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Dobson GP, Morris JL, Letson HL. Pathophysiology of severe burn injuries: new therapeutic opportunities from a systems perspective. J Burn Care Res 2024:irae049. [PMID: 38517382 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Severe burn injury elicits a profound stress response with the potential for high morbidity and mortality. If polytrauma is present, patient outcomes appear to be worse. Sex-based comparisons indicate females have worse outcomes than males. There are few effective drug therapies to treat burn shock and secondary injury progression. The lack of effective drugs appears to arise from the current treat-as-you-go approach rather than a more integrated systems approach. In this review, we present a brief history of burns research and discuss its pathophysiology from a systems' perspective. The severe burn injury phenotype appears to develop from a rapid and relentless barrage of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and neural afferent signals, which leads to a state of hyperinflammation, immune dysfunction, coagulopathy, hypermetabolism and intense pain. We propose that if the central nervous system (CNS) control of cardiovascular function and endothelial-glycocalyx-mitochondrial coupling can be restored early, these secondary injury processes may be minimized. The therapeutic goal is to switch the injury phenotype to a healing phenotype by reducing fluid leak and maintaining tissue O2 perfusion. Currently, no systems-based therapies exist to treat severe burns. We have been developing a small-volume fluid therapy comprising adenosine, lidocaine and magnesium (ALM) to treat hemorrhagic shock, traumatic brain injury and sepsis. Our early studies indicate that the ALM therapy holds some promise in supporting cardiovascular and pulmonary functions following severe burns. Future research will investigate the ability of ALM therapy to treat severe burns with polytrauma and sex disparities, and potential translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P Dobson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jodie L Morris
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hayley L Letson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
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Kong W, Xie Y, Hu J, Ding W, Cao C. Higher ultra processed foods intake is associated with low muscle mass in young to middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional NHANES study. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1280665. [PMID: 38439924 PMCID: PMC10909937 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1280665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Design Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become a pressing global health concern, prompting investigations into their potential association with low muscle mass in adults. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 10,255 adults aged 20-59 years who participated in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) during cycles spanning from 2011 to 2018. The primary outcome, low muscle mass, was assessed using the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) definition, employing restricted cubic splines and weighted multivariate regression for analysis. Sensitivity analysis incorporated three other prevalent definitions to explore optimal cut points for muscle quality in the context of sarcopenia. Results The weighted prevalence of low muscle mass was 7.65%. Comparing the percentage of UPFs calories intake between individuals with normal and low muscle mass, the values were found to be similar (55.70 vs. 54.62%). Significantly linear associations were observed between UPFs consumption and low muscle mass (P for non-linear = 0.7915, P for total = 0.0117). Upon full adjustment for potential confounding factors, participants with the highest UPFs intake exhibited a 60% increased risk of low muscle mass (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.26, P for trend = 0.003) and a decrease in ALM/BMI (β = -0.0176, 95% CI: -0.0274 to -0.0077, P for trend = 0.003). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the consistency of these associations, except for the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) definition, where the observed association between the highest quartiles of UPFs (%Kcal) and low muscle mass did not attain statistical significance (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.87, P for trend = 0.082). Conclusion Our study underscores a significant linear association between higher UPFs consumption and an elevated risk of low muscle mass in adults. These findings emphasize the potential adverse impact of UPFs on muscle health and emphasize the need to address UPFs consumption as a modifiable risk factor in the context of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yilian Xie
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Letson HL, Morris JL, Dobson GP. Changes in plasma alpha-1 acid glycoprotein following hemorrhagic trauma: Possible role in dose differences of ALM drug therapy in rat and pig resuscitation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01133. [PMID: 37643751 PMCID: PMC10465298 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The binding of drugs to plasma proteins is an important consideration in drug development. We have reported that the dose of adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium (ALM) fluid therapy for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock is nearly 3-times higher for pigs than rats. Since lidocaine strongly binds to serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of hemorrhagic shock on levels of AGP in rats and pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and female crossbred pigs (n = 33 each) underwent tail vein and peripheral ear vein blood sampling, respectively, to collect plasma for AGP measurements. Rats (n = 17) and pigs (n = 16) underwent surgical instrumentation and uncontrolled hemorrhage via liver resection, and were treated with 3% NaCl ± ALM IV bolus followed 60 min later by 4 h 0.9% NaCl ± ALM IV drip. Rats were monitored for 72 h with blood samples taken post-surgery, and at 5.25, 24, and 72 h. Pigs were monitored for 6 h with blood samples taken post-surgery, and at 60 min and 6 h. Plasma AGP was measured with rat- and pig-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS Baseline AGP levels in rats were 3.91 μg/mL and significantly 83-fold lower than in pigs (325 μg/mL). Surgical instrumentation was associated with ~10-fold increases in AGP in rats and a 21% fall in pigs. AGP levels remained elevated in rats after hemorrhage and resuscitation (28-29 μg/mL). In contrast, no significant differences in plasma AGP were found in ALM- or Saline-treated pigs over the monitoring period. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the trauma of surgery alone was associated with significant increases in AGP in rats, compared to a contrasting decrease in pigs. Higher levels of plasma AGP in pigs prior to hemorrhagic shock is consistent with the higher ALM doses required to resuscitate pigs compared with rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley L. Letson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and DentistryJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jodie L. Morris
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and DentistryJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Geoffrey P. Dobson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and DentistryJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
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Natarelli N, Hanlon K, Chen WS, Grichnik JM, Zager JS, Correa-Selm L. Reflectance confocal microscopic visualization of melanocytic bodies in the stratum corneum overlying acral lentiginous melanoma. Lasers Surg Med 2023; 55:253-256. [PMID: 36883986 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present a case of RCM evaluation of ALM surgical margins demonstrating intracorneal melanocytic bodies overlying subsequently confirmed melanoma in situ by histopathology. CASE PRESENTATION A 73-year-old male with a history of acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) of the right great toe presented to our clinic for evaluation of positive surgical margins. The positive margin was localized for examination and subsequent biopsy with reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) which allowed targeted re-resection of the area of concern. Three punch biopsies were obtained in the area of concern, which confirmed residual melanoma in situ. Immunostains confirmed the cellular remnants in the stratum corneum were melanocytic. To correlate the intra stratum corneum findings seen with confocal to the histopathology, a 3D rendering of a stack of images was used to demonstrate the location. DISCUSSION Typically, acral surfaces are challenging to examine with RCM due to the limited ability of light to penetrate thickened stratum corneum; however, we observed unique cellular features with confocal. Scattered hyper-reflective pleomorphic cells consistent with melanocytes were observed in the stratum corneum, although the visualized underlying epidermis appeared normal. Confocal microscopy may aid in diagnosis and management of ALM, especially in the context of positive surgical margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Natarelli
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Katharine Hanlon
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Wei-Shen Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - James M Grichnik
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan S Zager
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Lilia Correa-Selm
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Florida, Tampa, USA
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhao M, Han R, Yang S, Wang X, Tang X, Qu W. Trade-Off Analyses of Multiple Ecosystem Services and Their Drivers in the Shandong Yellow River Basin. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15681. [PMID: 36497756 PMCID: PMC9741193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the intensification of conflicts between different ecosystem services, how to achieve a win-win situation between socio-economic development and ecological protection is an important issue that needs to be addressed nowadays. In particular, how to better quantify and assess the intensity of ecosystem service trade-offs and their relative benefits, and to identify the influencing factors are issues that need to be studied in depth. Based on the INVEST model, this paper analyzed the evolution of spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem services such as Carbon Storage (CS), Food Production (FP), Habitat Quality (HQ), and Water Yield (WY) in the Shandong Yellow River Basin (SYRB) in 2000, 2010 and 2020. Next, we quantitatively measured the trade-off intensity and revealed the key influencing factors of the trade-off intensity evolution using automatic linear models, root mean square deviation, and geographically weighted regressions. Subsequently, we further analyzed the impact of the correlation between environmental and socio-economic factors on the trade-off intensity of ecosystem services. The results indicated that the temporal and spatial changes of the four main ecosystem services in SYRB area were inconsistent. WY showed a fluctuating trend, with a large interannual gap. CS and FP are on the rise, while HQ is on the decline. Spatially, WY and HQ showed a decreasing distribution from the center to the periphery, while FP and CS showed a decreasing distribution from the southwest to the northeast. The location characteristics of SYRB's four ecosystem services and their trade-offs were obvious. FP had absolute location advantage in ecosystem service trade-offs. Most of the four ecosystem services showed significant trade-offs, and the trade-off intensity had significant spatial heterogeneity, but the trade-off between FP and CS was relatively weak. At the same time, there were also differences in the trends of trade-off intensities. Counties with low trade-off intensity were mostly located in mountainous areas; these areas are less disturbed by human activities, and most of them are areas without prominent services. Counties with high trade-off intensities were mostly concentrated in areas with relatively developed agriculture; these areas are more disturbed by human activities and are mostly prominent in FP. The trade-off intensity of ecosystem services in SYRB was affected by several factors together, and there were difference characteristics in the degree and direction of influence of each factor. Moreover, these influencing factors have gradually changed over 20 years. In terms of the spatial distribution at the county scale, the influence areas of the dominant drivers of different trade-off types varied greatly, among which the areas with NDVI, CON, and PRE as the dominant factors were the largest. In the future, in effectively balancing regional economic development and ecological environmental protection, quantifiable correspondence strategies should be developed from the administrative perspective of counties and regions based on comprehensive consideration of the locational advantages of each ecosystem service and changes in trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufang Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Minghua Zhao
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Rongqing Han
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Xiantao Tang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Weijuan Qu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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Dobson GP, Morris JL, Letson HL. Immune dysfunction following severe trauma: A systems failure from the central nervous system to mitochondria. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:968453. [PMID: 36111108 PMCID: PMC9468749 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.968453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When a traumatic injury exceeds the body's internal tolerances, the innate immune and inflammatory systems are rapidly activated, and if not contained early, increase morbidity and mortality. Early deaths after hospital admission are mostly from central nervous system (CNS) trauma, hemorrhage and circulatory collapse (30%), and later deaths from hyperinflammation, immunosuppression, infection, sepsis, acute respiratory distress, and multiple organ failure (20%). The molecular drivers of secondary injury include damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and other immune-modifying agents that activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic stress response. Despite a number of drugs targeting specific anti-inflammatory and immune pathways showing promise in animal models, the majority have failed to translate. Reasons for failure include difficulty to replicate the heterogeneity of humans, poorly designed trials, inappropriate use of specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals, ignoring sex-specific differences, and the flawed practice of single-nodal targeting. Systems interconnectedness is a major overlooked factor. We argue that if the CNS is protected early after major trauma and control of cardiovascular function is maintained, the endothelial-glycocalyx will be protected, sufficient oxygen will be delivered, mitochondrial energetics will be maintained, inflammation will be resolved and immune dysfunction will be minimized. The current challenge is to develop new systems-based drugs that target the CNS coupling of whole-body function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P. Dobson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
The brain plans and executes volitional movements. The underlying patterns of neural population activity have been explored in the context of movements of the eyes, limbs, tongue, and head in nonhuman primates and rodents. How do networks of neurons produce the slow neural dynamics that prepare specific movements and the fast dynamics that ultimately initiate these movements? Recent work exploits rapid and calibrated perturbations of neural activity to test specific dynamical systems models that are capable of producing the observed neural activity. These joint experimental and computational studies show that cortical dynamics during motor planning reflect fixed points of neural activity (attractors). Subcortical control signals reshape and move attractors over multiple timescales, causing commitment to specific actions and rapid transitions to movement execution. Experiments in rodents are beginning to reveal how these algorithms are implemented at the level of brain-wide neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Kayvon Daie
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.,Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Arseny Finkelstein
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Fontolan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Sandro Romani
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.,Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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Pouchelon G, Dwivedi D, Bollmann Y, Agba CK, Xu Q, Mirow AMC, Kim S, Qiu Y, Sevier E, Ritola KD, Cossart R, Fishell G. The organization and development of cortical interneuron presynaptic circuits are area specific. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109993. [PMID: 34758329 PMCID: PMC8832360 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin and somatostatin inhibitory interneurons gate information flow in discrete cortical areas that compute sensory and cognitive functions. Despite the considerable differences between areas, individual interneuron subtypes are genetically invariant and are thought to form canonical circuits regardless of which area they are embedded in. Here, we investigate whether this is achieved through selective and systematic variations in their afferent connectivity during development. To this end, we examined the development of their inputs within distinct cortical areas. We find that interneuron afferents show little evidence of being globally stereotyped. Rather, each subtype displays characteristic regional connectivity and distinct developmental dynamics by which this connectivity is achieved. Moreover, afferents dynamically regulated during development are disrupted by early sensory deprivation and in a model of fragile X syndrome. These data provide a comprehensive map of interneuron afferents across cortical areas and reveal the logic by which these circuits are established during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Pouchelon
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Deepanjali Dwivedi
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yannick Bollmann
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INMED, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Chimuanya K Agba
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Qing Xu
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Andrea M C Mirow
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sehyun Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yanjie Qiu
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elaine Sevier
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kimberly D Ritola
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Rosa Cossart
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INMED, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Gord Fishell
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Reus L, Prado R. Need to Meet Investment Goals? Track Synthetic Indexes with the SDDP Method. Comput Econ 2021; 60:47-69. [PMID: 34230769 PMCID: PMC8249440 DOI: 10.1007/s10614-021-10133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel application of the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Problem (SDDP) to large-scale asset allocation. We construct a model that delivers allocation policies based on how the portfolio performs with respect to user-defined (synthetic) indexes, and implement it in a SDDP open-source package. Based on US economic cycles and ETF data, we generate Markovian regime-dependent returns to solve an instance of multiple assets and 28 time periods. Results show our solution outperforms its benchmark, in both profitability and tracking error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Reus
- Escuela de Negocios, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres, 2640 Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Prado
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres, 2640 Santiago, Chile
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Zhu K, Wactawski-Wende J, Ochs-Balcom HM, LaMonte MJ, Hovey KM, Evans W, Shankaran M, Troen BR, Banack HR. The Association of Muscle Mass Measured by D3-Creatine Dilution Method With Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Physical Function in Postmenopausal Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1591-1599. [PMID: 33475725 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The D3-creatine (D3Cr) dilution method provides a direct measure of skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to compare the association of D3Cr muscle mass with lean body mass (LBM) measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and examine its relation with physical function in postmenopausal women. METHODS Seventy-four community-dwelling women (mean age 82.3 ± 5.4) participated in this pilot study from the Buffalo, New York clinical site of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Participants attended a clinic visit which included anthropometric measures, blood draw, DXA scan, measures of physical function, and initiated the D3Cr protocol. Physical function was evaluated using hand grip strength, short physical performance battery (SPPB), and RAND-36 physical function scale. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of D3Cr muscle mass with functional outcomes. RESULTS D3-creatine muscle mass was moderately correlated with DXA LBM (r = 0.50) and DXA appendicular lean mass (ALM) (r = 0.50). Individuals with high D3Cr muscle mass (%) had higher physical function compared to individuals with low muscle mass (%), indicated by high scores on SPPB (odds ratio [OR] = 5.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40, 19.58). We observed stronger relationships between high D3Cr and physical function than either DXA LBM (OR = 3.40; 95% CI: 0.88, 13.11) or DXA ALM (OR = 4.15; 95% CI: 1.10, 15.68) and physical function. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide strong preliminary data for the associations of D3Cr muscle mass with measures of physical function in older women. These findings support and extend prior work on D3Cr muscle mass in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Heather M Ochs-Balcom
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Michael J LaMonte
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Kathleen M Hovey
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - William Evans
- Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Bruce R Troen
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, USA
| | - Hailey R Banack
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
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11
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Letson HL, Granfeldt A, Jensen TH, Mattson TH, Dobson GP. Adenosine, Lidocaine, and Magnesium Support a High Flow, Hypotensive, Vasodilatory State With Improved Oxygen Delivery and Cerebral Protection in a Pig Model of Noncompressible Hemorrhage. J Surg Res 2020; 253:127-138. [PMID: 32353638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noncompressible hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death in military and civilian trauma. Our aim was to examine the effect of adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium (Mg2+; ALM) on cardiovascular and cerebral function in a porcine hepatic hemorrhage model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pigs (59.1 ± 0.34 kg) were anesthetized, instrumented, and randomly assigned into sham (n = 6), saline controls (n = 10) or ALM (n = 10) groups before laparoscopic liver resection. After 30 min, groups received 4 mL/kg 3% NaCl ± ALM bolus (Phase 1) followed 60 min later with 3 mL/kg/h 0.9% NaCl ± ALM drip (4 h; Phase 2), then transfusion. Hemodynamics, carotid artery flow, and intracranial pressure were measured continuously. Microdialysis samples were analyzed for metabolites. RESULTS Saline controls had 20% mortality (mean survival time: 307 ± 38 min) with no ALM deaths over 6 h. Bolus administration increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) in both groups, and drip led to further increases to 62 ± 10 mmHg in controls compared with a steady fall to 47 ± 8 mmHg in ALM group at 240 min. The lower MAP was associated with a dramatic fall in systemic vascular resistance and improved oxygen delivery. ALM drip significantly increased cardiac output and stroke volume with lower dP/dtMin, indicating a less stiff heart. ALM drip also significantly decreased cerebral perfusion pressure, reduced cerebral oxygen consumption (28%), and reduced brain glycerol (60%), lactate (47%), and relative expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (38%) compared with saline controls. CONCLUSIONS ALM therapy improved cardiac function and oxygen delivery by lowering systemic vascular resistance after noncompressible hemorrhage. ALM also appeared to protect the brain at hypotensive MAPs with significantly lower cerebral perfusion pressure, lower O2 consumption, and significantly lower cortical lactate and glycerol levels compared to saline controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley L Letson
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Geoffrey P Dobson
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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12
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Wu Z, Litwin-Kumar A, Shamash P, Taylor A, Axel R, Shadlen MN. Context-Dependent Decision Making in a Premotor Circuit. Neuron 2020; 106:316-328.e6. [PMID: 32105611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive capacities afford contingent associations between sensory information and behavioral responses. We studied this problem using an olfactory delayed match to sample task whereby a sample odor specifies the association between a subsequent test odor and rewarding action. Multi-neuron recordings revealed representations of the sample and test odors in olfactory sensory and association cortex, which were sufficient to identify the test odor as match or non-match. Yet, inactivation of a downstream premotor area (ALM), but not orbitofrontal cortex, confined to the epoch preceding the test odor led to gross impairment. Olfactory decisions that were not context-dependent were unimpaired. Therefore, ALM does not receive the outcome of a match/non-match decision from upstream areas. It receives contextual information-the identity of the sample-to establish the mapping between test odor and action. A novel population of pyramidal neurons in ALM layer 2 may mediate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ashok Litwin-Kumar
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Philip Shamash
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alexei Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Richard Axel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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13
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Cheng J, Hu L, Yang Z, Suo C, Wang YJ, Gao P, Cui C, Sun L. 2-Oxonanonoidal Antibiotic Actinolactomycin Inhibits Cancer Progression by Suppressing HIF-1α. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050439. [PMID: 31083403 PMCID: PMC6563139 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIF-1 serves as an important regulator in cell response to hypoxia. Due to its key role in promoting tumor survival and progression under hypoxia, HIF-1 has become a promising target of cancer therapy. Thus far, several HIF-1 inhibitors have been identified, most of which are from synthesized chemical compounds. Here, we report that ALM (ActinoLactoMycin), a compound extracted from metabolites of Streptomyces flavoretus, exhibits inhibitory effect on HIF-1α. Mechanistically, we found that ALM inhibited the translation of HIF-1α protein by suppressing mTOR signaling activity. Treatment with ALM induced cell apoptosis and growth inhibition of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo in a HIF-1 dependent manner. More interestingly, low dose of ALM treatment enhanced the anti-tumor effect of Everolimus, an inhibitor of mTOR, suggesting its potential use in combination therapy of tumors, especially solid tumor patients. Thus, we identified a novel HIF-1α inhibitor from the metabolites of Streptomyces flavoretus, which shows promising anti-cancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Cheng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Lan Hu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Zheng Yang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Caixia Suo
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yueyang Jack Wang
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chengbin Cui
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Linchong Sun
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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McCutchan A, Dobson GP, Stewart N, Letson HL, Grant AL, Jovanovic IA, Hazratwala K, Wilkinson M, McEwen P, Morris J. Absence of cytotoxic and inflammatory effects following in vitro exposure of chondrogenically-differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells to adenosine, lidocaine and Mg 2+ solution. J Exp Orthop 2019; 6:16. [PMID: 30989345 PMCID: PMC6465392 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-019-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ALM solution, a combination of adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+, is an emerging small volume therapy that has been shown to prevent and correct coagulopathy and surgery-related inflammation in preclinical models, though its application in orthopaedic surgery is yet to be demonstrated. The effect of ALM solution on chondrocytes is unknown. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the effect of ALM solution on viability and inflammatory responses of chondrogenically-differentiated human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (chondro-MSC), in vitro. Methods Chondro-MSC were exposed to media only, saline (0.9% NaCl or 1.3% NaCl) only, or saline containing ALM (1 mM adenosine, 3 mM lidocaine, 2.5 mM Mg2+) or tranexamic acid (TXA, 100 mg/ml) for 1 or 4 h. Responses to ALM solutions containing higher lidocaine concentrations were also compared. Chondrocyte viability was determined using WST-8 colorimetric assays and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3, MMP-12, MMP-13) concentrations using multiplex bead arrays. Results The viability of chondro-MSC was significantly greater after 1 h treatment with ALM compared to saline (96.2 ± 7.9 versus 75.6 ± 7.3%). Extension of exposure times to 4 h had no significant adverse effect on cell viability after treatment with ALM (1 h, 85.4 ± 5.6 v 4 h, 74.0 ± 15.2%). Cytotoxicity was evident following exposure to solutions containing lidocaine concentrations greater than 30 mM. There were no significant differences in viability (80 ± 5.4 v 57.3 ± 16.2%) or secretion of IL-8 (60 ± 20 v 160 ± 50 pg/ml), MMP-3 (0.95 ± 0.6 v 3.4 ± 1.6 ng/ml), and MMP-13 (4.2 ± 2.4 v 9.2 ± 4.3 ng/ml) in chondro-MSC exposed to saline, ALM or TXA. Conclusions Short-term, in vitro exposure to clinically-relevant concentrations of ALM solution had no adverse inflammatory or chondrotoxic effects on human chondro-MSC, with responses comparable to saline and TXA. These findings provide support for continued evaluation of ALM solution as a possible therapeutic to improve outcomes following orthopaedic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McCutchan
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Australia
| | - Geoffrey P Dobson
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Natalie Stewart
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Australia
| | - Hayley L Letson
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Andrea L Grant
- The Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, 7 Turner St, Pimlico, Townsville, Q 4812, Australia
| | | | - Kaushik Hazratwala
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,The Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, 7 Turner St, Pimlico, Townsville, Q 4812, Australia
| | - Matthew Wilkinson
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,The Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, 7 Turner St, Pimlico, Townsville, Q 4812, Australia
| | - Peter McEwen
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,The Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, 7 Turner St, Pimlico, Townsville, Q 4812, Australia
| | - Jodie Morris
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. .,The Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, 7 Turner St, Pimlico, Townsville, Q 4812, Australia.
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15
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Arjmand R, Fard SS, Saberi S, Tolouei S, Khamesipour A, Hejazi SH. Antigenic profile of heat-killed versus thimerosal-treated Leishmania major using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:128. [PMID: 26261830 PMCID: PMC4513315 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.158068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania is a parasitic protozoan of trypanosomatidae family which causes a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to deadly visceral forms. In endemic areas, field trials of different preparations of Leishmania total antigen were tested as leishmaniasis vaccine. Two preparations of killed Leishmania major were produced In Iran, which were heat-killed vaccine called autoclaved L. major (ALM) and thimerosal-treated freeze-thawed vaccine called killed L. major (KLM). In this study, the protein content of both ALM and KLM were compared with that of freshly harvested intact L. major promastigotes using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). MATERIALS AND METHODS L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) from pre-infected Balb/c mice was isolated with modified Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium and then subcultured in liquid RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) 20% for mass production. Two preparations of KLM and ALM were produced by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Iran, under WHO/TDR supervision. Electrophoresis was performed by SDS-PAGE method and the gel was stained by Coomassie brilliant blue dye. The resultant unit bands were compared using standard molecular proteins. RESULTS Electrophoresis of the two preparations produced many bands from 10 kDa to 100 kDa. KLM bands were much like those of freshly harvested intact L. major. CONCLUSION It is concluded that although there are similar bands in the three forms of Leishmania antigens, there are some variations which might be considered for identification and purification of protective immunogens in a total crude antigen, and detection of their stability is essential for the production and marketing of a putative vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Arjmand
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Simindokht Soleimani Fard
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Saberi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Tolouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Disease and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Abstract
Much of the flat or biopsy-only detected dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that had historically warranted a colectomy can now be shown to be circumscribed lesions with dye-spray or advanced endoscopic imaging. These lesions are therefore amenable to endoscopic excision with close endoscopic follow-up, though are technically very challenging. This review discusses preresection assessment of nonpolypoid or flat (Paris 0-II) lesions in colitis; lifting with colloids or hyaluronate; endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) with spiral or flat ribbon snares; or simplified, hybrid, and full endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD); as well as mucosal ablation. Close follow-up postresection is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E East
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Takashi Toyonaga
- Department of Endoscopy, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Noriko Suzuki
- Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St. Mark's Hospital, Watford road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3AY, UK
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17
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Marsman J, O'Neill AC, Kao BRY, Rhodes JM, Meier M, Antony J, Mönnich M, Horsfield JA. Cohesin and CTCF differentially regulate spatiotemporal runx1 expression during zebrafish development. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1839:50-61. [PMID: 24321385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Runx1 is a transcription factor essential for definitive hematopoiesis. In all vertebrates, the Runx1 gene is transcribed from two promoters: a proximal promoter (P2), and a distal promoter (P1). We previously found that runx1 expression in a specific hematopoietic cell population in zebrafish embryos depends on cohesin. Here we show that zebrafish runx1 is directly bound by cohesin and CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) at the P1 and P2 promoters, and within the intron between P1 and P2. Cohesin initiates expression of runx1 in the posterior lateral mesoderm and influences promoter use, while CTCF represses its expression in the newly emerging cells of the tail bud. The intronic binding sites for cohesin and CTCF coincide with histone modifications that confer enhancer-like properties, and two of the cohesin/CTCF sites behaved as insulators in an in vivo assay. The identified cohesin and CTCF binding sites are likely to be cis-regulatory elements (CREs) for runx1 since they also recruit RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). CTCF depletion excluded RNAPII from two intronic CREs but not the promoters of runx1. We propose that cohesin and CTCF have distinct functions in the regulation of runx1 during zebrafish embryogenesis, and that these regulatory functions are likely to involve runx1 intronic CREs. Cohesin (but not CTCF) depletion enhanced RUNX1 expression in a human leukemia cell line, suggesting conservation of RUNX1 regulation through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Marsman
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adam C O'Neill
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Betty Rui-Yun Kao
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jenny M Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Meier
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jisha Antony
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maren Mönnich
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Julia A Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Boatman S, Barrett F, Satishchandran S, Jing L, Shestopalov I, Zon LI. Assaying hematopoiesis using zebrafish. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 51:271-6. [PMID: 23916372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish has become a commonly used model for studying hematopoiesis as a result of its unique attributes. Zebrafish are highly suitable for large-scale genetic and chemical screens compared to other vertebrate systems. It is now possible to analyze hematopoietic lineages in zebrafish and validate cell function via transplantation assays. Here, we review advancements over the past decade in forward genetic screens, chemical screens, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and transplantation assays. Integrating these approaches enables new chemical and genetic screens that assay cell function within the hematopoietic system. Studies in zebrafish will continue to contribute and expand our knowledge about hematopoiesis, and develop novel treatments for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Boatman
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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