First observation of 28O

Subjecting a physical system to extreme conditions is one of the means often used to obtain a better understanding and deeper insight into its organization and structure. In the case of the atomic nucleus, one such approach is to investigate isotopes that have very different neutron-to-proton (N/Z) ratios than in stable nuclei. Light, neutron-rich isotopes exhibit the most asymmetric N/Z ratios and those lying beyond the limits of binding, which undergo spontaneous neutron emission and exist only as very short-lived resonances (about 10-21 s), provide the most stringent tests of modern nuclear-structure theories. Here we report on the first observation of 28O and 27O through their decay into 24O and four and three neutrons, respectively. The 28O nucleus is of particular interest as, with the Z = 8 and N = 20 magic numbers1,2, it is expected in the standard shell-model picture of nuclear structure to be one of a relatively small number of so-called 'doubly magic' nuclei. Both 27O and 28O were found to exist as narrow, low-lying resonances and their decay energies are compared here to the results of sophisticated theoretical modelling, including a large-scale shell-model calculation and a newly developed statistical approach. In both cases, the underlying nuclear interactions were derived from effective field theories of quantum chromodynamics. Finally, it is shown that the cross-section for the production of 28O from a 29F beam is consistent with it not exhibiting a closed N = 20 shell structure.

[Preliminary study of PPARA regulate the ferroptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma to prevent disease deterioration]

To explore whether PPARA is involved in the process of ferroptosis in hepatoma cells, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARA) was comprehensively analyzed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through public database and experimental data, including the expression, the functions and the potential roles of tumor progression. The research design is experimental research,data analysis based on bioinformatics and cell experiment. From January 2022 to August 2022, relevant cell experiments were conducted in the Basic Medical Laboratory of the General Hospital of the Southern Theatre of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. The expression and the correlation with clinicopathologic features of PPARA in HCC were analyzed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. To study the protein expression of PPARA in HCC and normal tissues through the Human Protein Atlas (HPA). The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between PPARA and the core factor of ferroptosis was constructed based on Search Tool for the Retrival of Interacting Genes/Protein (STRING) database, then, the correlation between PPARA and the core gene Glutamate-cysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit (GCLC) was analyzed by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Assessed the expression of PPARA in HCC cell lines SK-HEP-1, SMMC-7721, MHCC-97H, BEL-7402 and normal liver cell L02 by Western Blot (WB) and the changes of PPARA expression after 48h treatment with ferroptosis inducer Erastin were observed. Single factor analysis of variance was used to compare the expression of PPARA between groups in GEPIA database. The expression of PPARA in GSE25097 and GSE112790 data was compared by rank sum test. Survival analysis was performed using time series test method. The difference of PPARA expression between clinical and pathological features was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation between the expression of GCLC and PPARA was compared by the method of Spearman correlation. The expression of PPARA in cell lines was compared by paired T test. The results showed that the RNA and protein expression of PPARA in HCC was lower than that in normal tissues (P<0.05). PPARA alterations were correlated with patient clinicopathological features and prognosis (P<0.05). The PPI constructed by STRING database suggests that PPARA interact with the key factors of ferroptosis, such as NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 (NFE2L2), Heme Oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), Tumor Protein P53 (TP53), GCLC, Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4), Citrate Synthase (CS), Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4). Furthermore, the PPARA was significantly associated with GCLC validated via GEPIA database(R=0.6, P<0.05). The expression of PPARA increased after treatment with ferroptosis inducer Erastin for 48 h by WB. In conclusion, the expression of PPARA is lower in HCC with a poor prognosis. PPARA interacts with GCLC in regulating ferroptosis in HCC.

[Pathogenic characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to carbapenems and polymyxin]

Objective: Analysis and investigation of pathogenic characteristics of polymyxin-and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (PR-CRKP). Methods: A total of 23 PR-CRKP strains isolated from clinical specimens from the General Hospital of Southern Theater Command from March 2019 to July 2021 were retrospectively collected, Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 23 PR-CRKP strains, resistance genes were identified by comparison of the CARD and the ResFinder database, high-resolution typing of PR-CRKP strains was analyzed by core genomic multilocus sequencing (cgMLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); polymyxin resistance genes were determined by PCR and sequencing. Results: All PR-CRKP strains were KPC-2 producing ST11 types. cgMLST results showed that the evolutionary distance between the PR-CRKP strains and Klebsiella pneumoniae in mainland China was 66.44 on average, which is more closely related than foreign strains; the 23 PR-CRKP strains were divided into 3 main subclusters based on SNP phylogenetic trees, with some aggregation among Clade 2-1 in the isolation department and date. The two-component negative regulatory gene mgrB has seven mutation types including point mutations, different insertion fragments and different insertion positions. Conclusion: The close affinity of PR-CRKP strains indicate the possibility of nosocomial clonal transmission and the need to strengthen surveillance of PR-CRKP strains to prevent epidemic transmission of PR-CRKP.

Effects of dietary niacinamide and CP concentrations on the nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and meat quality of pigs

Reducing the dietary CP concentration in the formulation of low-protein diets without adverse effects on animal growth performance and meat quality remains challenging. In this study, we investigated the effects of nicotinamide (NAM) on the nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs fed low-protein diets. To measure the nitrogen balance, we conducted two trials: in nitrogen balance trial 1, four crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) barrows (40 ± 0.5 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four diets and periods. The diets consisted of a basal diet + 30 mg/kg NAM (a control dose), basal diet + 90 mg/kg NAM, basal diet + 210 mg/kg NAM, and basal diet + 360 mg/kg NAM. In nitrogen balance trial 2, another four barrows (40 ± 0.5 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The diets consisted of a basal diet + including 30 mg/kg NAM (control), basal diet + 360 mg/kg NAM, low-protein diet + 30 mg/kg NAM, and low-protein diet + 360 mg/kg NAM. To measure growth performance, two trials were conducted. In growth performance trial 1, 40 barrows (37.0 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments (n = 10 per group), whereas in growth performance trial 2, 300 barrows (41.4 ± 2.0 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments, with each dietary treatment conducted in five repetitions with 15 pigs each. The four diets in the two growth performance trials were similar to those in nitrogen balance trial 2. Supplementing the diet with 210 or 360 mg/kg NAM reduced urinary nitrogen excretion and total nitrogen excretion and increased nitrogen retention comparted with the control diet (P < 0.05). Compared with the control diet, the low-protein diet with 360 mg/kg NAM reduced faecal, urinary, and total nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05) without affecting nitrogen retention and average daily gain (P > 0.05). Pigs fed the low-protein diet with 360 mg/kg NAM showed a decreased intramuscular fat content in the longissimus thoracis muscle when compared with pigs fed the control diet (P > 0.05). Our results suggest NAM as a suitable dietary additive to reduce dietary CP concentration, maximise nitrogen retention and growth performance, and decrease fat deposition in pigs.

Observation of Thermalization and Information Scrambling in a Superconducting Quantum Processor

Understanding various phenomena in nonequilibrium dynamics of closed quantum many-body systems, such as quantum thermalization, information scrambling, and nonergodic dynamics, is crucial for modern physics. Using a ladder-type superconducting quantum processor, we perform analog quantum simulations of both the XX-ladder model and the one-dimensional XX model. By measuring the dynamics of local observables, entanglement entropy, and tripartite mutual information, we signal quantum thermalization and information scrambling in the XX ladder. In contrast, we show that the XX chain, as free fermions on a one-dimensional lattice, fails to thermalize to the Gibbs ensemble, and local information does not scramble in the integrable channel. Our experiments reveal ergodicity and scrambling in the controllable qubit ladder, and open the door to further investigations on the thermodynamics and chaos in quantum many-body systems.

Metrological Characterization of Non-Gaussian Entangled States of Superconducting Qubits

Multipartite entangled states are significant resources for both quantum information processing and quantum metrology. In particular, non-Gaussian entangled states are predicted to achieve a higher sensitivity of precision measurements than Gaussian states. On the basis of metrological sensitivity, the conventional linear Ramsey squeezing parameter (RSP) efficiently characterizes the Gaussian entangled atomic states but fails for much wider classes of highly sensitive non-Gaussian states. These complex non-Gaussian entangled states can be classified by the nonlinear squeezing parameter (NLSP), as a generalization of the RSP with respect to nonlinear observables and identified via the Fisher information. However, the NLSP has never been measured experimentally. Using a 19-qubit programmable superconducting processor, we report the characterization of multiparticle entangled states generated during its nonlinear dynamics. First, selecting ten qubits, we measure the RSP and the NLSP by single-shot readouts of collective spin operators in several different directions. Then, by extracting the Fisher information of the time-evolved state of all 19 qubits, we observe a large metrological gain of 9.89_{-0.29}^{+0.28}  dB over the standard quantum limit, indicating a high level of multiparticle entanglement for quantum-enhanced phase sensitivity. Benefiting from high-fidelity full controls and addressable single-shot readouts, the superconducting processor with interconnected qubits provides an ideal platform for engineering and benchmarking non-Gaussian entangled states that are useful for quantum-enhanced metrology.

Cell-free DNA from bile outperformed plasma as a potential alternative to tissue biopsy in biliary tract cancer

BACKGROUND

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare and highly heterogenous malignant neoplasms. Because obtaining BTC tissues is challenging, the purpose of this study was to explore the potential roles of bile as a liquid biopsy medium in patients with BTC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Sixty-nine consecutive patients with suspected BTC were prospectively enrolled in this study. Capture-based targeted sequencing was performed on tumor tissues, whole blood cells, plasma, and bile samples using a large panel consisting of 520 cancer-related genes.

RESULTS

Of the 28 patients enrolled in this cohort, tumor tissues were available in eight patients, and plasma and bile were available in 28 patients. Somatic mutations were detected in 100% (8/8), 71.4% (20/28), and 53.6% (15/28) of samples comprising tumor tissue DNA, bile cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and plasma cfDNA, respectively. Bile cfDNA showed a significantly higher maximum allele frequency than plasma cfDNA (P = 0.0032). There were 56.2% of somatic single-nucleotide variant (SNVs)/insertions and deletions (indels) shared between bile and plasma cfDNA. When considering the genetic profiles of tumor tissues as the gold standard, the by-variant sensitivity and positive predictive value for SNVs/indels in bile cfDNA positive for somatic mutations were both 95.5%. The overall concordance for SNVs/indels in bile was significantly higher than that in plasma (99.1% versus 78.3%, P < 0.0001). Moreover, the sensitivity of CA 19-9 combined with bile cfDNA achieved 96.4% in BTC diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated that bile cfDNA was superior to plasma cfDNA in the detection of tumor-related genomic alterations. Bile cfDNA as a minimally invasive liquid biopsy medium might be a supplemental approach to confirm BTC diagnosis.

Observation of Strong and Weak Thermalization in a Superconducting Quantum Processor

We experimentally study the ergodic dynamics of a 1D array of 12 superconducting qubits with a transverse field, and identify the regimes of strong and weak thermalization with different initial states. We observe convergence of the local observable to its thermal expectation value in the strong-thermalizaion regime. For weak thermalization, the dynamics of local observable exhibits an oscillation around the thermal value, which can only be attained by the time average. We also demonstrate that the entanglement entropy and concurrence can characterize the regimes of strong and weak thermalization. Our work provides an essential step toward a generic understanding of thermalization in quantum systems.

Probing dynamical phase transitions with a superconducting quantum simulator

Nonequilibrium quantum many-body systems, which are difficult to study via classical computation, have attracted wide interest. Quantum simulation can provide insights into these problems. Here, using a programmable quantum simulator with 16 all-to-all connected superconducting qubits, we investigate the dynamical phase transition in the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model with a quenched transverse field. Clear signatures of dynamical phase transitions, merging different concepts of dynamical criticality, are observed by measuring the nonequilibrium order parameter, nonlocal correlations, and the Loschmidt echo. Moreover, near the dynamical critical point, we obtain a spin squeezing of -7.0 ± 0.8 dB, showing multipartite entanglement, useful for measurements with precision fivefold beyond the standard quantum limit. On the basis of the capability of entangling qubits simultaneously and the accurate single-shot readout of multiqubit states, this superconducting quantum simulator can be used to study other problems in nonequilibrium quantum many-body systems, such as thermalization, many-body localization, and emergent phenomena in periodically driven systems.

[Analysis of genotypes, EEG and phenotypes of tuberous sclerosis complex patients]

Objective: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multi-system disease with TSC1 and TSC2 genes as the pathogenic genes. The purpose of our study was to analyze the gene mutation in patients with TSC with epilepsy as the main clinical manifestation. The relationship between genotype and phenotype, scalp EEG in patients was analyzed. Methods: The peripheral blood was extracted from 43 patients and their families. TSC gene was detected by second-generation sequencing. Long-term video EEG monitoring and MRI examination were performed to determine the onset area, seizure type and location of nodules. Results: 39 patients had TSC gene mutation, 4 patients did not detect the gene mutation.11 had TSC1 mutations and 28 had TSC2 mutations. 22 mutations were de novo. Patients with TSC2 mutations had earlier seizure and more nodules than patients with TSC1 mutations, but no significant difference in intelligence and spasm were observed. 28 patients had focal origin of scalp EEG, of which 85.7% of TSC2 mutations patients had focal origin. Conclusions: Patients of TSC2 mutations always has an early onset age. Although MRI shows multiple nodules, the onset of EEG is mainly focal origin.

[The efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis and the predictive role of cytokines in its therapeutic effect]

Objective:The study aimed to investigate the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT) in treatment of adult allergic rhinitis, and to explore the predictive role of baseline serum cytokine levels in its therapeutic effect.Method:Sixty patients with moderatesevere perennial AR sensitized with house dust mites were treated for 2 years. The SLIT group(n=30) were treated with standardized dust mite vaccine SLIT and conventional drugs, and the control group(n=30) were treated with placebo and conventional drugs. The combined symptom and medication score(CSMS) were compared between the two groups to evaluate the efficacy at baseline and 2 year endpoint. According to therapeutic effect, the SLIT group and the control group were divided into subgroups respectively, and the baseline IFN-γ and IL4, IL10, IL17 levels were compared between the effective group and the ineffective group in each group. The ROC curve was drawn to find the best predictive index and the best cut-off value was calculated. Result:①There was no significant difference between the SLIT group and the control group at baseline CSMS(P>0.05). There was significant difference between the two groups at 2year endpoint CSMS(P<0.05). ②In the SLIT group, there was no significant difference between the effective group and the ineffective group with the IFN-γ and IL17(P>0.05). The IL4 level in the effective group was significantly higher than the ineffective group while the IL10 level was significantly lower(P<0.05). In the control group, there were no significant differences in the levels of IFN-γ, IL4, IL10 and IL17 between the two subgroups(P>0.05). ③Baseline IL4/IL10 has higher predictive value than IL4 and IL10 alone. The best cut-off value is 2.04, and the sensitivity and specificity of predictive value were 72.7% and 73.7% respectively. Conclusion: SLIT combined with conventional drug therapy is more effective than conventional drug therapy alone. IL4/IL10 has a better predictive role in SLIT effect than IL4 or IL10 alone. The higher the ratio, the better therapeutic effect is.

[Diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography with different resolution settings for external root resorption]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with different resolution settings in detecting the simulated external root resorption defects.

METHODS

External root resorption defects were simulated in 51 human single rooted premolar teeth. Cavities simulating root resorption defects of 1 mm in diameter and 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.3 mm in depth were drilled in the cervical, middle and apical thirds of lingual surfaces of the teeth. In addition to the 51 locations as controls, a total of 102 cavities were obtained in the present study. Specimens were placed in a human dry mandible and scanned by ProMax 3D and DCT PRO CBCT with different resolution settings, respectively. The three-dimensional CBCT images were evaluated by two experienced observers. The data were analyzed with receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. ROC curves were generated and the area under ROC curve (Az) was employed to express the diagnostic accuracy.

RESULTS

The diagnostic accuracy (Az value) of ProMax 3D CBCT with high, normal and low resolution settings were 0.867, 0.703 and 0.665 (P < 0.05), respectively. Defects with depths of 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm were easier to be detected than those with depths of 0.1 mm (P < 0.05). The images obtained by high resolution mode scanning had obvious advantages in detecting smaller defects (depth 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm). The DCT PRO CBCT provided 4 resolution settings including normal quality + normal resolution, normal quality + high resolution, high quality + normal resolution and high quality + high resolution. The Az values for those 4 resolution settings were 0.527, 0.725, 0.743, and 0.794 (P < 0.05), respectively. Similar to ProMax 3D CBCT, the scanning mode with high resolution played a better role in detecting the defects with depth of 0.1 mm. Except for the scanning setting mode with normal quality + normal resolution, the other three modes could well be evaluated for the defects with depth of 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that the diagnostic ability for external root resorption of CBCT could be affected by resolution settings. Computer-aid imaging method can improve the CBCT diagnostic accuracy for external root resorption without increasing the radiation dose level during CBCT scanning.

[The application of computer-assisted design in the reduction of long bone fractures with Taylor spatial frame]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of computer-assisted design based on three-dimensional reconstruction technique on the reduction accuracy of tibial and fibular fractures with Taylor external fixation. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on the clinical data of 69 patients who had tibia and fibula fractures treated with Taylor external fixation in department of orthopedic trauma of Tianjin Hospital from January 2016 to January 2018 to compare the residual deformity after fracture reduction between computer-assisted design method (experimental group) and the standard measurement method (control group). The frontal and lateral tibia and fibula X-ray of all the affected limbs were taken. In experimental group, all the patients took bilateral tibial CT tomography, and then DICOM format documents were input into the Mimics 17.1 software and got three-dimensional models of targeted bone and external fixation ring. After that the visual image matching was performed between external fixation ring three-dimensional reconstruction model and the standard model and also between the affected limb and the contralateral limb. Then the reduction trajectory plan of bone broken end and the position of external fixation ring were obtained. The STL files were input to Solid Works software and got the length of six rods to adjust the Taylor external fixation. In control group, the films were measured by Coreldraw X7 X-ray measurement software and the parameters were input in Taylor Spatial Frame system software. And then six calibrated threaded rods were adjusted according to the prescription of the software. Finally, all the patients took the X-ray films again to evaluate the degree of residual displacement. Skew distributional data are indicated with M(Q_R), and method of non-parameter was used to analyze variances between groups. Results: All patients had better fracture reduction and achieved functional reset criteria. In the control group, the amount of displacement and angle residual aberration (improvement) in the frontal and lateral radiographs were 0.50(2.30)mm(90%), 0.00(0.85)mm(100%)and 0.00°(1.50°)(100%), 0.00°(0.00°)(100%), respectively. In the control group, the amount of displacement and angle residual aberration (improvement) in the frontal and lateral radiographs were 1.40(3.28)mm(69%), 2.15(4.27)mm(46%)and 1.15°(1.85°)(73%), 0.80°(2.10°)(67%). The positive and lateral angles and lateral displacements in the two groups were significantly different(P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in positive displacement (P=0.099). Conclusion: Both computer-assisted design method and the standard measurement method have satisfactory reduction effect, but computer-assisted design can accurately correct fracture deformity, which is good for fracture healing and functional recovery of affected limb.

[Implement of multimodal navigation-based virtual reality in the needle biopsy of intracranial eloquent lesions]

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of multimodal navigation-based virtual reality (MNVR) in the needle biopsy of intracranial eloquent lesions. Methods: From January 2016 to January 2017, 20 patients with intracranial deep-seated lesions involving eloquent brain areas underwent MNVR-aided needle biopsy at Department of Neurosurgery, People's Liberation Army General Hospital. Preoperatively, MNVR was used to propose and revise the biopsy planning. Intraoperatively, navigation helped trajectory avoid the eloquent structures. Intraoperative MRI (iMRI) was performed to prove the biopsy accuracy and detect the intraoperative complications. Perioperative neurological status, iMRI findings, intraoprative complications, surgical outcome and pathological diagnosis were recorded. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted to compare the preoperative and postoperative neurological scores. Results: MNVR helped revised 45%(9/20) initial biopsy trajectories, which would probably injury the nearby eloquent structures. Navigation helped biopsy trajectories spare the eloquent structures during the operation. No statistical difference was found between postoperative and preoperative neurological status, despite all the lesions were adjacent to eloquent areas. Additionally, 20 patients totally received 21 iMRI scanning. iMRI helped revise incorrect biopsy site in one case and detected intraoperative hemorrhage in another case, both of cases were treated immediately and effectively. No MNVR related adverse events and complications occurred. Conclusions: MNVR-aided needle biopsy of intracranial eloquent lesions is a safe, novel and efficient biopsy modality. This technique is helpful to reduce the incidence of surgery related neurological deficits.

[Analysis of the tibial baseplate coverage and symmetrical tibial prosthesis in primary total knee arthroplasty]

Objective: To investigate the tibial baseplate coverage with symmnetrical tibial prosthesis in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods: From August 2014 to February 2015, 39 patients (39 knees) with varus knee osteoarthritis were retrospective reviewed in Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital. Nine males and 30 females; aged 50 to 78 years (67±6 year). 3D tibia models of the knee were built with Mimics 10.01 software, simulated TKA surgeries were performed. The morphology of the proximal tibia was measured, including the mediolateral (ML), anteroposterior (AP) and medial and lateral tibial plateau AP dimensions. 3D models of PFC Sigma tibial prosthesis were imported and the tibial coverage characters were analyzed. Results: The AP and ML dimensions of the tibial resection surface were (45.7± 3.4) mm, (71.7± 4.2) mm respectively, the plateau aspect ration ratio (AP/ML) was 63.8%±3.0%. The medial tibial plateau AP[(46.9± 3.3) mm]was significantly greater than the lateral side[(41.8±3.3) mm, P=0.000], the asymmetric ratio averaged 112.4%±6.9%. The medial tibial plateau, anteromedial, posteromedial, posterolateral unsatisfied coverage ratio were 33.3%, 76.9%, 20.5%, 33.3% respectively. There are 5 cases underhang and 3 cases overhang in the posteromedial side, whereas 1 case underhang and 12 cases overhang posterolateral, the overhang ratio was 30.8%. Posteromedial, posterolateral prosthesis coverage had linear positive correlation to the ipsilateral tibial plateau AP diameter. Conclusions: The medial AP diameter of tibial plateau is significantly lager than the lateral side in varus knee osteoarthritis patients. With symmetrical tibial baseplate placement in TKA, the prosthesis usually lead to medial tibial plateau anterior and posterior underhang and posterolateral overhang.

[Efficiency of the Modified Ottawa ankle rules for the differential diagnosis of fracture in acute foot and ankle injury]

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of modified Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR) for the differential diagnosis of fractures in acute foot and ankle injuries. Methods: From October 2016 to December 2016, 272cases (135 males and 137 females) of foot and ankle injury in emergency department of Tianjin Hospital were prospective enrolled in the study.The median age was 27.5 years (7-87); left limb 155, right 117 cases; injury time ranged from 0.3 to 24 h (median 4 h). Conventional and modified OAR was applied on physical examination, subsequently radiography performed to determine the occurrence of fractures.The efficiency of the two methods were compared and analyzed. Results: Fractures were found in 100 cases (36.8%), 49 cases of ankle and 51 cases of foot fractures.With the imaging results as the standard, the sensitivity for conventional and modified OAR were 93.0% and 100%, specificity were 9.9% and 8.7%, the positive predictive value were 37.5% and 38.9%, the negative predictive value were 70.8% and 100%, the accuracy were 40.4% and 42.3%, missed diagnosis rate were 7% and 0% respectively.The sensitivity, positive likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, negative likelihood ratio and missed diagnosis ratio were better than in modified OAR compared with Conventional OAR, while the specificity was slightly lower compared to Conventional OAR.The Kappa value of modified OAR was 0.065 (P>0.05), which is better than conventional OAR.Conventional OAR can reduce 6.3% (17/272) X-ray and modified OAR decline 5.5% (15/272). Conclusion: Modified OAR significantly reduces the rate of missed diagnosis of foot fractures, but its specificity is poor. Ultrasound can be assisted to improve the specificity and reduce the number of unnecessary X-rays.

[Clinical useness of multimodal techniques in microsurgical resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformation]

Objective: To explore the clinical useness of intraoperative functional neuronavigation and fluorescent indocyanine green(ICG) angiography as well as electrophysiological evaluation during microsurgical resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM). Methods: A series of 42 consecutive cases with AVM underwent microsurgery by intraoperative functional neuronavigation at Department of Neurosurgery of People's Liberation Army General Hospital from January 2009 to February 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Of the 42 patients, 29 were males and 13 were females aging from 4 to 62 years (mean age 32.6 years). Preoperative assessment included functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to identify the relationship between lesions and eloquent areas. The results of images were integrated into three-dimensional datasets to achieve intraoperative microscopic-based functional neuronavigation during AVM resection. Operations involved in motor areas and corticospinal tract were performed under continuous electrophysiological monitoring. ICG angiography was performed at pre-dissection, post-clipping of the feeders, and post-resection of the nidus. FLOW 800 software presented a color map and ICG intensity-time curve to demostrate the vascular architecture. Postoperative digital subtraction angiography was re-examined routinely to evaluate the extent of resection. Clinical outcomes were evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale. Results: All patients underwent surgery under intraoperative navigation. Of the 42 patients, total resection was achieved in 36 cases (85.7%, 36/42) including 14 cases of AVM in eloquent areas. A total of 40 ICG angiographies were successfully performed among 11 patients. Average number of ICG injections per operation was 3.6 (ranging from 3 to 6). Feeders were visualized in 10 patients and drainers were visualized in 9 cases. The post-surgical follow-up period varied from 3 months to 70 months (mean 22.5 months). 83.8% of the patients returned to normal work and life during the followed-up period. Conclusion: Combining intraoperative neuronavigation and electrophysiological monitoring, as well as fluorescent ICG angiography contribute to microsurgical resection of cerebral AVM effectively in selecting suitable patients, further avoiding neurologic compromise as well.

[Medial anterior flange overhang related to the prosthesis selection determined by femoral sizer in total knee arthroplasty]

Objective: To evaluate the medial anterior flange overhang related to the femoral prosthesis size determined by femoral sizer in total knee arthroplasty. Methods: Sixty one cases of varus knee osteoarthritis (61 knees) were analyzed from January 2014 to January 2015, 14 males and 47 females, aged (66.8±6.8) year old. 3D models of distal femur were established by Mimics, total knee arthroplasty surgeries were simulated and the medial and lateral femoral condylar anteroposterior diameter were measured. According to the AP diameter of lateral femoral condyle (lateral condyle group) and femoral sizer (sizer group), different size of the PFC Sigma femoral prosthesis models were imported to mimics, and the coverage of medial anterior femoral flange were compared. Results: The AP diameter of lateral femoral condyle[(55.76±3.64) mm]was significantly less than the sizer group[(57.02±3.59) mm], P<0.05. The distal femur aspect ratio for male (1.2 %±0.1%) and female (1.2%±0.1%) has no statistically difference (P>0.05). Femoral prosthesis sizes, the uncoverage diameter of the anterior chamfer line, midpoint of the flange in the sizer group were significantly larger than the lateral condyle group (P<0.05). The femoral size, overhang ratio of anterior chamfer line and midpoint of the flange in male were significantly larger than females (P<0.05). Conclusion: The AP diameter determined by femoral sizer instrument had a tendency to larger prosthesis, and the risks of medial femoral anterior flange overhang increased. Medial anterior flange overhang in male was significantly less than female, but the difference had no correlation to the distal femur asepect ratio.

Identification of quantitative trait loci for mineral elements in grains and grass powder of barley

Mineral elements in barley (Hordeum vulgare) play an important physiological role in global human health. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for concentration of nine mineral elements in barley grain and grass powder were detected in a population of 193 recombinant inbred lines of the barley cross Ziguangmangluoerling x Schooner and the parents. We observed large genetic variation contributing to element concentrations in both grains and grass powder. The mean K, Ca, and Fe concentrations in grass powder were 6.67, 12.00, and 4.58 times that of regenerating barley grains. In grains, 17 QTLs that accounted for 6.36-64.08% of the phenotypic variation in Zn, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Mn, Fe, and P concentrations were identified. In grass powder, seven QTLs were identified; these accounted for 6.03-21.86% of the variation in Ca, Zn, Mg, K, Fe, and Cu concentrations. These QTLs affecting elements in grain and grass powder are so far unreported in barley. To our knowledge, QTLs with pleiotropic effects for three elements were also identified for the first time in barley. The qK1/qMg1/qCa1 region between markers Bmag0211 and GBMS0014 on chromosome 1H was shown to have large additive effects for Mg, Ca, and K concentrations in grains. These additive effects indicated that the high element (Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, and K) alleles were contributed by Ziguangmangluoerling. These results will further our understanding of the genetic basis of mineral elements and help us develop markers linked with mineral elements for marker-assisted selection breeding in barley.

[An investigation of mental health in migrant workers in an enterprise]

Objective: To investigate the mental health status in migrant workers in a labor-intensive enterprise and related influencing factors. Methods: Typical sampling was used to perform an investigation in 910 migrant workers in a large foreign-funded labor-intensive enterprise in Shenzhen, China. All the respondents gave informed consent and completed the questionnaire independently and anonymously. The self-reported mental health status was evaluated using the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and General Health Questionnaire. Results: Of all the migrant workers in this enterprise, 7.2% had a positive self-reported anxiety symptom, 25.4% had a moderate or severe self-reported depression symptom, and 76.4% had a poor self-reported general health status. Age had significant influence on the self-reported depression symptom (χ²=21.968, P<0.05) ; age did not have significant influence on the self-reported anxiety and general health status (χ²=6.616、12.498, both P>0.05) . The knowledge of occupational hazards had significant influence on mental health status (χ²_Depression=47.289, χ²_{General health}=21.087, both P<0.05) . The feeling of work had significant influence on self-reported depression and general health status (χ²_Depression=52.406, χ²_{General health}=17.327, both P<0.05) . Attention to self mental health had significant influence on self-reported depression (χ²=17.714, P<0.05) , and whether the person wanted to learn the knowledge of mental health had significant influence on self-reported anxiety (χ²= 6.145, P<0.05) . Conclusion: The self-reported mental health status in migrant workers is poor and is associated with age, worry about exposure to occupational hazard factors, emphasis on mental health knowledge, and a focus on personal mental health. Therefore, targeted occupational health education and occupational mental health education should be strengthened.

[Functional mapping of the insular and opercular cortex: A study using SEEG electrical stimulation in epileptic patients]

OBJECTIVE

Insular and opercular cortex is involved in complicated physiological function.Insular seizures involve extensive epileptic network, which results in the complex and diverse semiology.Electrical cortical stimulation(ECS) can explore the functional mapping and symptomatogenic zone.

METHODS

The clinical presurgical evaluation and ECS data of 20 patients whose electrode contacts were located in the insular and opercular were analyzed retrospectively.CT scan/3D MRI data fusion was performed in order to accurately identify and locate each contact and check the electrode trajectory by the MRI images performed after the electrodes were removed.ECS was applied between two contiguous contacts.Stimulation usually lasted for 5 s at 50 Hz(pulse width=0.3 ms). Depending on the area of stimulated cortex, the stimulation intensities ranged from 0.2 to 3.0 mA.The classification of the insular were anterior short gyrus, middle short gyrus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, posterior long gyrus and insular pole.The classification of the opercular were orbital, frontal, precentral, central, parietal and temporal opercular.

RESULTS

One hundred and six contacts were located in the insular and 51 responses were evoked (48.11%). Four hundred eighteen contacts were located in the insular and 132 responses were evoked (31.58%). We classified the principal responses as somatosensory, pain, auditory, oropharyngeal, speech disturbances and neurovegetative response.Somatosensory responses were mainly evoked in parietal opercular and postcentral gyrus, while pain response distributed sporadically.Auditory were only evoked in temporal opercular(transverse temporal gyri) and posterior long gyrus.Oropharyngeal symptoms were only evoked in central opercular.Speech disturbances were located in precentral and central opercular and neurovegetative responses were mainly evoked in insular pole and middle short gyrus.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings may indicate a functional specificity for the insular gyrus and opercular, which contribute to the understanding of anatomo-functional organization and the role in insular and opercular epileptic network.Moreover, it could optimize the implantation strategy for exploring these structures.

Association of CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism with oral cancer risk in Asian populations: a meta-analysis

Numerous studies regarding the association between the CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism and oral cancer risk in Asian populations have shown controversial results. To get a more precise estimation of this relationship, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Elsevier Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, and Wan Fang Med Online were searched. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated using fixed-effects or random-effects models. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the Cochran Q test and I(2) statistics. Twelve articles including 1925 oral cancer patients and 2335 controls were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the meta-analysis showed that the CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism was associated with oral cancer risk in Asians (m1/m1 vs m2/m2: OR = 0.46, 95%CI = 0.30-070, POR = 0.000; m1/m1 vs m1/m2+m2/m2: OR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.51-0.98, POR = 0.037; m1/m1+m1/m2 vs m2/m2: OR = 0.48, 95%CI = 0.35-0.65, POR = 0.000). Subgroup analyses showed that the control source (hospital-based or population-based), the genotyping method [polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism], the country in which the study was conducted, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Yes or No) were positively related to the association. Sensitivity analysis suggested that the overall results showed no significant change in three genetic models when any one study was removed, and publication bias was undetected by the Egger test. The CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism may be associated with oral cancer risk in Asian populations.

Genetic analysis for main length ratio associated with morphological traits in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of main length ratios associated with morphological traits in Paralichthys olivaceus. At 180, 240 and 360 days of age, body length (L1 ), head length (L2 ), body depth (L3 ), caudal peduncle depth (L4 ) and caudal-peduncle length (L5 ) were observed in 4757-5224 individuals from 52 full-sib families. Based on these observed traits, the main length-ratio traits including L3 :L1 , L2 :L1 , L5 :L1 and L4 :L3 were constructed. Three single-trait animal models were used to examine the phenotypic variation of length-ratio traits and were compared using the likelihood ratio test. As a result, the optimal model for all the analysed traits was determined as the model with the fixed, additive genetic and full-sib family effects. Using the optimal model, animal model analysis for single trait showed that heritabilities were estimated to be low, ranging from 0·122 to 0·276. The estimates for all length-ratio traits decreased while the days of age increased except for L3 :L1 . Multivariate animal model analysis indicated that within and among days of age, genetic correlations between length-ratio traits were different in the direction and magnitude. Genetic parameter estimation of main length ratios would be helpful for genetic improvement of body shape in P. olivaceus.

Carbon dioxide enrichment alleviates heat stress by improving cellular redox homeostasis through an ABA-independent process in tomato plants

Plant responses to elevated CO₂ and high temperature are critically regulated through a complex network of phytohormones and redox homeostasis. However, the involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in plant adaptation to heat stress under elevated CO₂ conditions has not been thoroughly studied. This study investigated the interactive effects of elevated CO₂ (800 μmol·mol(-1) ) and heat stress (42 °C for 24 h) on the endogenous level of ABA and the cellular redox state of two genotypes of tomato with different ABA biosynthesis capacities. Heat stress significantly decreased maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and leaf water potential, but also increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) in both genotypes. Heat-induced damage was more severe in the ABA-deficient mutant notabilis (not) than in its parental cultivar Ailsa Craig (Ailsa), suggesting that a certain level of endogenous ABA is required to minimise the heat-induced oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Irrespective of genotype, the enrichment of CO₂ remarkably stimulated Fv/Fm, MDA and EL in heat-stressed plants towards enhanced tolerance. In addition, elevated CO₂ significantly strengthened the antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed tomato seedlings towards a reduced cellular redox state for a prolonged period, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. However, elevated CO₂ and heat stress did not alter the endogenous level of ABA or the expression of its biosynthetic gene NCED2 in either genotype, indicating that ABA is not involved in elevated CO₂ -induced heat stress alleviation. The results of this study suggest that elevated CO₂ alleviated heat stress through efficient regulation of the cellular redox poise in an ABA-independent manner in tomato plants.

Effects of maternal protein or energy restriction during late gestation on immune status and responses to lipopolysaccharide challenge in postnatal young goats

Knowledge of maternal malnutrition of ruminants and effects on development of the immune system of their offspring is lacking. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal protein or energy restriction during late gestation on immune status of their offspring at different ages. Sixty-three pregnant goats (local breed, Liuyang black goat, 22.2 ± 1.5 kg at d 90 of gestation) were fed control (CON, ME = 9.34 MJ/kg and CP = 12.5%, DM basis), 40% protein restricted (PR), or 40% energy restricted (ER) diets from d 91 of gestation to parturition, after which all animals received an adequate diet for nutritional recovery. Plasma concentrations of complement components (C3, C4), C-reactive protein (CRP) and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), jejunum cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10) expression levels and morphology in the offspring were measured. Additionally, plasma concentration of complement and IL-6, and cytokines expression levels in gastrointestinal tract obtained at 6 wk from young goats were assessed under saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenging conditions. Maternal PR or ER decreased (P < 0.05) plasma C3, C4, IgG, and IgM concentrations, and IL-2 and IL-6 mRNA expression in the jejunum from neonatal kids, but did not alter (P > 0.05) plasma CRP concentration. The IL-10 mRNA expression of jejunum from PR kids was also less (P < 0.01) than that from CON kids. Moreover, jejunum villous height (P < 0.10 in PR, P < 0.05 in ER) and crypt depth (P < 0.05 both in PR and ER) were reduced in neonatal kids from malnourished mothers. At 6 wk of age, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in any plasma or tissue immune parameters among the 3 treatments. However, when given a LPS challenge, ER and PR kids had greater (P = 0.02) IL-6 concentration compared with CON kids. Our results suggest that both PR and ER during late gestation induced short-term as well as long-lasting alterations on immune responses in their offspring, which may make the animals more susceptible to a bacterial pathogen challenge. The present findings expand the existing knowledge in immunological mechanisms responsible for the development of disease in later life.

Effects of energy and protein restriction, followed by nutritional recovery on morphological development of the gastrointestinal tract of weaned kids

Effects of energy, protein, or both energy and protein restriction on gastrointestinal morphological development were investigated in 60 Liuyang Black kids, which were sourced from local farms and weaned at 28 d of age. Weaned kids were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 dietary treatments (15 kids per treatment), which consisted of adequate nutrient supply (CON), energy restriction (ER), protein restriction (PR), or energy and protein restriction (EPR). The entire experiment included adaptation period (0 to 6 d), nutritional restriction period (7 to 48 d), and recovery period (49 to 111 d). Three kids from each group were killed at d 48 and 111, and the rumen, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were harvested. On d 48 (end of nutritional restriction), lengths of the duodenum (P = 0.005), jejunum (P = 0.003), and ileum (P = 0.003), and weights of the rumen (P = 0.004), duodenum (P = 0.006), jejunum (P = 0.006), and ileum (P = 0.004) of kids in ER, PR, and EPR were less than those of kids in CON. Compared with CON, PR decreased papillae width (P = 0.03) and surface area (P = 0.05) of the rumen epithelium, villus surface area (P = 0.05), and N concentration (P = 0.02) of the jejunum mucosa on d 48. Compared with CON, EPR decreased papillae height (P = 0.001), width (P = 0.001), and surface area (P = 0.003), N concentration (P = 0.01), and the ratio of N to DNA (P = 0.03) of the rumen epithelium. Compared with CON, EPR also decreased villus height (P = 0.01), width (P = 0.006), and surface area (P = 0.006), N concentration (P < 0.001), and the ratio of N to DNA (P < 0.001) of the jejunum mucosa on d 48. On d 111 (end of nutritional recovery), lengths of the duodenum (P = 0.001), jejunum (P = 0.001), and ileum (P = 0.001), weights of the rumen (P < 0.001), duodenum (P = 0.001), jejunum (P < 0.001), and ileum (P < 0.001) of kids in ER, PR, and EPR were still less than those of kids in CON; N concentrations of rumen epithelium of kids in PR (P = 0.01) and EPR (P = 0.001), and the ratio of N to DNA of jejunum mucosa of kids in EPR (P < 0.001) were greater than those of kids in CON. Results indicate that nutritional restriction of 6 wk can retard gastrointestinal morphological development for kids weaned at 28 d of age and retarded development remains evident, even after nutritional recovery of 9 wk.

Effects of maternal protein or energy restriction during late gestation on antioxidant status of plasma and immune tissues in postnatal goats

Maternal malnutrition can have temporary or long-lasting effects on development and physiological function of offspring. Our objective was to investigate whether maternal protein or energy restriction in late gestation affects the antioxidant status of plasma, immune organs (thymus and spleen), and natural barrier organs (jejunum) in neonatal goats and whether the effects could be reversed after nutritional recovery. Forty-five pregnant goats (Liuyang Blacks) of similar age (2.0 ± 0.3 yr) and BW (22.2 ± 1.5 kg at d 90 of gestation) were assigned to 3 dietary treatments during late gestation: control (ME = 9.34 MJ/kg and CP = 12.5%, DM basis), 40% protein restricted (PR), and 40% energy restricted (ER) until parturition, after which offspring received the normal diet for nutritional recovery. Plasma and tissues of kids were sampled to determine antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and catalase (CAT)] and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-SOD [SOD1], CAT, and peroxiredoxin 2 [PRDX2]). Maternal protein or energy restriction decreased (P < 0.05) SOD activities in plasma, liver, thymus, and spleen and SOD1 expression in thymus, and maternal energy restriction also decreased (P < 0.05) plasma GSH-Px activity and expressions of SOD1 and CAT in liver at birth. After nutritional recovery of 6 wk, SOD activities in thymus (both in PR and ER) and spleen (only in PR) were greater (P < 0.05), but CAT activity of thymus (both in PR and ER) and CAT expression (only in ER) were less (P < 0.01) than those in control. After nutritional recovery of 22 wk, SOD1 and PRDX2 expression in thymus (both in PR and ER) and SOD1 expression in liver (only in ER) were greater (P < 0.05) whereas CAT expression in thymus (both in PR and ER) was less (P < 0.001) than in control. The current results indicate that maternal protein or energy restriction can decrease the antioxidant capacity of the neonatal kids and result in an imbalance of SOD and hydrogen peroxide-inactivating systems in thymus, even after 6 or 22 wk of nutritional recovery.

Novel nonsense and frameshift NTRK1 gene mutations in Chinese patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA; MIM 256800) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by absence of reaction to noxious stimuli, recurrent episodes of fever, anhidrosis, and mental retardation. It is caused by mutations in the gene coding for neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (NTRK1; MIM# 191315). We screened two Chinese CIPA cases for mutations in the NTRK1 gene and examined their phenotype. Two novel mutations of the NTRK1 gene and two known mutations were identified. Including our two novel mutations, there are now 62 different NTRK1 gene mutations reported in patients with CIPA. We find that a combination of two null alleles usually leads to the severe phenotype, while the mild form of the CIPA disease is associated with at least one mild allele. Thirty-four among the 62 mutations (55%) are located within the tyrosine kinase domain of the NTRK1 protein. We concluded that the tyrosine kinase domain is a hot spot for mutations.

L-arginine trifluoroacetate salt bridges in its solid state compound: the low-temperature three dimensional structural determination of L-arginine bis(trifluoroacetate) crystal and its vibrational spectral analysis

Structural varieties of L-arginine trifluoroacetate (abbreviated as LATF) and L-arginine bis(trifluoroacetate), LABTF, in the solid state compounds were observed and analyzed by the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The guanidinium-carboxylate interaction plays an important role involving in the crystal structure construction. Conformational changes of L-Arg(+) and L-Arg(2+) cations result from the intrinsic structural difference by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The low-temperature structure of its crystalline salt, L-arginine bis(trifluoroacetate), was determined to describe the hydrogen bonding interactions. In comparison with the crystal structure at room temperature, the low-temperature L-Arg(2+) cations present tiny conformational difference and the rotational disorder of CF(3) group disappears. FT-IR and Raman spectra were investigated and hydrogen bonding interactions were analyzed on the basis of its vibrational spectra. Results indicate that this type interaction is greatly contributive to the structural features and vibrational spectral properties.

Influence of consumption of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

AIMS

Human clinical studies have yielded mixed results on the effects of consumption of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials that evaluated the effects of probiotics consumption on blood lipids.

DATA SYNTHESIS

A systematic literature search of Embase, Web of Science, PubMed and Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry was conducted for studies that investigated the efficacy of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile of subjects. With the help of Review Manager 4.2, data from 13 trials, which included 485 participants with high, borderline high and normal cholesterol levels, were examined. The pooled mean net change in total cholesterol for those treated with probiotics compared to controls was -6.40 mg dl(-1) (95% confidence interval (CI), -9.93 to -2.87), mean net change in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was -4.90 mg dl(-1) (95% CI, -7.91 to -1.90), mean net change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was -0.11 mg dl(-1) (95% CI, -1.90-1.69) and mean net change in triglycerides was -3.95 mg dl(-1) (95% CI, -10.32-2.42).

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that a diet rich in probiotics decreases total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentration in plasma for participants with high, borderline high and normal cholesterol levels.

White matter integrity deficit in treatment-naïve adult patients with major depressive disorder

OBJECTIVES

The fronto-limbic system plays critical roles in cognitive functions, including emotion. This is supported by recent reports in the studies of major depressive disorder using diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. This study examined white matter integrity and correlations to cognitive function in treatment-naive adult patients with major depressive disorder.

METHODS

Fractional anisotropy values, derived from diffusion tensor imaging, were compared in 18 treatment-naïve adult patients with major depressive disorder and 18 well-matched healthy controls by voxel-based analysis. Correlation of fractional anisotropy with performance of cognitive tests was also analysed.

RESULTS

Lower fractional anisotropy values in the bilateral medial frontal gyri, right subgyral frontal and temporal lobes, and left middle frontal and cingulate gyri were observed in patients than in controls. However, no correlation between mean fractional anisotropy values and cognitive scores was found.

CONCLUSION

These findings support the notion that deficit of white matter integrity in the fronto-limbic system may be the neural substrate of major depressive disorder.

In situ XAFS experiments using a microfluidic cell: application to initial growth of CdSe nanocrystals

The design and performance of a compact fluorescense XAFS apparatus equipped with a microfluidic cell for in situ studies of nanoparticles are described. CdSe nanoparticles were prepared by solution reaction starting from trioctylphosphine-Se. Time-resolved experiments were performed by precisely controlling the reactor coordinates (x,y), allowing the synchrotron X-ray beam to travel along a reactor channel, covering nucleation and initial growth of nanoparticles. Detailed analysis of EXAFS data combined with UV-vis spectra allow reliable estimation of particle size and density in the initial growth that cannot be accessible by conventional optical techniques based on a long-range order. The Se K-XANES spectra are interpreted by multi-scattering calculations providing bond formation kinetics consistent with the EXAFS data.

Effects of variety, sowing season and maturity stage on ruminal phosphorus release from whole maize stover and its morphological fractions

An in situ degradation technique was used to investigate the effects of variety, season and maturity stage on ruminal Phosphorus (P) release from whole maize stover and morphological fractions from five varieties of maize (conventional maize, CM; sweet maize, SM; waxy maize, WM; high oil maize, HOM; and fodder maize, FM). Maize plants were harvested in 2005, 17 and 31 days after tasselling and manually separated into leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem and husk. Results showed that the values of rapidly released P fractions (a), slowly released P fractions (b), rate constant of P release for fraction b (c) and effective disappearance (ED) of P were significantly influenced by variety, sowing season and maturity stage (p < 0.05). The ED of P in whole maize stover among the varieties decreased in the following order: FM (89.8%) > HOM (87.9%) > CM (87.0%) > SM (86.9%) > WM (83.9%). Advanced maturity stage increased (p < 0.001) the a and ED values of P in the leaf blade and leaf sheath, but decreased (p < 0.001) these parameters in the husk. The a fraction and ED of P were higher (p < 0.001) for maize sown in spring than those sown in summer. Significant (p < 0.05) interactions among variety, sowing season and maturity stage were noted in the a and ED values of P. Effective disappearance of morphological fraction varied significantly (p < 0.001) and followed the order: stem (90.3%) > leaf sheath (88.2%) > leaf blade (85.2%) > husk (84.9%). In conclusion, most of P in maize stover could be released in the rumen. The potential pollution resulting from P excretion in faeces may be alleviated, when maize stover is largely used as the main forage source of ruminants.

Theoretical calculation and vibrational spectral analysis of L-arginine trifluoroacetate

Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra of the nonlinear optical crystal, L-arginine trifluoroacetate (L-arginine.CF3COOH, abbreviated as LATF) have been calculated by the first-principles calculation and investigated in experiment. The calculated results are slightly different from those experimental values because of the distinction resulted from the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The role of this type of intermolecular interaction on the crystal vibrational spectra and nonlinear optical properties has been discussed. The absorption-edge on the IR side has been estimated by the theoretical approach on basis of the calculated infrared spectrum, which will be meaningful for further research on NLO crystal.

Genetic analysis of photoperiod sensitivity in a tropical by temperate maize recombinant inbred population using molecular markers

Photoperiod sensitivity is an important consideration in maize cultivation. Flowering time is affected by photoperiod and sensitivity to it limits the potential for successful exchange of germplasm across different latitudes. For resolving the genetic basis of photoperiod sensitivity in maize, a set of 207 recombinant inbred lines derived from a temperate and tropical inbred line cross was evaluated for 2 years in a long-day and short-day environment. Genetic linkage maps were constructed using 237 SSR markers with a total length 1,974.3 cM, and an average space between two makers of 8.33 cM. Twenty-nine QTL were detected for the five measured photoperiod sensitivity traits using composite interval mapping and multiple interval mapping. QTL for flowering time, plant height and leaf number, under long-day conditions, were found clustered on chromosome 10, while QTL for short-day conditions resided on chromosome 3. The QTL in the bin 10.04 region of chromosome 10 were detected associated with photoperiod sensitivity and related traits during long days. These results indicated that this region might contain an important photoperiod sensitivity element.

Effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on in vitro fermentation characteristics of low-quality cereal straws

The effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme preparation (containing cellulase and xylanase) on in vitro fermentation characteristics of rice straw, wheat straw, maize stover, and maize stover silage were examined using an in vitro gas production technique. Four levels of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplements (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg of straw DM, respectively) were tested in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement. Supplementation of yeast culture increased the cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, rate of gas production, IVDMD, and in vitro OM disappearance (IVOMD), and decreased the lag time for each type of straw. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation tended to increase cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, and rate of gas production; prolonged lag time of gas production; and enhanced IVDMD and IVOMD for 4 types of cereal straws, with the significance of this effect being dependent on the level of supplemented enzymes. There were significant interactions between fibrolytic enzymes and yeast on all in vitro gas production parameters, IVDMD, and IVOMD of each type of straw. The outcome of this research indicated that the application of fibrolytic enzyme preparation and yeast culture could improve in vitro gas production fermentation of cereal straws.

Effects of dietary methionine and lysine sources on nutrient digestion, nitrogen utilization, and duodenal amino acid flow in growing goats

This study investigated the effects of supplementation of various sources of Met and Lys on nutrient digestion, N utilization, and duodenal AA flows in growing goats. Four 4-mo-old Liuyang Black wether goats were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment and were assigned to 4 dietary treatments: (1) control, (2) control + lipid-coated Met-Zn chelate and Lys-Mn chelate (PML), (3) control + Met-Zn chelate and Lys-Mn chelate (CML), and (4) control + dl-Met, l-Lys-HCl, ZnSO(4).7H(2)O, and MnSO(4).H(2)O (FML). Compared with control, PML reduced (P < 0.05) ruminal NH(3) concentration, urinary N excretion, and plasma urea N concentration and increased (P < 0.05) the activity of ruminal endo-1,4-beta-d-glucanase and beta-glucosidase, the duodenal flow of N, N retention (g/d as well as % of absorbed N), the duodenal flows of Met, Lys, His, Val, and total essential AA, and plasma concentrations of Lys, Val, Phe, and total essential AA. Supplementing Zn-Met and Mn-Lys chelates had similar (P > 0.05) but lesser effects on these measures compared with PML, and the effects on most of the measures were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) when compared with control. Supplementing free-form Met and Lys had no effects compared with control (P > 0.05). The results indicate that lipid coating and chelating of AA provide a protection, and to a lesser extent by only chelating, of the AA from microbial degradation in the rumen and possibly has effects on rumen fermentation, which increases MP supply. This technology could improve productive performance and be of potential benefit to ruminant production if cost-effective products are developed.

Mesencephalic progenitors can improve rotational behavior and reconstruct nigrostriatal pathway in PD rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of mesencephalic progenitors (MP) in treating Parkinson's disease (PD). MP were prepared from E(11-13) rats and proliferated in serum-free medium with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for 10 days. Cells were then collected and implanted into the striatum only--single grafts or simultaneously into the substantia nigra (SN) and the striatum--double grafts. Twelve weeks after transplantation, DiI, a fluorescent dye, was microinjected into the ipsilateral striatum. Using this strategy, it was found that MP of double grafts had more potent effects on rotational behavior than that of single grafts. Injection of the retrograde tracer DiI into the striatum resulted in fluorescent-labeled cells within the intranigral grafts in double grafts. These data greatly support that MP transplants could not only improve rotational behavior, but does help to re-establish nigrostriatal connections so that it may become one efficient way in treating PD.

Neural stem/progenitor cells survive and differentiate better in PD rats than in normal rats

To investigate the effects of grafted neural stem/mesencephalic progenitor cells (NSCs/MP) on rotational behavior of Parkinson's disease (PD) rats and the influence of intracerebral environment on NSCs/MP, we observed the survival and differentiation of NSCs/MP transplanted into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned and intact striatums. NSCs/MP were prepared from E(11-15) rats and proliferated in serum-free medium with bFGF for several weeks. One day after being primed with serum/dbcAMP to differentiate, cell suspensions were grafted into 6-OHDA-lesioned and intact striatums respectively. It had been found that NSCs/MP were able to survive better and differentiate into more tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in 6-OHDA-lesioned striatums than in intact ones, and apomorphine-induced rotations were obviously attenuated in MP graft models. The data suggested that NSCs/MP tend to survive and differentiate into TH-positive neurons in 6-OHDA-lesioned striatums. The data demonstrated that striatums in which DAergic terminals are destroyed by 6-OHDA undergo some changes and thus provide more appropriate conditions for NSCs/MP to differentiate into mature DAergic neurons. Furthermore, the finding that MP had greater relieving effects on rotational behavior than NSCs suggests that NSCs could not be used in clinical therapy of PD unless being induced into MP in vitro before transplantation.

Electron beam tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction in the diagnosis of aortic diseases

BACKGROUND

This study was performed to evaluate the protocols of electron beam tomographic angiography and three-dimensional reconstruction for assessing the diagnostic value of aortic diseases.

METHODS

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Retrospective and comparative study.

SETTINGS

University hospital.

PATIENTS

Between 1996 and 1998, 189 cases who underwent electron beam tomographic angiography and diagnosed with aortic diseases were analyzed retrospectively. The results were compared with surgical and pathological findings in 68 cases. Electron beam tomographic angiography was used single-slice-scanning with ECG-triggering for screening of the thoracic aorta, continuous-volume-scanning, permitted by continuous X-ray exposure with table incremention, was performed for the abdominal aorta scanning without ECG-triggering. Three-dimensional reconstructions were performed with shaded-surface display, multiplanar reformatting and/or maximum intensity projection methods.

RESULTS

Electron beam tomography angiography with ECG-triggered sections of single-slice-scanning improved the image quality of the ascending aorta without motion artifacts. Continuous-volume-scanning was suitable for screening of the abdominal aorta because of minimizing exposure time (10-14 sec) and saving contrast media (total contrast material of 45.5+/-6.6 ml was needed). One hundred eighty-nine cases were diagnosed with aortic dissection (97 cases), aortic aneurysm (26 cases), pseudoaneurysm (8 cases), Marfan's syndrome (39 cases), Takayasu's arteritis (5 cases) and congenital aortic malformations (14 cases). Electron beam tomography results were compared with the findings of surgery (as gold standard) in 68 cases, the diagnostic accuracy was 97% (2 cases with aortic aneurysm were erroneously diagnosed with pseudoaneurysm).

CONCLUSIONS

Electrocardiographically triggered, contrast-enhanced electron beam tomography is feasible for the diagnosis of all kinds of aortic diseases, with excellent three-dimensional images competitive in quality with conventional selective aortic angiography or digital subtraction angiography.

Extensive variation in the signal amplitude of the atrial floating VDD pacing electrode

The dependence of atrial signal amplitude on the site of the atrial sensing dipole of a single-pass lead was examined in 29 patients. The vertical location of the dipole was documented in supine fluoroscopy during quiescent and deep breathing and in upright chest roentgenogram, and was expressed as a proportion of the right atrial height. As the group average, the atrial signal amplitude was equal when tested in supine, sitting, standing, and right- or left-side positions in follow-up determinations. The signal amplitude varied markedly between postures, showing a coefficient of variation of 45% +/- 24% within the group. Coefficient of variation within the 6-month follow-up period in each tested position ranged from 31%-44%. Correlation between postures was weak (range of r = 0.53-0.81). Vertical location of the atrial dipole had no relationship to the signal amplitude. At least in one posture or test occasion the atrial signal amplitude was very low, < or = 0.35 mV in 20 patients, and below detection limit (0.25 mV) in 5 patients. Programmed to high sensitivity, atrial undersensing was rare in ambulatory electrocardiography, ranging from 0-9,000 missed atrial beats (0%-8%), with a median of 100 beats/24 hours. In conclusion, temporary variation in atrial signal amplitude is extensive. Despite occasionally measured large signal amplitudes atrial sensitivity in single lead VDD pacemakers should be programmed high, and if poor atrial tracking is suspected, other methods besides routine sensitivity testing should be adapted.

Effects of epinephrine and phenylephrine on QT interval dispersion in congenital long QT syndrome

OBJECTIVES

Measurement of QT interval dispersion during pharmacologic adrenergic stimulation was used to assess the effect of alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation on arrhythmic vulnerability in familial long QT syndrome (LQTS).

BACKGROUND

Nonhomogeneity in the ventricular action potential duration causes electrical instability leading to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and is markedly increased in LQTS. QT interval dispersion measured from the electrocardiogram (ECG) can be used as an index of nonhomogeneous ventricular repolarization.

METHODS

Sixteen symptomatic patients with LQTS and nine healthy control subjects were examined at baseline and during epinephrine (mainly beta-adrenergic agonist, 0.05 microg/kg body weight per min) and phenylephrine infusions (alpha-adrenergic agonist, mean 1.4 microg/kg per min). QT interval dispersion was determined from a 12-lead ECG as interlead range and coefficient of variation measured to the end (QTend) and apex (QTapex) of the T wave.

RESULTS

At baseline QTend dispersion was greater in patients with LQTS compared with control subjects (mean [+/-SD] 68+/-34 vs. 36+/-7 ms, p=0.001). QTend dispersion was markedly increased in patients with LQTS by use of epinephrine (from 68+/-34 to 90+/-36 ms, p=0.002), but remained unchanged in control subjects. Phenylephrine did not affect QT dispersion in either group (all p=NS). Atrial pacing to achieve comparable heart rates during baseline and epinephrine and phenylephrine infusions did not influence the magnitude of QT dispersion in either group. QTapex dispersion analysis gave congruent results.

CONCLUSIONS

Epinephrine but not phenylephrine increased QT dispersion, suggesting that beta-adrenergic stimulation provokes arrhythmias in patients with LQTS by aggravating nonhomogeneity of ventricular repolarization, whereas alpha-adrenergic stimulation is less important for arrhythmic vulnerability. The results also suggest that rapid pacing may not reduce vulnerability to arrhythmias in congenital LQTS.

Diagnostic importance of the nucleolar organizer regions in Wegener's granulomatosis

The number and distribution pattern of silver staining nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were thought to reflect the cellular proliferative activity and the malignancy of tumours. Using a silver-staining method, the variations of AgNORs have been studied in patients with atypical inflammatory lesion (n = 5), malignant reticulosis (n = 5) and Wegener's granulomatosis (n = 6). Our results reveal that there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01), highly suggestive of a difference in AgNOR counts between the atypical inflammatory lesion and Wegener's granulomatosis, with the Wegener's granulomatosis specimens having the higher irregular AgNORs, but the difference between Wegener's granulomatosis and malignant reticulosis is probably not clinically important. It is concluded that AgNORs may be useful in differentiating Wegener's granulomatosis from an atypical inflammatory lesion, and the simplified counting technique is adequate for the purpose.

Clinical significance of adrenal computed tomography in Addison's disease

Adrenal computed tomographic (CT) scanning was conducted in twelve patients with Addison's disease during the clinical course. In tuberculous Addison's disease (n = 8), three of four patients examined during the first two years after disease onset had bilaterally enlarged adrenals, while one of four had a unilaterally enlarged one. At least one adrenal gland was enlarged after onset in all six patients examined during the first four years. Thereafter, the adrenal glands may atrophy bilaterally, in contrast to adrenal glands in idiopathic Addison's disease, which atrophy bilaterally from disease onset (n = 2). Adrenal calcification was a less sensitive clue in tracing pathogenesis, i.e., adrenal calcification was observed in five of eight patients with tuberculous Addison's disease, but not in idiopathic patients. Thus, adrenal CT scanning could show the etiology of Addison's disease (infection or autoimmunity) and the phase of Addison's disease secondary to tuberculosis, which may be clinically important for initiating antituberculous treatment.