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Liang WH, Chang TW, Charng YC. Effects of drying methods on contents of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of Angelica dahurica. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1085-1092. [PMID: 30263838 PMCID: PMC6085254 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Baizhi (Angelica dahurica) has been widely used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, functional food and cosmetic product ingredient, mostly because of the high furanocoumarin compounds in roots. Because the fresh root is perishable, drying techniques are needed to maintain a higher-quality product. Freeze-drying is the best method but energy-consuming and costly. The aim of this study was to analyze the quality (antioxidant and furanocoumarin content) of Baizhi roots after freeze-drying (the control) and in-the-shade, 40 and 70 °C drying. Antioxidant activity was revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Fe2+ chelating assay, and the content of six furanocoumarin compounds, including xanthotoxin, bergapten, oxypeucedanin, imperatorin, phellopterin and isoimperatorin, was analyzed by liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was greater in roots with in-the-shade, 40 and 70 °C drying than freeze-drying. The furanocoumarin content pattern was similar with 70 °C drying and freeze-drying. A. dahurica roots dried at 70 °C may be an alternative method for maintaining high quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Liang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Wu Chang
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuh-Chyang Charng
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Liang WH, Chang TW, Charng YC. Influence of harvest stage on the pharmacological effect of Angelica dahurica. Bot Stud 2018; 59:14. [PMID: 29766316 PMCID: PMC5953908 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-018-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baizhi (Angelica dahurica) has been widely used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, functional food and cosmetic product ingredient, mostly because of the high furanocoumarin compounds in roots. The cropping system of Baizhi with its unique summer dormancy feature, is easily affected by the transition of its growth stages. The aim of this study was to analyze the quantity (size, form and dry weight [DW]) and quality (antioxidant and furanocoumarin content) of taproot and lateral root from three growth stages of Baizhi; vegetative (V-stage), summer dormancy (S-stage) and bolting stage (B-stage). RESULTS Root length and diameter were lower at V-stage than the other two stages, and S-stage had higher lateral root to total root ratio. However, the highest root DW was observed at S-stage. Antioxidant activity was revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-L-picrylhydrazyl and Fe2+ chelating assay, and the content of six furanocoumarin compounds, including xanthotoxin, bergapten, oxypeucedanin, imperatorin, phellopterin and isoimperatorin, was analyzed by liquid chromatography. Although the antioxidant activity was less at S-stage than the other stages, furanocoumarin contents showed little variation. CONCLUSION Considering the high DW and stable furanocoumarin composition, S-stage is the best harvest stage than the other stages because of its richer total pharmacological content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Liang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Tung-Wu Chang
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Hualien, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Yuh-Chyang Charng
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China
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Charng YC, Hsu LH, Liu LYD. The Ds1 Transposon Provides Messages That Yield Unique Profiles of Protein Isoforms and Acts Synergistically With Ds to Enrich Proteome Complexity via Exonization. Evol Bioinform Online 2017; 13:1176934317690410. [PMID: 28469376 PMCID: PMC5395267 DOI: 10.1177/1176934317690410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In exonization events, Ds1 may provide donor and/or acceptor sites for splicing after inserting into genes and be incorporated into new transcripts with new exon(s). In this study, the protein variants of Ds1 exonization yielding additional functional profile(s) were studied. Unlike Ds exonization, which creates new profiles mostly by incorporating flanking intron sequences with the Ds message, Ds1 exonization additionally creates new profiles through the presence or absence of Ds1 messages. The number of unique functional profiles harboring Ds1 messages is 1.3-fold more than that of functional profiles without Ds1 messages. The highly similar 11 protein isoforms at a single insertion site also contribute to proteome complexity enrichment by exclusively creating new profiles. Particularly, Ds1 exonization produces 459 unique profiles, of which 129 cannot be built by Ds. We thus conclude that Ds and Ds1 are independent but synergistic in their capacity to enrich proteome complexity through exonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lung-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Daisy Liu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yang HC, Charng YC. Application of an inducible transposon with anther culture in generation of di-haploid homologous mutants. Bot Stud 2014; 55:27. [PMID: 28510931 PMCID: PMC5432829 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insertional mutagenesis represents one of the most effective ways to acquire information about a plant gene's function. However, it is hindered by the autosomal genome being diploid and therefore, most mutations being recessive. The problem is addressed by inducing the transposition during anther culture so that selected mutations can be transmitted and then regenerated to a homozygous state. RESULTS To this end, we treated transgenic rice floral tissues containing the inducible transposon with an inducer, salicylic acid. Excision events were detected in regenerated calli and subsequent plantlets. DNA blot and PCR assay were used to determine the homogeneity of knockout mutants. About 5% of the mutants containing transposition events were homozygous. Furthermore, the inducible transposon was active during calli regeneration. CONCLUSIONS This strategy could be applicable to improve transposition efficiency in microspore development stages to create stable di-haploid mutants in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chun Yang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, Republic of China Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chyang Charng
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, Republic of China Taiwan
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Charng YC, Liu LYD. The extent of Ds1 transposon to enrich transcriptomes and proteomes by exonization. Bot Stud 2013; 54:14. [PMID: 28510860 PMCID: PMC5432752 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-54-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exonization is an event which an intronic transposed element (TE) provides splice sites and leads to alternatively spliced cassette exons. Without disrupting of the inserted gene's function, TEs can expand the proteome diversity by adding the splice variant that encodes a different, yet functional protein. Previously, we found that the main contribution of Ds exonization for gene divergence is not providing genetic messages but incorporating the intron sequences with different reading frame patterns to enrich the plant proteome. Ds1, another member of Ac/Ds transposon system, differs from Ds by providing 3 splice donor sites and 2 acceptor sites for alternative splicing, which may greatly increase the extent for proteome expansion. RESULTS In this study, we performed a genome-wide survey of Ds1 exonization events to assess its extent to enrich proteomes in plants. Each Ds1 insertion yielded 11 transcript isoforms by integrating the splice donor and/or acceptor sites, which composed a bulk of all exonized transcript orthologs from the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana and the monocot Oryza sativa (rice). The exonized transcripts were analyzed by the locations of the termination codon (PTC) and the putative targets for the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway were then excluded. Compared with the Ds element, Ds1 harbors more contents of non-NMD transcripts for protein isoforms. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of Ds1 exonization for gene divergence is incorporating the intron sequences with different reading frame patterns to enrich the plant proteome. All these simulation results direct new experimental analysis at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Chyang Charng
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-yu Daisy Liu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Insertion of transposable elements (TEs) into introns can lead to their activation as alternatively spliced cassette exons, an event called exonization. Exonization can enrich the complexity of transcriptomes and proteomes. Previously, we performed a genome-wide computational analysis of Ds exonization events in the monocot Oryza sativa (rice). The insertion patterns of Ds increased the number of transcripts and subsequent protein isoforms, which were determined as interior and C-terminal variants. In this study, these variants were scanned with the PROSITE database in order to identify new functional profiles (domains) that were referred to their reference proteins. The new profiles of the variants were expected to be beneficial for a selective advantage and more than 70% variants achieved this. The new functional profiles could be contributed by an exon–intron junction, an intron alone, an intron–TE junction, or a TE alone. A Ds-inserted intron may yield 167 new profiles on average, while some cases can yield thousands of new profiles, of which C-terminal variants were in major. Additionally, more than 90% of the TE-inserted genes were found to gain novel functional profiles in each intron via exonization. Therefore, new functional profiles yielded by the exonization may occur in many local regions of the reference protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Chien
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Insertion of transposable elements (TEs) into introns can lead to their activation as alternatively spliced cassette exons, an event called exonization which can enrich the complexity of transcriptomes and proteomes. Previously, we performed the first experimental assessment of TE exonization by inserting a Ds element into each intron of the rice epsps gene. Exonization of Ds in plants was biased toward providing splice donor sites from the beginning of the inserted Ds sequence. Additionally, Ds inserted in the reverse direction resulted in a continuous splice donor consensus region by offering 4 donor sites in the same intron. The current study involved genome-wide computational analysis of Ds exonization events in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana and the monocot Oryza sativa (rice). Up to 71% of the exonized transcripts were putative targets for the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. The insertion patterns of Ds and the polymorphic splice donor sites increased the transcripts and subsequent protein isoforms. Protein isoforms contain protein sequence due to unspliced intron-TE region and/or a shift of the reading frame. The number of interior protein isoforms would be twice that of C-terminal isoforms, on average. TE exonization provides a promising way for functional expansion of the plant proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yu Daisy Liu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Huang KC, Yang HC, Li KT, Liu LYD, Charng YC. Ds transposon is biased towards providing splice donor sites for exonization in transgenic tobacco. Plant Mol Biol 2012; 79:509-19. [PMID: 22644441 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of transposed elements into introns can lead to their activation as alternatively spliced cassette exons, an event called exonization, which can enrich the complexity of transcriptomes and proteomes. In this study, the first exonization event was detected when the modified rice EPSPS marker gene was inserted with the Ac transposon 5' end, which provided a splice donor site to yield abundant novel transcripts. To assess the contribution of splice donor and acceptor sites of transposon sequences, we inserted a Ds element into each intron of the EPSPS marker gene. This process yielded 14 constructs, with the Ds transposon inserted in the forward and reverse direction in each of the 7 introns of the EPSPS marker gene. The constructs were transformed into tobacco plants, and novel transcripts were identified by RT-PCR with specific primers. Exonization of Ds in EPSPS was biased towards providing splice donor sites of the inserted Ds sequence. Additionally, when the Ds inserted in reverse direction, a continuous splice donor consensus region was determined by offering 4 donor sites in the same intron. Information on these exonization events may help enhance gene divergence and functional genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chan Huang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Charng YC. A one-time inducible transposon to create knockout mutants in rice. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 847:369-377. [PMID: 22351022 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-558-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Use of a transposon is an efficient tagging tool for exploring the function of the gene it inserts into or is adjacent to. A few modifications have been applied to the native Ac transposon to allow it to transpose efficiently or spontaneously and stop quickly thereafter. Furthermore, locating the transposon between a constitutive plant promoter and a reporter gene, such as the firefly luciferase gene, allows for nondestructively detecting excision events in vivo. This chapter describes a detailed protocol for one-time inducible transposon tagging of rice cells and their subsequent screening and regeneration into mutant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Chyang Charng
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Charng YC, Lin CC, Hsu CH. Inhibition of allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity by recombinant lactic-acid bacteria. Vaccine 2005; 24:5931-6. [PMID: 16814902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) are able to inhibit allergen-specific T-cell responses. In this study, we examined whether oral feeding of recombinant LAB was able to suppress allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity (AHR) in a murine model. Animals were intraperitoneally sensitized with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group-5 allergen (Der p 5) and orally treated with recombinant LAB containing a plasmid-encoded Der p 5 gene or placebo on day 7 and day 14 for three days consecutively. Twenty-one days after sensitization, mice underwent inhalational challenging. Der p 5-specific immunological responses including changes to specific immunoglobulin G and E (IgE) levels, the presence of cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and AHR were assessed following this inhalational challenge. We demonstrated that oral feeding of recombinant LAB could significantly decrease the synthesis of Der p 5-specific IgE, and AHR. Furthermore, following such treatment, we also noted that both neutrophils and eosinophils had infiltrated the BALF to a significantly lower extent, when compared to the vehicle-treated group. Neither recombinant allergen nor LAB alone was able to suppress allergen-induced immune responses. Our findings suggest that treatment with recombinant LAB at a low dose can suppress allergen-induced airway allergic inflammation, this providing a basis for developing a novel therapeutic method for allergic airway diseases.
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Shieh GJ, Charng YC, Yang BC, Jenn-Tu, Bau HJ, Kuo TT. Identification and nucleotide sequence analysis of an open reading frame involved in high-frequency conversion of turbid to clear plaque mutants of filamentous phage Cf1t. Virology 1991; 185:316-22. [PMID: 1926778 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90779-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clear plaque mutants (Cf1c) isolated from the temperate filamentous phage Cf1t occurred at a frequency of approximately 10(-3). The pahge yield from Cf1c-infected cells was higher than that from Cf1t-infected cells. Results of spot complementation tests implied that the turbid plaque phenotype is dominant. DNA fragment substitution studies indicated that a NcoI/KpnI fragment of 591 bp was responsible for the determination of plaque turbidity. Sequence data from four Cf1c isolates revealed base pair alterations and a deletion located in the upstream region of an open reading frame (ORFII) which might encode a 18.2-kDa protein. When the ORFII in Cf1t was disrupted by a frameshift mutation, this recombinant phage formed clear plaques. These observations suggest that ORFII may participate in the formation of turbid plaques. ORFII does not show significant homology with the sequence of f1 gpII, gpV, or other known phage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Shieh
- Graduate Institute of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
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Spieker RL, Haas B, Charng YC, Freimüller K, Sänger HL. Primary and secondary structure of a new viroid 'species' (CbVd 1) present in the Coleus blumei cultivar 'Bienvenue'. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:3998. [PMID: 2374724 PMCID: PMC331114 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.13.3998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R L Spieker
- Max-Planck-Institute für Biochemie, Martinsried bei München, FRG
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Tu J, Wang HR, Chang SF, Charng YC, Lurz R, Dobrinski B, Wu WC. Transposable elements ofXanthomonas campestris pv.citri originating from indigenous plasmids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02464924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tu
- Institute of Botany Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, China
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