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Qian G, Li Y, Chen H, Xie L, Liu T, Yang N, Song Y, Lin C, Cheng J, Nakashima N, Zhang M, Li Z, Zhao W, Yang X, Lin H, Lu X, Yang L, Li H, Amine K, Chen L, Pan F. Revealing the aging process of solid electrolyte interphase on SiO x anode. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6048. [PMID: 37770484 PMCID: PMC10539371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most promising alternatives to graphite negative electrodes, silicon oxide (SiOx) has been hindered by its fast capacity fading. Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) aging on silicon SiOx has been recognized as the most critical yet least understood facet. Herein, leveraging 3D focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) tomographic imaging, we reveal an exceptionally characteristic SEI microstructure with an incompact inner region and a dense outer region, which overturns the prevailing belief that SEIs are homogeneous structure and reveals the SEI evolution process. Through combining nanoprobe and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), it is also discovered that the electronic conductivity of thick SEI relies on the percolation network within composed of conductive agents (e.g., carbon black particles), which are embedded into the SEI upon its growth. Therefore, the free growth of SEI will gradually attenuate this electron percolation network, thereby causing capacity decay of SiOx. Based on these findings, a proof-of-concept strategy is adopted to mechanically restrict the SEI growth via applying a confining layer on top of the electrode. Through shedding light on the fundamental understanding of SEI aging for SiOx anodes, this work could potentially inspire viable improving strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Qian
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haibiao Chen
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tongchao Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Ni Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongli Song
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Lin
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Junfang Cheng
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Meng Zhang
- BTR New Material Group Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zikun Li
- BTR New Material Group Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenguang Zhao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangjie Yang
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hai Lin
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Lu
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luyi Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Liquan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Chu M, Jiang Z, Wojcik M, Sun T, Sprung M, Wang J. Probing three-dimensional mesoscopic interfacial structures in a single view using multibeam X-ray coherent surface scattering and holography imaging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5795. [PMID: 37723143 PMCID: PMC10507109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualizing surface-supported and buried planar mesoscale structures, such as nanoelectronics, ultrathin-film quantum dots, photovoltaics, and heterogeneous catalysts, often requires high-resolution X-ray imaging and scattering. Here, we discovered that multibeam scattering in grazing-incident reflection geometry is sensitive to three-dimensional (3D) structures in a single view, which is difficult in conventional scattering or imaging approaches. We developed a 3D finite-element-based multibeam-scattering analysis to decode the heterogeneous electric-field distribution and to faithfully reproduce the complex scattering and surface features. This approach further leads to the demonstration of hard-X-ray Lloyd's mirror interference of scattering waves, resembling dark-field, high-contrast surface holography under the grazing-angle scattering conditions. A first-principles calculation of the single-view holographic images resolves the surface patterns' 3D morphology with nanometer resolutions, which is critical for ultrafine nanocircuit metrology. The holographic method and simulations pave the way for single-shot structural characterization for visualizing irreversible and morphology-transforming physical and chemical processes in situ or operando.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqi Chu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Zhang Jiang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Wojcik
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jin Wang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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3
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Gres AT, Kirby KA, McFadden WM, Du H, Liu D, Xu C, Bryer AJ, Perilla JR, Shi J, Aiken C, Fu X, Zhang P, Francis AC, Melikyan GB, Sarafianos SG. Multidisciplinary studies with mutated HIV-1 capsid proteins reveal structural mechanisms of lattice stabilization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5614. [PMID: 37699872 PMCID: PMC10497533 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 capsid (CA) stability is important for viral replication. E45A and P38A mutations enhance and reduce core stability, thus impairing infectivity. Second-site mutations R132T and T216I rescue infectivity. Capsid lattice stability was studied by solving seven crystal structures (in native background), including P38A, P38A/T216I, E45A, E45A/R132T CA, using molecular dynamics simulations of lattices, cryo-electron microscopy of assemblies, time-resolved imaging of uncoating, biophysical and biochemical characterization of assembly and stability. We report pronounced and subtle, short- and long-range rearrangements: (1) A38 destabilized hexamers by loosening interactions between flanking CA protomers in P38A but not P38A/T216I structures. (2) Two E45A structures showed unexpected stabilizing CANTD-CANTD inter-hexamer interactions, variable R18-ring pore sizes, and flipped N-terminal β-hairpin. (3) Altered conformations of E45Aa α9-helices compared to WT, E45A/R132T, WTPF74, WTNup153, and WTCPSF6 decreased PF74, CPSF6, and Nup153 binding, and was reversed in E45A/R132T. (4) An environmentally sensitive electrostatic repulsion between E45 and D51 affected lattice stability, flexibility, ion and water permeabilities, electrostatics, and recognition of host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Gres
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Karen A Kirby
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William M McFadden
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haijuan Du
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Chaoyi Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Alexander J Bryer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Physics & Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Fu
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Sources, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Ashwanth C Francis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory B Melikyan
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
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4
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Kandel S, Zhou T, Babu AV, Di Z, Li X, Ma X, Holt M, Miceli A, Phatak C, Cherukara MJ. Demonstration of an AI-driven workflow for autonomous high-resolution scanning microscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5501. [PMID: 37679317 PMCID: PMC10485018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern scanning microscopes can image materials with up to sub-atomic spatial and sub-picosecond time resolutions, but these capabilities come with large volumes of data, which can be difficult to store and analyze. We report the Fast Autonomous Scanning Toolkit (FAST) that addresses this challenge by combining a neural network, route optimization, and efficient hardware controls to enable a self-driving experiment that actively identifies and measures a sparse but representative data subset in lieu of the full dataset. FAST requires no prior information about the sample, is computationally efficient, and uses generic hardware controls with minimal experiment-specific wrapping. We test FAST in simulations and a dark-field X-ray microscopy experiment of a WSe2 film. Our studies show that a FAST scan of <25% is sufficient to accurately image and analyze the sample. FAST is easy to adapt for any scanning microscope; its broad adoption will empower general multi-level studies of materials evolution with respect to time, temperature, or other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugat Kandel
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Zichao Di
- Mathematics and Computer Science, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xinxin Li
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Martin Holt
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Antonino Miceli
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Charudatta Phatak
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Mathew J Cherukara
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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5
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Ozgulbas DY, Jensen D, Butler R, Vescovi R, Foster IT, Irvin M, Nakaye Y, Chu M, Dufresne EM, Seifert S, Babnigg G, Ramanathan A, Zhang Q. Robotic pendant drop: containerless liquid for μs-resolved, AI-executable XPCS. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:196. [PMID: 37596264 PMCID: PMC10439219 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics and structure of mixed phases in a complex fluid can significantly impact its material properties, such as viscoelasticity. Small-angle X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (SA-XPCS) can probe the spontaneous spatial fluctuations of the mixed phases under various in situ environments over wide spatiotemporal ranges (10-6-103 s /10-10-10-6 m). Tailored material design, however, requires searching through a massive number of sample compositions and experimental parameters, which is beyond the bandwidth of the current coherent X-ray beamline. Using 3.7-μs-resolved XPCS synchronized with the clock frequency at the Advanced Photon Source, we demonstrated the consistency between the Brownian dynamics of ~100 nm diameter colloidal silica nanoparticles measured from an enclosed pendant drop and a sealed capillary. The electronic pipette can also be mounted on a robotic arm to access different stock solutions and create complex fluids with highly-repeatable and precisely controlled composition profiles. This closed-loop, AI-executable protocol is applicable to light scattering techniques regardless of the light wavelength and optical coherence, and is a first step towards high-throughput, autonomous material discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doga Yamac Ozgulbas
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Don Jensen
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Rory Butler
- Departement of Computer Science, University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rafael Vescovi
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ian T Foster
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Irvin
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yasukazu Nakaye
- XRD Design and Engineering Department, Rigaku Corporation 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Miaoqi Chu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Eric M Dufresne
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Soenke Seifert
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Gyorgy Babnigg
- Bioscience Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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6
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Wang L, Shirodkar SN, Zhang Z, Yakobson BI. Defining shapes of two-dimensional crystals with undefinable edge energies. Nat Comput Sci 2022; 2:729-735. [PMID: 38177365 PMCID: PMC10766541 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-022-00347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The equilibrium shape of crystals is a fundamental property of both aesthetic appeal and practical importance: the shape and its facets control the catalytic, light-emitting, sensing, magnetic and plasmonic behaviors. It is also a visible macro-manifestation of the underlying atomic-scale forces and chemical makeup, most conspicuous in two-dimensional (2D) materials of keen current interest. If the crystal surface/edge energy is known for different directions, its shape can be obtained by the geometric Wulff construction, a tenet of crystal physics; however, if symmetry is lacking, the crystal edge energy cannot be defined or calculated and thus its shape becomes elusive, presenting an insurmountable problem for theory. Here we show how one can proceed with auxiliary edge energies towards a constructive prediction, through well-planned computations, of a unique crystal shape. We demonstrate it for challenging materials such as SnSe, which is of C2v symmetry, and even AgNO2 of C1, which has no symmetry at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sharmila N Shirodkar
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Vorwerk C, Sheng N, Govoni M, Huang B, Galli G. Quantum embedding theories to simulate condensed systems on quantum computers. Nat Comput Sci 2022; 2:424-432. [PMID: 38177872 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-022-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Quantum computers hold promise to improve the efficiency of quantum simulations of materials and to enable the investigation of systems and properties that are more complex than tractable at present on classical architectures. Here, we discuss computational frameworks to carry out electronic structure calculations of solids on noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers using embedding theories, and we give examples for a specific class of materials, that is, solid materials hosting spin defects. These are promising systems to build future quantum technologies, such as quantum computers, quantum sensors and quantum communication devices. Although quantum simulations on quantum architectures are in their infancy, promising results for realistic systems appear to be within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vorwerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nan Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marco Govoni
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
| | - Benchen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
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8
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Chen W, Semenok DV, Kvashnin AG, Huang X, Kruglov IA, Galasso M, Song H, Duan D, Goncharov AF, Prakapenka VB, Oganov AR, Cui T. Synthesis of molecular metallic barium superhydride: pseudocubic BaH 12. Nat Commun 2021; 12:273. [PMID: 33431840 PMCID: PMC7801595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in the La-H system, we studied the formation of new chemical compounds in the barium-hydrogen system at pressures from 75 to 173 GPa. Using in situ generation of hydrogen from NH3BH3, we synthesized previously unknown superhydride BaH12 with a pseudocubic (fcc) Ba sublattice in four independent experiments. Density functional theory calculations indicate close agreement between the theoretical and experimental equations of state. In addition, we identified previously known P6/mmm-BaH2 and possibly BaH10 and BaH6 as impurities in the samples. Ab initio calculations show that newly discovered semimetallic BaH12 contains H2 and H3- molecular units and detached H12 chains which are formed as a result of a Peierls-type distortion of the cubic cage structure. Barium dodecahydride is a unique molecular hydride with metallic conductivity that demonstrates the superconducting transition around 20 K at 140 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Dmitrii V Semenok
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow, 143026, Russia
| | - Alexander G Kvashnin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow, 143026, Russia
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Ivan A Kruglov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), Moscow, 127055, Russia
| | - Michele Galasso
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow, 143026, Russia
| | - Hao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Defang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Artem R Oganov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow, 143026, Russia.
| | - Tian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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