Rapid and sensitive in situ detection of heavy metals in fish using enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Heavy metals have been widely applied in industry, agriculture, and other fields because of their outstanding physics and chemistry properties. They are non-degradable even at low concentrations, causing irreversible harm to the human and other organisms. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop high accuracy and sensitivity as well as stable techniques for their detection. Raman scattering spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) were used parallelly to detect heavy metal ions such as Hg, Cd, and Pb of different concentrations in fish samples. The concentration of the heavy metals is varied from 5 ppb to 5 ppm. Despite the satisfactory recoveries of AAS, their drawbacks are imperative for an alternative technique. In Raman scattering spectroscopy, the intensities and areas of the characteristic peaks are increased with increasing the concentration of the heavy metals. For Hg concentration ≥ 1 ppm, a slight shift is observed in the peak position. The obtained values of peak intensity and peak area are modeled according to Elvoich, Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order, and asymptotic1 exponential model. The best modeling was obtained using the Elovich model followed by the asymptotic1 exponential model. The introduced Raman spectroscopy-based approach for on-site detection of trace heavy metal pollution in fish samples is rapid, low-cost, and simple to implement, increasing its visibility in food safety and industrial applications.

Assessment of heavy metals migrated from food contact plastic packaging: Bangladesh perspective

Plastic-based food-contact materials are potentially threatening the environment and public health by releasing toxic heavy metals. This study aimed to identify the types of plastic commonly used in Bangladesh as food-contact materials (FCMs) and assess the migration of heavy metals from these FCMs. Plastic types were identified using attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and 25 samples were selected based on the category, including Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), and Polycarbonate (PC). Distilled water, 3% acetic acid, and 15% ethanol were used as food simulants to assess the overall migration of chemicals at 70 °C for 2 h. The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, and Sb) were analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results revealed that the highest overall migration occurred in coffee cups measuring 3.50 ± 0.17 mg/kg (using water simulant) and in yogurt containers with a measurement of 9.17 ± 0.1 mg/kg (using 3% acetic acid). The highest concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, and Sb were found in PP-2 (0.45 ± 0.01 mg/kg), PP-2 (0.36 ± 0.01 mg/kg), PC-5 (0.27 ± 0.01 mg/kg), PET-2 (0.12 ± 0.01 mg/kg), and PET-1 (0.09 ± 0.01 mg/kg), respectively. The concentration of heavy metals migrated from the containers is likely to induce a health risk due to bioaccumulation from long-term ingestion of food packaged in them. The findings of this study added knowledge about harmful heavy metals leached from the FCMs in Bangladesh.

Heavy Metal Concentrations of Beeswax (Apis mellifera L.) at Different Ages

Beeswax is a naturally occurring product that worker bees produce. Beeswax is used in a variety of industries and pharmaceuticals. Humans utilize it extensively in cosmetics, medicinal formulations, and food manufacturing. Beeswax is an essential component of advanced contemporary beekeeping. Beekeepers, in particular, utilize significant amounts of beeswax to make beeswax comb foundation. In its natural condition, beeswax is white, but it becomes yellow then dark in color when it comes into touch with honey and pollen. The ongoing use of wax comb in bee activities (such as brood rearing, storage honey and bee bread), combined with environmental factors such as heavy metal and pesticide residues, resulted in a black color. Because of heavy metals can accumulate in wax for decades, beeswax can be a helpful tool for gathering data on hazardous contaminants in the environment. Because of their lipid-based chemical composition, beeswax combs act as a sink for numerous ambient pollutants as well as poisons when in the hive. The current study aims to measure nine heavy metals and important elements, including iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and cobalt (Co) in beeswax collected in the Behaira governorate region of Egypt between 2018 and 2022. Sample collection was conducted each year in triplicate. The samples were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The quantity of metals in beeswax at different ages differed significantly. Depending on the wax age, Fe has the highest concentration in the range of 2.068 to 5.041 ppm, while Cd has the lowest ratio at 0.024 to 0.054 ppm from the first to fifth years old of comb age. The findings showed that as beeswax combs aged, the concentration of heavy metals rose. According to the study, it should gradually recycle beeswax combs each year and also adding new foundations.

Environmental impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and heavy metals in biological samples of petrochemical industry workers with perspective management

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) or heavy metals are synthetic compounds that can lead to negative effect on health, including immune and endocrine system disruption, respiratory problems, metabolic issues, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular problems, growth impairment, neurological and learning disabilities, and cancer. Petrochemical industry drilling wastes, which contain varying levels of EDCs, are known to pose a significant risk to human health. This study aimed to investigate the levels of toxic elements in biological samples of individuals working in the petrochemical drilling sites. Biological samples, including scalp hair and whole blood, were collected from petrochemical drilling workers, individuals residing in the same residential area, and control age-matched persons from nonindustrial areas. The samples were oxidized by an acid mixture before analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The accuracy and validity of the methodology were verified through certified reference materials from scalp hair and whole blood. The results showed that the concentrations of toxic elements, such as cadmium and lead, were higher in biological samples of petrochemical drilling employees, while lower essential element levels (iron and zinc) were detected in their samples. This study highlights the significance of adopting better practices to reduce exposure to harmful substances and protect the health of petrochemical drilling workers and the environment. It also suggests that perspective management including policymakers and industry leaders should take measures to minimize exposure to EDCs and heavy metals to promote worker safety and public health. These measures could include the implementation of strict regulations and better occupational health practices to reduce toxic exposure and promote a safer work environment.

Analysis of heavy metals and toxicity level in the tannery effluent and the environs

Heavy metals have found a large number of applications in the recent times. These heavy metals are being continuously added to our environment through various natural and anthropogenic activities. Industries employ heavy metals to process raw materials into final products. Effluents from these industries carry heavy metals. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer and ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer) are of great help in detecting various elements in the effluent. They have been extensively applied to solve problems related to environmental monitoring and assessment. Heavy metals like Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr can be easily detected using both the techniques. Some of these heavy metals are toxic to both humans and animals. They can have significant related health effects. Presence of heavy metals in the industrial effluent has gained varied attention in the recent times and it has become one of the major causes of water and soil pollution. Significant contributions can be linked with the leather tanning industry. As the effluent from the tanning industry has been found to contain a large number of heavy metals in many studies. Continuous monitoring and treatment of the effluent is necessary to keep a check on the concentration of heavy metals in these effluents. This study focuses on the analysis of the various studies available on tannery effluents, methods used for heavy metal analysis, toxicity of these heavy metals, and the related major health effects. Data for heavy metals in the tannery effluent from different studies in last two decades has been collected and analysed. The data from various studies indicates that Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Ni are the most commonly found heavy metals released from the tanning industry. Proper management of the tannery effluent is thus very essential for saving the environment.

Impacts of Smoking and Stomach Disorders on Essential Elements in Biological Samples of Cement and Glass Industrial Workers

The infection caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) disrupts the metabolism and absorption of essential trace elements. Stomach disorders are related to changes in essential trace element metabolism caused by increased toxic metal exposure and H. pylori infection. The aim of the work is to link the development of stomach-related illnesses to an imbalance of essential trace and toxic metals. We have investigated the variations in essential trace elements such zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper and toxic metals like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in biological (scalp hair, blood) samples of glass and cement workers. The study participants are further divided into smokers and nonsmokers, as well as diseased (gastric ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic ulcer) and exposed referents (non-diseased industrial workers). Biological samples of age-matched (40-60 years) male subjects living in non-industrial areas were gathered for comparative purposes. After a pre-concentration method, the drinking water of industrial and domestic areas was analysed for both toxic metals. Microwave-aided acid digestion was used to oxidise the matrices of biological samples before atomic absorption spectrometer analysis of selected metals. Toxic metal levels in both industries' drinking water were much higher than those found in domestically treated water (p < 0.01). Industrial workers suffering different types of stomach disorders have two to three times higher Pb and Cd concentrations than age-matched referents. Toxic metals are found in higher concentrations in smoker referents and diseased patients' biological samples than in nonsmoker subjects. The findings of this study suggested that Pb and Cd toxicity's immunological effects may be associated to an increased vulnerability to chronic infections.

Prolific contribution of Pseudomonas protegens in Zn biofortification of wheat by modulating multifaceted physiological response under saline and non-saline conditions

The current study aimed to characterize the contribution of bacterium CP17 in zinc (Zn) biofortification in wheat under saline and non-saline conditions. This bacterial strain effectively solubilized Zn and tolerated up to 20% NaCl concentration. The Zn-solubilization potential was also quantified using AAS in a liquid broth supplemented with zinc oxide and zinc carbonate at various NaCl concentrations. Lowering the pH of liquid broth and analyzing a wide range of organic acids (thioacetic acid, glutamic acid, carboxylic acid, propionic acid, and so on) using UPLC-MS provided mechanistic insight for zinc solubilization. This strain was also shown to possess plant probiotic characteristics like phosphate solubilization, production of siderophore, indole acetic acid (IAA), exopolysaccharide (EPS), ACC deaminase, and ammonia. CP17 was identified as a Pseudomonas protegens based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis. In addition, the amplified product of the ACC deaminase producing gene (acdS) provided a molecular indication of the strain's endurance towards stress. The towel paper assay confirmed that the inoculation of Pseudomonas protegens CP17 significantly increased wheat seedlings' germination, growth, and biomass under different NaCl concentrations (0 mM, 100 mM, and 150 mM). Afterward, In situ pot experiment study was designed with the inoculation of Pseudomonas protegens in wheat under saline and non-saline conditions. The harvested wheat plants showed an elevated pattern of zinc content in the grain (i.e. 24.33 and 29.33mg/kg), straw (i.e. 45.73 and 50.23mg/kg) and soil (i.e. 0.978 and 1.32mg/kg) under saline and non-saline conditions, respectively and shown significant improvement over control. The results of the pot study revealed the amelioration in plant health, yield and uptake of available zinc from rhizospheric soil to straw and grain, along with enhanced dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities of rhizospheric soil under saline and non-saline conditions. This study supports the integrative role of Pseudomonas protegens CP17 as a bioinoculant for the efficacious strategy of zinc biofortification and growth promotion in wheat and ensures sustainable nutrient quality production under salinity stress.

Quantitative evaluation of mercury adsorption and removal efficacy of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) powder in mice

Spirulina is a blue-green alga, grown in alkaline water and used for detoxification of several toxic metal ions. Apart from its nutritional value, it is also used for the decontamination of toxic metal ions. Therefore, present study was envisaged to evaluate the adsorption and removal efficiency of Spirulina powder for mercury. The adsorption efficiency of Spirulina was evaluated in terms of weight of adsorbent, contact time, simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal (SIF) fluid, and mercury concentration. In vivo removal efficacy of Spirulina for mercury was evaluated in mice. The mercury content in major tissues, urine and feces was estimated. The whole tissue retention and excretion of mercury after treatment with Spirulina were taken as a measure of its metal ions removal efficacy. Activated charcoal was taken as a standard adsorbent for comparative study. The maximum adsorption capacity of Spirulina and charcoal for mercury was found to be 66.667 and 158.730 mg g^-1 in water, 83.33 and 94.340 mg g^-1 in SGF and 125.0 and 133.33 mg g^-1 in SIF, respectively. In mice, Spirulina and activated charcoal were significantly reduced the mercury deposition in tissues and facilitated their excretion through feces. Spirulina has shown good adsorption and removal efficacy like activated charcoal. Therefore, Spirulina can be used as a potential adsorbent to remove mercury from the body.

Heavy metals in hair and nails as markers of occupational hazard among welders working in United Arab Emirates

Studies have shown that hair and nail samples can be used as a marker to assess occupational exposure to heavy metals. The objective of this study was to estimate the levels of heavy metals: Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), and Manganese (Mn) in hair and nail samples of welders working in United Arab Emirates and to find an association between the heavy metal concentration with the parameters like smoking habits, exposure/day, years of experience and use of protective personal equipment (PPE). Hair and toes nail samples were collected from exposed and non-exposed subjects with respect to, social habits, exposure/day and years of welding experience. The levels of Pb, Cd, Mn, and Ni, in hair and toenails, assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. We observed that the metal concentration was higher in toenail as compared to hair samples in both the groups. Cd was significantly high in both the groups whereas, Mn in the hair was high in the exposed group. The Mn in hair was notably higher among smokers and the Cd in hair and Ni in the nail samples was significantly higher in the subjects with > 8 h/day exposure. The concentration of Cd and Ni in hair increased with increasing years of experience and was maximum in the subjects with welding experience of > 20 years. Our results signify that hair and nail samples can be used as an indicator to heavy metal exposure. Given that the present study shows high level of some metals in the hair and nail of welders, awareness of occupational hazards and annual assessment of welder's health is necessary.

Assessment of effect of 1% phytic acid and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on calcium ion loss of radicular dentin: An ex vivo study

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of phytic acid and ethylendiamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the removal of calcium ion from radicular dentin during endodontic procedure.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-five single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated, and the roots were split longitudinally into two halves. Among obtained specimens, 45 specimens were randomly selected and divided into three groups (n = 15): Group 1 - distilled water, Group 2 - 17% EDTA, and Group 3 - 1% phytic acid. Samples in each group were immersed in the test solutions for specific time intervals, after which the same solution samples were subjected for the evaluation of amount of calcium ion release into the solution by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test.

Results

The use of 17% EDTA resulted in more calcium ion loss as compared to 1% phytic acid and distilled water.

Conclusion

One percent phytic acid seems to be an appropriate irrigating solution because of its less demineralizing effect as compared to 17% EDTA on radicular dentin.

Heavy Metals Level, Health Risk Assessment Associated with Contamination of Black Tea; A Case Study from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan

In the present study, 15 different commercial tea brands sold in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were collected from the markets. The samples were analyzed for the concentrations of ten selected heavy metals. The metal concentration showed a random distribution in all samples. The mean concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Fe was found in the range of 0.029-0.094 mg kg^-1, 7.11-12.30 mg kg^-1, 20.73-24.17 mg kg^-1, 0.159-0.824 mg kg^-1, 1.136-2.938 mg kg^-1, and 0.670-118.30 mg kg^-1 respectively. Co, Cr, Ni, and Sb were found below the detection limit of the instrument. Cu and Mn were found to be the abundant metals with a high concentration in the collected samples. The estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotients (THQs), and hazard index (HI) were used for the assessment of health risks associated with the intake of metals. The metal transfer rates to tea infusion were reported from previous studies. Except for Cu, the EDI values of all the elements were found to be lower than the RfD values. The corresponding HI values of metals, in the different tea brands, were found to be below 1 suggesting that the consumption of mature tea infusions in the studied area could cause no carcinogenic risk. The principle cluster analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the number of variables to a new set which extracted three factors. For the assessment of health risks associated with dietary metal exposure, constant determination of heavy metals in all food is necessary. The present study provides valuable information to the general public about the consumption of tea infusions.

An In Vitro evaluation of biodegradability of stainless steel crowns at various salivary pH

Aim

To evaluate the biodegradability of preformed stainless steel crowns at varying salivary pH and the cytotoxic effect of leached out elements on fibroblasts.

Methodology

A total of 243 stainless steel crowns were selected and were divided into 3 groups (I, II, III) based on Ph of immersion media. The pH of samples in group I, II, III were 4.3, 5.5 and 6.3 with 81 crowns in each group. Each group has 9 samples with 8 crowns in each sample. All samples were immersed in polyethylene bottles containing 10ml of artificial saliva and incubated at 37°C for 4 weeks. All the samples were analyzed on 1,7,14 and 21 days by atomic absorption spectrophotometer for the quantitative assement of Ni, Cr and Fe. Fibroblast tissue culture was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the samples.

Statistical Analysis

Analysis of variance.

Results

Maximum release of Ni, Cr, Fe ions were observed at pH 4.3 followed by pH 5.5 and least release of ions were observed at pH 6.3 from SS crowns. The cytotoxic results showed that the least cell viability of cells was seen at pH 4.3.

Conclusion

With decrease in pH, there is an increase in ion release from stainless steel crowns and the mean release of nickel, chromium and iron were very much below the average dietary intake. But the allergic manifestations of ions like nickel can't be ruled out.

Study of Metal-Metal Interactions and Their Biomarkers Using an Intestinal Human Cell Line

From the time of dietary intake to their utilization, the number of important interactions occurs among mineral elements, which can affect their bioavailability because of similarity in physicochemical properties and common absorptive pathways. However, the studies that have analyzed the interactions among copper, iron, and zinc have conflicting results and need further exploration. HT-29 cells grown to confluence in 6-well plates were incubated with increasing concentrations (0 to 200 μM) of Cu, Fe, and Zn for 3 and 6 h for uptake studies. Interaction studies involved measuring the uptake of metal in the presence of 0:1-4:1 ratio of the other metal for 3 h using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration of metal biomarkers and cytokines was also measured in the cell lysate following extracellular supplementation. The presence of 50 μM Zn significantly decreased (P < 0.05) cellular Cu uptake in HT-29 cells at 0.5:1 Cu:Zn ratio and also the cellular Fe uptake at the ratios 0.5:1, 2:1, and 4:1 Fe:Zn. The presence of 50 μM Fe significantly (P < 0.05) decreased cellular Cu uptake at the ratios 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1 Cu:Fe. The concentration of metallothionein responded significantly (P < 0.05) to changes in extracellular Zn concentration (supplementation and depletion). There was a decrease in concentration of IL-1β and TNF-α (P < 0.05) with an increasing extracellular concentration of Cu and Fe. The results of the study indicated that the presence of one mineral in the diet and multi mineral supplement may influence the bioavailability of the other mineral. Copper and iron may find application in promoting gut health.

Role of Intestinal Helminth Parasite of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii-Cucullanus sp. in Host Metal Accumulation in Epe Axis of the Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria

This paper assesses the role of intestinal helminth parasite of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii on host metal accumulation in Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Lead, zinc, copper, chromium and iron concentrations were determined in water, sediment, intestinal parasite, intestine of infected and non-infected prawns. Intestinal nematode parasite Cucullanus sp. was identified. Pb and Cr were not detected in the water and sediment. The sediment had higher concentrations of the metals than the water medium, and exceeded the WHO limits for Zn, Cu and Fe. Cucullanus sp. accumulated Zn 19 times, Cr several thousand times more and Fe 11 times more than the host intestine (wet wt). This parasite could have accumulated these metals from its host, reducing the concentration of these metals in the tissues of the infected prawns compared to non-infected ones. The infected and non-infected prawns accumulated Zn and Fe several times more than the water medium. The parasite influenced metal accumulation in the host tissue and pose ecological risk.

Essential trace elemental levels (zinc, iron and copper) in the biological samples of smoker referent and pulmonary tuberculosis patients

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Smoking is linked with tuberculosis recurrence.

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Pakistan has not only high TB number of TB cases (fifth) but also high level of multidrug-resistant TB (fourth) in the world.

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Cu/Zn ratio was also considerably greater in all biological samples of TB patients as compared to the control group.

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The analysis the levels of the elements, {Fe, Cu, Zn and Cu/Zn ratio} may help the studies on the development of TB disease.

Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of illnesses and deaths throughout world particularly in Asia. Smoking is linked with tuberculosis recurrence and its mortality and may influence bacteriological conversion, clinical symptoms and treatment outcome. The aim of current study was to estimate association among essential trace elements {zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)} in human biological samples particularly blood, serum, scalp hair, saliva, sputum, and nasal fluid of smoking and nonsmoking pulmonary tuberculosis patients (n = 165, age ranged 16–35 years) residents of Hyderabad, Pakistan. The biological samples of age matched healthy controls were chosen as referents of both genders (n = 171) for the comparison purpose. The human biological samples were wet digested in microwave oven by 65 % HNO₃ and 30 % H₂O₂ with (2:1) ratio. The concentrations of elements in acid digested samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average zinc and iron concentration was lower, while level of copper was higher in the biological samples of pulmonary Tuberculosis patients as compared to referent subjects (p < .001). It was also concluded as a result of Zn and Fe deficiency combined with high contact of copper due to smoking of tobacco can be synergistic with the risk factors related with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Verifying measurements of residual calcium content in demineralised cortical bone

Calcium contents of demineralised human cortical bone determined by titrimetric assay and atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique were verified by comparing to neutron activation analysis which has high recovery of more than 90%. Conversion factors determined from the comparison is necessary to correct the calcium content for each technique. Femurs from cadaveric donors were cut into cortical rings and demineralised in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid for varying immersion times. Initial calcium content in the cortical bone measured by titration was 4.57%, only 21% of the measurement by neutron activation analysis; while measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer was 13.4%, only 61% of neutron activation analysis. By comparing more readings with the measurements by neutron activation analysis with 93% recovery, a conversion factor of 4.83 was verified and applied for the readings by titration and 1.45 for atomic absorption spectrophotometer in calculating the correct calcium contents. The residual calcium content started to reduce after the cortical bone was demineralised in hydrochloric acid for 8 h and reduced to 13% after 24 h. Using the linear relationship, the residual calcium content could be reduced to less than 8% after immersion in hydrochloric acid for 40 h. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique is the method of choice for calcium content determination as it is more reliable compared to titrimetric assay.

Minerals content in different types of local and branded honey in Sindh, Pakistan

The 15 honey samples were collected from diferent areas of Sindh, 8 samples were collected from local honey and 7 samples were purchase from local market Hyderabad Sindh. The 13 minerals were analyzed like potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co). The results of the major and trace elements in honey samples were found in the range from Na 77.5-200 mg/kg, K 225-439 mg/kg, Ca 46.1-98.1 mg/kg, Mg 31.3-73.8 mg/kg and trace elements Fe 2.98-16-2 mg/kg, Zn 1.11-4.1 mg/kg, Co 0.01-0.23 mg/kg, Cu 0.08-0.33 mg/kg, Mn 0.12-0.95 mg/kg, Cr 0.012-0.10 mg/kg, Ni 0.06-0.33 mg/kg, Pb 0.01-0.14 mg/kg, Cd 0.01-0.38 mg/kg. The results of K was found higher while the chromium was found lowest value in Sindh honeys. The statistical analysis correlation determination, principal components analysis and cluster analysis determined to evaluate the data.

Cadmium level in brain correlates with memory impairment in F1 and F2 generation mice: improvement with quercetin

The increased exposure to cadmium (Cd) through environmental pollutants, food and cigarette smoke is a concern worldwide. The association of Cd with impaired learning disabilities led us to hypothesise that cadmium levels in brain tissue could be dose-dependently related to the extent of memory impairment and oxidative stress. In this study, we proposed to study whether cadmium exposure to dams could alter the brain Cd levels, memory parameters, antioxidant enzymes in brain and their gene expression in the F1-F2 generation mice and whether quercetin could modulate this effect. Animals were administered Cd alone and in combination with quercetin for 7 days during their gestation period. Their newborn pups (F1 and F2 mice) were reared until adulthood and were tested for memory using Morris water maze and step-down latency test. The brain tissue of F1 mice was collected. Cd levels were estimated using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. G-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activity were measured and fold increase in their respective gene expression was observed using the RT-PCR method. Cd levels were significantly increased in the brain tissue of animals exposed to Cd but cotreatment with quercetin showed decreased levels in both generations. Memory impairment was observed in animals of F1 generation exposed to Cd and cotreatment with quercetin (100 mg/kg) reversed this effect. Cd exposure significantly enhanced both activity and expression of GST and CAT in the brain tissue of F1 generation mice and quercetin attenuated this effect. In F2 generation, results were variable. GST activity and expression increased with Cd and decreased with quercetin cotreatment. However, CAT activity showed no significant change despite a decrease in gene expression. Quercetin cotreatment enhanced activity as well gene expression in F2 generation. Our study insinuates that Cd levels could act as a predictor of memory impairment and altered enzyme activity and gene expression in brain tissue. Quercetin helped to reduce Cd levels in brain tissue of F1 and F2 generation and modulated the antioxidant system of the cell by affecting expression of antioxidant enzymes at the transcription level.

Correlation of Calcium and Magnesium Levels in the Biological Samples of Different Types of Acute Leukemia Children

Acute leukemia (AL) is a common childhood malignancy. It is clinically and morphologically heterogeneous. The present work was intended to estimate the concentration of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in serum and whole blood samples of children having AL; 1- to 5- and 6- to 10-year-old children age group was chosen of both genders. Healthy children of the same age group were selected as controls for comparative study. For sample pretreatment, a microwave-assisted acid digestion (MAD) was carried out, to assess the concentration of Ca and Mg in biological samples of AL children. The MAD method was validated by analyzing Clinchek® Control certified samples of whole blood and serum. Ca and Mg were analyzed in the digested samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The results showed significantly higher concentration of Ca, whereas lower contents of Mg in the serum and whole blood of AL children in both genders, as compared to healthy subjects. The data provide assistance to physician/clinicians and other professional staffs to investigate the imbalance of minerals in biological samples of AL children.

Salivary lead concentration in dental caries among normal and children with cerebral palsy

INTRODUCTION

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological disability the exact cause of which is not known. Exposure to toxic elements, environmental pollutants, and various teratogens such as lead, either prenatal or postnatal, can be a risk factor for this neurologic disability. CP children have poor neuromuscular coordination, exposing them to increased risk of oral diseases such as drooling of saliva, periodontal diseases, dental caries, and malocclusion. There are less studies comparing lead concentration in CP children, as it can be one of the contributing factors to dental caries.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The present study was to estimate and compare the salivary lead level in normal and neurologically disabled children and to correlate salivary lead level with dental caries in both normal and neurologically disabled children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A study on 45 children reporting to CP rehabilitation center and 41 normal children taken from the Outpatient Department of the Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry. P.M.N.M. Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka. All children were between the age group of 5-12 years. In all individuals, a thorough medical history and dental examination were done. The age, state of dentition, and the level of caries in all individuals were determined by the same examiner, and salivary lead concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All children were divided into four groups depending on the presence or absence of dental caries. Group 1 consisted of 20 normal children with dental caries, Group 2 consisted of 21 normal children without dental caries, Group 3 consisted of 25 CP children with dental caries, and Group 4 consisted of 20 CP children without dental caries.

RESULTS

Were recorded tabulated and statistically analyzed. CP children had high decayed, missing, and filled teeth/def scores, dental caries, and salivary lead concentration as compared to normal children. Statistically significant correlation was obtained between the dental caries and saliva lead concentration. The lead concentration was directly proportional to the carious status.

CONCLUSION

CP children are more prone to dental caries and increased salivary lead concentration which could be a cause as well as the effect of CP.

Demonstrating PM2.5 and road-side dust pollution by heavy metals along Thika superhighway in Kenya, sub-Saharan Africa

This study assessed the level of heavy metal in roadside dust and PM_2.5 mass concentrations along Thika superhighway in Kenya. Thika superhighway is one of the busiest roads in Kenya, linking Thika town with Nairobi. Triplicate road dust samples collected from 12 locations were analysed for lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). PM_2.5 samples were collected on pre-weighed Teflon filters using a BGI personal sampler and the filters were then reweighed. The ranges of metal concentrations were 39-101 μg/g for Cu, 95-262 μg/g for Zn, 9-28 μg/g for Cd, 14-24 μg/g for Ni, 13-30 μg/g for Cr, and 20-80 μg/g for Pb. The concentrations of heavy metals were generally highly correlated, indicating a common anthropogenic source of the pollutants. The results showed that the majority of the measured heavy metals were above the background concentration, and in particular, Cd, Pb, and Zn levels indicated moderate to high contamination. Though not directly comparable due to different sampling timeframes (8 h in this study and 24 h for guideline values), PM_2.5 for all sites exceeds the daily WHO PM_2.5 guidelines of 25 μg/m³. This poses a health risk to people using and working close to Thika superhighway, for example, local residents, traffic police, street vendors, and people operating small businesses. PM_2.5 levels were higher for sites closer to Nairobi which could be attributed to increased vehicular traffic towards Nairobi from Thika. This study provides some evidence of the air pollution problem arising from vehicular traffic in developing parts of the world and gives an indication of the potential health impacts. It also highlights the need for source apportionment studies to determine contributions of anthropogenic emissions to air pollution, as well as long-term sampling studies that can be used to fully understand spatiotemporal patterns in air pollution within developing regions.

Evaluation of nickel releasing from stainless steel crowns regarding to "trimming": An in vitro study

CONTEXT

Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are the most durable and effective restorations for the primary teeth. Allergy to nickel as major components is common.

AIMS

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of pH, time, oral temperature, and SSCs trimming on the nickel releasing.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN

This in vitro study was done on 18 same size crowns.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Group A (without trim 0 and Group B (with trim) were immersed in 5 ml artificial saliva. The amount of nickel releasing in each 18 subgroup composed from 3 pH (3.5, 5, and 6.75) and 3 temperatures (27°C, 37°C, and 47°C) in 3 times (1, 7, and 21 days), was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Data were analyzed by SPSS software (SPSS 20, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and use of t-test, Duncan, and Tukey's test for analysis of variances. Results were reported with 95% confidence.

RESULTS

The amount of nickel releasing reduced with crown trimming, significantly (P = 0.0001). A significant difference was observed in the amount of released nickel in temperature 47°C in comparison with 37°C (P = 0.0001); this measurement was not significant between 47°C and 27°C (P = 0.442). There was no significant difference between concentration of released nickel in 3 pH conditions and also in 3-time situations. The concentration of nickel was lower in trimmed group in comparison to intact group (P = 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The concentration of released nickel decreased with trimming of margins and increased when temperature increased. Time and pH had no significant effect on released nickel.

Correlation of lithium levels between drinking water obtained from different sources and scalp hair samples of adult male subjects

There is some evidence that natural levels of lithium (Li) in drinking water may have a protective effect on neurological health. In present study, we evaluate the Li levels in drinking water of different origin and bottled mineral water. To evaluate the association between lithium levels in drinking water with human health, the scalp hair samples of male subjects (25-45 years) consumed drinking water obtained from ground water (GW), municipal treated water (MTW) and bottled mineral water (BMW) from rural and urban areas of Sindh, Pakistan were selected. The water samples were pre-concentrated five to tenfold at 60 °C using temperature-controlled electric hot plate. While scalp hair samples were oxidized by acid in a microwave oven, prior to determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The Li content in different types of drinking water, GW, MTW and BMW was found in the range of 5.12-22.6, 4.2-16.7 and 0.0-16.3 µg/L, respectively. It was observed that Li concentration in the scalp hair samples of adult males consuming ground water was found to be higher, ranged as 292-393 μg/kg, than those who are drinking municipal treated and bottle mineral water (212-268 and 145-208 μg/kg), respectively.

Statistical analysis of arsenic contamination in drinking water in a city of Iran and its modeling using GIS

In this research, probable arsenic contamination in drinking water in the city of Ardabil was studied in 163 samples during four seasons. In each season, sampling was carried out randomly in the study area. Results were analyzed statistically applying SPSS 19 software, and the data was also modeled by Arc GIS 10.1 software. The maximum permissible arsenic concentration in drinking water defined by the World Health Organization and Iranian national standard is 10 μg/L. Statistical analysis showed 75, 88, 47, and 69% of samples in autumn, winter, spring, and summer, respectively, had concentrations higher than the national standard. The mean concentrations of arsenic in autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 19.89, 15.9, 10.87, and 14.6 μg/L, respectively, and the overall average in all samples through the year was 15.32 μg/L. Although GIS outputs indicated that the concentration distribution profiles changed in four consecutive seasons, variance analysis of the results showed that statistically there is no significant difference in arsenic levels in four seasons.

Correlation of Cadmium and Magnesium in the Blood and Serum Samples of Smokers and Non-Smokers Chronic Leukemia Patients

It was studied that cancer-causing processes are related with the disproportions of essential and toxic elements in body tissues and fluid. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the levels of magnesium (Mg) and cadmium (Cd) in serum and blood samples of smokers and nonsmokers who have chronic myeloid (CML) and lymphocytic (CLL) leukemia, age ranged 31-50 years. For comparative study, age-matched smokers and nonsmoker males were chosen as controls/referents. The levels of elements in patient were analyzed before any treatment by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, after microwave assisted acid digestion. The validation of the method was done by using certified reference materials of serum and blood samples. The resulted data indicated that the adult male smokers and nonsmokers have two- to fourfold higher levels of Cd in the blood and sera samples as compared to the referents (p < 0.01), whereas two- to threefold lower levels of Mg was found in blood and serum samples of both types of leukemia patients as related to referent values. The resulted data indicates significant negative correlation among Mg and Cd in leukemia patients and smoker referents. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of these elements in pathogenesis of chronic leukemia.

Measurement of pH and calcium ions release from different calcium hydroxide pastes at different intervals of time: Atomic spectrophotometric analysis

AIM

To evaluate the effect of different vehicles on pH and release of calcium ions from calcium hydroxide (CH) paste from apical third of root canals.

METHODS

40 single rooted extracted human mandibular premolars were instrumented with RevoS files (MicroMega) up to ISO size 40. The teeth were divided into 4 groups on the basis of vehicle as follows: Group I - calcium hydroxide mixed with 2% chlorhexidine; Group II - calcium hydroxide mixed with propylene glycol; Group III - calcium hydroxide mixed with glycerine; and Control - calcium hydroxide mixed with double distilled water. Each group had two subgroups (n = 5) on the basis of the calcium hydroxide delivery. Subgroup A - calcium hydroxide paste placed with spiral filler (Lentulospiral) subgroup B - calcium hydroxide paste placed with flat wire filler (Paste Inject). pH and calcium ion release was evaluated at 24 h, 48 h, 7th day, 15th day and 30th day using a pH meter and atomic absorption spectrophotometer respectively.

RESULTS

The calcium release from various groups was highest for CH+glycerine (Group III) followed by CH+chlorhexidine (Group I), CH+propylene glycol (Group II) and CH+double distilled water (control). At all the intervals the differences in calcium ion release among the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05), except on day 7. Delivery technique did not have a significant effect on calcium ion release. Highest pH values were recorded from CH+glycerine group at day 30 for both the delivery systems, however rise in pH from day 1 to day 30 were non-significant in all groups with both delivery systems.

CONCLUSION

Demonstrable changes in calcium ion release occurred from the calcium hydroxide mixed with various vehicles and CH+glycerine group showed the maximum calcium ion release at all intervals and highest pH day 30.

Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity study of black tea in rodents

Objectives:

Systematic oral toxicity study for black tea (Camellia sinensis), the most commonly consumed variety of tea, is lacking. The present study was undertaken to assess the iron load on black tea (Camellia sinensis) and its safety aspects in animals.

Materials and Methods:

The analysis of iron was done in six tea samples as per American Public Health Association method using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Maximum physical iron-loaded tea sample was identified on black tea sample 2 (BTS-2), and this was further studied for acute and 90-day sub-chronic toxicity following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines.

Results:

Black tea sample 2 did not show any signs of toxicity or mortality at up to 2 g/kg per oral dose in Swiss albino mice. 90-day toxicity studies in Wistar rats did not reveal any evidence of toxicity at up to 250 mg/kg/day (2.5% infusion of BTS-2) oral dose as exhibited by regular observations, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weights, and histopathology. Further, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, unsaturated iron binding capacity, and ferritin were not altered after 90 days of treatment. Masson trichrome staining and Perls’ staining did not reveal any abnormalities in hepatic tissue following 90-day treatment of high iron-loaded BTS-2.

Conclusions:

This safety study provides evidence that BTSs, in spite of relatively high iron content, show no significant iron-related toxicity on acute or sub-chronic oral administration in animals.

Variation in the Levels of Aluminum and Manganese in Scalp Hair Samples of the Patients Having Different Psychiatric Disorders with Related to Healthy Subjects

There is very limited information available on the role of trace elements in psychiatric disorders (PSD). Immense pieces of evidence support the idea that exposure to trace and toxic metals, such as aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn), may be factors or cofactors in the etiopathogenesis of a variety of psychiatric disorders. The aim of our study was to assess the Al and Mn in scalp hair samples of 102 patients having different types of psychiatric disorder PSD diseases together with 120 referent subjects of male patients in the age group of 45-60 years. The understudy elements in scalp hair samples were assessed by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after microwave-assisted acid digestion method .The validity of methodology was checked by the certified human hair reference material (NCS ZC81002). The recovery of studied elements was found in the range of 98.1-99.2 % of certified reference material. The results of this study showed that the mean values of Al and Mn were significantly higher in scalp hair samples of all types of PSD as compared to referents subjects. The resulted data indicated a significant increase in the contents of Mn and Al in scalp hair samples of psychiatric patients than that of its control counterpart, which may provide prognostic tool for the diagnosis of the mental disorders. However, further work is suggested to examine the exact correlation between trace elements level and the degree of disorder.

Effect of QMix, peracetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on calcium loss and microhardness of root dentine

Objectives:

The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of different chelating agents on the calcium loss and its subsequent effect on the microhardness of the root dentin.

Materials and Methods:

Ten single rooted lower premolars were selected. The teeth were decoronated and thick transverse sections of 2 mm were obtained from the coronal third of the root. Each section was then divided into four quarters, each part constituting a sample specimen from the same tooth for each group. The treatment groups were: Group 1 (Control): 5% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 5 min + distilled water for 5 min; Group 2: 5% NaOCl for 5 min + 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 5 min; Group 3: 5% NaOCl for 5 min + 2.25% Peracetic acid (PAA) for 5 min and Group 4: 5% NaOCl for 5 min + QMix for 5 min respectively. The calcium loss of the samples was evaluated using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer followed by determination of their microhardness using Vickers Hardness Tester. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Post hoc Tukey test and Pearson correlation.

Results:

The maximum calcium loss and minimum microhardness was observed in Group 3 followed by Group 2, Group 4 and Group 1. There was a statistically significant difference between all the groups except between Groups 2 and 4.

Conclusions:

Irrigation with NaOCl + 2.25% PAA caused the maximum calcium loss from root dentin and reduced microhardness. A negative correlation existed between the calcium loss and reduction in the microhardness of root dentin.

Investigation of heavy metal pollutants at various depths in the Gulf of Izmit

In this study, we report results concerning the accumulation of heavy metals in seawater from Izmit Bay. The bay was divided into the three parts: the eastern, the central and the western basins. The goal of this study was to determine levels of heavy metals at various depths in the bay between April 2008 and May 2010. Liquid-liquid extractions were performed on seawater samples. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure levels of six metals: lead, cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese and zinc. We applied our results to evaluate the status of pollution in the Gulf of Izmit. Significant seasonal differences in metal concentrations and higher concentrations of many metals in water near the shore are evidence for uncontrolled release of pollutants in the water.

The Evaluation of Micronutrients and Oxidative Stress and their Relationship with the Lipid Profile in Healthy adults

INTRODUCTION

Micronutrients are nutrients which are required by humans and other living beings throughout life in small quantities, to orchestrate a whole range of physiological functions, which the organism itself cannot produce. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the status of the micronutrients, oxidative stress, and the lipid profile in healthy adults.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present study was conducted after getting the institutional ethical clearance and informed written consents from all the participants. The estimation of copper and zinc was done by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer method,the total antioxidant status was assessed by the phosphomolybdenum method, MDA was evaluated by the Malondialdehyde method, total cholesterol was evaluated by the CHOD-POD method, HDL-cholesterol was evaluated by the precipitation end point method, and total triglycerides were evaluated by the GPO-POD method. The data was analysed by one way ANOVA, followed by Pearson's correlation.

RESULT

We observed significantly increased (p <0.0001) copper and zinc levels in males and females as the age advanced, significantly increased (p <0.01) MDA and TAS levels, significantly declined (p <0.04) total triglyceride levels in adults, significantly declined (p <0.05) HDL levels and significantly declined (p = 0.04) VLDL levels in adults as the age advanced, in both the sexes.

CONCLUSION

The increase in the levels of the micronutrients may have a direct correlation with the oxidative status as the age advances.

The concentration of serum zinc in celiac patients compared to healthy subjects in Tehran

AIM

This study evaluated serum levels of zinc in patient with CD compare to healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND

Celiac disease (CD) is characterized by small intestinal malabsorption of nutrients as a consequence of ingestion of wheat gluten. Zinc is an essential trace element that it has vital biological functions.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Sera of 30 celiac cases and 30 healthy normal cohorts as control group were obtained. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was employed for estimating serum zinc level.

RESULTS

Zinc concentrations in patients diagnosed with CD were significantly lower than healthy subjects (75.97±12 compared with 92.83±18, P-value < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

The result of this study shows that serum zinc concentration is decreased in celiac patients compare to healthy controls. Serum zinc may thus be a marker of CD in adults presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms.

A study of serum zinc, selenium and copper levels in carcinoma of esophagus patients

The association of serum trace elements like selenium, zinc and copper has been found in different types of cancer. This study was conducted to see the serum level of these three trace elements in cancer esophagus patients. Biopsy confirmed cancer esophagus, 24 patients (12 males, 12 females, mean age 54.5±11.65 year with 23 healthy subjects (16 males, 7 females, mean age 44 ±13.82 years) were included in this study. Both control and study group patients were of same socio-economic status and dietary habits. Serum zinc and copper level were estimated using standard absorption spectrometer technique and serum selenium by Hydride generation method.We observed significant low serum levels of zinc and selenium while high level of serum copper in carcinoma esophagus patients, as compared with normal healthy controls. This shows an association of serum selenium zinc and copper with cancer esophagus.

Metal analysis in citrus sinensis fruit peel and psidium guajava leaf

The determination of metal traces is very important because they are involved in biological cycles and indicate high toxicity. The objective of the present study is to measure the levels of heavy metals and mineral ions in medicinally important plant species, Citrus sinensis and Psidium guajava. This study investigates the accumulation of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Aluminum (Al), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se) and inorganic minerals like Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) in C. sinensis (sweet orange) fruit peel and P. guajava (guava) leaf, to measure the levels of heavy metal contamination. Dried powdered samples of the plants were digested using wet digestion method and elemental determination was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analysed by student's ‘t’ test. Values are considered significant at P < 0.05. The results were compared with suitable safety standards and the levels of Cu, Zn, Cd, Mg and Ca in C. sinensis fruit peel and P. guajava leaves were within the acceptable limits for human consumption. The order of concentration of elements in both the samples showed the following trend: Mg > Ca > Al > Zn > Cu > Cd > Hg = As = Se. The content of Hg, As and Se in C. sinensis fruit peel and P. guajava leaves was significantly low and below detection limit. The content of toxic metals in tested plant samples was found to be low when compared with the limits prescribed by various authorities (World Health Organization, WHO; International Centre for Materials Research, ICMR; American Public Health Association, APHA). The content of Hg, As and Se in C. sinensis fruit peel and P. guajava leaves was not detectable and met the appropriate safety standards. In conclusion, the tested plant parts taken in the present study were found to be safe.