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Khaliq MA, Mustafa F, Rehman SU, Shahzaman M, Javed Z, Sagir M, Bashir S, Zuo H. Spatiotemporal investigation of near-surface CH 4 and factors influencing CH 4 over South, East, and Southeast Asia. Sci Total Environ 2024; 922:171311. [PMID: 38423317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) is the second most abundant greenhouse gas after CO2, which plays the most important role in global and regional climate change. To explore the long-term spatiotemporal variations of near-surface CH4, datasets were extracted from Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT), and the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalyzed datasets from June 2009 to September 2020 over South, East, and Southeast Asia. The accuracy of near-surface CH4 from GOSAT and CAMS was verified against surface observatory stations available in the study region to confirm both dataset applicability and results showed significant correlations. Temporal plots revealed continuous inflation in the near-surface CH4 with a significant seasonal and monthly variation in the study region. To explore the factors affecting near-surface CH4 distribution, near-surface CH4 relationship with anthropogenic emission, NDVI data, wind speed, temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and relative humidity were investigated. The results showed a significant contribution of anthropogenic emissions with near-surface CH4. Regression and correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between NDVI data and near-surface CH4 from GOSAT and CAMS, while a significant negative correlation was found between wind and near-surface CH4. In the case of temperature, soil moisture, and near-surface CH4 from GOSAT and CAMS over high CH4 regions of the study area showed a significant positive correlation. However significant negative correlations were found between precipitation and relative humidity with GOSAT and CAMS datasets over high CH4 regions in South, East, and Southeast Asia. Moreover, these climatic factors showed no significant correlation within the low near-surface CH4 areas in our study region. Our study results showed that anthropogenic emissions, NDVI data, wind speed, temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and humidity could significantly affect the near-surface CH4 over South, East, and Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Athar Khaliq
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tian-shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Farhan Mustafa
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Carbon Neutrality, Jiangmen Laboratory of Carbon Science and Technology, Jiangmen 529199, Guangdong Province, China; Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute (FYTRI), Nansha, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shafeeq Ur Rehman
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Shahzaman
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tian-shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tian-shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Muhammad Sagir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Bashir
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, 32000, Pakistan
| | - Hongchao Zuo
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tian-shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, PR China.
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Liu J, Ye Z, Christensen JH, Dong S, Geels C, Brandt J, Nenes A, Yuan Y, Im U. Impact of anthropogenic emission control in reducing future PM 2.5 concentrations and the related oxidative potential across different regions of China. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170638. [PMID: 38316299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Affected by both future anthropogenic emissions and climate change, future prediction of PM2.5 and its Oxidative Potential (OP) distribution is a significant challenge, especially in developing countries like China. To overcome this challenge, we estimated historical and future PM2.5 concentrations and associated OP using the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model (DEHM) system with meteorological input from WRF weather forecast model. Considering different future socio-economic pathways and emission scenario assumptions, we quantified how the contribution from various anthropogenic emission sectors will change under these scenarios. Results show that compared to the CESM_SSP2-4.5_CLE scenario (based on moderate radiative forcing and Current Legislation Emission), the CESM_SSP1-2.6_MFR scenario (based on sustainability development and Maximum Feasible Reductions) is projected to yield greater environmental and health benefits in the future. Under the CESM_SSP1-2.6_MFR scenario, annual average PM2.5 concentrations (OP) are expected to decrease to 30 (0.8 nmolmin-1m-3) in almost all regions by 2030, which will be 65 % (67 %) lower than that in 2010. From a long-term perspective, it is anticipated that OP in the Fen-Wei Plain region will experience the maximum reduction (82.6 %) from 2010 to 2049. Largely benefiting from the effective control of PM2.5 in the region, it has decreased by 82.1 %. Crucially, once emission reduction measures reach a certain level (in 2040), further reductions become less significant. This study also emphasized the significant role of secondary aerosol formation and biomass-burning sources in influencing OP during both historical and future periods. In different scenarios, the reduction range of OP from 2010 to 2049 is estimated to be between 71 % and 85 % by controlling precursor emissions involved in secondary aerosol formation and emissions from biomass burning. Results indicate that strengthening the control of anthropogenic emissions in various regions are key to achieving air quality targets and safeguarding human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China; Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science/Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Zhuyun Ye
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science/Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper H Christensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science/Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Shikui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Camilla Geels
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science/Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science/Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science/Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Shahpoury P, Lelieveld S, Johannessen C, Berkemeier T, Celo V, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Harner T, Lammel G, Nenes A. Influence of aerosol acidity and organic ligands on transition metal solubility and oxidative potential of fine particulate matter in urban environments. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167405. [PMID: 37777133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The adverse health effects of air pollution around the world have been associated with the inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Such outcomes are thought to be related to the induction of oxidative stress due to the excess formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The ability of airborne chemicals to deplete antioxidants and to form ROS is known as oxidative potential (OP). Here we studied the influence of aerosol acidity and organic ligands on the solubility of transition metals, in particular iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), and on the OP of PM2.5 from Canadian National Air Pollution Surveillance urban sites in Toronto, Vancouver, and Hamilton. Using chemical assays and model simulations of the lung redox chemistry, we quantified ROS formation in the lung lining fluid, targeting superoxide anion (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH), as well as the PM2.5 redox potential (RP). Experimental •OH formation (OPOH) showed high correlations with RP and model-predicted ROS metrics. Both aerosol acidity and oxalate content enhanced the solubility of transition metals, with oxalate showing a stronger association. While experimental OP metrics were primarily associated with species of primary origin such as elemental carbon, Fe, and Cu, model-predicted ROS were associated with secondary processes including proton- and ligand-mediated dissolution of Fe. Model simulations showed that water-soluble Cu was the main contributor to O2•- formation, while water-soluble Fe dominated the formation of highly reactive •OH radical, particularly at study sites with highly acidic aerosol and elevated levels of oxalate. This study underscores the importance of reducing transition metal emissions in urban environments to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Shahpoury
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Steven Lelieveld
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valbona Celo
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
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Liu P, Zhou H, Chun X, Wan Z, Liu T, Sun B. Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols in a semi-arid city: Quantifying anthropogenic and meteorological impacts. Chemosphere 2023; 335:139056. [PMID: 37247672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols have great adverse impacts on air quality, human health, and climate. However, there is a limited understanding of carbonaceous aerosols in semi-arid areas. The correlation between carbonaceous aerosols and control measures is still unclear owing to the insufficient information regarding meteorological contribution. To reveal the complex relationship between control measures and carbonaceous aerosols, offline and online observations of carbonaceous aerosols were conducted from October 8, 2019 to October 7, 2020 in Hohhot, a semi-arid city. The characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols and impacts of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions were studied. The annual mean concentrations (± standard deviation) of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were 42.81 (±40.13), 7.57 (±6.43), and 2.25 (±1.39) μg m-3, respectively. The highest PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations were observed in winter, whereas the lowest was observed in summer. The result indicated that coal combustion for heating had a critical role in air quality degradation in Hohhot. A boost regression tree model was applied to quantify the impacts of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions on carbonaceous aerosols. The results suggested that the anthropogenic contributions of PM2.5, OC, and EC during the COVID-19 lockdown period were 53.0, 15.0, and 2.36 μg m-3, respectively, while the meteorological contributions were 5.38, 2.49, and -0.62 μg m-3, respectively. Secondary formation caused by unfavorable meteorological conditions offset the emission reduction during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Coal combustion (46.4% for OC and 35.4% for EC) and vehicular emissions (32.0% for OC and 50.4% for EC) were the predominant contributors of carbonaceous aerosols. The result indicated that Hohhot must regulate coal use and vehicle emissions to reduce carbonaceous aerosol pollution. This study provides new insights and a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships between control strategies, meteorological conditions, and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Haijun Zhou
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Xi Chun
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wan
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Environmental Monitoring Center Station of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010011, China.
| | - Bing Sun
- Hohhot Environmental Monitoring Branch Station of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010030, China.
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Dai S, Chen X, Liang J, Li X, Li S, Chen G, Chen Z, Bin J, Tang Y, Li X. Response of PM2.5 pollution to meteorological and anthropogenic emissions changes during COVID-19 lockdown in Hunan Province based on WRF-Chem model. Environ Pollut 2023:121886. [PMID: 37236582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, the New Crown Pneumonia (the COVID-19) outbroke around the globe, and China imposed a nationwide lockdown starting as early as January 23, 2020. This decision has significantly impacted China's air quality, especially the sharp decrease in PM2.5 (aerodynamic equivalent diameter of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) pollution. Hunan Province is located in the central and eastern part of China, with a "horseshoe basin" topography. The reduction rate of PM2.5 concentrations in Hunan province during the COVID-19 (24.8%) was significantly higher than the national average (20.3%). Through the analysis of the changing character and pollution sources of haze pollution events in Hunan Province, more scientific countermeasures can be provided for the government. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem, V4.0) model to predict and simulate the PM2.5 concentrations under seven scenarios before the lockdown (2020.1.1-2020.1.22) and during the lockdown (2020.1.23-2020.2.14). Then, the PM2.5 concentrations under different conditions is compared to differentiate the contribution of meteorological conditions and local human activities to PM2.5 pollution. The results indicate the most important cause of PM2.5 pollution reduction is anthropogenic emissions from the residential sector, followed by the industrial sector, while the influence of meteorological factors contribute only 0.5% to PM2.5. The explanation is that emission reductions from the residential sector contribute the most to the reduction of seven primary contaminants. Finally, we trace the source and transport path of the air mass in Hunan Province through the Concentration Weight Trajectory Analysis (CWT). We found that the external input of PM2.5 in Hunan Province is mainly from the air mass transported from the northeast, accounting for 28.6%-30.0%. To improve future air quality, there is an urgent need to burn clean energy, improve the industrial structure, rationalize energy use, and strengthen cross-regional air pollution synergy control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Dai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xuwu Chen
- School of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, 410205, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- College of Mathematics and Econometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zuo Chen
- College of Information Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Juan Bin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yifan Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
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Mateus C, Flor D, Guerrero CA, Córdova X, Benitez FL, Parra R, Ochoa-Herrera V. Anthropogenic emission inventory and spatial analysis of greenhouse gases and primary pollutants for the Galapagos Islands. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:68900-68918. [PMID: 37129811 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and air pollution are critical challenges that humanity is currently facing. Understanding the sources of emissions released into the atmosphere is of great importance to evaluate the local footprint, the impacts of human activities, and the opportunities to develop and implement solutions to mitigate emissions and adapt to climate change particularly in vulnerable places like the Galapagos Islands. In this study, we present an anthropogenic emissions inventory for Santa Cruz, San Cristobal, and Isabela Islands in which emissions were spatially mapped for greenhouse gasses (GHGs) and primary pollutants (PP). Emissions were estimated for the energy stationary sources, energy mobile sources, waste, and other sectors, and emissions for 2019 were spatially distributed along with an uncertainty assessment. Results demonstrated that energy mobile sources which are aerial, terrestrial, and maritime transportation generated the most significant emissions in the Galapagos Islands in terms of PP and GHGs. In fact, maritime transportation was the highest one in 2019, at 41% of total CO2 emissions for Galapagos, with the most predominant PP being NOx and CO. The aerial transportation made up 36% of emissions, and the electricity generation contributed 15%. Emissions from waste and other sectors comprise a smaller percentage relative to the rest of the emission sectors. These results highlight the strong dependency of the islands on fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation. Alternatives to mitigate and reduce emissions from the islands are discussed. This spatially mapped emissions inventory for the Galapagos Islands represents a powerful tool to make informed decisions to contribute to the long-term sustainability of the archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mateus
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador.
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador.
- Instituto de Geografía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador.
- Instituto Biósfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador.
| | - Daniela Flor
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Christian A Guerrero
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
| | - Ximena Córdova
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador
| | - Fátima L Benitez
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador
- Instituto de Geografía, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - René Parra
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
| | - Valeria Ochoa-Herrera
- Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, 17-1200-841, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, 200150, Ecuador
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Wu K, Zhu S, Mac Kinnon M, Samuelsen S. Unexpected deterioration of O 3 pollution in the South Coast Air Basin of California: The role of meteorology and emissions. Environ Pollut 2023; 330:121728. [PMID: 37116566 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution has long been a prominent environmental threat due to its adverse impacts on vulnerable populations and ecosystems. In recent years, an unexpected increase in O3 levels over the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California has been observed despite reduced precursor emissions and the driving factors behind this abnormal condition remain unclear. In this work, we combine ambient measurements, satellite data, and air quality modeling to investigate O3 and precursor emission trends and explore the impacts of meteorological variability and emission changes on O3 over the SoCAB from 2012 to 2020. Changes in O3 trends were characterized by declining O3 in 2012-2015, and increasing O3 afterwards with the most extreme O3 exceedances in 2020. Basin-wide increases of MDA8 O3 concentrations over warm season were depicted between 2012 and 2020, with the most significant enhancements (5-10 ppb) observed in San Bernardino County. Persistent heatwaves and weak ventilation on consecutive days were closely correlated with O3 exceedances (r2 above 0.6) over inland SoCAB. While decreasing trends in NOx (-4.1%/yr) and VOC emissions (-1.8%/yr) inferred from emission inventory and satellites during 2012-2020 resulted in a slow transition for O3 sensitivity from VOCs-limited to NOx-limited, model simulations performed with fixed meteorology indicate that unfavorable meteorological conditions could largely offset regulation benefits, with meteorology anomaly-induced monthly O3 changes reaching 20 ppb (May 2020) and the deterioration of O3 pollution in 2016, 2017, and 2020 was largely attributed to unfavorable meteorological conditions. Nevertheless, anthropogenic emission changes may act as the dominant factor in governing O3 variations across the SoCAB when net effects of meteorology are neutral (typically 2018). This work provides a comprehensive assessment of O3 pollution and contributes valuable insights into understanding the long-term changes of O3 and precursors in guiding future regulation efforts in the SoCAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shupeng Zhu
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mac Kinnon
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott Samuelsen
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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8
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Oliveira K, Guevara M, Jorba O, Querol X, García-Pando CP. A new NMVOC speciated inventory for a reactivity-based approach to support ozone control strategies in Spain. Sci Total Environ 2023; 867:161449. [PMID: 36623647 PMCID: PMC9938404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is a persistent problem in many regions of Spain, so understanding O3 precursor emissions and trends is essential to design effective control strategies. We estimated the impact of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) species upon O3 formation potential (OFP) using the maximum incremental reactivity approach. For this, we developed a speciated NMVOC emission inventory for Spain from 2010 to 2019 combining national reported emissions with state-of-the-art speciation profiles, which resulted in a database of emissions for over 900 individual NMVOC species and 153 individual sectors. Additionally, we analysed 2030 emission projections to quantify the expected impact of planned measures on future OFP levels. Overall, the main activities contributing to OFP in Spain are paint manufacturing and applications (20 %), manure management (16 %), and domestic solvent use (6 %). These activities contribute unevenly across regions. The more urbanised areas report a larger contribution from the solvent sector (64 % in Madrid), while in rural areas, manure management and agricultural waste burning gain importance (24 % in Extremadura), indicating that local control measures should be implemented. The top 10 NMVOC species contributing to OFP are ethanol, ethene, xylenes, propene, toluene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, styrene, n-butane, and cyclopentane, which together are responsible for 54 % of the total OFP. Our trend analysis indicates a reduction of NMVOC emissions and OFP of -5 % and -10 % between 2010 and 2019, respectively. The larger decrease in OFP is driven by a bigger reduction in xylenes (-29 %) and toluene (-28 %) from paint application industries and the road transport sector. By 2030 a significant increase (+37 %) in the OFP from the public electricity sector is expected due to the planned increase in biomass use for power generation. Our results indicate that policies should focus on paint reformulation, limiting aerosol products, and implementing NMVOC control devices in future biomass power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oliveira
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Guevara
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Jorba
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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9
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Liu X, Wang S, Zhang Q, Jiang C, Liang L, Tang S, Zhang X, Han X, Zhu L. Origins of black carbon from anthropogenic emissions and open biomass burning transported to Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:277-289. [PMID: 36375914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) has importance regarding aerosol composition, radiative balance, and human exposure. This study adopted a backward-trajectory approach to quantify the origins of BC from anthropogenic emissions (BCAn) and open biomass burning (BCBB) transported to Xishuangbanna in 2017. Haze months, between haze and clean months, and clean months in Xishuangbanna were defined according to daily PM2.5 concentrations of >75, 35-75, and <35 µg/m3, respectively. Results showed that the transport efficiency density (TED) of BC transported to Xishuangbanna was controlled by the prevailing winds in different seasons. The yearly contributions to the effective emission intensity of BCAn and BCBB transported to Xishuangbanna were 52% and 48%, respectively. However, when haze occurred in Xishuangbanna, the average BCAn and BCBB contributions were 23% and 77%, respectively. This suggests that open biomass burning (BB) becomes the dominant source in haze months. Myanmar, India, and Laos were the dominant source regions of BC transported to Xishuangbanna during haze months, accounting for 59%, 18%, and 13% of the total, respectively. Furthermore, India was identified as the most important source regions of BCAn transported to Xishuangbanna in haze months, accounting for 14%. The two countries making the greatest contributions to BCBB transported to Xishuangbanna were Myanmar and Laos in haze months, accounting for 55% and 13%, respectively. BC emissions from Xishuangbanna had minimal effects on the results of the present study. It is suggested that open BB in Myanmar and Laos, and anthropogenic emissions in India were responsible for poor air quality in Xishuangbanna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Liu
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Siwen Wang
- Department of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- Research Center for Total Pollution Load Control and Emission Trading, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shihao Tang
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingying Zhang
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuzhen Han
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China
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10
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Sun J, He Y, Ning Y, Xue Z, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ma J, Chen X, Chai F. Pollution characteristics and sources of carbonyl compounds in a typical city of Fenwei Plain, Linfen, in summer. Environ Pollut 2023; 320:120913. [PMID: 36563991 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Field measurements of atmospheric carbonyl compounds (carbonyls) and essential precursors of O3 were carried out in the urban area of Linfen City (Linfen) where serious O3 pollution has occurred in recent years due to its unique terrain. Carbonyls were sampled using an automatic carbonyl sampler in August 2019 to determine their pollution characteristics and sources. An average concentration of ten carbonyls was 27 ± 5.7 μg m-3 detected using an HPLC-UV system. The concentrations of most detected carbonyls in August were significantly higher than those in the winter months in China. Acetone, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most abundant species, accounting for 73% of all detected carbonyls. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and methacrolein (MACR) were the most significant contributors to OH• reactivity and ozone generation, indicating that these three carbonyls were the key species influencing the production of O3. The concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and MACR showed similar diurnal variations on most days, with high values during the daytime reaching a peak at 10:00. However, the concentrations of the latter two species varied less than that of formaldehyde during the day. The acetone concentration generally increased continuously from morning to night, with the maximum value around 22:00. The C1/C2 ratio in summer was higher than that in winter. These results indicated that the carbonyls in Linfen were not only affected by anthropogenic sources such as vehicle exhaust but also by secondary photochemical production. The results of formaldehyde source apportionment showed that the contributions of background, primary, and secondary sources to the observed formaldehyde concentration were 27.6%, 36.6%, and 35.8%, respectively. Additionally, this study revealed for the first time that the vertical transport of air masses containing high concentrations of O3 and NO3 radicals above the boundary layer could increase the secondary generation of formaldehyde at night in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieya Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Zhth Research Institute for Environmental Science, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Youjiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yi Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Zhth Research Institute for Environmental Science, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hengyuan Wang
- Beijing Pengyu Changya Environmental Technology CO., Ltd., Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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11
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Stagakis S, Feigenwinter C, Vogt R, Kalberer M. A high-resolution monitoring approach of urban CO 2 fluxes. Part 1 - bottom-up model development. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:160216. [PMID: 36402316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of urban areas is increasingly important to assess the progress towards the Paris Agreement goals for climate neutrality. Cities are currently voluntarily developing their local inventories, however, the approaches used across different cities are not systematically assessed, present consistency issues, neglect the biogenic fluxes and have restricted spatial and temporal resolution. In order to assess the accuracy of the urban emission inventories and provide information which is useful for planning local climate change mitigation actions, high resolution modelling approaches combined or evaluated with atmospheric observations are needed. This study presents a new high-resolution bottom-up (BU) model which provides hourly maps of all major components contributing to the local urban surface CO2 flux (i.e. building emissions, traffic emissions, human respiration, soil respiration, plant respiration, plant photosynthetic uptake) and can therefore be used for direct comparison with in-situ atmospheric observations and development of local scale atmospheric inversion methodologies. The model design aims to be simple and flexible using inputs that are available in most cities, facilitating transferability to different locations. The inputs are primarily based on open geospatial datasets, census information, road traffic monitoring and basic meteorological parameters. The model is applied on the city centre of Basel, Switzerland, for the year 2018 and the results are compared to a local inventory. It is demonstrated that the model captures the highly dynamic spatiotemporal variability of the urban CO2 fluxes according to main environmental drivers, population activity dynamics and geospatial information proxies. The annual modelled emissions from buildings and traffic are estimated 14.8 % and 9 % lower than the respective information derived by the local inventory. The differences are mainly attributed to the emissions from the industrial areas and the highways which are beyond the geographical coverage of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Stagakis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Vogt
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Pan W, Gong S, Lu K, Zhang L, Xie S, Liu Y, Ke H, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Multi-scale analysis of the impacts of meteorology and emissions on PM 2.5 and O 3 trends at various regions in China from 2013 to 2020 3. Mechanism assessment of O 3 trends by a model. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159592. [PMID: 36272478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A multiscale analysis of meteorological trends was carried out to investigate the impacts of the large-scale circulation types as well as the local-scale key weather elements on the complex air pollutants, i.e., PM2.5 and O3 in China. Following accompanying papers on synoptic circulation impact and key weather elements and emission contributions (Gong et al., 2022a; Gong et al., 2022b), an emission-driven Observation-based Box Model (e-OBM) was developed to study the impact mechanisms on O3 trend and quantitatively assess the effects of variation in the emissions control over 2013-2020 for Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou and Shanghai. Compared with the original OBM, the e-OBM not only improves the performance to simulate the hourly O3 peak concentration in daytime, but also reasonably reproduces the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 concentrations in the four cities. Based upon the sensitivity experiments, it is found that the meteorology is the dominant driver for the MDA8 O3 trend, contributing from about 32 % to 139 % to the variations. From the mechanistic point of view, the variations of meteorology lead to the enhancement of atmospheric oxidation capacity and the acceleration of O3 production. Further evaluation to the emission changes in four cities shows that the O3-precursors relationships of the four cities have been changed from the VOC-limited regime in 2013 to the transition regime or near-transition regime in 2020. Though the NOx/VOCs ratios have been obviously decreased, the emission reductions up to 2020 were still not enough to mitigate O3 pollution in these cities. It is emphasized in this study that the strengthened control measures with maintaining a certain ratio of NOx and VOCs should be implemented to further curb the increasing trend of O3 in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sunling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macao.
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Safety, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Huabing Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Savard MM, Marion J, Bégin C, Laganière J. On the significance of long-term trends in tree-ring N isotopes - The interplay of soil conditions and regional NOx emissions. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159580. [PMID: 36280071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As anthropogenic nitrogen (N) emissions have been rising for decades, it is critical to develop natural archives that help understand how natural processes were modified in the past. Tree-ring δ15N values may represent such an indicator but its validity as faithful record of N cycling changes is still debated. Here we produce long-tree-ring δ15N series for five white spruce stands from two boreal regions submitted to moderate industrial N inputs. The obtained δ15N series show sharp differences among stands, even from the same region, despite the fact that they show similar increases in intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), a proxy for foliar strategies derived from δ13C values. The statistical modeling of these series and the basal area increment (BAI) of the trees allow to suggest that the mechanisms controlling the isotopic fractionation of N assimilated by tree rings are decoupled from the foliar strategies under the anthropogenic N emissions. The iWUE trends mainly reflect rise of pCO2 and changes in air quality. The long-term δ15N trends echo different biogeochemical processes responding to N deposition due to distinct original soil pH at the various sites. We contend that tree-ring δ15N series can record changes in the forest N cycle, but their rigorous interpretation requires laborious work, particularly an understanding of the biogeochemistry in the soil immediately around the investigated trees. "Seek simplicity and distrust it", Alfred North Whitehead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine M Savard
- Commission géologique du Canada (Ressources naturelles Canada), 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Joëlle Marion
- Commission géologique du Canada (Ressources naturelles Canada), 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Christian Bégin
- Commission géologique du Canada (Ressources naturelles Canada), 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Jérôme Laganière
- Centre de Foresterie des Laurentides, Service canadien des Forêts (Ressources naturelles Canada), 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Stn. Sainte-Foy, P.O. Box 10380, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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14
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Mondal A, Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Girach I, Ojha N. Frequency distribution of pollutant concentrations over Indian megacities impacted by the COVID-19 lockdown. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:85676-85687. [PMID: 34674132 PMCID: PMC8529380 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The megacities experience poor air quality frequently due to stronger anthropogenic emissions. India had one of the longest lockdowns in 2020 to curb the spread of COVID-19, leading to reductions in the emissions from anthropogenic activities. In this article, the frequency distributions of different pollutants have been analysed over two densely populated megacities: Delhi (28.70° N; 77.10° E) and Kolkata (22.57° N; 88.36° E). In Delhi, the percentage of days with PM2.5 levels exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) between 25 March and 17 June dropped from 98% in 2019 to 61% in 2020. The lockdown phase 1 brought down the PM10 (particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) levels below the daily NAAQS limit over Delhi and Kolkata. However, PM10 exceeded the limit of 100 μgm-3 during phases 2-5 of lockdown over Delhi due to lower temperature, weaker winds, increased relative humidity and commencement of limited traffic movement. The PM2.5 levels exhibit a regressive trend in the highest range from the year 2019 to 2020 in Delhi. The daily mean value for PM2.5 concentrations dropped from 85-90 μgm-3 to 40-45 μgm-3 bin, whereas the PM10 levels witnessed a reduction from 160-180 μgm-3 to 100-120 μgm-3 bin due to the lockdown. Kolkata also experienced a shift in the peak of PM10 distribution from 80-100 μgm-3 in 2019 to 20-40 μgm-3 during the lockdown. The PM2.5 levels in peak frequency distribution were recorded in the 35-40 μgm-3 bin in 2019 which dropped to 15-20 μgm-3 in 2020. In line with particulate matter, other primary gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, SO2, NH3) also showed decline. However, changes in O3 showed mixed trends with enhancements in some of the phases and reductions in other phases. In contrast to daily mean O3, 8-h maximum O3 showed a reduction over Delhi during lockdown phases except for phase 3. Interestingly, the time of daily maximum was observed to be delayed by ~ 2 h over Delhi (from 1300 to 1500 h) and ~ 1 h over Kolkata (from 1300 to 1400 h) almost coinciding with the time of maximum temperature, highlighting the role of meteorology versus precursors. Emission reductions weakened the chemical sink of O3 leading to enhancement (120%; 11 ppbv) in night-time O3 over Delhi during phases 1-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mondal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Imran Girach
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 022, India
| | - Narendra Ojha
- Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, India
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Zhang Y, Zhou R, Hu D, Chen J, Xu L. Modelling driving factors of PM 2.5 concentrations in port cities of the Yangtze River Delta. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 184:114131. [PMID: 36150225 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is one of the major air pollutants in port cities of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China. Understanding the driving factors of PM2.5 is essential to guide air pollution prevention and control. We selected 17 major port cities in YRD to study the driving factors of PM2.5 in 2019 and 2020. Generalized Additive Models were built to model the non-linear effects of single, multiple and interactions of driving factors on the variations of PM2.5. NO2, SO2 and the day of year are most strongly associated with the variation of PM2.5 concentration when used alone. Anthropogenic emissions play complicated roles in regulating PM2.5 concentration. Although the effect of cargo throughput (CT) on PM2.5 concentration is non-monotonic, higher PM2.5 levels are found to be associated with higher levels of SO2 and CT. This work can potentially provide a scientific basis for formulating PM2.5 prevention and control policies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Daoxian Hu
- Shenzhen International Maritime Institute, Shenzhen 518081, China; Hyde (Guangzhou) International Logistics Group Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510665, China.
| | - Jihong Chen
- Shenzhen International Maritime Institute, Shenzhen 518081, China; College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518073, China; Commercial College, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.
| | - Lang Xu
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Yao D, Guo H, Lyu X, Lu H, Huo Y. Secondary organic aerosol formation at an urban background site on the coastline of South China: Precursors and aging processes. Environ Pollut 2022; 309:119778. [PMID: 35841994 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) is an arduous task in atmospheric chemistry. In November 2018, a sampling campaign was conducted at an urban background site in Hong Kong for characterization of secondary air pollution. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer was used to monitor the compositions of non-refractory submicron particulate matters (NR-PM1), and multiple online instruments provided us with comprehensive auxiliary data. Organic aerosol (OA) constituted the largest fraction (43.8%) of NR-PM1, and 86.5% of the organics was contributed by the oxygenated OA (OOA, secondary components). Formation mechanisms of a dominant and more variable component of the less-oxidized OOA (labelled as LO-OOA1 in this study) and the more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) were explored. Based on the multilinear regression with molecular markers of OA (e.g., hydroxybenzonic acids and 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid), we presumed that anthropogenic organic compounds, especially aromatics, were the most likely precursors of LO-OOA1. MO-OOA correlated well with odd oxygen (Ox), and its concentration responded positively to the increase of liquid water content (LWC) in NR-PM1, indicating that the formation of MO-OOA involved photochemical oxidation and aqueous processes. It exhibited the best correlation with malic acid which can be formed through the oxidation of various precursors. Moreover, it was plausible that LO-OOA1 was further oxidized to MO-OOA through aqueous processes, as indicated by the consistent diurnal variations of MO-OOA to LO-OOA1 ratio and LWC. This study highlights the important roles of anthropogenic emissions and aqueous processes in SOA formation in coastal areas downwind of cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Yao
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoxian Lu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunxi Huo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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17
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Nyashina G, Dorokhov V, Kuznetsov G, Strizhak P. Emissions from the combustion of high-potential slurry fuels. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:37989-38005. [PMID: 35067879 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Slurry fuels based on wood and coal processing and petroleum refinery waste are an environmentally friendly and economically feasible alternative to the conventional solid fuel-coal. As part of this experimental research, we compared a set of fuels (coal and coal-water slurries with and without petrochemicals) by normalizing and calculating the specific concentrations of pollutants from their combustion. The pollutant concentrations were normalized with respect to the mass of burnt fuel, the thermal energy released by combustion, specific mass emissions per unit time, specific maximum mass emissions, and specific mass emissions per 1 kg of fuel equivalent or 1 MJ of thermal energy. The key objective of this research was to develop a method for comparing composite fuels in terms of their relative environmental friendliness. As part of the research, coal combustion was notable for the peak emissions of gaseous pollutants irrespective of the fuel mass and combustion chamber temperature. When slurries were burnt, CO2, SO2, and NOx concentrations were 12-90% lower as compared to coal. The research findings established that the most promising fuel of all the slurries under study is the one based on coal slime and sawdust due to its high environmental indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Nyashina
- Heat Mass Transfer Simulation Laboratory, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
| | - Vadim Dorokhov
- Heat Mass Transfer Simulation Laboratory, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Geniy Kuznetsov
- Heat Mass Transfer Simulation Laboratory, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Pavel Strizhak
- Heat Mass Transfer Simulation Laboratory, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
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18
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Caumo S, Yera AB, Vicente A, Alves C, Roubicek DA, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Particulate matter-bound organic compounds: levels, mutagenicity, and health risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:31293-31310. [PMID: 35001282 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased industrialization and consumption of fossil fuels in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), Brazil, have caused a growth of the particulate matter emissions to the atmosphere and an increase in population health problems. Particulate and gaseous phase samples were collected in different short campaigns (2015, 2016, and 2017) near an urban-industrial area. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and its derivatives (nitro and oxy-PAH), n-alkanes, hopanes, and pesticides were determined. The Salmonella/microsome test confirmed the mutagenic activity of these samples. Among PAH, benzo(a)pyrene was detected as one of the most abundant compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations for PAH and nitro-PAH, and the associated risk of lung cancer, showed values above those recommended in the literature. The profile of n-alkanes confirmed the predominance of anthropogenic sources. Pesticide concentrations and estimated risks, such as the daily inhalation exposure and hazard quotient, suggest that exposure to these compounds in this area may be dangerous to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caumo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Aleinnys B Yera
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Célia Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Deborah A Roubicek
- Dept. Environmental Analyses, São Paulo State Environmental Agency, CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hu C, Liu C, Hu N, Hong J, Ai X. Government environmental control measures on CO 2 emission during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing: Perspectives from a top-down approach. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:165-178. [PMID: 34963526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Strict air pollution control measures were conducted during the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) period at Nanjing city and surrounding areas in August 2014. This event provides a unique chance to evaluate the effect of government control measures on regional atmospheric pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Many previous studies have observed significant reductions of atmospheric pollution species and improvement in air quality, while no study has quantified its synergism on anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which can be co-reduced with air pollutants. To better understand to what extent these pollution control measures have reduced anthropogenic CO2 emissions, we conducted atmospheric CO2 measurements at the suburban site in Nanjing city from 1st July to 30th September 2014 and 1st August to 31st August 2015, obvious decrease in atmospheric CO2 was observed between YOG and the rest period. By coupling the a priori emission inventory with atmospheric transport model, we applied the scale factor Bayesian inversion approach to derive the posteriori CO2 emissions in YOG period and regular period. Results indicate CO2 emissions from power industry decreased by 45%, and other categories also decreased by 16% for manufacturing combusting, and 37% for non-metallic mineral production. Monthly total anthropogenic CO2 emissions were 9.8 (±3.6) × 109 kg/month CO2 for regular period and decreased to 6.2 (±1.9) × 109 kg/month during the YOG period in Nanjing city, with a 36.7% reduction. When scaling up to whole Jiangsu Province, anthropogenic CO2 emissions were 7.1 (±2.4) × 1010 kg/month CO2 for regular period and decreased to 4.4 (±1.2) × 1010 kg/month CO2 during the YOG period, yielding a 38.0% reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information, Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Cheng Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution/School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Ning Hu
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information, Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jun Hong
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210022, China
| | - Xinyue Ai
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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20
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Dorokhov VV, Kuznetsov GV, Nyashina GS, Strizhak PA. Composition of a gas and ash mixture formed during the pyrolysis and combustion of coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals. Environ Pollut 2021; 285:117390. [PMID: 34049129 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of experimental research into the component composition of gases and ash residue from the combustion of a set of high-potential coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals. We have established that the use of slurry fuels provides a decrease in the CO2, CH4, SO2, and NOx concentrations as compared to those from coal combustion. The content of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the gas environment from the combustion of slurries is higher due to the intense water evaporation. It is shown that adding biomass allows a further 5-33% reduction in the emissions of nitrogen and sulfur oxides as compared to the coal-water slurry and the composition with added waste turbine oil and a 23-68% decrease as compared to coal (per unit mass of the fuel burnt). The mechanisms and stages of CO2, SO2, and NOx formation are explained with a view to controlling gaseous anthropogenic emissions and ash buildup. The values of the relative environmental performance indicator are calculated for slurry fuels. It is shown to exceed the same indicator of bituminous coal by 28-56%.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Dorokhov
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - G V Kuznetsov
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - G S Nyashina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - P A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
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21
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Nikitin AD, Nyashina GS, Ryzhkov AF, Strizhak PA. Anthropogenic emissions from the combustion of composite coal-based fuels. Sci Total Environ 2021; 772:144909. [PMID: 33770856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Composite fuels made of waste from coal, petroleum and wood processing industries have a high environmental and economic potential. In this research, we experimentally studied the concentrations of the most hazardous gaseous anthropogenic emissions (CO2, SO2, NO) from waste-based fuel combustion. Using two techniques operating in complementary temperature ranges, we obtained data on SO2 and NO emissions in the temperature range from 300 °C to 1000°C, including all the stages of thermochemical conversion of fuels. A quasi-stationary technique was used, based on a setup of thermogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometry, to obtain information in a low-temperature range (300-600°C). This technique allows the conversion at a low controlled rate of heating a sample together with the furnace. To obtain data in a high-temperature range (700-1000°C), a non-stationary technique was used, where the sample was introduced into a pre-heated furnace. The conditions were established in which it was possible to reduce the concentration of flue gases from the combustion of the compositions under study (replacement of the coal part with water, injection of water vapor, addition of biomass, selection of the temperature range). The impact of water vapors was determined when they were injected into the chemical reaction zone together with air and when they were formed naturally by evaporation from the fuel sample. Unlike biomass that reduces the emissions of sulfur oxides from composite fuels due to the mechanical dilution of the mixture, water vapor present in the heterogeneous reaction zone decreases the gaseous anthropogenic emissions through chemical reactions and conversion of a part of fuel sulfur and nitrogen to an inactive form (neutral to the environment).
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Nikitin
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - G S Nyashina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - A F Ryzhkov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - P A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
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22
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Zhang M, Chen W, Shen X, Zhao H, Gao C, Zhang X, Liu W, Yang C, Qin Y, Zhang S, Fu J, Tong D, Xiu A. Comprehensive and high-resolution emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants for the northernmost cities agglomeration of Harbin-Changchun, China: Implications for local atmospheric environment management. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 104:150-168. [PMID: 33985718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a bottom-up estimation method, a comprehensive, high-resolution emission inventory of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants for multiple anthropogenic sectors with typical local sources has been developed for the Harbin-Changchun city agglomeration (HCA). The annual emissions for CO, NOx, SO2, NH3, VOCS, PM2.5, PM10, BC and OC during 2017 in the HCA were estimated to be 5.82 Tg, 0.70 Tg, 0.34 Tg, 0.75 Tg, 0.81Tg, 0.67 Tg, 1.59 Tg, 0.12 Tg and 0.26 Tg, respectively. For PM10 and SO2, the emissions from industry processes were the dominant contributors representing 54.7% and 49.5%, respectively, of the total emissions, while 95.3% and 44.5% of the total NH3 and NOx emissions, respectively, were from or associated with agricultural activities and transportation. Spatiotemporal distributions showed that most emissions (except NH3) occurred in November to March and were concentrated in the central cities of Changchun and Harbin and the surrounding cities. Open burning of straw made an important contribution to PM2.5 in the central regions of the northeastern plain during autumn and spring, while domestic coal combustion for heating purposes was significant with respect to SO2 and PM2.5 emissions during autumn and winter. Furthermore, based on Principal Component Analysis and Multivariable Linear Regression model, air temperature, relative humidity, electricity and energy consumption, and the urban and rural population were optimized to be representative indicators for rapidly assessing the magnitude of regional atmospheric pollutants in the HCA. Such indicators and equations were demonstrated to be useful for local atmospheric environment management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengduo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiangjin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Chengkang Gao
- Northeastern University School of Metallurgy, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chengjiang Yang
- Jilin Provincial Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Jilin Provincial Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shichun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Daniel Tong
- Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Cooperative Institute for Climate & Satellites, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Aijun Xiu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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23
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Wang J, Lei Y, Chen Y, Wu Y, Ge X, Shen F, Zhang J, Ye J, Nie D, Zhao X, Chen M. Comparison of air pollutants and their health effects in two developed regions in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Environ Manage 2021; 287:112296. [PMID: 33711659 PMCID: PMC7927583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution attributed to substantial anthropogenic emissions and significant secondary formation processes have been reported frequently in China, especially in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). In order to investigate the aerosol evolution processes before, in, and after the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown period of 2020, ambient monitoring data of six air pollutants were analyzed from Jan 1 to Apr 11 in both 2020 and 2019. Our results showed that the six ambient pollutants concentrations were much lower during the COVID-19 lockdown due to a great reduction of anthropogenic emissions. BTH suffered from air pollution more seriously in comparison of YRD, suggesting the differences in the industrial structures of these two regions. The significant difference between the normalized ratios of CO and NO2 during COVID-19 lockdown, along with the increasing PM2.5, indicated the oxidation of NO2 to form nitrate and the dominant contribution of secondary processes on PM2.5. In addition, the most health risk factor was PM2.5 and health-risked based air quality index (HAQI) values during the COVID-19 pandemic in YRD in 2020 were all lower than those in 2019. Our findings suggest that the reduction of anthropogenic emissions is essential to mitigate PM2.5 pollution, while O3 control may be more complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Yangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Yangzhou 225007, China.
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Fuzhen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dongyang Nie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuyong Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Physical Modeling and Pollution Control, State Power Environmental Protection Research Institute, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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24
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Bruhwiler L, Basu S, Butler JH, Chatterjee A, Dlugokencky E, Kenney MA, McComiskey A, Montzka SA, Stanitski D. Observations of greenhouse gases as climate indicators. Clim Change 2021; 165:12. [PMID: 33758443 PMCID: PMC7940260 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-021-03001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans have significantly altered the energy balance of the Earth's climate system mainly not only by extracting and burning fossil fuels but also by altering the biosphere and using halocarbons. The 3rd US National Climate Assessment pointed to a need for a system of indicators of climate and global change based on long-term data that could be used to support assessments and this led to the development of the National Climate Indicators System (NCIS). Here we identify a representative set of key atmospheric indicators of changes in atmospheric radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases (GHGs), and we evaluate atmospheric composition measurements, including non-CO2 GHGs for use as climate change indicators in support of the US National Climate Assessment. GHG abundances and their changes over time can provide valuable information on the success of climate mitigation policies, as well as insights into possible carbon-climate feedback processes that may ultimately affect the success of those policies. To ensure that reliable information for assessing GHG emission changes can be provided on policy-relevant scales, expanded observational efforts are needed. Furthermore, the ability to detect trends resulting from changing emissions requires a commitment to supporting long-term observations. Long-term measurements of greenhouse gases, aerosols, and clouds and related climate indicators used with a dimming/brightening index could provide a foundation for quantifying forcing and its attribution and reducing error in existing indicators that do not account for complicated cloud processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourish Basu
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD USA
| | | | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD USA
| | | | - Melissa A. Kenney
- University of Minnesota Institute on the Environment, Saint Paul, MN USA
| | - Allison McComiskey
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Upton, NY USA
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25
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Dang R, Liao H, Fu Y. Quantifying the anthropogenic and meteorological influences on summertime surface ozone in China over 2012-2017. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:142394. [PMID: 33254879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We applied the global 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem to examine the anthropogenic and meteorological contributions in driving summertime (JJA) surface ozone (O3) trend in China during the Clean Air Action period 2012-2017. The model captures the observed spatial distribution of summertime O3 concentrations in China (R = 0.78) and reproduces the observed increasing trends in two most populated city clusters: North China Plain (NCP) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Trend of simulated maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 concentration is 0.58 ppbv yr-1 in NCP and 1.74 ppbv yr-1 in YRD in JJA 2012-2017. Sensitivity studies show that both changes in anthropogenic emissions and meteorology favored the MDA8 O3 increases in these two regions with respective contributions of 39% and 49% in NCP, and 13% and 84% in YRD. In NCP, the 49% meteorology impact includes a considerable contribution from natural emissions (19%). Changes in biogenic VOCs, soil NOx, and lightning NOx emissions are estimated to enhance MDA8 O3 in NCP with a rate of 0.14, 0.10, and 0.14 ppbv yr-1, respectively. In YRD, natural emissions made small contributions to the MDA8 O3 trend. Statistical analysis shows that higher temperatures and anomalous southerlies at 850 hPa in 2017 relative to 2012 are the two major meteorological drivers in NCP that favored the O3 increases, while weaker wind speed and lower relative humidity are those for YRD. We further examined the trend of fourth highest daily maximum 8-h average (4MDA8) O3 among a specific month that linked with extreme pollution episodes. Trends of simulated 4MDA8 O3 in NCP and YRD are 34-46% higher than those of MDA8 O3 and are found more meteorology-induced. Our results suggest an important role of meteorology in driving summertime O3 increases in China in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yu Fu
- Climate Change Research Center, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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26
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Ye Z, Mao H, Driscoll CT. Impacts of anthropogenic emissions and meteorology on mercury deposition over lake vs land surface in upstate New York. Ecotoxicology 2020; 29:1590-1601. [PMID: 31586287 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition is a major input of mercury (Hg) to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. To evaluate Hg pollution mitigation strategies for inland lakes, the two Great Lakes (Ontario and Erie) adjacent to New York State (NYS), and rural land areas of Upstate New York, the relative contributions to atmospheric Hg deposition from anthropogenic emission reductions and meteorological variations were investigated using a regional three-dimensional chemical transport model with detailed Hg and bromine chemistry (CMAQ-newHg-Br). Our simulations suggested that NYS in-state emissions and the Northeastern US emission reductions from 2005 to 2011 did not significantly alter Hg wet and dry deposition in all study areas when averaged over time and space. However, such emission changes significantly altered intensive emission sources (>10 lb/year) with subsequent effects on deposition to nearby water bodies. For the Great Lakes, Hg dry deposition was enhanced by a factor of 2-5 in the adjacent model grids (within distances of ~12 km downwind), and the enhancements decreased to negligible values over ~50 km distances. Over land, anthropogenic emissions contributed 30% of the spatial variation in Hg dry deposition and 46% in ambient concentrations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM). Spatial and temporal variations in meteorology and foliar characteristics were found to affect both Hg wet and dry deposition. Convective precipitation significantly contributed to spatial and seasonal variations (~65%) in Hg wet deposition over both lake and land surfaces, whereas wind speed and surface heat flux were the main factors contributing to the spatial variation in Hg dry deposition over the lake surfaces through their impacts on dry deposition velocities of GOM and PBM. Leaf area index, which regulates deposition velocity, contributed 14% of the spatial variation in dry deposition flux over land. Variation in solar radiation, which influences photochemical formation of GOM and PBM, explained ~10% of the spatial variation over lake and land surfaces alike. Findings from our highly focused study suggested broad implications. Future climate change will likely serve to enhance Hg concentrations in biota via increases in Hg dry and wet deposition to varying degrees contingent on land surface type. Hence, liminating the health risks of Hg requires mitigation of both anthropogenic Hg emission hotspots and human-induced climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyun Ye
- Deparment of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Huiting Mao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Charles T Driscoll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Wang M, Xu B, Wang H, Zhang R, Yang Y, Gao S, Tang X, Wang N. Black carbon deposited in Hariqin Glacier of the Central Tibetan Plateau record changes in the emission from Eurasia. Environ Pollut 2020; 273:115778. [PMID: 33460874 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), by the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, has profound effects on climate change and glacier retreat in industrial eras. In the present study, we report refractory BC (rBC) in an ice core spanning 1850-2014, retrieved from the Hariqin Glacier of the Tanggula Mountains in the central Tibetan Plateau, measured using a single particle soot photometer (SP2). The rBC concentration shows a three-fold increase since the 1950s. The mean rBC concentration was 0.71 ± 0.52 ng mL-1 during 1850s-1940s and 2.11 ± 1.60 ng mL-1 during 1950s-2010s. The substantial increase in rBC since the 1950s is consistent with rBC ice core records from the Tibetan Plateau and Eastern Europe. According to the predominant atmospheric circulation patterns over the glacier and timing of changes in regional emissions, the post-1950 amplification of rBC concentration in the central Tibetan Plateau most likely reflects increases in emissions in Eastern Europe, former USSR, the Middle East, and South Asia. Despite the low-level background rBC concentrations in the ice cores from the Tibetan Plateau, the present study highlights a remarkable increase in anthropogenic BC emissions in recent decades and the consequent influence on glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Wang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Baiqing Xu
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hailong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Rudong Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiangxiang Tang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ninglian Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710172, China
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28
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Singh A, Chou CCK, Chang SY, Chang SC, Lin NH, Chuang MT, Pani SK, Chi KH, Huang CH, Lee CT. Long-term (2003-2018) trends in aerosol chemical components at a high-altitude background station in the western North Pacific: Impact of long-range transport from continental Asia. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:114813. [PMID: 32504975 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the long-term trends in chemical components in PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples collected at Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS) located on the summit of Mt. Lulin (2862 m above mean sea level) in Taiwan in the western North Pacific during 2003-2018. High ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and its chemical components were observed during March and April every year. This enhancement was primarily associated with the long-range transport of biomass burning (BB) smoke emissions from Indochina, as revealed from cluster analysis of backward air mass trajectories. The decreasing trends in ambient concentrations of organic carbon (-0.67% yr-1; p = 0.01), elemental carbon (-0.48% yr-1; p = 0.18), and non-sea-salt (nss) K+ (-0.71% yr-1; p = 0.04) during 2003-2018 indicated a declining effect of transported BB aerosol over the western North Pacific. These findings were supported by the decreasing trend in levoglucosan (-0.26% yr-1; p = 0.20) during the period affected by the long-range transport of BB aerosol. However, NO3- displayed an increasing trend (0.71% yr-1; p = 0.003) with considerable enhancement resulting from the air masses transported from the Asian continent. Given that the decreasing trends were for the majority of the chemical components, the columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD) also demonstrated a decreasing trend (-1.04% yr-1; p = 0.0001) during 2006-2018. Overall decreasing trends in ambient (carbonaceous aerosol and nss-K+) as well as columnar (e.g., AOD) aerosol loadings at the LABS may influence the regional climate, which warrants further investigations. This study provides an improved understanding of the long-term trends in PM2.5 chemical components over the western North Pacific, and the results would be highly useful in model simulations for evaluating the effects of BB transport on an area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinderpal Singh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan
| | - Charles C-K Chou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Chang
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Chin Chang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan; Environmental Protection Administration, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tung Chuang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan
| | - Kai Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Hua Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan.
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Haque MM, Fang C, Schnelle-Kreis J, Abbaszade G, Liu X, Bao M, Zhang W, Zhang YL. Regional haze formation enhanced the atmospheric pollution levels in the Yangtze River Delta region, China: Implications for anthropogenic sources and secondary aerosol formation. Sci Total Environ 2020; 728:138013. [PMID: 32361103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-time-resolution (3-hour) PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously from the rural and urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region during winter. The aerosol samples were analyzed for carbonaceous components, organic tracers, water-soluble inorganic ions and stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic compositions of total carbon and total nitrogen. The values of PM2.5 and secondary organic carbon (SOC) for both sampling sites were observed 2 times higher in haze events compare to those in clear days, implying severe pollution occurred by photochemical oxidation during haze periods. The PM mass of rural samples showed similar temporal trend and significant correlation with the urban PM, reflecting pollution sources or their formation process are most likely identical. Diurnal variations of PM2.5 and carbonaceous components revealed that pollution levels increased at daytime due to the photochemical oxidation. In addition, SOC and OC were influenced by the relative humidity (RH%) and temperature (T °C), indicating that such meteorological factors play important roles in the occurrence of regional air pollution. The concentrations of levoglucosan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, and n-alkanes were 625 ± 456 and 519 ± 301 ng m-3, 32.6 ± 24.7 and 28.7 ± 20.1 ng m-3, 1.83 ± 1.51 and 1.26 ± 1.34 ng m-3, and 302 ± 206 and 169 ± 131 ng m-3 for rural and urban samples, respectively. Levoglucosan is the most abundant organic compounds, exhibited 2-3 times higher in haze than clear days, suggesting biomass burning (BB) emission substantially affects the haze pollution in winter. Furthermore, NO3- was the dominant ionic species followed by SO42-, NH4+, Cl- and other minor species for both sites. The δ13C and δ15N values demonstrate that anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel combustion and BB are the major sources for carbonaceous and nitrogenous aerosols. This study implies that both the regional anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions influenced the regional haze formation, leading enhancement of pollution levels in eastern China during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mozammel Haque
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Cao Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Joint Mass Spectrometry Ctr, Cooperat Grp Comprehens Mol Analyt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Joint Mass Spectrometry Ctr, Cooperat Grp Comprehens Mol Analyt CMA, Gmunder Str 37, D-81479 Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Mengying Bao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Metereological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Lelieveld J, Pozzer A, Pöschl U, Fnais M, Haines A, Münzel T. Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1910-1917. [PMID: 32123898 PMCID: PMC7449554 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Long-term exposure of humans to air pollution enhances the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. A novel Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM) has been derived from many cohort studies, providing much-improved coverage of the exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We applied the GEMM to assess excess mortality attributable to ambient air pollution on a global scale and compare to other risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a data-informed atmospheric model to calculate worldwide exposure to PM2.5 and ozone pollution, which was combined with the GEMM to estimate disease-specific excess mortality and loss of life expectancy (LLE) in 2015. Using this model, we investigated the effects of different pollution sources, distinguishing between natural (wildfires, aeolian dust) and anthropogenic emissions, including fossil fuel use. Global excess mortality from all ambient air pollution is estimated at 8.8 (7.11-10.41) million/year, with an LLE of 2.9 (2.3-3.5) years, being a factor of two higher than earlier estimates, and exceeding that of tobacco smoking. The global mean mortality rate of about 120 per 100 000 people/year is much exceeded in East Asia (196 per 100 000/year) and Europe (133 per 100 000/year). Without fossil fuel emissions, the global mean life expectancy would increase by 1.1 (0.9-1.2) years and 1.7 (1.4-2.0) years by removing all potentially controllable anthropogenic emissions. Because aeolian dust and wildfire emission control is impracticable, significant LLE is unavoidable. CONCLUSION Ambient air pollution is one of the main global health risks, causing significant excess mortality and LLE, especially through cardiovascular diseases. It causes an LLE that rivals that of tobacco smoking. The global mean LLE from air pollution strongly exceeds that by violence (all forms together), i.e. by an order of magnitude (LLE being 2.9 and 0.3 years, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Lelieveld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohammed Fnais
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andy Haines
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas Münzel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Mainz, Germany
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Chen Y, Liu A, Cheng X. Quantifying economic impacts of climate change under nine future emission scenarios within CMIP6. Sci Total Environ 2020; 703:134950. [PMID: 31744695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concept of "environmental determinism" suggests that climate conditions played a substantial role in shaping modern society. To minimize the social costs of future climate change and to promote economic development through identification of cost-effective adaptation strategies and mitigation policies, quantitative assessments are needed for obtaining a better understanding of the causal impacts of climate change on human society. In this work, we estimate the economic impacts of climate change during the 21st century under nine CMIP6 scenarios, using the PAGE-ICE integrated assessment model driven by the latest anthropogenic emission and socio-economic projections. Our results show that the largest climate change damages occur under the SSP3-7.0 scenario (involving regional rivalry and high anthropogenic emissions), followed by the SSP3-LowNTCF scenario (which considers significantly reduced NTCF emissions), and that climate change damage costs are expected to grow much faster than global GDP (reaching ~47% of global GDP in 2100). Gaps in adaptation resulting from regional inequalities would lead to higher climate change damages in poorer and warmer regions such as Africa and the Middle East. The outcomes obtained under the SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 scenarios, in which the warming limit targets of 1.5 °C and 2 °C set forth in the Paris Agreement are considered, respectively, reveal that aggressive mitigation strategies pass a cost-benefit analysis and could significantly reduce the economic impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Chen
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Aobo Liu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, China; Joint Center for Global Change and China Green Development, 100875 Beijing, China.
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32
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Kurgankina MA, Nyashina GS, Strizhak PA. Prospects of thermal power plants switching from traditional fuels to coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals. Sci Total Environ 2019; 671:568-577. [PMID: 30933812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The amount of thermal and electric energy produced by coal combustion increases nonlinearly, because the production capacities and consumption of the corresponding energy are on the rise. The prospects of excluding coal from the picture are slim, because it has been traditionally considered one of the most attractive fuels in terms of cost and heat of combustion. What we need is major changes in the energy industry towards environmentally effective use of coals and their processing wastes. In this research, we show the possibility of coal-fired thermal power plants and steam shops switching to coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP). Extra calculations are made for fuel oil and natural gas. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the comprehensive consideration of all the possible technological modifications in the fuel feeding, storage, and preparation system. We focus on potential benefits of thermal power plants and steam shops switching from coal, gas, and fuel oil to coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals, while taking into account all the main and most important environmental, economic, and energy performance indicators. Using CWSP instead of coal is much more environmentally friendly. By varying the content of water and additives in CWSP, we can lower the proportion of sulfur and nitrogen and slow down their oxidation. It is also possible to reduce temperature in the combustion zone and improve oxide retention in the ash without its release in the form of anthropogenic emissions. Throughout the world, tens of thousands of fuel oil and coal-fired TPPs with the annual gross electric output of 1.8 TW can switch to CWSP. The integrated performance indicators of CWSP fuels are only inferior to those of natural gas but these slurries are prepared from numerous industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kurgankina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - G S Nyashina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - P A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
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33
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Navarro A, Moreno R, Jiménez-Alcázar A, Tapiador FJ. Coupling population dynamics with earth system models: the POPEM model. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:3184-3195. [PMID: 28918526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise modeling of CO2 emissions is important for environmental research. This paper presents a new model of human population dynamics that can be embedded into ESMs (Earth System Models) to improve climate modeling. Through a system dynamics approach, we develop a cohort-component model that successfully simulates historical population dynamics with fine spatial resolution (about 1°×1°). The population projections are used to improve the estimates of CO2 emissions, thus transcending the bulk approach of existing models and allowing more realistic non-linear effects to feature in the simulations. The module, dubbed POPEM (from Population Parameterization for Earth Models), is compared with current emission inventories and validated against UN aggregated data. Finally, it is shown that the module can be used to advance toward fully coupling the social and natural components of the Earth system, an emerging research path for environmental science and pollution research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Navarro
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Raúl Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfonso Jiménez-Alcázar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III, Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tapiador
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III, Toledo, Spain
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34
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Yu G, Qin X, Xu J, Zhou Q, Wang B, Huang K, Deng C. Characteristics of particulate-bound mercury at typical sites situated on dust transport paths in China. Sci Total Environ 2019; 648:1151-1160. [PMID: 30340261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and seasonal variations of PBM (particulate-bound mercury) were observed at four dust source sites (Duolun, Yulin, Hetian, and Tazhong), two megacities (Shanghai and Beijing), and an island site (Huaniao Island) to obtain the spatiotemporal characteristics of PBM in dust transport path from desert area in China to the East China Sea. The highest annual mean concentrations of PBM in TSP (PBMTSP) were observed at megacity sites, reaching 146.7 pg/m3 and 274.7 pg/m3 in Shanghai and Beijing attributed primarily to anthropogenic emissions, while 39.7 pg/m3, 67.3 pg/m3, 61.0 pg/m3, 23.5 pg/m3 and 43.6 pg/m3 over Duolun, Yulin, Hetian, Tazhong, and Huaniao Island, respectively. PBM concentrations were higher in winter and autumn, while lower in spring and summer due to the variation of meteorological conditions (especially temperature and wind speed) together with the emission sources. Enrichment factors (EFs) of PBMTSP and PBM2.5 reached 158 and 1452 in Beijing, showing the serious anthropogenic emissions impacted on PBM pollution in megacities, and the profound high level of EFs of mercury in sand dust source sites (17-64 for TSP and 38-252 for PM2.5), suggesting the obvious mixing effect of dust and anthropogenic aerosols in dust source areas. Human activities played a major role in the increase of PBM concentrations and the enrichment factors during the long-range transport of air mass in China. The significant anthropogenic mercury emissions in the dust source areas and their long-range transport driven by the East Asian Monsoon might impact on the ecological cycle of mercury and should be taken into the mercury inventories. Coal combustion and smelting contributed 52-94% to PBM over all three types of sampling sites, and mining operations were additional sources of PBM in Yulin. In the coastal area, sea salt is an important source of PBM, and shipping could also contribute a certain proportion to PBM pollution which shouldn't be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kan Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Priyadharshini B, Verma S, Giles DM, Holben BN. Discerning the pre-monsoon urban atmosphere aerosol characteristic and its potential source type remotely sensed by AERONET over the Bengal Gangetic plain. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:22163-22179. [PMID: 29804246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the pre-monsoon urban atmosphere (UA) aerosol characteristics remotely sensed by Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) over the Bengal Gangetic plain (BGP) at Kolkata (KOL) and their implication in potential source types and spatiotemporal features. About 70% of the AERONET-sensed aerosol optical depth at 0.50 μ m, AOD0.5 (Angstrom exponent, α at 0.44-0.87 μ m) during the pre-monsoon period (February to June) was greater than 0.50 (≤ 1); the pre-monsoon mean of AOD0.5 (α) was 0.73 (0.83) which was found being slightly higher (lower) than nearby AERONET stations (Dhaka/Bhola) located over the eastern Ganges basin. The volume geometric mean radius for the fine mode (FM) (coarse mode, CM) UA aerosol from AERONET retrievals was estimated to be 0.14-0.17 (2.24-2.75) μ m. The spectral distribution of the monthly mean of UA aerosol single-scattering albedo (SSA) exhibited an increasing trend with an increase in wavelength throughout all wavelengths during April, unlike the rest of the pre-monsoon months. Investigation of aerosol types indicated the pre-dominance of dust during April and a mixture of urban/open burning with mixed desert dust during the rest of the pre-monsoon months. Potential aerosol source fields were identified over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), east coast, northwestern India, and oceanic regions; these were estimated at elevated layers of atmosphere during April and May but that at surface layers during February and June. Comparison of aerosol characteristics over the BGP (at Kolkata, KOL) with that at six other coincident AERONET sites over India revealed mean AOD at KOL being 11 to 91% higher than the rest of the AERONET stations, with the relative increase at KOL being the highest during March; this was attributed to persistent high values of both FM and CM AOD unlike the rest of the stations. The monthly mean of SSA was the lowest at KOL among AERONET stations, during February and March. Comparison of the AOD from the AERONET aerosol retrievals over the BGP UA with the coincident Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) latest retrievals (C005 and C006) indicated a moderate correlation between the two retrievals; discrepancy in MODIS-retrieved relative distribution of FM and CM AOD was inferred compared to AERONET in the UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Priyadharshini
- Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Shubha Verma
- Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - David M Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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Murtaza R, Khokhar MF, Noreen A, Atif S, Hakeem KR. Multi-sensor temporal assessment of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column densities over Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:9647-9660. [PMID: 29363034 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal distributions of tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities over Pakistan during the period 2002-2014 are discussed. Data products from three satellite instruments SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2 are used to prepare a database of tropospheric NO2 column densities over Pakistan and temporal evolution is also determined. Plausible NO2 sources in Pakistan are also discussed. The results show a large NO2 growth over all provinces and the major cities of Pakistan except the megacity of Karachi. Decline in industrial activities due to energy crises, worsening law and order situation, terrorist attacks, and political instability was explored as the main factor for lower NO2 VCDs over Karachi City. The overall increase can be attributed to the anthropogenic emissions over the areas with high population, traffic density, and industrial activities. Source identification revealed that use of fossil fuels by various sectors including power generation, vehicles, and residential sectors along with agriculture fires are among significant sources of NO2 emissions in Pakistan. Existing emission inventories such as EDGARv4.2 and MACCity largely underestimate the true anthropogenic NOx emissions in Pakistan. This study may provide vital information to policy makers and regulatory authorities in developing countries, including Pakistan, in order to devise effective air pollution abatement policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabbia Murtaza
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fahim Khokhar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Noreen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Salman Atif
- Institute of Geographical Information System, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Dmitrienko MA, Strizhak PA. Coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals to solve problems of air pollution by coal thermal power stations and boiler plants: An introductory review. Sci Total Environ 2018; 613-614:1117-1129. [PMID: 28954373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This introductory study presents the analysis of the environmental, economic and energy performance indicators of burning high-potential coal water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP) instead of coal, fuel oil, and natural gas at typical thermal power stations (TPS) and a boiler plant. We focus on the most hazardous anthropogenic emissions of coal power industry: sulfur and nitrogen oxides. The research findings show that these emissions may be several times lower if coal and oil processing wastes are mixed with water as compared to the combustion of traditional pulverized coal, even of high grades. The study focuses on wastes, such as filter cakes, oil sludge, waste industrial oils, heavy coal-tar products, resins, etc., that are produced and stored in abundance. Their deep conversion is very rare due to low economic benefit. Effective ways are necessary to recover such industrial wastes. We present the cost assessment of the changes to the heat and power generation technologies that are required from typical power plants for switching from coal, fuel oil and natural gas to CWSPs based on coal and oil processing wastes. The corresponding technological changes pay off after a short time, ranging from several months to several years. The most promising components for CWSP production have been identified, which provide payback within a year. Among these are filter cakes (coal processing wastes), which are produced as a ready-made coal-water slurry fuel (a mixture of flocculants, water, and fine coal dust). These fuels have the least impact on the environment in terms of the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides as well as fly ash. An important conclusion of the study is that using CWSPs based on filter cakes is worthwhile both as the main fuel for thermal power stations and boiler plants and as starting fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
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Dmitrienko MA, Strizhak PA. Environmentally and economically efficient utilization of coal processing waste. Sci Total Environ 2017; 598:21-27. [PMID: 28433819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of hazardous anthropogenic emissions (sulfur, nitrogen and carbon oxides) from solid fuel combustion in coal burning plants cause environmental problems that have been especially pressing over the last 20-30 years. A promising solution to these problems is a switch from conventional pulverized coal combustion to coal-water slurry fuel. In this paper, we pay special attention to the environmental indicators characterizing the combustion of different coal ranks (gas, flame, coking, low-caking, and nonbaking coals) and coal-water slurry fuels based on the coal processing waste - filter cakes. There have been no consistent data so far on the acceptable intervals for the anthropogenic emissions of sulfur (SOx), nitrogen (NOx) and carbon (CO, CO2) oxides. Using a specialized combustion chamber and gas analyzing system, we have measured the concentrations of typical coal and filter-cake-based CWS combustion products. We have also calculated the typical combustion heat of the fuels under study and measured the ratio between environmental and energy attributes. The research findings show that the use of filter cakes in the form of CWS is even better than coals in terms of environment and economy. Wide utilization of filter cakes solves many environmental problems: the areas of contaminated sites shrink, anthropogenic emissions decrease, and there is no need to develop new coal mines anymore.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
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Dmitrienko MA, Nyashina GS, Strizhak PA. Environmental indicators of the combustion of prospective coal water slurry containing petrochemicals. J Hazard Mater 2017; 338:148-159. [PMID: 28550791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Negative environmental impact of coal combustion has been known to humankind for a fairly long time. Sulfur and nitrogen oxides are considered the most dangerous anthropogenic emissions. A possible solution to this problem is replacing coal dust combustion with that of coal water slurry containing petrochemicals (CWSP). Coal processing wastes and used combustible liquids (oils, sludge, resins) are promising in terms of their economic and energy yield characteristics. However, no research has yet been conducted on the environmental indicators of fuels based on CWSP. The present work contains the findings of the research of CO, CO2, NOx, SOx emissions from the combustion of coals and CWSPs produced from coal processing waste (filter cakes). It is demonstrated for the first time that the concentrations of dangerous emissions from the combustion of CWSPs (carbon oxide and dioxide), even when combustible heavy liquid fractions are added, are not worse than those of coal. As for the concentration of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, it is significantly lower for CWSPs combustion as compared to coals. The presented research findings illustrate the prospects of the wide use of CWSPs as a fuel that is cheap and beneficial, in terms of both energy output and ecology, as compared to coal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Galina S Nyashina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Pavel A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
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Yang X, Wang S, Zhang W, Zhan D, Li J. The impact of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions on the spatial variation of ambient SO 2 concentrations: A panel study of 113 Chinese cities. Sci Total Environ 2017; 584-585:318-328. [PMID: 28040215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
China has received increased international criticism in recent years in relation to its air pollution levels, both in terms of the transmission of pollutants across international borders and the attendant adverse health effects being witnessed. Whilst existing research has examined the factors influencing ambient air pollutant concentrations, previous studies have failed to adequately explore the determinants of such concentrations from either a source or diffusion perspective. This study addressed both source (specifically, anthropogenic emissions) and diffusion (namely, meteorological conditions) indicators, in order to detect their respective impacts on the spatial variations seen in the distribution of air pollution. Spatial panel data for 113 major cities in China was processed using a range of global regression models-the ordinary least square model, the spatial lag model, and the spatial error model-as well as a local, geographic weighted regression (GWR) model. Results from the study suggest that in 2014, average SO2 concentrations exceeded China's first-level target. The most polluted cities were found to be predominantly located in northern China, while less polluted cities were located in southern China. Global regression results indicated that precipitation exerts a significant effect on SO2 reduction (p<0.001) and that a regional increase of 1mm in precipitation can reduce SO2 concentrations by 0.026μg/m3. Both emission and temperature factors were found to aggravate SO2 concentrations, although no such significant correlation was found in relation to wind speed. GWR results suggest that the association between SO2 and its factors varied over space. Increased emissions were found to be able to produce more pollution in the northwest than in other parts of the country. Higher wind speeds and temperatures in northwestern areas were shown to reinforce SO2 pollution, while in southern regions, they had the opposite effect. Further, increased precipitation was found to exert a greater inhibitory effect on SO2 pollution in the country's northeast than that in other areas. Our findings could provide a detailed reference for formulating regionally specific emission reduction policies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaojian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Dongsheng Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract
Anthropogenic aerosol particles exert an-quantitatively very uncertain-effective radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interactions via an immediate altering of cloud albedo on the one hand and via rapid adjustments by alteration of cloud processes and by changes in thermodynamic profiles on the other hand. Large variability in cloud cover and properties and the therefore low signal-to-noise ratio for aerosol-induced perturbations hamper the identification of effects in observations. Six approaches are discussed as a means to isolate the impact of anthropogenic aerosol on clouds from natural cloud variability to estimate or constrain the effective forcing. These are (i) intentional cloud modification, (ii) ship tracks, (iii) differences between the hemispheres, (iv) trace gases, (v) weekly cycles and (vi) trends. Ship track analysis is recommendable for detailed process understanding, and the analysis of weekly cycles and long-term trends is most promising to derive estimates or constraints on the effective radiative forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Quaas
- Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Stephanstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Barrett SE, Watmough SA. Factors controlling peat chemistry and vegetation composition in Sudbury peatlands after 30 years of pollution emission reductions. Environ Pollut 2015; 206:122-132. [PMID: 26160672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to assess factors controlling peat and plant chemistry, and vegetation composition in 18 peatlands surrounding Sudbury after more than 30 years of large (>95%) pollution emission reductions. Sites closer to the main Copper Cliff smelter had more humified peat and the surface horizons were greatly enriched in copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni). Copper and Ni concentrations in peat were significantly correlated with that in the plant tissue of Chamaedaphne calyculata. The pH of peat was the strongest determining factor for species richness, diversity, and community composition, although percent vascular plant cover was strongly negatively correlated with surface Cu and Ni concentrations in peat. Sphagnum frequency was also negatively related to peat Cu and Ni concentrations indicating sites close to Copper Cliff smelter remain adversely impacted by industrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Barrett
- Environmental Resource Science, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Shaun A Watmough
- Environmental Resource Science, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
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Baldasano JM, Soret A, Guevara M, Martínez F, Gassó S. Integrated assessment of air pollution using observations and modelling in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands). Sci Total Environ 2014; 473-474:576-588. [PMID: 24394367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to analyse the atmospheric dynamics of the Santa Cruz de Tenerife region (Tenerife, Canary Islands). This area is defined by the presence of anthropogenic emissions (from a refinery, a port and road traffic) and by very specific meteorological and orographic conditions-it is a coastal area with a complex topography in which there is an interaction of regional atmospheric dynamics and a low thermal inversion layer. These factors lead to specific atmospheric pollution episodes, particularly in relation to SO2 and PM10. We applied a methodology to study these dynamics based on two complementary approaches: 1) the analysis of the observations from the air quality network stations and 2) simulation of atmospheric dynamics using the WRF-ARW/HERMESv2/CMAQ/BSC-DREAM8b and WRF-ARW/HYSPLIT modelling systems with a high spatial resolution (1×1 km(2)). The results of our study show that the refinery plume plays an important role in the maximum SO2 observed levels. The area of maximum impact of the refinery is confined to a radius of 3 km around this installation. A cluster analysis performed for the period: 1998-2011 identified six synoptic situations as predominant in the area. The episodes of air pollution by SO2 occur mainly in those with more limited dispersive conditions, such as the northeastern recirculation, the northwestern recirculation and the western advection, which represent 33.70%, 11.23% and 18.63% of the meteorological situations affecting the study area in the year 2011, respectively. In the case of particulate matter, Saharan dust intrusions result in episodes with high levels of PM10 that may exceed the daily limit value in all measurement station; these episodes occur when the synoptic situation is from the east (3.29% of the situations during the year 2011).
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Baldasano
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS), Earth Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, Edificio Nexus II, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 647, Edificio H, Oficina 10.23, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Soret
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS), Earth Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, Edificio Nexus II, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Guevara
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS), Earth Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, Edificio Nexus II, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Martínez
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS), Earth Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, Edificio Nexus II, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Gassó
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS), Earth Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, Edificio Nexus II, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 647, Edificio H, Oficina 10.23, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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