by peeling process (20.26-53.73 mg L(-1) in whole juice versus 0.82-1.58 mg L(-1) in flesh juice). Peeling also caused Shiikuwasha juice to be less astringent and acidic bitter and to lose its antioxidant activity. Moreover, the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of Shiikuwasha juice positively influenced its antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION Each fruit cultivation line had a distinct food composition, taste characteristic, and aroma profile. Peeling in Shiikuwasha juice production might reduce aftertaste, and thus might improve its palatability. Comprehensive information on the effect of cultivation line and peeling on quality attributes will be useful for Shiikuwasha juice production, and can be applied to juice production of similar small citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Asikin
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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Asikin Y, Takahashi M, Mishima T, Mizu M, Takara K, Wada K. Antioxidant activity of sugarcane molasses against 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced peroxyl radicals. Food Chem 2013; 141:466-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Asikin Y, Taira I, Inafuku-Teramoto S, Sumi H, Ohta H, Takara K, Wada K. The composition of volatile aroma components, flavanones, and polymethoxylated flavones in Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) peels of different cultivation lines. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:7973-80. [PMID: 22804782 DOI: 10.1021/jf301848s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Citrus peels are important sources of various pleasant aroma compounds and valuable bioactive substances. To investigate differences in the composition and content of Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) peels from different cultivation lines, the composition of volatile aroma components, flavanones, and polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) in four Shiikuwasha cultivation lines was examined. The composition of volatile aroma components in cold-pressed extracts of Shiikuwasha peels was analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. The extracts contained mainly monoterpene hydrocarbons (93.40-97.25%), including limonene (46.52-68.26%) and γ-terpinene (21.48-30.52%). Differences in the composition of volatile aroma compounds in the Shiikuwasha cultivation lines were revealed using principal component analysis. Additionally, the composition of flavanones and PMFs was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography methods. Neohesperidin (96.58%) was the predominant flavanone in 'Izumi kugani' peel, while the other peels had high hesperidin contents (89.26-98.66%). Moreover, the PMFs of Shiikuwasha peels were composed of nobiletin (56.74-64.77%) and tangeretin (23.17-34.70%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Asikin
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
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Asikin Y, Taira I, Inafuku S, Sumi H, Sawamura M, Takara K, Wada K. Volatile aroma components and antioxidant activities of the flavedo peel extract of unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata). J Food Sci 2012; 77:C469-75. [PMID: 22394020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The flavedo peel extracts of unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) fruits were extracted using steam distillation (SD) or a cold-press (CP) system. Volatile aroma content and composition were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and each compound was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of the extracts were monoterpene hydrocarbons (91.75-93.75%[709.32-809.05 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]) including limonene (43.08-45.13%[341.46-379.81 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), γ-terpinene (27.88-29.06%[219.90-245.86 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), and p-cymene (8.13-11.02%[61.47-97.22 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]). The extraction process used was determined to be a decisive factor that affects the composition of key citrus aroma components, as well as the antioxidant activities of the Shiikuwasha fruit. Antioxidant capabilities of the extracts were examined by assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching inhibition. The cold-press extraction system may better retain the total phenolic content of the flavedo peel and display superior antioxidant activities, compared to the steam distillation extraction method. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) is a type of small citrus fruit, and has been used as raw material for beverage and food additive productions in Japan. It had a unique aroma composition in which the limonene content of its peels is lower than that of other commonly known citrus peels. The present study detailed the volatile aroma composition, as well as antioxidant capabilities of Shiikuwasha peel extracts of different extraction methods, that are cold-press and steam distillation methods. The results of this study may provide a basis for selection of Shiikuwasha peel extracts in food industry for citrus flavor production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Asikin
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Asikin Y, Takahashi M, Hirose N, Hou DX, Takara K, Wada K. Wax, policosanol, and long-chain aldehydes of different sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivars. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Takahashi M, Uechi S, Takara K, Asikin Y, Wada K. Evaluation of an oral carrier system in rats: bioavailability and antioxidant properties of liposome-encapsulated curcumin. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:9141-6. [PMID: 19757811 DOI: 10.1021/jf9013923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the curcumin absorption by oral administration, liposome-encapsulated curcumin (LEC) was prepared from commercially available lecithins (SLP-WHITE and SLP-PC70) and examined for its interfacial and biochemical properties. A LEC prepared from 5 wt % of SLP-PC70 and 2.5 wt % of curcumin gave a good dispersibility with 68.0% encapsulation efficiency for curcumin, while those from SLP-WHITE did not. Moreover, the resulting LEC using SLP-PC70 was confirmed to be composed of small unilamellar vesicles with a diameter of approximately 263 nm. The resulting LEC was then examined for its effect on bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Three forms of curcumin [curcumin, a mixture of curcumin and SLP-PC70 (lecithin), and LEC] were then administered orally to SD rats at a dose of 100 mg curcumin/kg body weight. The pharmacokinetic parameters following curcumin administration were determined in each form. Pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of LEC were compared to those of curcumin and a mixture of curcumin and lecithin. High bioavailability of curcumin was evident in the case of oral LEC; a faster rate and better absorption of curcumin were observed as compared to the other forms. Oral LEC gave higher C(max) and shorter T(max) values, as well as a higher value for the area under the blood concentration-time curve, at all time points. These results indicated that curcumin enhanced the gastrointestinal absorption by liposomes encapsulation. Interestingly, the plasma antioxidant activity following oral LEC was significantly higher than that of the other treatments. In addition, the plasma curcumin concentration was significantly correlated to plasma antioxidant activities, and enhanced curcumin plasma concentrations might exert a stronger influence on food functionality of curcumin. The available information strongly suggests that liposome encapsulation of ingredients such as curcumin may be used as a novel nutrient delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takahashi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Takahashi M, Kitamoto D, Asikin Y, Takara K, Wada K. Liposomes Encapsulating Aloe vera Leaf Gel Extract Significantly Enhance Proliferation and Collagen Synthesis in Human Skin Cell Lines. J Oleo Sci 2009; 58:643-50. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.58.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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