1
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Karagoz AB, Moran EK, Barch DM, Kool W, Reagh ZM. Evidence for shallow cognitive maps in schizophrenia. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.26.582214. [PMID: 38464042 PMCID: PMC10925159 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia can have marked deficits in goal-directed decision making. Prominent theories differ in whether schizophrenia (SZ) affects the ability to exert cognitive control, or the motivation to exert control. An alternative explanation is that schizophrenia negatively impacts the formation of cognitive maps, the internal representations of the way the world is structured, necessary for the formation of effective action plans. That is, deficits in decision-making could also arise when goal-directed control and motivation are intact, but used to plan over ill-formed maps. Here, we test the hypothesis that individuals with SZ are impaired in the construction of cognitive maps. We combine a behavioral representational similarity analysis technique with a sequential decision-making task. This enables us to examine how relationships between choice options change when individuals with SZ and healthy age-matched controls build a cognitive map of the task structure. Our results indicate that SZ affects how people represent the structure of the task, focusing more on simpler visual features and less on abstract, higher-order, planning-relevant features. At the same time, we find that SZ were able to display similar performance on this task compared to controls, emphasizing the need for a distinction between cognitive map formation and changes in goal-directed control in understanding cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata B Karagoz
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Erin K Moran
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Wouter Kool
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
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2
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Karagoz AB, Reagh ZM, Kool W. The construction and use of cognitive maps in model-based control. J Exp Psychol Gen 2024; 153:372-385. [PMID: 38059968 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
When making decisions, we sometimes rely on habit and at other times plan toward goals. Planning requires the construction and use of an internal representation of the environment, a cognitive map. How are these maps constructed, and how do they guide goal-directed decisions? We coupled a sequential decision-making task with a behavioral representational similarity analysis approach to examine how relationships between choice options change when people build a cognitive map of the task structure. We found that participants who encoded stronger higher-order relationships among choice options showed increased planning and better performance. These higher-order relationships were more strongly encoded among objects encountered in high-reward contexts, indicating a role for motivation during cognitive map construction. In contrast, lower-order relationships such as simple visual co-occurrence of objects did not predict goal-directed planning. These results show that the construction of cognitive maps is an active process, with motivation dictating the degree to which higher-order relationships are encoded and used for planning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata B Karagoz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Wouter Kool
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
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3
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Karagoz AB, Morse SJ, Reagh ZM. Cortico-hippocampal networks carry information about characters and their relationships in an extended narrative. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108729. [PMID: 37951387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Social information is a centerpiece of human experience. Despite a wealth of research into the way we understand social relationships and how aspects of social life might be supported by the brain, relatively little is known about how the brain represents individual people and their relationships with others. How do intrinsic networks in the brain track people and their connections in complex situations? Here, we sought to understand this issue using an open neuroimaging dataset in which people freely viewed "The Grand Budapest Hotel." Using support vector machine classification of fMRI activity patterns, we found that character identity could be decoded throughout subsystems of the brain's "Default Mode" Network, especially in regions of an Anterior Temporal and a Medial Prefrontal subsystem, as well as a Medial Temporal Network (MTN). We tested character relationships in two ways - onscreen co-occurrence and shared semantic information from an independent sample of character descriptions - and found evidence for these representations throughout the "Default Mode" Network, and the MTN. The extent to which each variant of character relationships fit neural patterns differed across networks, with abstract semantic relatedness being especially prominent in regions of Anterior Temporal and Medial Prefrontal Networks. These data show that subsystems of the brain's "Default Mode" Network and MTN carry information about individual people as well as their connections, and highlight a particularly strong role for the Anterior Temporal network in representing this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata B Karagoz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA.
| | - Sarah J Morse
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
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4
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Reagh ZM, Ranganath C. Flexible reuse of cortico-hippocampal representations during encoding and recall of naturalistic events. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1279. [PMID: 36890146 PMCID: PMC9995562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although every life event is unique, there are considerable commonalities across events. However, little is known about whether or how the brain flexibly represents information about different event components at encoding and during remembering. Here, we show that different cortico-hippocampal networks systematically represent specific components of events depicted in videos, both during online experience and during episodic memory retrieval. Regions of an Anterior Temporal Network represented information about people, generalizing across contexts, whereas regions of a Posterior Medial Network represented context information, generalizing across people. Medial prefrontal cortex generalized across videos depicting the same event schema, whereas the hippocampus maintained event-specific representations. Similar effects were seen in real-time and recall, suggesting reuse of event components across overlapping episodic memories. These representational profiles together provide a computationally optimal strategy to scaffold memory for different high-level event components, allowing efficient reuse for event comprehension, recollection, and imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Charan Ranganath
- UC Davis Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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5
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Delarazan AI, Ranganath C, Reagh ZM. Aging impacts memory for perceptual, but not narrative, event details. Learn Mem 2023; 30:48-54. [PMID: 36863768 PMCID: PMC9987157 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053740.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Memory is well known to decline over the course of healthy aging. However, memory is not a monolith and draws from different kinds of representations. Historically, much of our understanding of age-related memory decline stems from recognition of isolated studied items. In contrast, real-life events are often remembered as narratives, and this kind of information is generally missed in typical recognition memory studies. Here, we designed a task to tax mnemonic discrimination of event details, directly contrasting perceptual and narrative memory. Older and younger adults watched an episode of a television show and later completed an old/new recognition test featuring targets, novel foils, and similar lures in narrative and perceptual domains. While we observed no age-related differences on basic recognition of repeated targets and novel foils, older adults showed a deficit in correctly rejecting perceptual, but not narrative, lures. These findings provide insight into the vulnerability of different memory domains in aging and may be useful in characterizing individuals at risk for pathological cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique I Delarazan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95618, USA
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95618, USA
| | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95618, USA
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6
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Dimsdale-Zucker HR, Montchal ME, Reagh ZM, Wang SF, Libby LA, Ranganath C. Representations of Complex Contexts: A Role for Hippocampus. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:90-110. [PMID: 36166300 PMCID: PMC9832373 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a critical role in supporting episodic memory, in large part by binding together experiences and items with surrounding contextual information. At present, however, little is known about the roles of different hippocampal subfields in supporting this item-context binding. To address this question, we constructed a task in which items were affiliated with differing types of context-cognitive associations that vary at the local, item level and membership in temporally organized lists that linked items together at a global level. Participants made item recognition judgments while undergoing high-resolution fMRI. We performed voxel pattern similarity analyses to answer the question of how human hippocampal subfields represent retrieved information about cognitive states and the time at which a past event took place. As participants recollected previously presented items, activity patterns in the CA23DG subregion carried information about prior cognitive states associated with these items. We found no evidence to suggest reinstatement of information about temporal context at the level of list membership, but exploratory analyses revealed representations of temporal context at a coarse level in conjunction with representations of cognitive contexts. Results are consistent with characterizations of CA23DG as a critical site for binding together items and contexts in the service of memory retrieval.
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7
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Wahlheim CN, Christensen AP, Reagh ZM, Cassidy BS. Intrinsic functional connectivity in the default mode network predicts mnemonic discrimination: A connectome-based modeling approach. Hippocampus 2021; 32:21-37. [PMID: 34821439 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish existing memories from similar perceptual experiences is a core feature of episodic memory. This ability is often examined using the mnemonic similarity task in which people discriminate memories of studied objects from perceptually similar lures. Studies of the neural basis of such mnemonic discrimination have mostly focused on hippocampal function and connectivity. However, default mode network (DMN) connectivity may also support such discrimination, given that the DMN includes the hippocampus, and its connectivity supports many aspects of episodic memory. Here, we used connectome-based predictive modeling to identify associations between intrinsic DMN connectivity and mnemonic discrimination. We leveraged a wide range of abilities across healthy younger and older adults to facilitate this predictive approach. Resting-state functional connectivity in the DMN predicted mnemonic discrimination outside the MRI scanner, especially among prefrontal and temporal regions and including several hippocampal regions. This predictive relationship was stronger for younger than older adults, primarily for temporal-prefrontal connectivity. The novel associations established here are consistent with mounting evidence that broader cortical networks including the hippocampus support mnemonic discrimination. They also suggest that age-related network disruptions undermine the extent that the DMN supports this ability. This study provides the first indication of how intrinsic functional properties of the DMN support mnemonic discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Wahlheim
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brittany S Cassidy
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Cohn-Sheehy BI, Delarazan AI, Reagh ZM, Crivelli-Decker JE, Kim K, Barnett AJ, Zacks JM, Ranganath C. The hippocampus constructs narrative memories across distant events. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4935-4945.e7. [PMID: 34592172 PMCID: PMC9373723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Life's events are scattered throughout time, yet we often recall different events in the context of an integrated narrative. Prior research suggests that the hippocampus, which supports memory for past events, can support the integration of overlapping associations or separate events in memory. However, the conditions that lead to hippocampus-dependent memory integration are unclear. We used functional brain imaging to test whether the opportunity to form a larger narrative (narrative coherence) drives hippocampal memory integration. During encoding of fictional stories, patterns of hippocampal activity, including activity at boundaries between events, were more similar between distant events that formed one coherent narrative, compared with overlapping events taken from unrelated narratives. One day later, the hippocampus preferentially supported detailed recall of coherent narrative events, through reinstatement of hippocampal activity patterns from encoding. These findings demonstrate a key function of the hippocampus: the integration of events into a narrative structure for memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan I. Cohn-Sheehy
- M.D./Ph.D. Program, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Corresponding Author and Lead Contact: Brendan I. Cohn-Sheehy, Ph.D.
| | - Angelique I. Delarazan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zachariah M. Reagh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jordan E. Crivelli-Decker
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kamin Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Zacks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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9
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Tustison NJ, Holbrook AJ, Avants BB, Roberts JM, Cook PA, Reagh ZM, Duda JT, Stone JR, Gillen DL, Yassa MA. Longitudinal Mapping of Cortical Thickness Measurements: An Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-Based Evaluation Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:165-183. [PMID: 31356207 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies of development and disease in the human brain have motivated the acquisition of large neuroimaging data sets and the concomitant development of robust methodological and statistical tools for quantifying neurostructural changes. Longitudinal-specific strategies for acquisition and processing have potentially significant benefits including more consistent estimates of intra-subject measurements while retaining predictive power. Using the first phase of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI-1) data, comprising over 600 subjects with multiple time points from baseline to 36 months, we evaluate the utility of longitudinal FreeSurfer and Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTs) surrogate thickness values in the context of a linear mixed-effects (LME) modeling strategy. Specifically, we estimate the residual variability and between-subject variability associated with each processing stream as it is known from the statistical literature that minimizing the former while simultaneously maximizing the latter leads to greater scientific interpretability in terms of tighter confidence intervals in calculated mean trends, smaller prediction intervals, and narrower confidence intervals for determining cross-sectional effects. This strategy is evaluated over the entire cortex, as defined by the Desikan-Killiany-Tourville labeling protocol, where comparisons are made with the cross-sectional and longitudinal FreeSurfer processing streams. Subsequent linear mixed effects modeling for identifying diagnostic groupings within the ADNI cohort is provided as supporting evidence for the utility of the proposed ANTs longitudinal framework which provides unbiased structural neuroimage processing and competitive to superior power for longitudinal structural change detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Tustison
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian B Avants
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jared M Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip A Cook
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Duda
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James R Stone
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel L Gillen
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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10
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Reagh ZM, Delarazan AI, Garber A, Ranganath C. Aging alters neural activity at event boundaries in the hippocampus and Posterior Medial network. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3980. [PMID: 32769969 PMCID: PMC7414222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted a role for the hippocampus and a Posterior Medial cortical network in signaling event boundaries. However, little is known about whether or how these neural processes change over the course of healthy aging. Here, 546 cognitively normal participants 18-88 years old viewed a short movie while brain activity was measured using fMRI. The hippocampus and regions of the Posterior Medial network show increased activity at event boundaries, but these boundary-evoked responses decrease with age. Boundary-evoked activity in the posterior hippocampus predicts performance on a separate test of memory for stories, suggesting that hippocampal activity during event segmentation may be a broad indicator of individual differences in episodic memory ability. In contrast, boundary-evoked responses in the medial prefrontal cortex and middle temporal gyrus increase across the age range. These findings suggest that aging may alter neural processes for segmenting and remembering continuous real-world experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- UC Davis Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Angelique I Delarazan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- UC Davis Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Garber
- UC Davis Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charan Ranganath
- UC Davis Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that the entorhinal-hippocampal network is important for temporal memory. However, relatively little is known about the precise neurobiological mechanisms underlying memory for time. In particular, whether the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) is involved in temporal processing remains an open question. During high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, participants watched a ~28-min episode of a television show. During the test, they viewed still-frames and indicated on a continuous timeline the precise time each still-frame was viewed during the study. This procedure allowed us to measure error in seconds for each trial. We analyzed fMRI data from retrieval and found that high temporal precision was associated with increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent fMRI activity in the anterolateral entorhinal (a homolog of the LEC in rodents) and perirhinal cortices, but not in the posteromedial entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices. This suggests a previously unknown role for the LEC in processing of high-precision, minute-scale temporal memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Montchal
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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12
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Suwabe K, Byun K, Hyodo K, Reagh ZM, Roberts JM, Matsushita A, Saotome K, Ochi G, Fukuie T, Suzuki K, Sankai Y, Yassa MA, Soya H. Reply to Gronwald et al.: Exercise intensity does indeed matter; maximal oxygen uptake is the gold-standard indicator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11892-E11893. [PMID: 30559331 PMCID: PMC6304988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818247115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Suwabe
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
- Sports Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kyeongho Byun
- Sports Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hyodo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jared M Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Akira Matsushita
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 300-0394 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kousaku Saotome
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Genta Ochi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takemune Fukuie
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sankai
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Sports Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan;
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan;
- Sports Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8574 Ibaraki, Japan
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13
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Sinha N, Reagh ZM, Tustison NJ, Berg CN, Shaw A, Myers CE, Hill D, Yassa MA, Gluck MA. ABCA7 risk variant in healthy older African Americans is associated with a functionally isolated entorhinal cortex mediating deficient generalization of prior discrimination training. Hippocampus 2018; 29:527-538. [PMID: 30318785 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using high-resolution resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study tested the hypothesis that ABCA7 genetic risk differentially affects intra-medial temporal lobe (MTL) functional connectivity between MTL subfields, versus internetwork connectivity of the MTL with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), in nondemented older African Americans. Although the association of ABCA7 risk variants with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been confirmed worldwide, its effect size on the relative odds of being diagnosed with AD is significantly higher in African Americans. However, little is known about the neural correlates of cognitive function in older African Americans and how they relate to AD risk conferred by ABCA7. In a case-control fMRI study of 36 healthy African Americans, we observed ABCA7 related impairments in behavioral generalization that was mediated by dissociation in entorhinal cortex (EC) resting state functional connectivity. Specifically, ABCA7 risk variant was associated with EC-hippocampus hyper-synchronization and EC-mPFC hypo-synchronization. Carriers of the risk genotype also had a significantly smaller anterolateral EC, despite our finding no group differences on standardized neuropsychological tests. Our findings suggest a model where impaired cortical connectivity leads to a more functionally isolated EC at rest, which translates into aberrant EC-hippocampus hyper-synchronization resulting in generalization deficits. While we cannot identify the exact mechanism underlying the observed alterations in EC structure and network function, considering the relevance of Aβ in ABCA7 related AD pathogenesis, the results of our study may reflect the synergistic reinforcement between amyloid and tau pathology in the EC, which significantly increases tau-induced neuronal loss and accelerates synaptic alterations. Finally, our results add to a growing literature suggesting that generalization of learning may be a useful tool for assessing the mild cognitive deficits seen in the earliest phases of prodromal AD, even before the more commonly reported deficits in episodic memory arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sinha
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Nicholas J Tustison
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Chelsie N Berg
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ashlee Shaw
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Catherine E Myers
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory VA New Jersey Health Care System East Orange, NJ.,Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Diane Hill
- Office of University-Community Partnerships, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Mark A Gluck
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
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Libby LA, Reagh ZM, Bouffard NR, Ragland JD, Ranganath C. The Hippocampus Generalizes across Memories that Share Item and Context Information. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 31:24-35. [PMID: 30240315 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory is known to rely on the hippocampus, but how the hippocampus organizes different episodes to permit their subsequent retrieval remains controversial. One major area of debate hinges on a discrepancy between two hypothesized roles of the hippocampus: differentiating between similar events to reduce interference and assigning similar representations to events that share overlapping items and contextual information. Here, we used multivariate analyses of activity patterns measured with fMRI to characterize how the hippocampus distinguishes between memories based on similarity at the level of items and/or context. Hippocampal activity patterns discriminated between events that shared either item or context information but generalized across events that shared similar item-context associations. The current findings provide evidence that, whereas the hippocampus can reduce mnemonic interference by separating events that generalize along a single attribute dimension, overlapping hippocampal codes may support memory for events with overlapping item-context relations. This lends new insights into the way the hippocampus may balance multiple mnemonic operations in adaptively guiding behavior.
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Reagh ZM, Ranganath C. What does the functional organization of cortico-hippocampal networks tell us about the functional organization of memory? Neurosci Lett 2018; 680:69-76. [PMID: 29704572 PMCID: PMC6467646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, research on the cognitive processes that support human memory proceeded, to a large extent, independently of research on the neural basis of memory. Accumulating evidence from neuroimaging, however, has enabled the field to develop a broader and more integrative perspective. Here, we briefly outline how advances in cognitive neuroscience can potentially shed light on concepts and controversies in human memory research. We argue that research on the functional properties of cortico-hippocampal networks informs us about how memories might be organized in the brain, which, in turn, helps to reconcile seemingly disparate perspectives in cognitive psychology. Finally, we discuss several open questions and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M Reagh
- Center for Neuroscience, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, United States.
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, United States; Memory and Plasticity (MAP) Program, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States.
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Reagh ZM, Noche JA, Tustison NJ, Delisle D, Murray EA, Yassa MA. Functional Imbalance of Anterolateral Entorhinal Cortex and Hippocampal Dentate/CA3 Underlies Age-Related Object Pattern Separation Deficits. Neuron 2018; 97:1187-1198.e4. [PMID: 29518359 PMCID: PMC5937538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is among the earliest brain areas to deteriorate in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the extent to which functional properties of the EC are altered in the aging brain, even in the absence of clinical symptoms, is not understood. Recent human fMRI studies have identified a functional dissociation within the EC, similar to what is found in rodents. Here, we used high-resolution fMRI to identify a specific hypoactivity in the anterolateral EC (alEC) commensurate with major behavioral deficits on an object pattern separation task in asymptomatic older adults. Only subtle deficits were found in a comparable spatial condition, with no associated differences in posteromedial EC between young and older adults. We additionally linked this condition to dentate/CA3 hyperactivity, and the ratio of activity between the regions was associated with object mnemonic discrimination impairment. These results provide novel evidence of alEC-dentate/CA3 circuit dysfunction in cognitively normal aged humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Jessica A Noche
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nicholas J Tustison
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Derek Delisle
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Murray
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Reagh ZM, Murray EA, Yassa MA. Repetition reveals ups and downs of hippocampal, thalamic, and neocortical engagement during mnemonic decisions. Hippocampus 2017; 27:169-183. [PMID: 27859884 PMCID: PMC5858562 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which current information is consistent with past experiences and our capacity to recognize or discriminate accordingly are key factors in flexible memory-guided behavior. Despite a wealth of evidence linking hippocampal and neocortical computations to these phenomena, many important factors remain poorly understood. One such factor is repeated encoding of learned information. In this experiment, participants completed a task in which study stimuli were incidentally encoded either once or three separate times during high-resolution fMRI scanning. We asked how repetition influenced recognition and discrimination memory judgments, and how this affects engagement of hippocampal and neocortical regions. Repetition revealed shifts in engagement in an anterior (ventral) CA1-thalamic-medial prefrontal network related to true and false recognition. Conversely, repetition revealed shifts in a posterior (dorsal) dentate/CA3-parahippocampal-restrosplenial network related to accurate discrimination. These differences in engagement were accompanied by task-related correlations in respective anterior and posterior networks. In particular, the anterior thalamic region observed during recognition judgments is functionally and anatomically consistent with nucleus reuniens in humans, and was found to mediate correlations between the anterior CA1 and medial prefrontal cortex. These findings offer new insights into how repeated experience affects memory and its neural substrates in hippocampal-neocortical networks. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M. Reagh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory; University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Elizabeth A. Murray
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory; University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Michael A. Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory; University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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Reagh ZM, Ho HD, Leal SL, Noche JA, Chun A, Murray EA, Yassa MA. Greater loss of object than spatial mnemonic discrimination in aged adults. Hippocampus 2016; 26:417-22. [PMID: 26691235 PMCID: PMC5918289 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies across species have established that the aging process adversely affects certain memory-related brain regions earlier than others. Behavioral tasks targeted at the function of vulnerable regions can provide noninvasive methods for assessing the integrity of particular components of memory throughout the lifespan. The present study modified a previous task designed to separately but concurrently test detailed memory for object identity and spatial location. Memory for objects or items is thought to rely on perirhinal and lateral entorhinal cortices, among the first targets of Alzheimer's related neurodegeneration. In line with prior work, we split an aged adult sample into "impaired" and "unimpaired" groups on the basis of a standardized word-learning task. The "impaired" group showed widespread difficulty with memory discrimination, whereas the "unimpaired" group showed difficulty with object, but not spatial memory discrimination. These findings support the hypothesized greater age-related impacts on memory for objects or items in older adults, perhaps even with healthy aging. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
| | - Huy D Ho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
| | - Stephanie L Leal
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Jessica A Noche
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
| | - Amanda Chun
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
| | - Elizabeth A Murray
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
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Reagh ZM, Yassa MA. Repetition strengthens target recognition but impairs similar lure discrimination: evidence for trace competition. Learn Mem 2014; 21:342-6. [PMID: 24934334 PMCID: PMC4061427 DOI: 10.1101/lm.034546.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most theories of memory assume that representations are strengthened with repetition. We recently proposed Competitive Trace Theory, building on the hippocampus' powerful capacity to orthogonalize inputs into distinct outputs. We hypothesized that repetition elicits a similar but nonidentical memory trace, and that contextual details of traces may compete for representation over time. We designed a task in which objects were incidentally encoded either one or three times. Supporting our theory, repetition improved target recognition, but impaired rejection of similar lures. This suggests that, in contrast to past beliefs, repetition may reduce the fidelity of memory representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M. Reagh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Michael A. Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2686, USA
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Reagh ZM, Roberts JM, Ly M, DiProspero N, Murray E, Yassa MA. Spatial discrimination deficits as a function of mnemonic interference in aged adults with and without memory impairment. Hippocampus 2014; 24:303-14. [PMID: 24167060 PMCID: PMC3968903 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that aging is associated with declines in episodic memory. In recent years, an emphasis has emerged on the development of behavioral tasks and the identification of biomarkers that are predictive of cognitive decline in healthy as well as pathological aging. Here, we describe a memory task designed to assess the accuracy of discrimination ability for the locations of objects. Object locations were initially encoded incidentally, and appeared in a single space against a 5 × 7 grid. During retrieval, subjects viewed repeated object-location pairings, displacements of 1, 2, 3, or 4 grid spaces, and maximal corner-to-opposite-corner displacements. Subjects were tasked with judging objects in this second viewing as having retained their original location, or having moved. Performance on a task such as this is thought to rely on the capacity of the individual to perform hippocampus-mediated pattern separation. We report a performance deficit associated with a physically healthy aged group compared to young adults specific to trials with low mnemonic interference. Additionally, for aged adults, performance on the task was correlated with performance on the delayed recall portion of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), a neuropsychological test sensitive to hippocampal dysfunction. In line with prior work, dividing the aged group into unimpaired and impaired subgroups based on RAVLT Delayed Recall scores yielded clearly distinguishable patterns of performance, with the former subgroup performing comparably to young adults, and the latter subgroup showing generally impaired memory performance even with minimal interference. This study builds on existing tasks used in the field, and contributes a novel paradigm for differentiation of healthy from possible pathological aging, and may thus provide an avenue for early detection of age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Yassa MA, Reagh ZM. Competitive Trace Theory: A Role for the Hippocampus in Contextual Interference during Retrieval. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:107. [PMID: 23964216 PMCID: PMC3740479 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much controversy exists regarding the role of the hippocampus in retrieval. The two dominant and competing accounts have been the Standard Model of Systems Consolidation (SMSC) and Multiple Trace Theory (MTT), which specifically make opposing predictions as to the necessity of the hippocampus for retrieval of remote memories. Under SMSC, memories eventually become independent of the hippocampus as they become more reliant on cortical connectivity, and thus the hippocampus is not required for retrieval of remote memories, only recent ones. MTT on the other hand claims that the hippocampus is always required no matter the age of the memory. We argue that this dissociation may be too simplistic, and a continuum model may be better suited to address the role of the hippocampus in retrieval of remote memories. Such a model is presented here with the main function of the hippocampus during retrieval being "recontextualization," or the reconstruction of memory using overlapping traces. As memories get older, they are decontextualized due to competition among partially overlapping traces and become more semantic and reliant on neocortical storage. In this framework dubbed the Competitive Trace Theory (CTT), consolidation events that lead to the strengthening of memories enhance conceptual knowledge (semantic memory) at the expense of contextual details (episodic memory). As a result, remote memories are more likely to have a stronger semantic representation. At the same time, remote memories are also more likely to include illusory details. The CTT is a novel candidate model that may provide some resolution to the memory consolidation debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Yassa
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Reagh ZM, Knight DC. Negative, but not positive emotional images modulate the startle response independent of conscious awareness. Emotion 2013; 13:782-91. [DOI: 10.1037/a0032286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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