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Escalonilla M, Cueto B, Pérez-Villadóniga MJ. Is the Millennial Generation Left Behind? Inter-Cohort Labour Income Inequality in a Context of Economic Shock. Soc Indic Res 2022; 164:285-321. [PMID: 35757460 PMCID: PMC9216305 DOI: 10.1007/s11205-022-02958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides new evidence on how intergenerational income inequality evolves during the period 2005-2019. Using the Continuous Sample of Working Histories (CSWH), which includes administrative data about working lives and personal characteristics of Spanish workers, we shed light on the effect of the Great Recession on income inequality between cohorts in Spain. As a proxy of income, we employ monthly earnings data, provided by the CSWH. From a life course approach, we use two age-period-cohort (APC) models which allow us to separately identify three components: cohort, age and period effects. First, we examine relative earnings which will reveal whether there are income differences between generations. Second, we measure how absolute earnings have developed over time. Our results suggest that some generations are more disadvantaged in terms of income by their year of birth than others. Likewise, the evidence points out that the economic context experienced by a generation in their transition to the labour market is a key factor in the development of their income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Escalonilla
- Applied Economics Department, University of Oviedo, Av. del Cristo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Begoña Cueto
- Applied Economics Department, University of Oviedo, Av. del Cristo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Mancini S, Bucchi L, Baldacchini F, Giuliani O, Ravaioli A, Vattiato R, Preti M, Tumino R, Ferretti S, Biggeri A, Brustolin A, Boschetti L, Caiazzo AL, Caldarella A, Cesaraccio R, Cirilli C, Citarella A, Filiberti RA, Fusco M, Galasso R, Gatti L, Lotti FL, Magoni M, Mangone L, Masanotti G, Mazzoleni G, Mazzucco W, Melcarne A, Michiara M, Pesce P, Piffer S, Pinto A, Rognoni M, Rosso S, Rugge M, Sampietro G, Scalzi S, Scuderi T, Tagliabue G, Tisano F, Toffolutti F, Vitarelli S, Falcini F. Incidence trends of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in Italy from 1990 to 2015. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 157:656-663. [PMID: 32273199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma has increased for decades in most Western countries - a trend virtually restricted to women aged <50 or 60 years. In southern Europe, conversely, the trends have been insufficiently studied. This article reports a study from Italy. METHOD Thirty-eight local cancer registries, currently covering 15,274,070 women, equivalent to 49.2% of the Italian national female population, participated. Invasive cancers registered between 1990 and 2015 with an International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd revision, topography code C51 and morphology codes compatible with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (n = 6294) were eligible. Incidence trends were analysed using joinpoint regression models, with calculation of the estimated annual percent change (EAPC), and age-period-cohort models. RESULTS Total incidence showed a regular and significant decreasing trend (EAPC, -0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), -1.43 to -0.48). This was entirely accounted for by women aged ≥60 years (EAPC, -1.34; 95% CI, -1.86 to -0.81). For younger women, the EAPC between 1990 and 2012 was 1.20 (95% CI, 0.34 to 2.06) with a non-significant acceleration thereafter. This pattern did not vary substantially in a sensitivity analysis for the effect of geographic area and duration of the registry. The age-period-cohort analysis revealed a risk decrease in cohorts born between 1905 and 1940 and a new increase in cohorts born since 1945. CONCLUSIONS The decreasing trend observed among older women and the resulting decrease in total rate are at variance with reports from most Western countries. Age-period-cohort analysis confirmed a decreasing trend for earliest birth cohorts and an opposite one for recent ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mancini
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Lauro Bucchi
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Flavia Baldacchini
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Orietta Giuliani
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ravaioli
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì, Italy.
| | - Rosa Vattiato
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Mario Preti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority (ASP), Ragusa, Italy
| | | | - Annibale Biggeri
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications G. Parenti, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angelita Brustolin
- Unit of Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, Local Health Authority, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Anna L Caiazzo
- Cancer Registry of Local Health Authority Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Adele Caldarella
- Tuscany Cancer Registry, Clinical and Descriptive Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Rosaria Cesaraccio
- Sassari Cancer Registry, Azienda Regionale per la Tutela della Salute - ATS, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Cirilli
- Modena Cancer Registry, Public Health Department, Local Health Authority, Modena, Italy
| | - Annarita Citarella
- Cancer Registry, Department of Prevention, Unit of Epidemiology, Local Health Authority, Benevento, Italy
| | - Rosa A Filiberti
- Liguria Cancer Registry, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Rocco Galasso
- Unit of Regional Cancer Registry, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IRCCS-CROB, Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Luciana Gatti
- Mantova Cancer Registry, Epidemiology Unit, Agenzia di Tutela della Salute (ATS) della Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
| | - Fernanda L Lotti
- Brindisi Cancer Registry, Local Health Authority, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Michele Magoni
- Cancer Registry of Brescia Province, Epidemiology Unit, Brescia Health Protection Agency, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Mangone
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Masanotti
- Section of Public Health and RTUP Register, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Walter Mazzucco
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Maria Michiara
- Parma Cancer Registry, Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Pesce
- Catania, Messina, and Enna Cancer Registry, Catania, Italy
| | - Silvano Piffer
- Trento Province Cancer Registry, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Trento, Italy
| | - Angela Pinto
- Barletta, Andria, Trani Cancer Registry, BAT Province, Barletta, Italy
| | - Magda Rognoni
- Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Registry of ATS Brianza, Health Protection Agency, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefano Rosso
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Veneto Tumour Registry, Azienda Zero, University of Padova-DIMED, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giovanna Tagliabue
- Lombardy Cancer Registry-Varese Province, Cancer Registry Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federica Toffolutti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Susanna Vitarelli
- Macerata Province Cancer Registry, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Falcini
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì, Italy; Cancer Prevention Unit, Local Health Authority, Forlì, Italy
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Radaev V, Roshchina Y. Young cohorts of Russians drink less: age-period-cohort modelling of alcohol use prevalence 1994-2016. Addiction 2019; 114:823-835. [PMID: 30552861 DOI: 10.1111/add.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Young Russians have been drinking less alcohol, and fewer strong spirits in particular, in recent years. This study aimed to disentangle age, period and birth cohort effects for the first time in Russia to improve our understanding of these trends. DESIGN Age, period and cohort analysis of annual nationally representative repeated cross-sectional surveys [Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey- Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE)] using separate logistic models for each gender. SETTING Russia 1994-2016. PARTICIPANTS A total of 195 234 respondents aged 14-85 years. MEASUREMENTS Age (14 groups: 14-17 to 76+ years), period (21 years: 1994-2016) and birth cohorts (17 groups: 1920-24 to 2000-02). Outcome measures were 30-day overall and beverage-specific alcohol use prevalence accounting for vodka, moonshine, beer and wine. Controls were per capita income, education, marital status, ethnicity, residence type and regional climate. FINDINGS Controlling for age and period effects, the most recent cohorts had lower rates of participation than older cohorts. Findings were valid for females born in 1995-2002 (P = 0.000) and males born in 1990-94 (P = 0.002) and 1995-2002 (P = 0.000). The period effects were strong in 1994-2003 due to intensive substitution of beer in place of vodka. Period effects were also important in determining a decline of prevalence in 2008-15 due to restrictive alcohol policy. Age effects showed an inverse U-shaped trend in both genders, except for moonshine and wine. Overall, drinking profiles were beverage-specific. Models indicated diverse beverage-specific effects of income, ethnicity, education, marital status and residence on the prevalence of alcohol use. CONCLUSION The recent downward trend in alcohol use in Russia appears to be attributable to reduced participation rates among younger cohorts born after 1990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Radaev
- Laboratory for Studies in Economic Sociology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yana Roshchina
- Laboratory for Studies in Economic Sociology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
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