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Welsh RA, Song N, Park CS, Peske JD, Sadegh-Nasseri S. H2-O deficiency promotes regulatory T cell differentiation and CD4 T cell hyperactivity. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1304798. [PMID: 38250071 PMCID: PMC10796743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial immune modulators, yet the exact mechanism of thymic Treg development remains controversial. Here, we present the first direct evidence for H2-O, an MHC class II peptide editing molecular chaperon, on selection of thymic Tregs. We identified that lack of H2-O in the thymic medulla promotes thymic Treg development and leads to an increased peripheral Treg frequency. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of splenic CD4 T cells revealed not only an enrichment of effector-like Tregs, but also activated CD4 T cells in the absence of H2-O. Our data support two concepts; a) lack of H2-O expression in the thymic medulla creates an environment permissive to Treg development and, b) that loss of H2-O drives increased basal auto-stimulation of CD4 T cells. These findings can help in better understanding of predispositions to autoimmunity and design of therapeutics for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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2
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Truong N, Cottingham AL, Dharmaraj S, Shaw JR, Lasola JJM, Goodis CC, Fletcher S, Pearson RM. Multimodal nanoparticle-containing modified suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid polymer conjugates to mitigate immune dysfunction in severe inflammation. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10611. [PMID: 38193117 PMCID: PMC10771562 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive immune activation and immunosuppression are opposing factors that contribute to the dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses seen in severe inflammation and sepsis. Here, a novel analog of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA-OH), was incorporated into immunomodulatory poly(lactic acid)-based nanoparticles (iNP-SAHA) by employing a prodrug approach through the covalent modification of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with SAHA-OH. iNP-SAHA formulation allowed for controlled incorporation and delivery of SAHA-OH from iNP-SAHA and treatment led to multimodal biological responses including significant reductions in proinflammatory cytokine secretions and gene expression, while increasing the survival of primary macrophages under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Using a lethal LPS-induced endotoxemia mouse model of sepsis, iNP-SAHA administration improved the survival of mice in a dose-dependent manner and tended to improve survival at the lowest doses compared to iNP control. Further, iNP-SAHA reduced the levels of plasma proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with sepsis more significantly than iNP and similarly improved inflammation-induced spleen and liver toxicity as iNP, supporting its potential polypharmacological activity. Collectively, iNP-SAHA offers a potential drug delivery approach to modulate the multifaceted inflammatory responses observed in diseases such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Andrea L. Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Shruti Dharmaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jacob R. Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Christopher C. Goodis
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ryan M. Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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3
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Chaudhary PP, O'Laughlin B, Kumar PS, Dabdoub SM, Levy S, Myles IA, Hourigan SK. Vaginal delivery provides skin colonization resistance from environmental microbes in the NICU. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1506. [PMID: 38058267 PMCID: PMC10701179 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prashant Chaudhary
- Epithelial Therapeutics UnitNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Brynn O'Laughlin
- Clinical Microbiome UnitNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Purnima S. Kumar
- Department of Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Shareef M. Dabdoub
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational BiologyCollege of DentistryUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Shira Levy
- Clinical Microbiome UnitNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ian A. Myles
- Epithelial Therapeutics UnitNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Suchitra K. Hourigan
- Clinical Microbiome UnitNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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4
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Sayedahmed EE, Elshafie NO, Zhang G, Mohammed SI, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Enhancement of mucosal innate and adaptive immunity following intranasal immunization of mice with a bovine adenoviral vector. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1305937. [PMID: 38077380 PMCID: PMC10702558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nonhuman adenoviral (AdV) gene delivery platforms have significant value due to their ability to elude preexisting AdV vector immunity in most individuals. Previously, we have demonstrated that intranasal (IN) immunization of mice with BAd-H5HA, a bovine AdV type 3 (BAdV3) vector expressing H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), resulted in enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The BAd-H5HA IN immunization resulted in complete protection following the challenge with an antigenically distinct H5N1 virus compared to the mouse group similarly immunized with HAd-H5HA, a human AdV type 5 (HAdV5) vector expressing HA. Methods Here, we attempted to determine the activation of innate immune responses in the lungs of mice inoculated intranasally with BAd-H5HA compared to the HAd-H5HA-inoculated group. Results RNA-Seq analyses of the lung tissues revealed differential expression (DE) of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity in animals immunized with BAd-H5HA. The top ten enhanced genes were verified by RT-PCR. Consistently, there were transient increases in the levels of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-5, TNF- α, LIF, IL-17, G-CSF, MIP-1β, MCP-1, MIP-2, and GM-CSF) and toll-like receptors in the lungs of the group inoculated with BAdV vectors compared to that of the HAdV vector group. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the BAdV vectors induce enhanced innate and adaptive immunity-related factors compared to HAdV vectors in mice. Thus, the BAdV vector platform could be an excellent gene delivery system for recombinant vaccines and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nelly O. Elshafie
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - GuangJun Zhang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sulma I. Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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5
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Yeo M, Sarkar A, Singh YP, Derman ID, Datta P, Ozbolat IT. Synergistic coupling between 3D bioprinting and vascularization strategies. Biofabrication 2023; 16:012003. [PMID: 37944186 PMCID: PMC10658349 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad0b3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers promising solutions to the complex challenge of vascularization in biofabrication, thereby enhancing the prospects for clinical translation of engineered tissues and organs. While existing reviews have touched upon 3D bioprinting in vascularized tissue contexts, the current review offers a more holistic perspective, encompassing recent technical advancements and spanning the entire multistage bioprinting process, with a particular emphasis on vascularization. The synergy between 3D bioprinting and vascularization strategies is crucial, as 3D bioprinting can enable the creation of personalized, tissue-specific vascular network while the vascularization enhances tissue viability and function. The review starts by providing a comprehensive overview of the entire bioprinting process, spanning from pre-bioprinting stages to post-printing processing, including perfusion and maturation. Next, recent advancements in vascularization strategies that can be seamlessly integrated with bioprinting are discussed. Further, tissue-specific examples illustrating how these vascularization approaches are customized for diverse anatomical tissues towards enhancing clinical relevance are discussed. Finally, the underexplored intraoperative bioprinting (IOB) was highlighted, which enables the direct reconstruction of tissues within defect sites, stressing on the possible synergy shaped by combining IOB with vascularization strategies for improved regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Yeo
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Anwita Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Yogendra Pratap Singh
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Irem Deniz Derman
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Pallab Datta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States of America
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, United States of America
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, Adana 01130, Turkey
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6
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Canaria DA, Rodriguez JA, Wang L, Yeo FJ, Yan B, Wang M, Campbell C, Kazemian M, Olson MR. Tox induces T cell IL-10 production in a BATF-dependent manner. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275423. [PMID: 38054003 PMCID: PMC10694202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tox is a member of the high mobility group (HMG)-Box transcription factors and plays important roles in thymic T cell development. Outside of the thymus, however, Tox is also highly expressed by CD8 and CD4 T cells in various states of activation and in settings of cancer and autoimmune disease. In CD4 T cells, Tox has been primarily studied in T follicular helper (TFH) cells where it, along with Tox2, promotes TFH differentiation by regulating key TFH-associated genes and suppressing CD4 cytotoxic T cell differentiation. However, the role of Tox in other T helper (Th) cell subtypes is less clear. Here, we show that Tox is expressed in several physiologically-activated Th subtypes and its ectopic expression enhances the in vitro differentiation of Th2 and T regulatory (Treg) cells. Tox overexpression in unpolarized Th cells also induced the expression of several genes involved in cell activation (Pdcd1), cellular trafficking (Ccl3, Ccl4, Xcl1) and suppressing inflammation (Il10) across multiple Th subtypes. We found that Tox binds the regulatory regions of these genes along with the transcription factors BATF, IRF4, and JunB and that Tox-induced expression of IL-10, but not PD-1, is BATF-dependent. Based on these data, we propose a model where Tox regulates Th cell chemotactic genes involved in facilitating dendritic cell-T cell interactions and aids in the resolution or prevention of inflammation through the production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Alejandro Canaria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Luopin Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Franklin J. Yeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Bingyu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mengbo Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Charlotte Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R. Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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7
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Khatun A, Wu X, Qi F, Gai K, Kharel A, Kudek MR, Fraser L, Ceicko A, Kasmani MY, Majnik A, Burns R, Chen Y, Salzman N, Taparowsky EJ, Fang D, Williams CB, Cui W. BATF is Required for Treg Homeostasis and Stability to Prevent Autoimmune Pathology. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2206692. [PMID: 37587835 PMCID: PMC10558681 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are inevitable to prevent deleterious immune responses to self and commensal microorganisms. Treg function requires continuous expression of the transcription factor (TF) FOXP3 and is divided into two major subsets: resting (rTregs) and activated (aTregs). Continuous T cell receptor (TCR) signaling plays a vital role in the differentiation of aTregs from their resting state, and in their immune homeostasis. The process by which Tregs differentiate, adapt tissue specificity, and maintain stable phenotypic expression at the transcriptional level is still inconclusivei. In this work, the role of BATF is investigated, which is induced in response to TCR stimulation in naïve T cells and during aTreg differentiation. Mice lacking BATF in Tregs developed multiorgan autoimmune pathology. As a transcriptional regulator, BATF is required for Treg differentiation, homeostasis, and stabilization of FOXP3 expression in different lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Epigenetically, BATF showed direct regulation of Treg-specific genes involved in differentiation, maturation, and tissue accumulation. Most importantly, FOXP3 expression and Treg stability require continuous BATF expression in Tregs, as it regulates demethylation and accessibility of the CNS2 region of the Foxp3 locus. Considering its role in Treg stability, BATF should be considered an important therapeutic target in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Fu Qi
- Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City2401 Gillham RdKansas CityMO64108USA
| | - Kexin Gai
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University303 E Chicago AveChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Arjun Kharel
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University303 E Chicago AveChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Matthew R. Kudek
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank RoadMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Lisa Fraser
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Ashley Ceicko
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Moujtaba Y. Kasmani
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Amber Majnik
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City2401 Gillham RdKansas CityMO64108USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Yi‐Guang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile DiabetesMedical College of Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank RoadMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Nita Salzman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank RoadMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | | | - Dayu Fang
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University303 E Chicago AveChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Calvin B. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of Wisconsin8701 Watertown Plank RoadMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteVersiti WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University303 E Chicago AveChicagoIL60611USA
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8
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Lujan RA, Pei L, Shannon JP, Dábilla N, Dolan PT, Hickman HD. Widespread and dynamic expression of granzyme C by skin-resident antiviral T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236595. [PMID: 37809077 PMCID: PMC10552530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
After recognition of cognate antigen (Ag), effector CD8+ T cells secrete serine proteases called granzymes in conjunction with perforin, allowing granzymes to enter and kill target cells. While the roles for some granzymes during antiviral immune responses are well characterized, the function of others, such as granzyme C and its human ortholog granzyme H, is still unclear. Granzyme C is constitutively expressed by mature, cytolytic innate lymphoid 1 cells (ILC1s). Whether other antiviral effector cells also produce granzyme C and whether it is continually expressed or responsive to the environment is unknown. To explore this, we analyzed granzyme C expression in different murine skin-resident antiviral lymphocytes. At steady-state, dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) expressed granzyme C while dermal γδ T cells did not. CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) generated in response to cutaneous viral infection with the poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) also expressed granzyme C. Both DETCs and virus-specific CD8+ TRM upregulated granzyme C upon local VACV infection. Continual Ag exposure was not required for maintained TRM expression of granzyme C, although re-encounter with cognate Ag boosted expression. Additionally, IL-15 treatment increased granzyme C expression in both DETCs and TRM. Together, our data demonstrate that granzyme C is widely expressed by antiviral T cells in the skin and that expression is responsive to both environmental stimuli and TCR engagement. These data suggest that granzyme C may have functions other than killing in tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon A. Lujan
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Luxin Pei
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John P. Shannon
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nathânia Dábilla
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patrick T. Dolan
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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9
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Cortés‐Llanos B, Jain V, Cooper‐Volkheimer A, Browne EP, Murdoch DM, Allbritton NL. Automated microarray platform for single-cell sorting and collection of lymphocytes following HIV reactivation. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10551. [PMID: 37693052 PMCID: PMC10487311 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising strategy to cure HIV-infected individuals is to use latency reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate latent viruses, followed by host clearance of infected reservoir cells. However, reactivation of latent proviruses within infected cells is heterogeneous and often incomplete. This fact limits strategies to cure HIV which may require complete elimination of viable virus from all cellular reservoirs. For this reason, understanding the mechanism(s) of reactivation of HIV within cellular reservoirs is critical to achieve therapeutic success. Methodologies enabling temporal tracking of single cells as they reactivate followed by sorting and molecular analysis of those cells are urgently needed. To this end, microraft arrays were adapted to image T-lymphocytes expressing mCherry under the control of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, in response to the application of LRAs (prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA). In response to prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA, 30.5%, 11.2%, and 12.1% percentage of cells, respectively. The arrays enabled large numbers of single cells (>25,000) to be imaged over time. mCherry fluorescence quantification identified cell subpopulations with differing reactivation kinetics. Significant heterogeneity was observed at the single-cell level between different LRAs in terms of time to reactivation, rate of mCherry fluorescence increase upon reactivation, and peak fluorescence attained. In response to prostratin, subpopulations of T lymphocytes with slow and fast reactivation kinetics were identified. Single T-lymphocytes that were either fast or slow reactivators were sorted, and single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed. Different genes associated with inflammation, immune activation, and cellular and viral transcription factors were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Cortés‐Llanos
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonWashingtonUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Molecular PhysiologyDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Edward P. Browne
- Department of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of North CarolinaNorth CarolinaUSA
- UNC HIV Cure CenterUniversity of North CarolinaNorth CarolinaUSA
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10
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Desai JV, Lionakis MS. C5-C5aR1-mediated immune responses during fungal infection: Clinical and translational implications. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1424. [PMID: 37723621 PMCID: PMC10507165 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jigar V. Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM)National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
- Present address:
Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM)National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
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11
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Ung T, Rutledge NS, Weiss AM, Esser-Kahn AP, Deak P. Cell-targeted vaccines: implications for adaptive immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221008. [PMID: 37662903 PMCID: PMC10468591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in immunology and chemistry have facilitated advancements in targeted vaccine technology. Targeting specific cell types, tissue locations, or receptors can allow for modulation of the adaptive immune response to vaccines. This review provides an overview of cellular targets of vaccines, suggests methods of targeting and downstream effects on immune responses, and summarizes general trends in the literature. Understanding the relationships between vaccine targets and subsequent adaptive immune responses is critical for effective vaccine design. This knowledge could facilitate design of more effective, disease-specialized vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ung
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nakisha S. Rutledge
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adam M. Weiss
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peter Deak
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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12
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Valenzuela-Leon PC, Campos Chagas A, Martin-Martin I, Williams AE, Berger M, Shrivastava G, Paige AS, Kotsyfakis M, Tirloni L, Calvo E. Guianensin, a Simulium guianense salivary protein, has broad anti-hemostatic and anti-inflammatory properties. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163367. [PMID: 37469515 PMCID: PMC10353047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary glands from blood-feeding arthropods secrete several molecules that inhibit mammalian hemostasis and facilitate blood feeding and pathogen transmission. The salivary functions from Simulium guianense, the main vector of Onchocerciasis in South America, remain largely understudied. Here, we have characterized a salivary protease inhibitor (Guianensin) from the blackfly Simulium guianense. Materials and methods A combination of bioinformatic and biophysical analyses, recombinant protein production, in vitro and in vivo experiments were utilized to characterize the molecula mechanism of action of Guianensin. Kinetics of Guianensin interaction with proteases involved in vertebrate inflammation and coagulation were carried out by surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry. Plasma recalcification and coagulometry and tail bleeding assays were performed to understand the role of Guianensin in coagulation. Results Guianensin was identified in the sialotranscriptome of adult S. guianense flies and belongs to the Kunitz domain of protease inhibitors. It targets various serine proteases involved in hemostasis and inflammation. Binding to these enzymes is highly specific to the catalytic site and is not detectable for their zymogens, the catalytic site-blocked human coagulation factor Xa (FXa), or thrombin. Accordingly, Guianensin significantly increased both PT (Prothrombin time) and aPTT (Activated partial thromboplastin time) in human plasma and consequently increased blood clotting time ex vivo. Guianensin also inhibited prothrombinase activity on endothelial cells. We show that Guianensin acts as a potent anti-inflammatory molecule on FXa-induced paw edema formation in mice. Conclusion The information generated by this work highlights the biological functionality of Guianensin as an antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory protein that may play significant roles in blood feeding and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adeline E. Williams
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Markus Berger
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Gaurav Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew S. Paige
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michalis Kotsyfakis
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Fisher DJ, Beare PA. Recent advances in genetic systems in obligate intracellular human-pathogenic bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1202245. [PMID: 37404720 PMCID: PMC10315504 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1202245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to genetically manipulate a pathogen is fundamental to discovering factors governing host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level and is critical for devising treatment and prevention strategies. While the genetic "toolbox" for many important bacterial pathogens is extensive, approaches for modifying obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens were classically limited due in part to the uniqueness of their obligatory lifestyles. Many researchers have confronted these challenges over the past two and a half decades leading to the development of multiple approaches to construct plasmid-bearing recombinant strains and chromosomal gene inactivation and deletion mutants, along with gene-silencing methods enabling the study of essential genes. This review will highlight seminal genetic achievements and recent developments (past 5 years) for Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., Chlamydia spp., and Coxiella burnetii including progress being made for the still intractable Orientia tsutsugamushi. Alongside commentary of the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches, future research directions will be discussed to include methods for C. burnetii that should have utility in the other obligate intracellular bacteria. Collectively, the future appears bright for unraveling the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of these significant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J. Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
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14
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Seim RF, Herring LE, Mordant AL, Willis ML, Wallet SM, Coleman LG, Maile R. Involvement of extracellular vesicles in the progression, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of whole-body ionizing radiation-induced immune dysfunction. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188830. [PMID: 37404812 PMCID: PMC10316130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) develops after exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation and features immune suppression and organ failure. Currently, there are no diagnostics to identify the occurrence or severity of exposure and there are limited treatments and preventative strategies to mitigate ARS. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of intercellular communication that contribute to immune dysfunction across many diseases. We investigated if EV cargo can identify whole body irradiation (WBIR) exposure and if EVs promote ARS immune dysfunction. We hypothesized that beneficial EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) would blunt ARS immune dysfunction and might serve as prophylactic radioprotectants. Mice received WBIR (2 or 9 Gy) with assessment of EVs at 3 and 7 days after exposure. LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of WBIR-EVs found dose-related changes as well as candidate proteins that were increased with both doses and timepoints (34 total) such as Thromboxane-A Synthase and lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2. Suprabasin and Sarcalumenin were increased only after 9 Gy suggesting these proteins may indicate high dose/lethal exposure. Analysis of EV miRNAs identified miR-376 and miR-136, which were increased up to 200- and 60-fold respectively by both doses of WBIR and select miRNAs such as miR-1839 and miR-664 were increased only with 9 Gy. WBIR-EVs (9 Gy) were biologically active and blunted immune responses to LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages, inhibiting canonical signaling pathways associated with wound healing and phagosome formation. When given 3 days after exposure, MSC-EVs slightly modified immune gene expression changes in the spleens of mice in response to WBIR and in a combined radiation plus burn injury exposure (RCI). MSC-EVs normalized the expression of certain key immune genes such as NFκBia and Cxcr4 (WBIR), Map4k1, Ccr9 and Cxcl12 (RCI) and lowered plasma TNFα cytokine levels after RCI. When given prophylactically (24 and 3 hours before exposure), MSC-EVs prolonged survival to the 9 Gy lethal exposure. Thus, EVs are important participants in ARS. EV cargo might be used to diagnose WBIR exposure, and MSC-EVs might serve as radioprotectants to blunt the impact of toxic radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland F. Seim
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Angie L. Mordant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Micah L. Willis
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shannon M. Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Leon G. Coleman
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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15
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Morina L, Jones ME, Oguz C, Kaplan MJ, Gangaplara A, Fitzhugh CD, Kanakry CG, Shevach EM, Buszko M. Co-expression of Foxp3 and Helios facilitates the identification of human T regulatory cells in health and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114780. [PMID: 37350974 PMCID: PMC10282999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3 is regarded as the major transcription factor for T regulatory (Treg) cells and expression of Foxp3 is used to identify and quantitate Treg cells in mouse models. However, several studies have demonstrated that human CD4+ T conventional (Tconv) cells activated in vitro by T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation can express Foxp3. This observation has raised doubt as to the suitability of Foxp3 as a Treg marker in man. Helios, a member of the Ikaros gene family, has been shown to be expressed by 80-90% of human Foxp3+ Treg cells and can potentially serve as a marker of human Treg. Here, we confirm that Foxp3 expression is readily upregulated by Tconv upon TCR stimulation in vitro, while Helios expression is not altered. More importantly, we show that Foxp3 expression is not elevated by stimulation of hTconv in a humanized mouse model of graft versus host disease (GVHD) and in patients with a wide variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases including sickle cell disease, acute and chronic GVHD, systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as critical COVID-19. In all patients studied, an excellent correlation was observed between the percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing Foxp3 and the percentage expressing Helios. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that Foxp3 is not induced upon Tconv cell activation in vivo and that Foxp3 expression alone can be used to quantitate Treg cells in humans. Nevertheless, the combined use of Foxp3 and Helios expression provides a more reliable approach for the characterization of Treg in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra Morina
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Madalyn E. Jones
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cihan Oguz
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Axle Informatics, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mariana J. Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Early Sickle Mortality, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Courtney D. Fitzhugh
- Laboratory of Early Sickle Mortality, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher G. Kanakry
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ethan M. Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maja Buszko
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Kiran S, Mandal M, Rakib A, Bajwa A, Singh UP. miR-10a-3p modulates adiposity and suppresses adipose inflammation through TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213415. [PMID: 37334370 PMCID: PMC10272755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a multifactorial disease characterized by an enhanced amount of fat and energy storage in adipose tissue (AT). Obesity appears to promote and maintain low-grade chronic inflammation by activating a subset of inflammatory T cells, macrophages, and other immune cells that infiltrate the AT. Maintenance of AT inflammation during obesity involves regulation by microRNAs (miRs), which also regulate the expression of genes implicated in adipocyte differentiation. This study aims to use ex vivo and in vitro approaches to evaluate the role and mechanism of miR-10a-3p in adipose inflammation and adipogenesis. Methods Wild-type BL/6 mice were placed on normal (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and their obesity phenotype, inflammatory genes, and miRs expression were examined in the AT. We also used differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes for mechanistic in vitro studies. Results Microarray analysis allowed us to identify an altered set of miRs in the AT immune cells and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) prediction demonstrated that miR-10a-3p expression was downregulated in AT immune cells in the HFD group as compared to ND. A molecular mimic of miR-10a-3p reduced expression of inflammatory M1 macrophages, cytokines, and chemokines, including transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), and interleukin 17F (IL-17F) and induced expression of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) in the immune cells isolated from AT of HFD-fed mice as compared to ND. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the miR-10a-3p mimics also reduced expression of proinflammatory genes and lipid accumulation, which plays a role in the dysregulation of AT function. In these cells, overexpression of miR-10a-3p reduced the expression of TGF-β1, Smad3, CHOP-10, and fatty acid synthase (FASN), relative to the control scramble miRs. Conclusion Our findings suggest that miR-10a-3p mimic mediates the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling to improve metabolic markers and adipose inflammation. This study provides a new opportunity for the development of miR-10a-3p as a novel therapeutic for adipose inflammation, and its associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Mousumi Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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17
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Donnell D, Gao F, Hughes JP, Hanscom B, Corey L, Cohen MS, Edupuganti S, Mgodi N, Rees H, Baeten JM, Gray G, Bekker L, Hosseinipour M, Delany‐Moretlwe S. Counterfactual estimation of efficacy against placebo for novel PrEP agents using external trial data: example of injectable cabotegravir and oral PrEP in women. J Int AIDS Soc 2023; 26:e26118. [PMID: 37363917 PMCID: PMC10292682 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple antiretroviral agents have demonstrated efficacy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). As a result, clinical trials of novel agents have transitioned from placebo- to active-controlled designs; however, active-controlled trials do not provide an estimate of efficacy versus no use of PrEP. Counterfactual placebo comparisons using other data sources could be employed to provide this information. METHODS We compared the active-controlled study (HPTN 084) of injectable cabotegravir (CAB-LA) versus daily oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) among women from seven countries in Africa to three external, contemporaneous randomized HIV prevention trials from which we constructed counterfactual placebo estimates. We used direct standardization via analysis weights to achieve the same distribution of person-years between the external study and HPTN 084, across strata predictive of HIV risk (country and selected risk covariates). We estimated prevention efficacy against a counterfactual placebo to provide information on the use of CAB-LA and FTC/TDF compared to no intervention. We compared the counterfactual placebo findings for FTC/TDF to previous placebo-controlled trials, adjusted for observed adherence to daily pills. RESULTS Distribution of age and baseline prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia were similar among matched counterfactual placebo and observed HPTN 084 arms after standardization. Counterfactual estimates of CAB-LA versus placebo in all three settings showed a consistent risk reduction of 93%-94%, with lower bounds of the confidence intervals above 72%. Observed adherence (quantifiable tenofovir in plasma) in HPTN 084 was 54%-56%, and estimated efficacy of daily oral FTC/TDF against a counterfactual placebo was consistent with a predicted risk reduction of 39%-40% for this level of daily pill use. CONCLUSIONS Counterfactual placebo rates of HIV acquisition derived from external trial data in similar locations and time can be used to support estimates of placebo-based efficacy of a novel HIV prevention agent. External trial data must be standardized to be representative of the clinical trial cohort testing the novel HIV prevention agent, accounting for confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Gao
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | | | | | - Myron S. Cohen
- University of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research CentreHarareZimbabwe
| | | | | | - Glenda Gray
- South Africa Medical Research CouncilTygerbergSouth Africa
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18
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Katariya MM, Snee M, Tunnicliffe RB, Kavanagh ME, Boshoff HIM, Amadi CN, Levy CW, Munro AW, Abell C, Leys D, Coyne AG, McLean KJ. Structure Based Discovery of Inhibitors of CYP125 and CYP142 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203868. [PMID: 36912255 PMCID: PMC10205683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was responsible for approximately 1.6 million deaths in 2021. With the emergence of extensive drug resistance, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed, and continued drug discovery efforts required. Host-derived lipids such as cholesterol not only support Mtb growth, but are also suspected to function in immunomodulation, with links to persistence and immune evasion. Mtb cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes facilitate key steps in lipid catabolism and thus present potential targets for inhibition. Here we present a series of compounds based on an ethyl 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate pharmacophore which bind strongly to both Mtb cholesterol oxidases CYP125 and CYP142. Using a structure-guided approach, combined with biophysical characterization, compounds with micromolar range in-cell activity against clinically relevant drug-resistant isolates were obtained. These will incite further development of much-needed additional treatment options and provide routes to probe the role of CYP125 and CYP142 in Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Katariya
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Matthew Snee
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Richard B. Tunnicliffe
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Madeline E. Kavanagh
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Department of ChemistryThe Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA 92-37USA
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research SectionNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and MicrobiologyNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD 20892USA
| | - Cecilia N. Amadi
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Colin W. Levy
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Andrew W. Munro
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Chris Abell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - David Leys
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Anthony G. Coyne
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Kirsty J. McLean
- Department of Biological and Geographical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldSchool of Applied SciencesQueensgateHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
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19
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Beers BJ, Similuk MN, Ghosh R, Seifert BA, Jamal L, Kamen M, Setzer MR, Jodarski C, Duncan R, Hunt D, Mixer M, Cao W, Bi W, Veltri D, Karlins E, Zhang L, Li Z, Oler AJ, Jevtich K, Yu Y, Hullfish H, Bielekova B, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio P, Dang Do A, Huryn LA, Olivier KN, Su HC, Lyons JJ, Zerbe CS, Rao VK, Keller MD, Freeman AF, Holland SM, Franco LM, Walkiewicz MA, Yan J. Chromosomal microarray analysis supplements exome sequencing to diagnose children with suspected inborn errors of immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172004. [PMID: 37215141 PMCID: PMC10196392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Though copy number variants (CNVs) have been suggested to play a significant role in inborn errors of immunity (IEI), the precise nature of this role remains largely unexplored. We sought to determine the diagnostic contribution of CNVs using genome-wide chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in children with IEI. Methods We performed exome sequencing (ES) and CMA for 332 unrelated pediatric probands referred for evaluation of IEI. The analysis included primary, secondary, and incidental findings. Results Of the 332 probands, 134 (40.4%) received molecular diagnoses. Of these, 116/134 (86.6%) were diagnosed by ES alone. An additional 15/134 (11.2%) were diagnosed by CMA alone, including two likely de novo changes. Three (2.2%) participants had diagnostic molecular findings from both ES and CMA, including two compound heterozygotes and one participant with two distinct diagnoses. Half of the participants with CMA contribution to diagnosis had CNVs in at least one non-immune gene, highlighting the clinical complexity of these cases. Overall, CMA contributed to 18/134 diagnoses (13.4%), increasing the overall diagnostic yield by 15.5% beyond ES alone. Conclusion Pairing ES and CMA can provide a comprehensive evaluation to clarify the complex factors that contribute to both immune and non-immune phenotypes. Such a combined approach to genetic testing helps untangle complex phenotypes, not only by clarifying the differential diagnosis, but in some cases by identifying multiple diagnoses contributing to the overall clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna J. Beers
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Morgan N. Similuk
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rajarshi Ghosh
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bryce A. Seifert
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Leila Jamal
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Kamen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael R. Setzer
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Colleen Jodarski
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rylee Duncan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Devin Hunt
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Madison Mixer
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wenjia Cao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weimin Bi
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Veltri
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eric Karlins
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lingwen Zhang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhiwen Li
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew J. Oler
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen Jevtich
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yunting Yu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Haley Hullfish
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bibiana Bielekova
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela Frischmeyer-Guerrerio
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - An Dang Do
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laryssa A. Huryn
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth N. Olivier
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Helen C. Su
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan J. Lyons
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christa S. Zerbe
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - V. Koneti Rao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael D. Keller
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexandra F. Freeman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven M. Holland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Luis M. Franco
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Magdalena A. Walkiewicz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jia Yan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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20
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Lee E, Redzic JS, Saviola AJ, Li X, Ebmeier CC, Kutateladze T, Hansen KC, Zhao R, Ahn N, Sluchanko NN, Eisenmesser E. Molecular insight into the specific interactions of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 nucleocapsid with RNA and host protein. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4603. [PMID: 36807437 PMCID: PMC10019451 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein is the most abundantly expressed viral protein during infection where it targets both RNA and host proteins. However, identifying how a single viral protein interacts with so many different targets remains a challenge, providing the impetus here for identifying the interaction sites through multiple methods. Through a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron microscopy, and biochemical methods, we have characterized nucleocapsid interactions with RNA and with three host proteins, which include human cyclophilin-A, Pin1, and 14-3-3τ. Regarding RNA interactions, the nucleocapsid protein N-terminal folded domain preferentially interacts with smaller RNA fragments relative to the C-terminal region, suggesting an initial RNA engagement is largely dictated by this N-terminal region followed by weaker interactions to the C-terminal region. The nucleocapsid protein forms 10 nm ribonuclear complexes with larger RNA fragments that include 200 and 354 nucleic acids, revealing its potential diversity in sequestering different viral genomic regions during viral packaging. Regarding host protein interactions, while the nucleocapsid targets all three host proteins through its serine-arginine-rich region, unstructured termini of the nucleocapsid protein also engage host cyclophilin-A and host 14-3-3τ. Considering these host proteins play roles in innate immunity, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein may block the host response by competing interactions. Finally, phosphorylation of the nucleocapsid protein quenches an inherent dynamic exchange process within its serine-arginine-rich region. Our studies identify many of the diverse interactions that may be important for SARS-CoV-2 pathology during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjeong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Jasmina S. Redzic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Anthony J. Saviola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Xueni Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | | | - Tatiana Kutateladze
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, University of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Kirk Charles Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Natalie Ahn
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Nikolai N. Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Elan Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
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21
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First NJ, Pedreira-Lopez J, San-Silvestre MRF, Parrish KM, Lu XH, Gestal MC. Bordetella spp. utilize the type 3 secretion system to manipulate the VIP/VPAC2 signaling and promote colonization and persistence of the three classical Bordetella in the lower respiratory tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1111502. [PMID: 37065208 PMCID: PMC10090565 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bordetella are respiratory pathogens comprised of three classical Bordetella species: B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. With recent surges in Bordetella spp. cases and antibiotics becoming less effective to combat infectious diseases, there is an imperative need for novel antimicrobial therapies. Our goal is to investigate the possible targets of host immunomodulatory mechanisms that can be exploited to promote clearance of Bordetella spp. infections. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that promotes Th2 anti-inflammatory responses through VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor binding and activation of downstream signaling cascades. Methods We used classical growth in vitro assays to evaluate the effects of VIP on Bordetella spp. growth and survival. Using the three classical Bordetella spp. in combination with different mouse strains we were able to evaluate the role of VIP/VPAC2 signaling in the infectious dose 50 and infection dynamics. Finally using the B. bronchiseptica murine model we determine the suitability of VPAC2 antagonists as possible therapy for Bordetella spp. infections. Results Under the hypothesis that inhibition of VIP/VPAC2 signaling would promote clearance, we found that VPAC2-/- mice, lacking a functional VIP/VPAC2 axis, hinder the ability of the bacteria to colonize the lungs, resulting in decreased bacterial burden by all three classical Bordetella species. Moreover, treatment with VPAC2 antagonists decrease lung pathology, suggesting its potential use to prevent lung damage and dysfunction caused by infection. Our results indicate that the ability of Bordetella spp. to manipulate VIP/VPAC signaling pathway appears to be mediated by the type 3 secretion system (T3SS), suggesting that this might serve as a therapeutical target for other gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion Taken together, our findings uncover a novel mechanism of bacteria-host crosstalk that could provide a target for the future treatment for whooping cough as well as other infectious diseases caused primarily by persistent mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. First
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Jose Pedreira-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Manuel R. F. San-Silvestre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Katelyn M. Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Xiao-Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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22
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Clarke T, Du P, Kumar S, Okitsu SL, Schuette M, An Q, Zhang J, Tzvetkov E, Jensen MA, Niewold TB, Ferre EMN, Nardone J, Lionakis MS, Vlach J, DeMartino J, Bender AT. Autoantibody repertoire characterization provides insight into the pathogenesis of monogenic and polygenic autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1106537. [PMID: 36845162 PMCID: PMC9955420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases vary in the magnitude and diversity of autoantibody profiles, and these differences may be a consequence of different types of breaks in tolerance. Here, we compared the disparate autoimmune diseases autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ecto-dermal dystrophy (APECED), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjogren's syndrome (SjS) to gain insight into the etiology of breaks in tolerance triggering autoimmunity. APECED was chosen as a prototypical monogenic disease with organ-specific pathology while SjS and SLE represent polygenic autoimmunity with focal or systemic disease. Using protein microarrays for autoantibody profiling, we found that APECED patients develop a focused but highly reactive set of shared mostly anti-cytokine antibodies, while SLE patients develop broad and less expanded autoantibody repertoires against mostly intracellular autoantigens. SjS patients had few autoantibody specificities with the highest shared reactivities observed against Ro-52 and La. RNA-seq B-cell receptor analysis revealed that APECED samples have fewer, but highly expanded, clonotypes compared with SLE samples containing a diverse, but less clonally expanded, B-cell receptor repertoire. Based on these data, we propose a model whereby the presence of autoreactive T-cells in APECED allows T-dependent B-cell responses against autoantigens, while SLE is driven by breaks in peripheral B-cell tolerance and extrafollicular B-cell activation. These results highlight differences in the autoimmunity observed in several monogenic and polygenic disorders and may be generalizable to other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clarke
- TIP Immunology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, United States
| | - Pan Du
- TIP Immunology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Mark Schuette
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Qi An
- TIP Immunology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, United States
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- TIP Immunology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, United States
| | | | - Mark A. Jensen
- Department of Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Timothy B. Niewold
- Department of Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Elise M. N. Ferre
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Julie Nardone
- TIP Immunology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, United States
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jaromir Vlach
- TIP Immunology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, United States
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23
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Bhat M, Pasini E, Patel P, Yu J, Baciu C, Kurian SM, Levitsky J. Achieving tolerance modifies cancer susceptibility profiles in liver transplant recipients. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5150-5157. [PMID: 36205189 PMCID: PMC9972022 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term survival of transplant recipients is significantly impacted by malignancy. We aimed to determine whether calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-treated recipients converted to and weaned off molecular target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTOR-I) therapy have favorable changes in their molecular profiles in regard to malignancy risk. We performed gene expression profiling from liver biopsy and blood (PBMC) specimens followed by network analysis of key dysregulated genes, associated diseases and disorders, molecular and cellular functions using IPA software. Twenty non-immune, non-viremic patients were included, and 8 of them achieved tolerance. Two comparisons were performed: (1) tolerance time point vs tacrolimus monotherapy and (2) tolerance time point vs sirolimus monotherapy. Upon achieving tolerance, IPA predicted significant activation of DNA damage response (p = 5.40e-04) and inhibition of DNA replication (p = 7.56e-03). Conversion from sirolimus to tolerance showed decrease in HCC (p = 1.30e-02), hepatic steatosis (p = 5.60e-02) and liver fibrosis (p = 2.91e-02) associated genes. In conclusion, this longitudinal study of patients eventually achieving tolerance reveals an evolving molecular profile associated with decreased cancer risk and improved hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis. This provides a biological rationale for attempting conversion to mTOR-I therapy and tolerance following liver transplantation particularly in patients at higher risk of cancer incidence and progression post-transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Bhat
- Multi Organ Transplant Program and Division of GastroenterologyUniversity Health Network and University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Elisa Pasini
- Multi Organ Transplant Program and Division of GastroenterologyUniversity Health Network and University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Preya Patel
- Multi Organ Transplant Program and Division of GastroenterologyUniversity Health Network and University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Jeffrey Yu
- Multi Organ Transplant Program and Division of GastroenterologyUniversity Health Network and University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Cristina Baciu
- Multi Organ Transplant Program and Division of GastroenterologyUniversity Health Network and University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Sunil M. Kurian
- Scripps Clinic Bio‐Repository & Transplantation Research, Scripps Clinic & Green HospitalLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Josh Levitsky
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of SurgeryNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
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24
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Brault J, Liu T, Liu S, Lawson A, Choi U, Kozhushko N, Bzhilyanskaya V, Pavel-Dinu M, Meis RJ, Eckhaus MA, Burkett SS, Bosticardo M, Kleinstiver BP, Notarangelo LD, Lazzarotto CR, Tsai SQ, Wu X, Dahl GA, Porteus MH, Malech HL, De Ravin SS. CRISPR-Cas9-AAV versus lentivector transduction for genome modification of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency hematopoietic stem cells. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1067417. [PMID: 36685559 PMCID: PMC9846165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1067417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ex vivo gene therapy for treatment of Inborn errors of Immunity (IEIs) have demonstrated significant clinical benefit in multiple Phase I/II clinical trials. Current approaches rely on engineered retroviral vectors to randomly integrate copy(s) of gene-of-interest in autologous hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) genome permanently to provide gene function in transduced HSPCs and their progenies. To circumvent concerns related to potential genotoxicities due to the random vector integrations in HSPCs, targeted correction with CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing offers improved precision for functional correction of multiple IEIs. Methods We compare the two approaches for integration of IL2RG transgene for functional correction of HSPCs from patients with X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID-X1 or XSCID); delivery via current clinical lentivector (LV)-IL2RG versus targeted insertion (TI) of IL2RG via homology-directed repair (HDR) when using an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-IL2RG donor following double-strand DNA break at the endogenous IL2RG locus. Results and discussion In vitro differentiation of LV- or TI-treated XSCID HSPCs similarly overcome differentiation block into Pre-T-I and Pre-T-II lymphocytes but we observed significantly superior development of NK cells when corrected by TI (40.7% versus 4.1%, p = 0.0099). Transplants into immunodeficient mice demonstrated robust engraftment (8.1% and 23.3% in bone marrow) for LV- and TI-IL2RG HSPCs with efficient T cell development following TI-IL2RG in all four patients' HSPCs. Extensive specificity analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 editing with rhAmpSeq covering 82 predicted off-target sites found no evidence of indels in edited cells before (in vitro) or following transplant, in stark contrast to LV's non-targeted vector integration sites. Together, the improved efficiency and safety of IL2RG correction via CRISPR-Cas9-based TI approach provides a strong rationale for a clinical trial for treatment of XSCID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brault
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Taylor Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Amanda Lawson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Uimook Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nikita Kozhushko
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vera Bzhilyanskaya
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mara Pavel-Dinu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Michael A. Eckhaus
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sandra S. Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetic Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cicera R. Lazzarotto
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Shengdar Q. Tsai
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Matthew H. Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Suk See De Ravin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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25
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Bandara G, Falduto GH, Luker A, Bai Y, Pfeiffer A, Lack J, Metcalfe DD, Olivera A. CRISPR/Cas9-engineering of HMC-1.2 cells renders a human mast cell line with a single D816V-KIT mutation: An improved preclinical model for research on mastocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1078958. [PMID: 37025992 PMCID: PMC10071028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1078958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The HMC-1.2 human mast cell (huMC) line is often employed in the study of attributes of neoplastic huMCs as found in patients with mastocytosis and their sensitivity to interventional drugs in vitro and in vivo. HMC-1.2 cells express constitutively active KIT, an essential growth factor receptor for huMC survival and function, due to the presence of two oncogenic mutations (D816V and V560G). However, systemic mastocytosis is commonly associated with a single D816V-KIT mutation. The functional consequences of the coexisting KIT mutations in HMC-1.2 cells are unknown. We used CRISPR/Cas9-engineering to reverse the V560G mutation in HMC-1.2 cells, resulting in a subline (HMC-1.3) with a single mono-allelic D816V-KIT variant. Transcriptome analyses predicted reduced activity in pathways involved in survival, cell-to-cell adhesion, and neoplasia in HMC-1.3 compared to HMC-1.2 cells, with differences in expression of molecular components and cell surface markers. Consistently, subcutaneous inoculation of HMC-1.3 into mice produced significantly smaller tumors than HMC-1.2 cells, and in colony assays, HMC-1.3 formed less numerous and smaller colonies than HMC-1.2 cells. However, in liquid culture conditions, the growth of HMC-1.2 and HMC-1.3 cells was comparable. Phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, AKT and STAT5, representing pathways associated with constitutive oncogenic KIT signaling, were also similar between HMC-1.2 and HMC-1.3 cells. Despite these similarities in liquid culture, survival of HMC-1.3 cells was diminished in response to various pharmacological inhibitors, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors used clinically for treatment of advanced systemic mastocytosis, and JAK2 and BCL2 inhibitors, making HMC-1.3 more susceptible to these drugs than HMC-1.2 cells. Our study thus reveals that the additional V560G-KIT oncogenic variant in HMC-1.2 cells modifies transcriptional programs induced by D816V-KIT, confers a survival advantage, alters sensitivity to interventional drugs, and increases the tumorigenicity, suggesting that engineered huMCs with a single D816V-KIT variant may represent an improved preclinical model for mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethani Bandara
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Guido H. Falduto
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrea Luker
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yun Bai
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Annika Pfeiffer
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Justin Lack
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dean D. Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ana Olivera
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Ana Olivera,
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26
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Abstract
For decades, the main question immunologists have asked about autoimmunity is "what causes a break in self-tolerance?" We have not found good answers to that question, and I believe we are still so ignorant because it's the wrong question. Rather than a break in self-tolerance, I suggest that many autoimmune diseases might be due to defects in normal tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Matzinger
- Ghost Lab, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
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27
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Xie N, Gross AD. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation synergizes the knockdown and toxicity of GABA-gated chloride channel insecticides. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:4599-4607. [PMID: 35841135 PMCID: PMC9805118 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pest management requires continual identification of new physiological targets and strategies to control pests affecting agriculture and public/animal health. We propose the muscarinic system as a target for agrochemicals because of its physiological importance. Unlike the muscarinic system, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors are an established insecticide target. Here, we investigated target-site synergism using small molecule probes (agonist and antagonist) against the muscarinic system and their ability to enhance the toxicity of GABAergic insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen). RESULTS Oral delivery of pilocarpine (muscarinic agonist) enhanced the toxicity of dieldrin, fipronil, and lindane, resulting in synergist ratios (SRs) between 4-32-fold (orally delivered) or between 2-67-fold when insecticides were topically applied. The synergism between pilocarpine and the GABA-insecticides was greater than the synergism observed with atropine (muscarinic antagonist), and was greater, or comparable, to the synergism observed with the metabolic inhibitor piperonyl butoxide. In addition to lethality, pilocarpine increased the knockdown of lindane. The mechanism of synergism was also investigated in the central nervous system using extracellular electrophysiology, where pilocarpine (3 μmo/L) lowered the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of lindane from 1.3 (0.86-1.98) μmol/L to 0.17 (0.14-0.21) μmol/L and fipronil's IC50 from 2.2 (1.54-3.29) μmol/L to 0.56 (0.40-0.77) μmol/L. CONCLUSION Convergence of the cellular function between the muscarinic and GABAergic systems enhanced the insecticidal activity of GABA receptor blocking insecticides through the modulation of the central nervous system (CNS). The future impact of the findings could be the reduction of the active ingredient needed in a formulation with the development of muscarinic synergists. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xie
- Molecular Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of EntomologyVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Aaron D. Gross
- Molecular Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of EntomologyVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVAUSA
- School of Neuroscience, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Arthropod‐borne Diseases, and Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramBlacksburgVAUSA
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28
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Wheatley LM, Holloway JW, Svanes C, Sears MR, Breton C, Fedulov AV, Nilsson E, Vercelli D, Zhang H, Togias A, Arshad SH. The role of epigenetics in multi-generational transmission of asthma: An NIAID workshop report-based narrative review. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52:1264-1275. [PMID: 36073598 PMCID: PMC9613603 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that environmental exposures can result in effects on health that can be transmitted across generations, without the need for a direct exposure to the original factor, for example, the effect of grandparental smoking on grandchildren. Hence, an individual's health should be investigated with the knowledge of cross-generational influences. Epigenetic factors are molecular factors or processes that regulate genome activity and may impact cross-generational effects. Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance has been demonstrated in plants and animals, but the presence and extent of this process in humans are currently being investigated. Experimental data in animals support transmission of asthma risk across generations from a single exposure to the deleterious factor and suggest that the nature of this transmission is in part due to changes in DNA methylation, the most studied epigenetic process. The association of father's prepuberty exposure with offspring risk of asthma and lung function deficit may also be mediated by epigenetic processes. Multi-generational birth cohorts are ideal to investigate the presence and impact of transfer of disease susceptibility across generations and underlying mechanisms. However, multi-generational studies require recruitment and assessment of participants over several decades. Investigation of adult multi-generation cohorts is less resource intensive but run the risk of recall bias. Statistical analysis is challenging given varying degrees of longitudinal and hierarchical data but path analyses, structural equation modelling and multilevel modelling can be employed, and directed networks addressing longitudinal effects deserve exploration as an effort to study causal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Wheatley
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseaseNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - John W. Holloway
- Faculty of Medicine, Human Development and HealthUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Cecilie Svanes
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Carrie Breton
- University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexey V. Fedulov
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Eric Nilsson
- Washington State University PullmanPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of MemphisMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Alkis Togias
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseaseNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Syed Hasan Arshad
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy CentreSt Mary's HospitalNewportUK
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29
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Herbst C, Harshyne LA, Igyártó BZ. Intracellular monitoring by dendritic cells – a new way to stay informed – from a simple scavenger to an active gatherer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1053582. [PMID: 36389660 PMCID: PMC9647004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are required for the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Their ability to acquire antigens in the periphery is a critical step in this process. DCs express a wide variety of adhesion molecules and possess an extremely fluid plasma membrane that facilitates scavenging the extracellular environment and capturing material like exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and pathogens. Besides these standard routes, the acquisition of antigens by DCs can be further facilitated by tunneling nanotubes, trogocytosis, and gap junctions. However, in this article, we will argue that this is an incomplete picture, as certain observations in the literature cannot be explained if we assume DCs acquire antigens only through these means. Instead, it is more likely that DCs preferentially use adhesion molecules to form long-lasting cell-cell interactions to actively siphon material from cells they are in direct contact with. It is highly likely that DCs use this mechanism to continually capture membrane and cytosolic material directly from surrounding cells, which they scan to assess the health of the donor cell. Doing so would provide an array of advantages for the host immune system, as it would not be reliant on compromised cells to release antigens into the extracellular milieu. Therefore, we propose updating our view of DC antigen acquisition to include a process of active, contact-dependent capture of material directly from neighboring cell cytosol (cytocytosis), which we would term intracellular monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Herbst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Larry A. Harshyne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Botond Z. Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Botond Z. Igyártó,
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O’Donnell KL, Gourdine T, Fletcher P, Clancy CS, Marzi A. Protection from COVID-19 with a VSV-based vaccine expressing the spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025500. [PMID: 36353642 PMCID: PMC9638159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccine efforts countering the COVID-19 pandemic are centralized around the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein as viral antigen and have greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Since the start of this pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved resulting in new variants of concern (VOC) challenging the vaccine-established immunologic memory. We show that vaccination with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S plus the conserved nucleocapsid (N) protein was protective in a hamster challenge model when a single dose was administered 28 or 10 days prior to challenge, respectively. In this study, only intranasal vaccination resulted in protection against challenge with multiple VOC highlighting that the addition of the N protein indeed improved protective efficacy. This data demonstrates the ability of a VSV-based dual-antigen vaccine to reduce viral shedding and protect from disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Paige Fletcher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrea Marzi,
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31
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Wu K, Moore JA, Miller MD, Chen Y, Lee C, Xu W, Peng Z, Duan Q, Phillips GN, Uribe RA, Xiao H. Expanding the eukaryotic genetic code with a biosynthesized 21st amino acid. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4443. [PMID: 36173166 PMCID: PMC9601876 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetic code expansion technology allows for the use of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) to create semisynthetic organisms for both biochemical and biomedical applications. However, exogenous feeding of chemically synthesized ncAAs at high concentrations is required to compensate for the inefficient cellular uptake and incorporation of these components into proteins, especially in the case of eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms. To generate organisms capable of autonomously biosynthesizing an ncAA and incorporating it into proteins, we have engineered a metabolic pathway for the synthesis of O-methyltyrosine (OMeY). Specifically, we endowed organisms with a marformycins biosynthetic pathway-derived methyltransferase that efficiently converts tyrosine to OMeY in the presence of the co-factor S-adenosylmethionine. The resulting cells can produce and site-specifically incorporate OMeY into proteins at much higher levels than cells exogenously fed OMeY. To understand the structural basis for the substrate selectivity of the transferase, we solved the X-ray crystal structures of the ligand-free and tyrosine-bound enzymes. Most importantly, we have extended this OMeY biosynthetic system to both mammalian cells and the zebrafish model to enhance the utility of genetic code expansion. The creation of autonomous eukaryotes using a 21st amino acid will make genetic code expansion technology more applicable to multicellular organisms, providing valuable vertebrate models for biological and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan‐Lin Wu
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Joshua A. Moore
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology ProgramRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Yuda Chen
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Catherine Lee
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Weijun Xu
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Zane Peng
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Qinghui Duan
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - George N. Phillips
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Rosa A. Uribe
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology ProgramRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of BioengineeringRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
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32
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Monshizadeh M, Zomorodi S, Mortensen K, Ye Y. Revealing bacteria-phage interactions in human microbiome through the CRISPR-Cas immune systems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:933516. [PMID: 36250060 PMCID: PMC9554610 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.933516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is composed of a diverse consortium of microorganisms. Relatively little is known about the diversity of the bacteriophage population and their interactions with microbial organisms in the human microbiome. Due to the persistent rivalry between microbial organisms (hosts) and phages (invaders), genetic traces of phages are found in the hosts’ CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) found in bacteria include genetic material from phage and plasmids, often resultant from invasion events. We developed a computational pipeline (BacMGEnet), which can be used for inference and exploratory analysis of putative interactions between microbial organisms and MGEs (phages and plasmids) and their interaction network. Given a collection of genomes as the input, BacMGEnet utilizes computational tools we have previously developed to characterize CRISPR-Cas systems in the genomes, which are then used to identify putative invaders from publicly available collections of phage/prophage sequences. In addition, BacMGEnet uses a greedy algorithm to summarize identified putative interactions to produce a bacteria-MGE network in a standard network format. Inferred networks can be utilized to assist further examination of the putative interactions and for discovery of interaction patterns. Here we apply the BacMGEnet pipeline to a few collections of genomic/metagenomic datasets to demonstrate its utilities. BacMGEnet revealed a complex interaction network of the Phocaeicola vulgatus pangenome with its phage invaders, and the modularity analysis of the resulted network suggested differential activities of the different P. vulgatus’ CRISPR-Cas systems (Type I-C and Type II-C) against some phages. Analysis of the phage-bacteria interaction network of human gut microbiome revealed a mixture of phages with a broad host range (resulting in large modules with many bacteria and phages), and phages with narrow host range. We also showed that BacMGEnet can be used to infer phages that invade bacteria and their interactions in wound microbiome. We anticipate that BacMGEnet will become an important tool for studying the interactions between bacteria and their invaders for microbiome research.
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Abstract
The physical barrier of the intestine and associated mucosal immunity maintains a delicate homeostatic balance between the host and the external environment by regulating immune responses to commensals, as well as functioning as the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Understanding the orchestration and characteristics of the intestinal mucosal immune response during commensal or pathological conditions may provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying microbe-induced immunological tolerance, protection, and/or pathogenesis. Over the last decade, our knowledge about the interface between the host intestinal mucosa and the gut microbiome has been dominated by studies focused on bacterial communities, helminth parasites, and intestinal viruses. In contrast, specifically how commensal and pathogenic protozoa regulate intestinal immunity is less well studied. In this review, we provide an overview of mucosal immune responses induced by intestinal protozoa, with a major focus on the role of different cell types and immune mediators triggered by commensal (Blastocystis spp. and Tritrichomonas spp.) and pathogenic (Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum) protozoa. We will discuss how these various protozoa modulate innate and adaptive immune responses induced in experimental models of infection that benefit or harm the host.
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34
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Reshamwala K, Cheung GYC, Hsieh RC, Liu R, Joo HS, Zheng Y, Bae JS, Nguyen TH, Villaruz AE, Gozalo AS, Elkins WR, Otto M. Identification and characterization of the pathogenic potential of phenol-soluble modulin toxins in the mouse commensal Staphylococcus xylosus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:999201. [PMID: 36189200 PMCID: PMC9520458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.999201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the virulent human skin commensal Staphylococcus aureus, which secretes a plethora of toxins, other staphylococci have much reduced virulence. In these species, commonly the only toxins are those of the phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) family. PSMs are species-specific and have only been characterized in a limited number of species. S. xylosus is a usually innocuous commensal on the skin of mice and other mammals. Prompted by reports on the involvement of PSMs in atopic dermatitis (AD) and the isolation of S. xylosus from mice with AD-like symptoms, we here identified and characterized PSMs of S. xylosus with a focus on a potential involvement in AD phenotypes. We found that most clinical S. xylosus strains produce two PSMs, one of the shorter α- and one of the longer β-type, which were responsible for almost the entire lytic and pro-inflammatory capacities of S. xylosus. Importantly, PSMα of S. xylosus caused lysis and degranulation of mast cells at degrees higher than that of S. aureus δ-toxin, the main PSM previously associated with AD. However, S. xylosus did not produce significant AD symptoms in wild-type mice as opposed to S. aureus, indicating that promotion of AD by S. xylosus likely requires a predisposed host. Our study indicates that non-specific cytolytic potency rather than specific interaction underlies PSM-mediated mast cell degranulation and suggest that the previously reported exceptional potency of δ-toxin of S. aureus is due to its high-level production. Furthermore, they suggest that species that produce cytolytic PSMs, such as S. xylosus, all have the capacity to promote AD, but a high combined level of PSM cytolytic potency is required to cause AD in a non-predisposed host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Reshamwala
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gordon Y. C. Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael Otto, ; Gordon Y. C. Cheung,
| | - Roger C. Hsieh
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hwang-Soo Joo
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yue Zheng
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Justin S. Bae
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thuan H. Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amer E. Villaruz
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alfonso S. Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch (CMB), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William R. Elkins
- Comparative Medicine Branch (CMB), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael Otto, ; Gordon Y. C. Cheung,
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Li Q, Humphries F, Girardin RC, Wallace A, Ejemel M, Amcheslavsky A, McMahon CT, Schiller ZA, Ma Z, Cruz J, Dupuis AP, Payne AF, Maryam A, Yilmaz NK, McDonough KA, Pierce BG, Schiffer CA, Kruse AC, Klempner MS, Cavacini LA, Fitzgerald KA, Wang Y. Mucosal nanobody IgA as inhalable and affordable prophylactic and therapeutic treatment against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995412. [PMID: 36172366 PMCID: PMC9512078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-COVID antibody therapeutics have been developed but not widely used due to their high cost and escape of neutralization from the emerging variants. Here, we describe the development of VHH-IgA1.1, a nanobody IgA fusion molecule as an inhalable, affordable and less invasive prophylactic and therapeutic treatment against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants. VHH-IgA1.1 recognizes a conserved epitope of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and potently neutralizes major global SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) including the Omicron variant and its sub lineages BA.1.1, BA.2 and BA.2.12.1. VHH-IgA1.1 is also much more potent against Omicron variants as compared to an IgG Fc fusion construct, demonstrating the importance of IgA mediated mucosal protection for Omicron infection. Intranasal administration of VHH-IgA1.1 prior to or after challenge conferred significant protection from severe respiratory disease in K18-ACE2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 VOC. More importantly, for cost-effective production, VHH-IgA1.1 produced in Pichia pastoris had comparable potency to mammalian produced antibodies. Our study demonstrates that intranasal administration of affordably produced VHH-IgA fusion protein provides effective mucosal immunity against infection of SARS-CoV-2 including emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fiachra Humphries
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Roxie C. Girardin
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Aaron Wallace
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Monir Ejemel
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alla Amcheslavsky
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Conor T. McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zachary A. Schiller
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zepei Ma
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Alan P. Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Anne F. Payne
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Arooma Maryam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - Brian G. Pierce
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Andrew C. Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark S. Klempner
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lisa A. Cavacini
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yang Wang, ; Katherine A. Fitzgerald, ; Lisa A. Cavacini,
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yang Wang, ; Katherine A. Fitzgerald, ; Lisa A. Cavacini,
| | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yang Wang, ; Katherine A. Fitzgerald, ; Lisa A. Cavacini,
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Tolbert WD, Gohain N, Kremer PG, Hederman AP, Nguyen DN, Van V, Sherburn R, Lewis GK, Finzi A, Pollara J, Ackerman ME, Barb AW, Pazgier M. Decoding human-macaque interspecies differences in Fc-effector functions: The structural basis for CD16-dependent effector function in Rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960411. [PMID: 36131913 PMCID: PMC9484259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc mediated effector functions of antibodies play important roles in immunotherapies and vaccine efficacy but assessing those functions in animal models can be challenging due to species differences. Rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta (Mm) share approximately 93% sequence identity with humans but display important differences in their adaptive immune system that complicates their use in validating therapeutics and vaccines that rely on Fc effector functions. In contrast to humans, macaques only have one low affinity FcγRIII receptor, CD16, which shares a polymorphism at position 158 with human FcγRIIIa with Ile158 and Val158 variants. Here we describe structure-function relationships of the Ile/Val158 polymorphism in Mm FcγRIII. Our data indicate that the affinity of the allelic variants of Mm FcγRIII for the macaque IgG subclasses vary greatly with changes in glycan composition both on the Fc and the receptor. However, unlike the human Phe/Val158 polymorphism in FcγRIIIa, the higher affinity variant corresponds to the larger, more hydrophobic side chain, Ile, even though it is not directly involved in the binding interface. Instead, this side chain appears to modulate glycan-glycan interactions at the Fc/FcγRIII interface. Furthermore, changes in glycan composition on the receptor have a greater effect for the Val158 variant such that with oligomannose type glycans and with glycans only on Asn45 and Asn162, Val158 becomes the variant with higher affinity to Fc. These results have implications not only for the better interpretation of nonhuman primate studies but also for studies performed with human effector cells carrying different FcγRIIIa alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul G. Kremer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Andrew P. Hederman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Dung N. Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Verna Van
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Adam W. Barb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Pontejo SM, Murphy PM. Chemokines and phosphatidylserine: New binding partners for apoptotic cell clearance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:943590. [PMID: 36092729 PMCID: PMC9456247 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.943590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Rana PS, Murphy EV, Kort J, Driscoll JJ. Road testing new CAR design strategies in multiple myeloma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957157. [PMID: 36016950 PMCID: PMC9395635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of basic immunology principles and advances in bioengineering have accelerated the mass production of genetically-reprogrammed T-cells as living drugs to treat human diseases. Autologous and allogeneic cytotoxic T-cells have been weaponized to brandish MHC-independent chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) that specifically engage antigenic regions on tumor cells. Two distinct CAR-based therapeutics designed to target BCMA are now FDA-approved based upon robust, sustained responses in heavily-pretreated multiple myeloma (MM) patients enrolled on the KarMMa and CARTITUDE-1 studies. While promising, CAR T-cells present unique challenges such as antigen escape and T-cell exhaustion. Here, we review novel strategies to design CARs that overcome current limitations. Co-stimulatory signaling regions were added to second-generation CARs to promote IL-2 synthesis, activate T-cells and preclude apoptosis. Third-generation CARs are composed of multiple co-stimulatory signaling units, e.g., CD28, OX40, 4-1BB, to reduce exhaustion. Typically, CAR T-cells incorporate a potent constitutive promoter that maximizes long-term CAR expression but extended CAR activation may also promote T-cell exhaustion. Hypoxia-inducible elements can be incorporated to conditionally drive CAR expression and selectively target MM cells within bone marrow. CAR T-cell survival and activity is further realized by blocking intrinsic regulators of T-cell inactivation. T-Cells Redirected for Universal Cytokine Killing (TRUCKs) bind a specific tumor antigen and produce cytokines to recruit endogenous immune cells. Suicide genes have been engineered into CAR T-cells given the potential for long-term on-target, off-tumor effects. Universal allo-CAR T-cells represent an off-the-shelf source, while logic-gated CAR T-cells are designed to recognize tumor-specific features coupled with Boolean-generated binary gates that then dictate cell-fate decisions. Future generations of CARs should further revitalize immune responses, enhance tumor specificity and reimagine strategies to treat myeloma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Rana
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Elena V. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeries Kort
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James J. Driscoll
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: James J. Driscoll,
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Du Y, Luo Y, Hu Z, Lu J, Liu X, Xing C, Wu J, Duan T, Chu J, Wang HY, Su X, Yu X, Wang R. Activation of cGAS-STING by Lethal Malaria N67C Dictates Immunity and Mortality through Induction of CD11b + Ly6C hi Proinflammatory Monocytes. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2103701. [PMID: 35635376 PMCID: PMC9353503 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) play critical roles in the innate immunity against infectious diseases and are required to link pathogen DNA sensing to immune responses. However, the mechanisms by which cGAS-STING-induced cytokines suppress the adaptive immune response against malaria infections remain poorly understood. Here, cGAS-STING signaling is identified to play a detrimental role in regulating anti-malaria immunity. cGAS or STING deficiency in mice markedly prolongs mouse survival during lethal malaria Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67C infections by reducing late interleukin (IL)-6 production. Mechanistically, cGAS/STING recruits myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and specifically induces the p38-dependent signaling pathway for late IL-6 production, which, in turn, expands CD11b+ Ly6Chi proinflammatory monocytes to inhibit immunity. Moreover, the blockage or ablation of the cGAS-STING-MyD88-p38-IL-6 signaling axis or the depletion of CD11b+ Ly6Chi proinflammatory monocytes provides mice a significant survival benefit during N67C and other lethal malaria-strain infections. Taken together, these findings identify a previously unrecognized detrimental role of cGAS-STING-MyD88-p38 axis in infectious diseases through triggering the late IL-6 production and proinflammatory monocyte expansion and provide insight into how targeting the DNA sensing pathway, dysregulated cytokines, and proinflammatory monocytes enhances immunity against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Yien Luo
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Department of NeurologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410008China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of ImmunologyGuangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and ApplicationSchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
| | - Jiansen Lu
- Department of ImmunologyGuangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and ApplicationSchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
- Department of Joint SurgeryThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics SectionLaboratory of Malaria and Vector ResearchNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Junjun Chu
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Department of PediatricsChildren's HospitalKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90027USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Xin‐zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics SectionLaboratory of Malaria and Vector ResearchNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of ImmunologyGuangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and ApplicationSchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
- Department of Joint SurgeryThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Rong‐Fu Wang
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Department of PediatricsChildren's HospitalKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90027USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
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Onyango DO, van der Sande MAB, Yuen CM, Mecha J, Matemo D, Oele E, Kinuthia J, John‐Stewart G, LaCourse SM. Drop-offs in the isoniazid preventive therapy cascade among children living with HIV in western Kenya, 2015-2019. J Int AIDS Soc 2022; 25:e25939. [PMID: 35927793 PMCID: PMC9352867 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) can reduce the risk of tuberculosis (TB) in children living with HIV (CLHIV), but data on the outcomes of the IPT cascade in CLHIV are limited. METHODS We evaluated the IPT cascade among CLHIV aged <15 years and newly enrolled in HIV care in eight HIV clinics in western Kenya. Medical record data were abstracted from September 2015 through July 2019. We assessed the proportion of CLHIV completing TB symptom screening, IPT eligibility assessment, IPT initiation and completion. TB incidence rate was calculated stratified by IPT initiation and completion status. Risk factors for IPT non-initiation and non-completion were assessed using Poisson regression with generalized linear models. RESULTS Overall, 856 CLHIV were newly enrolled in HIV care, of whom 98% ([95% CI 97-99]; n = 841) underwent screening for TB symptoms and IPT eligibility. Of these, 13 (2%; 95% CI 1-3) were ineligible due to active TB and 828 (98%; 95% CI 97-99) were eligible. Five hundred and fifty-nine (68%; 95% CI 64-71) of eligible CLHIV initiated IPT; median time to IPT initiation was 3.6 months (interquartile range [IQR] 0.5-10.2). Overall, 434 (78%; 95% CI 74-81) IPT initiators completed. Attending high-volume HIV clinics (aRR = 2.82; 95% CI 1.20-6.62) was independently associated with IPT non-initiation. IPT non-initiation had a trend of being higher among those enrolled in the period 2017-2019 versus 2015-2016 (aRR = 1.91; 0.98-3.73) and those who were HIV virally non-suppressed (aRR = 1.90; 95% CI 0.98-3.71). Being enrolled in 2017-2019 versus 2015-2016 (aRR = 1.40; 1.01-1.96) was independently associated with IPT non-completion. By 24 months after IPT screening, TB incidence was four-fold higher among eligible CLHIV who never initiated (8.1 per 1000 person years [PY]) compared to CLHIV who completed IPT (2.1 per 1000 PY; rate ratio [RR] = 3.85; 95% CI 1.08-17.15), with a similar trend among CLHIV who initiated but did not complete IPT (8.2/1000 PY; RR = 4.39; 95% CI 0.82-23.56). CONCLUSIONS Despite high screening for eligibility, timely IPT initiation and completion were suboptimal among eligible CLHIV in this programmatic cohort. Targeted programmatic interventions are needed to address these drop-offs from the IPT cascade by ensuring timely IPT initiation after ruling out active TB and enhancing completion of the 6-month course to reduce TB in CLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickens Otieno Onyango
- Kisumu County Department of HealthKisumuKenya
- Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Marianne A. B. van der Sande
- Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | - Jerphason Mecha
- Department of Research and ProgramsKenyatta National HospitalNairobiKenya
| | - Daniel Matemo
- Department of Research and ProgramsKenyatta National HospitalNairobiKenya
| | | | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Research and ProgramsKenyatta National HospitalNairobiKenya
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Grace John‐Stewart
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Sylvia M. LaCourse
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Kranz E, Kuhlmann CJ, Chan J, Kim PY, Chen ISY, Kamata M. Efficient derivation of chimeric-antigen receptor-modified TSCM cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877682. [PMID: 35967430 PMCID: PMC9366550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy employs autologous-T cells modified with an antigen-specific CAR. Current CAR-T manufacturing processes tend to yield products dominated by effector T cells and relatively small proportions of long-lived memory T cells. Those few cells are a so-called stem cell memory T (TSCM) subset, which express naïve T-cell markers and are capable of self-renewal and oligopotent differentiation into effector phenotypes. Increasing the proportion of this subset may lead to more effective therapies by improving CAR-T persistence; however, there is currently no standardized protocol for the effective generation of CAR-TSCM cells. Here we present a simplified protocol enabling efficient derivation of gene-modified TSCM cells: Stimulation of naïve CD8+ T cells with only soluble anti-CD3 antibody and culture with IL-7 and IL-15 was sufficient for derivation of CD8+ T cells harboring TSCM phenotypes and oligopotent capabilities. These in-vitro expanded TSCM cells were engineered with CARs targeting the HIV-1 envelope protein as well as the CD19 molecule and demonstrated effector activity both in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. This simple protocol for the derivation of CAR-TSCM cells may facilitate improved adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kranz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles J. Kuhlmann
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joshua Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Y. Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Irvin S. Y. Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Masakazu Kamata,
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Singh S, Nabeela S, Barbarino A, Ibrahim AS, Uppuluri P. Antibodies targeting Candida albicans Als3 and Hyr1 antigens protect neonatal mice from candidiasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925821. [PMID: 35935947 PMCID: PMC9355692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-term infants in neonatal intensive care units are vulnerable to fungal sepsis. In this patient population, Candida albicans remains the predominant fungal pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality, despite antifungal therapy. Thus, new preventative/therapeutic strategies against neonatal candidiasis are needed. Previously, we have reported that vaccination with recombinant forms of the C. albicans N-termini of the cell wall proteins Als3 (rAls3p-N) and Hyr1 (rHyr1p-N) protected adult mice from disseminated candidiasis. Further, in a Phase 1b/2a NDV-3A (an rAls3p-N formulated with alum) protected women from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, with anti-Als3p IgG2 isotype being a biomarker for efficacy. Here, we performed a proof of concept study to evaluate if anti-Als3p or anti-Hyr1p antibodies are important for prevention of disseminated candidiasis in neonates. Als3 and Hyr1 antigens when adjuvanted with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)/incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) induced a robust antibody response with a ten-fold higher titer of IgG2, than attained by either antigen formulated with alum. Transplacental transfer of these antibodies significantly reduced fungal burden in the kidneys of mice pups, and adoptive transfer of vaccinated mothers’ sera into pups displayed similar levels of protection. Neutrophils were found important for this efficacy. Finally, anti-Hyr1 antisera potentiated the activity of fluconazole in protecting from C. albicans infection. Our current studies are the first in the field to emphasize the importance of anti-Als3 and anti-Hyr1 antibodies in preventing neonatal candidiasis. Considering that Candida infections in low birthweight infants is a lethal infection, active and passive vaccination strategies using these antigens could have profound clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Sunna Nabeela
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Ashley Barbarino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Ashraf S. Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Priya Uppuluri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Priya Uppuluri,
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Ignatz-Hoover JJ, Murphy EV, Driscoll JJ. Targeting Proteasomes in Cancer and Infectious Disease: A Parallel Strategy to Treat Malignancies and Microbes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:925804. [PMID: 35873166 PMCID: PMC9302482 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.925804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential core pathways of cellular biology are preserved throughout evolution, highlighting the importance of these pathways for both bacteria and human cancer cells alike. Cell viability requires a proper balance between protein synthesis and degradation in order to maintain integrity of the proteome. Proteasomes are highly intricate, tightly regulated multisubunit complexes that are critical to achieve protein homeostasis (proteostasis) through the selective degradation of misfolded, redundant and damaged proteins. Proteasomes function as the catalytic core of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) which regulates a myriad of essential processes including growth, survival, differentiation, drug resistance and apoptosis. Proteasomes recognize and degrade proteins that have been marked by covalently attached poly-ubiquitin chains. Deregulation of the UPP has emerged as an essential etiology of many prominent diseases, including cancer. Proteasome inhibitors selectively target cancer cells, including those resistant to chemotherapy, while sparing healthy cells. Proteasome inhibition has emerged as a transformative anti-myeloma strategy that has extended survival for certain patient populations from 3 to 8 years. The structural architecture and functional activity of proteasomes is conserved from Archaea to humans to support the concept that proteasomes are actionable targets that can be inhibited in pathogenic organisms to improve the treatment of infectious diseases. Proteasomes have an essential role during all stages of the parasite life cycle and features that distinguish proteasomes in pathogens from human forms have been revealed. Advancement of inhibitors that target Plasmodium and Mycobacterial proteasomes is a means to improve treatment of malaria and tuberculosis. In addition, PIs may also synergize with current frontline agents support as resistance to conventional drugs continues to increase. The proteasome represents a highly promising, actionable target to combat infectious diseases that devastate lives and livelihoods around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Ignatz-Hoover
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Adult Hematologic Malignancies & Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Elena V. Murphy
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biochemistry, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James J. Driscoll
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Adult Hematologic Malignancies & Stem Cell Transplant Section, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: James J. Driscoll, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-5490
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Pichler AC, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL. The Road Less Taken: Less Appreciated Pathways for Manipulating CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926714. [PMID: 35874734 PMCID: PMC9297918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell population that arise during persistent antigen exposure in the context of chronic infections and cancers. Although characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression and distinct transcriptional and epigenetic programs, Tex cells are heterogeneous. Among these, a self-renewing TCF-1+ Tex population, having unique characteristics and the ability to respond to immune-checkpoint blockade, gives rise to TCF-1- terminally Tex cells. These TCF-1+ cells have stem cell-like properties similar to memory T cell populations, but the signals that regulate the developmental pathways and relationships among exhausted cell populations are still unclear. Here, we review our current understanding of Tex cell biology, and discuss some less appreciated molecules and pathways affecting T cell exhaustion. We highlight two co-stimulatory receptors, CD226 and CD137, and their role in inducing or restraining T cell exhaustion, as well as signaling pathways that may be amenable to pharmacological inhibition with a focus on Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase and IL-2 partial agonists. Finally, we discuss novel methods that may increase TCF-1+ populations and therefore improve immunotherapy responsiveness. Understanding features of and pathways to exhaustion has important implications for the success of immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell transfer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Pichler
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Cannons
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Pamela L. Schwartzberg,
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Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Sanku G, Sette A, Weiskopf D, Schaughency P, Lack J, Nutman TB. Antigenic Determinants of SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD4+ T Cell Lines Reveals M Protein-Driven Dysregulation of Interferon Signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883159. [PMID: 35844575 PMCID: PMC9279651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated CD4+ T cell lines (TCLs) reactive to either SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) or membrane (M) proteins from unexposed naïve T cells from six healthy donor volunteers to understand in fine detail whether the S and M structural proteins have intrinsic differences in driving antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Having shown that each of the TCLs were antigen-specific and antigen-reactive, single cell mRNA analyses demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 S and M proteins drive strikingly distinct molecular signatures. Whereas the S-specific CD4+ T cell transcriptional signature showed a marked upregulation of CCL1, CD44, IL17RB, TNFRSF18 (GITR) and IGLC3 genes, in general their overall transcriptome signature was more similar to CD4+ T cell responses induced by other viral antigens (e.g. CMV). However, the M protein-specific CD4+ TCLs have a transcriptomic signature that indicate a marked suppression of interferon signaling, characterized by a downregulation of the genes encoding ISG15, IFITM1, IFI6, MX1, STAT1, OAS1, IFI35, IFIT3 and IRF7 (a molecular signature which is not dissimilar to that found in severe COVID-19). Our study suggests a potential link between the antigen specificity of the SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells and the development of specific sets of adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the balance between T cells of significantly different specificities may be the key to understand how CD4+ T cell dysregulation can determine the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. Gazzinelli-Guimaraes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Pedro H. Gazzinelli-Guimaraes,
| | - Gayatri Sanku
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Paul Schaughency
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Justin Lack
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Silveira CGT, Magnani DM, Costa PR, Avelino-Silva VI, Ricciardi MJ, Timenetsky MDCST, Goulart R, Correia CA, Marmorato MP, Ferrari L, Nakagawa ZB, Tomiyama C, Tomiyama H, Kalil J, Palacios R, Precioso AR, Watkins DI, Kallás EG. Plasmablast Expansion Following the Tetravalent, Live-Attenuated Dengue Vaccine Butantan-DV in DENV-Naïve and DENV-Exposed Individuals in a Brazilian Cohort. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908398. [PMID: 35837409 PMCID: PMC9274664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine against the dengue virus (DENV) should induce a balanced, long-lasting antibody (Ab) response against all four viral serotypes. The burst of plasmablasts in the peripheral blood after vaccination may reflect enriched vaccine-specific Ab secreting cells. Here we characterize the acute plasmablast responses from naïve and DENV-exposed individuals following immunization with the live attenuated tetravalent (LAT) Butantan DENV vaccine (Butantan-DV). The frequency of circulating plasmablasts was determined by flow cytometric analysis of fresh whole blood specimens collected from 40 participants enrolled in the Phase II Butantan-DV clinical trial (NCT01696422) before and after (days 6, 12, 15 and 22) vaccination. We observed a peak in the number of circulating plasmablast at day 15 after vaccination in both the DENV naïve and the DENV-exposed vaccinees. DENV-exposed vaccinees experienced a significantly higher plasmablast expansion. In the DENV-naïve vaccinees, plasmablasts persisted for approximately three weeks longer than among DENV-exposed volunteers. Our findings indicate that the Butantan-DV can induce plasmablast responses in both DENV-naïve and DENV-exposed individuals and demonstrate the influence of pre-existing DENV immunity on Butantan DV-induced B-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia G. T. Silveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Priscilla R. Costa
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian I. Avelino-Silva
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael J. Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Raphaella Goulart
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina A. Correia
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana P. Marmorato
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Ferrari
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zelinda B. Nakagawa
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Tomiyama
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Tomiyama
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Palacios
- Division of Clinical Trials and Pharmacovigilance, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander R. Precioso
- Division of Clinical Trials and Pharmacovigilance, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Esper G. Kallás
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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Jewell NP, Lewnard JA. On the use of the reproduction number for SARS-CoV-2: Estimation, misinterpretations and relationships with other ecological measures. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 2022; 185:RSSA12860. [PMID: 35942193 PMCID: PMC9350332 DOI: 10.1111/rssa.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The basic reproduction number, R 0, and its real-time analogue, Rt , are summary measures that reflect the ability of an infectious disease to spread through a population. Estimation methods for Rt have a long history, have been widely developed and are now enhanced by application to the COVID-19 pandemic. While retrospective analyses of Rt have provided insight into epidemic dynamics and the effects of control strategies in prior outbreaks, misconceptions around the interpretation of Rt have arisen with broader recognition and near real-time monitoring of this parameter alongside reported case data during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we discuss some widespread misunderstandings regarding the use of Rt as a barometer for population risk and its related use as an 'on/off' switch for policy decisions regarding relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Computation of Rt from downstream data (e.g. hospitalizations) when infection counts are unreliable exacerbates lags between when transmission happens and when events are recorded. We also discuss analyses that have shown various relationships between Rt and measures of mobility, vaccination coverage and a test-trace-isolation intervention in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Jewell
- Department of Medical StatisticsLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Division of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph A. Lewnard
- Division of EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Infectious Diseases & VaccinologySchool of Public HealthUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Computational BiologyCollege of EngineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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48
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Binette P, Tesfamariam M, Cockrell D, Heinzen RA, Richards C, Shaia C, Long CM. Murine Q Fever Vaccination Model Reveals Sex Dimorphism in Early Phase Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894536. [PMID: 35784317 PMCID: PMC9241443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to microbial vaccines and related components are a major roadblock for widespread licensing of whole cell vaccines such as that of Q fever. Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii. The only currently licensed vaccine, Q-Vax®, is a whole cell inactivated formulation that is associated with a potentially severe dermal post vaccination DTH response in previously sensitized individuals. To investigate the underlying immunologic mechanisms of this response and better represent the early-phase DTH response observed in humans, a murine sensitization and skin testing model was developed and employed. Female C57Bl/6J mice displayed the most robust early-phase DTH responses following sensitization and elicitation compared to their male counterparts and other mouse strains. Immunologic responses were measured within the skin, draining lymph nodes, and serum following both sensitization and elicitation with Q fever whole cell vaccines. Local immunologic responses in the dermis were characterized by inflammation primarily involving neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells. Secondary lymphoid organ profiling revealed distinct immunological signatures following both sensitization and elicitation with a sex-based dichotomy in T cell phenotypes and antigen presenting cell numbers. Beyond providing a post-Q fever vaccination DTH model that recapitulates early-phase DTH events, these data suggest that sex is a primary factor influencing the magnitude and composition of the ensuing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Picabo Binette
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Mahelat Tesfamariam
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Diane Cockrell
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Robert A. Heinzen
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Crystal Richards
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Carrie Mae Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
- *Correspondence: Carrie Mae Long,
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49
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Roach T, Morel L. Genetic Variations Controlling Regulatory T Cell Development and Activity in Mouse Models of Lupus-Like Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887489. [PMID: 35693798 PMCID: PMC9178176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is a constant balancing act between effector T cells and regulatory T cells defined by Foxp3 expression, the transcription factor that drives their differentiation and immunosuppressive activity. Immune homeostasis is altered when Treg cells are not generated or maintained in sufficient numbers. Treg cells rendered unstable by loss of Foxp3 expression, known as ex-Treg cells, gain pro-inflammatory functions. Treg cells may also become dysfunctional and lose their suppressive capabilities. These alterations can cause an imbalance between effector and regulatory subsets, which may ultimately lead to autoimmunity. This review discusses recent studies that identified genetic factors that maintain Treg cell stability as well as preserve their suppressive function. We focus on studies associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and highlight their findings in the context of potential therapeutic gene targeting in Treg cells to reverse the phenotypic changes and functional dysregulation inducing autoimmunity.
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50
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Biradar S, Agarwal Y, Lotze MT, Bility MT, Mailliard RB. The BLT Humanized Mouse Model as a Tool for Studying Human Gamma Delta T Cell-HIV Interactions In Vivo. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881607. [PMID: 35669780 PMCID: PMC9164110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells recognize antigens in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) independent and have cytotoxic capability. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reduces the proportion of the Vδ2 cell subset compared to the Vδ1 cell subset of γδ T cells in the blood in most infected individuals, except for elite controllers. The capacity of Vδ2 T cells to kill HIV-infected targets has been demonstrated in vitro, albeit in vivo confirmatory studies are lacking. Here, we provide the first characterization of γδ T cell-HIV interactions in bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice and examined the immunotherapeutic potential of Vδ2 T cells in controlling HIV replication in vivo. We demonstrate a reduced proportion of Vδ2 T cells and an increased proportion of Vδ1 T cells in HIV-infected BLT humanized mice, like in HIV-positive individuals. HIV infection in BLT humanized mice also impaired the ex vivo expansion of Vδ2 T cells, like in HIV-positive individuals. Adoptive transfer of activated Vδ2 T cells did not control HIV replication during cell-associated HIV transmission in BLT humanized mice but instead exacerbated viremia, suggesting that Vδ2 T cells may serve as early targets for HIV replication. Our findings demonstrate that BLT humanized mice can model γδ T cell-HIV interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Moses T. Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Moses T. Bility, ; Robbie B. Mailliard,
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Moses T. Bility, ; Robbie B. Mailliard,
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