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Prašnikar M, Proj M, Bjelošević Žiberna M, Lebar B, Knez B, Kržišnik N, Roškar R, Gobec S, Grabnar I, Žula A, Ahlin Grabnar P. The search for novel proline analogs for viscosity reduction and stabilization of highly concentrated monoclonal antibody solutions. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124055. [PMID: 38554741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is currently focused on subcutaneous injection associated with increased patient adherence and reduced treatment cost, leading to sustainable healthcare. The main bottleneck is low volume that can be injected, requiring highly concentrated mAb solutions. The latter results in increased solution viscosity with pronounced mAb aggregation propensity because of intensive protein-protein interactions. Small molecule excipients have been proposed to restrict the protein-protein interactions, contributing to reduced viscosity. The aim of the study was to discover novel compounds that reduce the viscosity of highly concentrated mAb solution. First, the chemical space of proline analogs was explored and 35 compounds were determined. Viscosity measurements revealed that 18 proline analogs reduced the mAb solution viscosity similar to or more than proline. The compounds forming both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with mAb reduced the viscosity of the formulation more efficiently without detrimentally effecting mAb physical stability. A correlation between the level of interaction and viscosity-reducing effect was confirmed with molecular dynamic simulations. Structure rigidity of the compounds and aromaticity contributed to their viscosity-reducing effect, dependent on molecule size. The study results highlight the novel proline analogs as an effective approach in viscosity reduction in development of biopharmaceuticals for subcutaneous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Prašnikar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Proj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Blaž Lebar
- Biologics Drug Product, Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin Knez
- Biologics Drug Product, Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Slovenia
| | - Nika Kržišnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Roškar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Grabnar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Žula
- Biologics Drug Product, Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Slovenia
| | - Pegi Ahlin Grabnar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Dahmana N, Destruel PL, Facchetti S, Braun V, Lebouc V, Marin Z, Patel S, Schwach G. Reversible protein complexes as a promising avenue for the development of high concentration formulations of biologics. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123616. [PMID: 37977291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
High concentration formulations have become an important pre-requisite in the development of biological drugs, particularly in the case of subcutaneous administration where limited injection volume negatively affects the administered dose. In this study, we propose to develop high concentration formulations of biologics using a reversible protein-polyelectrolyte complex (RPC) approach. First, the versatility of RPC was assessed using different complexing agents and formats of therapeutic proteins, to define the optimal conditions for complexation and dissociation of the complex. The stability of the protein was investigated before and after complexation, as well as upon a 4-week storage period at various temperatures. Subsequently, two approaches were selected to develop high concentration RPC formulations: first, using up-concentrated RPC suspensions in aqueous buffers, and second, by generating spray-dried RPC and further resuspension in non-aqueous solvents. Results showed that the RPC concept is applicable to a wide range of therapeutic protein formats and the complexation-dissociation process did not affect the stability of the proteins. High concentration formulations up to 200 mg/mL could be achieved by up-concentrating RPC suspensions in aqueous buffers and RPC suspensions in non-aqueous solvents were concentrated up to 250 mg/mL. Although optimization is needed, our data suggests that RPC may be a promising avenue to achieve high concentration formulations of biologics for subcutaneous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoual Dahmana
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Louis Destruel
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Samantha Facchetti
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Braun
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Lebouc
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zana Marin
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sulabh Patel
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregoire Schwach
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, PTD Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Han L, Gong Z, Li J, Chen M, Ma J, Wu W, Chen X, Yang L. Formation of corrosion-based ZVMg nanoparticles for reductive degradation of high-level trichloroethylene in aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132325. [PMID: 37598515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
This study discovered that nanosized zero valent magnesium (nZVMg) could be formed during the electrochemical corrosion of microsized ZVMg (mZVMg) in aqueous solution. It is observed that the nZVMg particle sizes were less than 50 nm with the specific surface area of 54.63 m2/g after it was corroded for 96 h (ZVMg96) at the expense of losing about 60 wt% Mg0. However, the XPS characterization indicated the thickness of Mg(OH)2 layer over ZVMg96 being less than 5 nm, accompanied by the faster electron transfer rate but slower corrosion rate than mZVMg. Most importantly, the removal efficiency of 82 % under high-level trichloroethylene (TCE) at 100 mg/L was achieved by ZVMg96 within one hour relative to 48 % by mZVMg. The rate constant normalized by surface area was 3.11 × 10-2 L/m2/h by ZVMg96 due to the high surface energy of nanoparticles. The degradation products were dependent on the initial TCE concentrations, with environmentally friendly and biodegradable degradation products being generated via hydrodechlorination, hydrogenation and polymerization pathways according to the density functional theory calculations. ZVMg corroded for 14 days illustrated a long-term chemical stability and excellent degradation performance, demonstrating significant application potential in remediating the TCE plumes in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zehan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Sichuan 610066, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Sichuan 610066, China.
| | - Wenpei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Bian C, Wang Y, Yi Y, Shao S, Sun P, Xiao Y, Wang W, Dong X. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of S-doped graphitic carbon nitride hollow microspheres: Synergistic effect, high-concentration antibiotic elimination and antibacterial behavior. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 643:256-266. [PMID: 37068359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For the past few years, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been widely used to eliminate environmental pollutants, but limited active site on surface and low separation/migration ability suppress its practical uses. Herein, we adopted a supramolecular self-assembly route followed with S doping to synthesize S-doped g-C3N4 with a hollow microsphere composition (SCNHM), where the shell was demonstrated to compose of ultrathin nanosheets. The unique structural characteristics endow the SCNHM with high specific surface area (∼81 m2 g-1) to provide abundant reaction sites and enhanced light-harvesting due to the light-scattering effect of hollow structure. Moreover, the S dopant meliorated the electronic structure to narrow the bandgap and promoted the charge separation/transfer capability. With this synergistic effect, the SCNHM presented greatly improved photocatalytic activity for degrading tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) compared to the CN, SCN and CNHM samples. This photocatalyst could eliminate high-concentration TC (50 mg L-1) in 18 min, and the 30 min removal efficiencies of 100 mg L-1 and 200 mg L-1 reached 92 % and 60 %, which is much better than the reported photocatalysts in literatures (usually ≤ 20 mg L-1). Additionally, the good photocatalytic durability was confirmed and the degradation pathway of TC was proposed. Furthermore, the SCNHM was proved to meanwhile possess superior performance for inactivating the typical Gram-positive bacterium of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the typical Gram-negative bacterium of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Finally, based on determination of band alignment and detection of active species, a plausible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Bian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, MOA Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yuyan Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shengyu Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, MOA Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, MOA Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Hangzhou), Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Xiaoping Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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5
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Yolandani, Ma H, Li Y, Liu D, Zhou H, Liu X, Wan Y, Zhao X. Ultrasound-assisted limited enzymatic hydrolysis of high concentrated soy protein isolate: Alterations on the functional properties and its relation with hydrophobicity and molecular weight. Ultrason Sonochem 2023; 95:106414. [PMID: 37098311 PMCID: PMC10149311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of power ultrasound (US) pretreatment on the preparation of soy protein isolate hydrolysate (SPIH) prepared at the same degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 12 % were measured. Cylindrical power ultrasound was modified into mono-frequency (20, 28, 35, 40, 50 kHz) ultrasonic cup coupled with an agitator to make it applicable for high density SPI (soy protein isolate) solutions (14 %, w/v). A comparative study of the alterations of the hydrolysates molecular weight, hydrophobics, antioxidants and functional properties change as well as their relation were explored. The results showed that under the same DH, ultrasound pretreatment decelerated the degradation of protein molecular mass and the decrease rate of the degradation lessened with the increase of ultrasonic frequency. Meanwhile, the pretreatments improved the hydrophobics and antioxidants properties of SPIH. Both surface hydrophobicity (H0) and relative hydrophobicity (RH) of the pretreated groups increased with the decrease of ultrasonic frequency. Lowest frequency (20 kHz) ultrasound pretreatment had the most improved emulsifying properties and water holding capacities, although decrease in the viscosity and solubility were found. Most of these alterations were correspondence toward the change in hydrophobics properties and molecular mass. In conclusion, the frequency selection of ultrasound pretreatment is essential for the alteration of SPIH functional qualities prepared at the same DH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandani
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunliang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchang Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuang Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Wan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
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6
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Desai PG, Garidel P, Gbormittah FO, Kamen DE, Mills BJ, Narasimhan CN, Singh S, Stokes ESE, Walsh ER. An Intercompany Perspective on Practical Experiences of Predicting, Optimizing and Analyzing High Concentration Biologic Therapeutic Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:359-369. [PMID: 36442683 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing high-dose biologic drugs for subcutaneous injection often requires high-concentration formulations and optimizing viscosity, solubility, and stability while overcoming analytical, manufacturing, and administration challenges. To understand industry approaches for developing high-concentration formulations, the Formulation Workstream of the BioPhorum Development Group, an industry-wide consortium, conducted an inter-company collaborative exercise which included several surveys. This collaboration provided an industry perspective, experience, and insight into the practicalities for developing high-concentration biologics. To understand solubility and viscosity, companies desire predictive tools, but experience indicates that these are not reliable and experimental strategies are best. Similarly, most companies prefer accelerated and stress stability studies to in-silico or biophysical-based prediction methods to assess aggregation. In addition, optimization of primary container-closure and devices are pursued to mitigate challenges associated with high viscosity of the formulation. Formulation strategies including excipient selection and application of studies at low concentration to high-concentration formulations are reported. Finally, analytical approaches to high concentration formulations are presented. The survey suggests that although prediction of viscosity, solubility, and long-term stability is desirable, the outcome can be inconsistent and molecule dependent. Significant experimental studies are required to confirm robust product definition as modeling at low protein concentrations will not necessarily extrapolate to high concentration formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti G Desai
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Sterile Product Development, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH Co KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Francisca O Gbormittah
- GlaxoSmithKline, Strategic External Development, 1000 Winter Street North, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Douglas E Kamen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Formulation Development, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Brittney J Mills
- AbbVie, NBE Drug Product Development, 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - Shubhadra Singh
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Elaine S E Stokes
- BioPhorum, The Gridiron Building, 1 Pancras Square, London N1C 4AG UK.
| | - Erika R Walsh
- Merck & Co., Inc., Sterile and Specialty Products, Rahway, NJ, USA
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Marschall C, Witt M, Hauptmeier B, Frieß W. Drug Product Characterization of High Concentration Non-Aqueous Protein Powder Suspensions. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:61-75. [PMID: 35779665 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High concentration protein formulations for subcutaneous injection represent a substantial number of development projects in the pharmaceutical industry. Such concentrated aqueous protein solutions face some specific challenges such as increased viscosity and aggregation propensity. Protein powder suspensions in non-aqueous vehicles could be an alternative providing lower viscosity than the respective aqueous solution. The choice of potential suspension vehicles is limited as traditional non-aqueous liquids, such as oils, show an inherent high viscosity. We studied suspensions prepared by dispersing spray-dried protein powder in different vehicles including sesame oil and medium chain triglycerides, as well as fluorinated and semifluorinated alkanes. We found, that semifluorinated alkanes enable formulations with high concentrations up to 280 mg/ml monoclonal antibody with a low viscosity of less than 10 mPa·s and low injection forces. The glide force of suspensions containing 210 mg/ml protein was not affected by the particle size of the spray-dried powders with medians ranging from 1 to 14 µm. In contrast, suspensions prepared with cryo-milled powder showed markedly higher viscosities and were not injectable at the same concentration. Protein powder suspensions were syringeable using a 25G needle. Vial filling using a peristaltic pump was possible and lead to a uniform filling. Sedimentation of the suspension was slow and does not lead to challenges upon vial filling during manufacturing or transfer of the suspension into syringes. Thus, we could show that dispersions of spray-dried protein powders in non-aqueous vehicles, such as semifluorinated alkanes, are a promising alternative to aqueous protein solutions at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Marschall
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmceutics, Butenandtstraße 5, D-81377 München, Germany; AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Knollstraße 50, D-67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Madlen Witt
- Novaliq GmbH, Im Neuenheimer, Feld 515, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauptmeier
- Novaliq GmbH, Im Neuenheimer, Feld 515, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, D-55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmceutics, Butenandtstraße 5, D-81377 München, Germany.
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Newman A, Zografi G. Considerations in the Development of Physically Stable High Drug Load API- Polymer Amorphous Solid Dispersions in the Glassy State. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:8-18. [PMID: 35948156 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this Commentary, the authors expand on their earlier studies of the solid-state long-term isothermal crystallization of amorphous API from the glassy state in amorphous solid dispersions, and focus on the effects of polymer concentration, and its implications for producing high load API doses with minimum polymer concentration. After presenting an overview of the various mechanistic factors which influence the ability of polymers to inhibit API crystallization, including the chemical structure of the polymer relative to the API, the nature and strength of API-polymer noncovalent interactions, polymer molecular weight, impact on primary diffusive molecular mobility, as well as on secondary motions in the bulk and surface phases of the glass, we consider in more detail, the effects of polymer concentration. Here, we examine the factors that appear to allow relatively low polymer concentrations, i.e., less than 10%w/w polymer, to greatly reduce crystallization, including a focus on the heterogeneous structure of the glassy state, and the possible spatial distribution and concentration of polymer in certain key regions of the glass. This is followed by a review and analysis of examples in the recent literature focused on determining the minimum polymer concentration in an amorphous solid dispersion, capable of producing optimally stable high drug load amorphous dispersions.
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Yang D, Walker LM. Synergistic Effects of Multiple Excipients on Controlling Viscosity of Concentrated Protein Dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1379-1387. [PMID: 36539064 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viscosity control is essential for the manufacturing and delivery of concentrated therapeutic proteins. Limited availability of the precious protein-based drugs hinders the characterization and screening of the formulation conditions with new types or different combinations of excipients. In this work, a droplet-based microfluidic device with incorporated multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT) is developed to quantify the effects of two excipients, arginine hydrochloride (ArgHCl) and caffeine, on the viscosity of concentrated bovine gamma globulin (BGG) dispersions at two different values of pH. The effectiveness of both ArgHCl and caffeine show dependence on the BGG concentration and solution pH. The data set with high compositional resolution provides useful information to guide formulation with multiple viscosity-reducing excipients and quantification appropriate to start elucidating the connection to protein-protein interaction mechanisms. Overall, this work has demonstrated that the developed microfluidic approach has the potential to effectively assess the impact of multiple excipients on the viscosity and provide data for computational methods to predict viscosity for high concentration protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Lynn M Walker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
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Lou H, Feng M, Hageman MJ. Advanced Formulations/Drug Delivery Systems for Subcutaneous Delivery of Protein-Based Biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2968-82. [PMID: 36058255 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple advanced formulations and drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been developed to deliver protein-based biotherapeutics via the subcutaneous (SC) route. These formulations/DDSs include high-concentration solution, co-formulation of two or more proteins, large volume injection, protein cluster/complex, suspension, nanoparticle, microparticle, and hydrogel. These advanced systems provide clinical benefits related to efficacy and safety, but meanwhile, have more complicated formulations and manufacturing processes compared to conventional solution formulations. To develop a fit-for-purpose formulation/DDS for SC delivery, scientists need to consider multiple factors, such as the primary indication, targeted site, immunogenicity, compatibility, biopharmaceutics, patient compliance, etc. Next, they need to develop appropriate formulation (s) and manufacturing processes using the QbD principle and have a control strategy. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of advanced formulations/DDSs recently developed for SC delivery of proteins, as well as some knowledge gaps and potential strategies to narrow them through future research.
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Qin C, Zeng H, Liu B, Zhu J, Wang F, Wang S, Liang C, Huang C, Ma J, Yao S. Efficient removal of residual lignin from eucalyptus pulp via high-concentration chlorine dioxide treatment and its effect on the properties of residual solids. Bioresour Technol 2022; 360:127621. [PMID: 35842067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In fact, effectively removing lignin from pulp fibers facilitates the conversion and utilization of cellulose. In this study, the residual lignin in eucalyptus pulp was separated using a high concentration of chlorine dioxide. The effects of chlorine dioxide dosage, temperature, and time on lignin removal were investigated. The optimal conditions are chlorine dioxide dosage 5.0%, reaction temperature 40 °C, and reaction time 30 min. The lignin removal yield is 88.21%. The removal yields of cellulose and hemicellulose are 2.28 and 17.00%, respectively. The treated eucalyptus pulp has higher fiber crystallinity and thermal stability. The carbon content on the fiber surface is significantly reduced. The results show that lignin is removed by efficient oxidation, and the degradation of carbohydrates is inhibited using high concentrations of chlorine dioxide at low temperatures and short reaction times. This provides theoretical support for high value conversion of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrong Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Huali Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Baojie Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Jiatian Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Chen Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Jiliang Ma
- College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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12
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Oki S, Nishinami S, Nakauchi Y, Ogura T, Shiraki K. Arginine and its Derivatives Suppress the Opalescence of an Antibody Solution. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1126-1132. [PMID: 34843741 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Opalescence is a problem concerned with the stability of an antibody solution. It occurs when a high concentration of a protein is present. Arginine (Arg) is a versatile aggregation suppressor of proteins, which is among the candidates that suppress opalescence in antibody solutions. Here, we investigated the effect of various types of small molecular additives on opalescence to reveal the mechanism of Arg in preventing opalescence in antibody solution. As expected, Arg suppressed the opalescence of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) solution. Arg also concentration dependently inhibited the formation of microstructures in IgG molecules. Interestingly, the intrinsic fluorescence spectra of highly concentrated IgG solutions differed from those having low concentrations, even though IgG retained a distinct tertiary structure. Arginine ethylester was more effective in suppressing the opalescence of IgG solutions than Arg, whereas lysine and γ-guanidinobutyric acid were less effective. These results indicated that positively charged groups of both α-amine and guanidinium actively influence Arg as an additive for suppressing opalescence. Diols, which are the suppressors of the liquid-liquid phase separation of proteins were also effective in suppressing the opalescence. These results therefore provide insight into the control of opalescence of antibody solutions at high concentrations using solution additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Oki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Suguru Nishinami
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakauchi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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13
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Jiskoot W, Hawe A, Menzen T, Volkin DB, Crommelin DJA. Ongoing Challenges to Develop High Concentration Monoclonal Antibody-based Formulations for Subcutaneous Administration: Quo Vadis? J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:861-867. [PMID: 34813800 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many subcutaneously (s.c.) delivered, high-concentration antibody formulations (HCAF) have received regulatory approval and are widely used commercially, formulation scientists are still presented with many ongoing challenges during HCAF development with new mAb and mAb-based candidates. Depending on the specific physicochemical and biological properties of a particular mAb-based molecule, such challenges vary from pharmaceutical attributes e.g., stability, viscosity, manufacturability, to clinical performance e.g., bioavailability, immunogenicity, and finally to patient experience e.g., preference for s.c. vs. intravenous delivery and/or preferred interactions with health-care professionals. This commentary focuses on one key formulation obstacle encountered during HCAF development: how to maximize the dose of the drug? We examine methodologies for increasing the protein concentration, increasing the volume delivered, or combining both approaches together. We discuss commonly encountered hurdles, i.e., physical protein instability and solution volume limitations, and we provide recommendations to formulation scientists to facilitate their development of s.c. administered HCAF with new mAb-based product candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jiskoot
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Hawe
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Daan J A Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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14
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Zeng Y, Tran T, Wuthrich P, Naik S, Davagnino J, Greene DG, Mahoney RP, Soane DS. Caffeine as a Viscosity Reducer for Highly Concentrated Monoclonal Antibody Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3594-3604. [PMID: 34181992 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many monoclonal antibody (mAb) solutions exhibit high viscosity at elevated concentrations, which prevents manufacturing and injecting of concentrated mAb drug products at the small volumes needed for subcutaneous (SC) administration. Addition of excipients that interrupt intermolecular interactions is a common approach to reduce viscosity of high concentration mAb formulations. However, in some cases widely used excipients can fail to lower viscosity. Here, using infliximab and ipilimumab as model proteins, we show that caffeine effectively lowers the viscosity of both mAb formulations, whereas other common viscosity-reducing excipients, sodium chloride and arginine, do not. Furthermore, stability studies under accelerated conditions show that caffeine has no impact on stability of lyophilized infliximab or liquid ipilimumab formulations. In addition, presence of caffeine in the formulations does not affect in vitro bioactivities of infliximab or ipilimumab. Results from this study suggest that caffeine could be a useful viscosity reducing agent that complements other traditional excipients and provides viscosity reduction to a wider range of mAb drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zeng
- ReForm Biologics Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States.
| | - Timothy Tran
- ReForm Biologics Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States
| | - Philip Wuthrich
- ReForm Biologics Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States
| | - Subhashchandra Naik
- ReForm Biologics Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States
| | - Juan Davagnino
- KBI Biopharma Inc., 1101 Hamlin Rd, Durham, NC 27704, United States
| | - Daniel G Greene
- ReForm Biologics Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States
| | - Robert P Mahoney
- ReForm Biologics Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States
| | - David S Soane
- ReForm Biologics Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, United States
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15
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Kingsbury JS, Lantz MM, Saini A, Wang MZ, Gokarn YR. Characterization of Opalescence in low Volume Monoclonal Antibody Solutions Enabled by Microscale Nephelometry. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3176-3182. [PMID: 34004217 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based drugs are often prone to unfavorable solution behaviors including high viscosity, opalescence, phase separation, and aggregation at the high concentrations needed to enable patient-centric subcutaneous dosage forms. Given that these can have a detrimental impact on manufacturability, stability, and delivery, approaches to identifying, monitoring, and controlling these behaviors during drug development are critical. Opalescence presents a significant challenge due to its relationship to liquid-liquid phase separation. Quantitative characterization of opalescence via turbidimetry is often restrictive due to large volume requirements (>2 mL) and alternative microscale approaches based on light transmittance (Eckhardt et al., J Pharm Sci Technol. 1994, 48: 64-70) may pose challenging with respect to accuracy. To address the need for accurate and quantitative microscale opalescence measurements, we have evaluated the use of a 'de-tuned' static light scattering detector which requires <10 μL sample per measurement. We show that tuning of the laser power to a range far below that of traditional light scattering measurements results in a stable detector response that can be accurately calibrated to the nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) scale using appropriate standards. The calibrated detector signal yields NTU values for mAbs and other protein solutions that are comparable to a commercial turbidimeter. We used this microscale approach to characterize the opalescence of 48 commercial mAb drug products and found that the majority have opalescence below 15 NTU. However, in products with mAb concentrations greater than 75 mg/mL, a broad range of opalescence was observed, in a few cases greater than 20 NTU. These measurements as well as nephelometric characterization of several IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs across a broad pH range highlight subclass-specific tendencies toward opalescence in high concentration solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amandeep Saini
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701 USA
| | - Michael Z Wang
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701 USA.
| | - Yatin R Gokarn
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701 USA
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16
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Gassiat B, Strobbe B, Giovannini R, Dubey S. Blinding Approaches for Large Clinical Trials Involving Sub-Cutaneous Administration of Biologicals - A CMC Perspective. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:965-967. [PMID: 33217425 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A well-controlled clinical trial is one of the critical steps to evaluate the efficacy and safety of novel medicaments. The use of a placebo is employed in several types of clinical trials in order to set a baseline against which the efficacy of the investigational drug is evaluated. An ideal placebo should match the final formulation as close as possible such that the patient/health care providers are unable to identify any difference. This is difficult for high concentration biologic intended for subcutaneous administration, mainly because of their color and viscosity. Currently, the challenge is overcome by using opaque labels or by unblinded pharmacists, both solutions are expensive. The present study provides an efficient alternative where a protein excipient (recombinant albumin) is used to prepare a placebo for biologicals. We have demonstrated that the use of recombinant albumin can match the color of the active when used in the right quantity. The evaluated solution is highly flexible and has the potential to match the color of different biopharmaceuticals at different concentrations/formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Gassiat
- Ichnos Sciences S.A, Chemin de la Combeta 5, La Chaux-de-Fonds, NE 2300 CH Switzerland
| | - Benoit Strobbe
- Ichnos Sciences S.A, Chemin de la Combeta 5, La Chaux-de-Fonds, NE 2300 CH Switzerland
| | - Roberto Giovannini
- Ichnos Sciences S.A, Chemin de la Combeta 5, La Chaux-de-Fonds, NE 2300 CH Switzerland
| | - Sachin Dubey
- Ichnos Sciences S.A, Chemin de la Combeta 5, La Chaux-de-Fonds, NE 2300 CH Switzerland.
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17
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Deokar V, Sharma A, Mody R, Volety SM. Comparison of Strategies in Development and Manufacturing of Low Viscosity, Ultra- High Concentration Formulation for IgG1 Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3579-3589. [PMID: 32946895 PMCID: PMC7491461 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies requiring higher doses for exerting therapeutic effect but having lower stability, are administered as dilute infusions, or as two (low concentration) injections both resulting in reduced patient compliance. Present research summarizes impact of manufacturing conditions on ultra-high concentration (≥150 mg/mL) IgG1 formulation, which can be administered as one subcutaneous injection. IgG1 was concentrated to ~200 mg/mL using tangential flow filtration (TFF). Alternatively, spray dried (SPD) and spray freeze dried (SFD) IgG1, was reconstituted in 30%v/v propylene glycol to form ultra-high concentration (~200 mg/mL) injectable formulation. Reconstituted, SPD and SFD IgG1 formulations, increased viscosity beyond an acceptable range for subcutaneous injections (<20 cP). Formulations developed by reconstitution of SPD IgG1, demonstrated increase in high and low molecular weight impurities, at accelerated and stressed conditions. Whereas, the stability data suggested reconstituted SFD IgG1 was comparable to control IgG1 formulation concentrated by TFF. Also, formulation of IgG1 diafiltered with proline using TFF, reduce viscosity from ~21.9 cP to ~11 cP at 25 °C and had better stability. Thus, conventional TFF technique stands to be one of the preferred methods for manufacturing of ultra-high concentration IgG1 formulations. Additionally, SFD could be an alternative method for long term storage of IgG1 in a dry powder state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Deokar
- Lupin Limited (Biotechnology Division), A-401, G.O. Square Mall, Sr. No. 249/50, Wakad, Pune 411057, India.
| | - Alok Sharma
- Lupin Limited (Biotechnology Division), A-401, G.O. Square Mall, Sr. No. 249/50, Wakad, Pune 411057, India
| | - Rustom Mody
- Lupin Limited (Biotechnology Division), A-401, G.O. Square Mall, Sr. No. 249/50, Wakad, Pune 411057, India
| | - Subrahmanyam M Volety
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed University), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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18
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Wu J, Jiang X, Jin Z, Yang S, Zhang J. The performance and microbial community in a slightly alkaline biotrickling filter for the removal of high concentration H 2S from biogas. Chemosphere 2020; 249:126127. [PMID: 32074498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, high concentration of H2S (i.e., 5000 ppmv) in biogas was effectively removed by a slightly alkaline biotricking filter (BTF) with Polypropylene rings as packing material and oxygen from air as the electron acceptor. The results showed that when the inlet loading of H2S increased from 101.7 to 422.0 g/m3/h, the removal efficiency of H2S decreased from 100.0% to 91.4%, and the maximum elimination capacity (EC) was 386.0 ± 10.5 gH2S/m3/h when empty bed retention time (EBRT) was 1.0 min. The slightly alkaline condition could increase the mass transfer of H2S from gas to liquid phase and avoid the toxic effect of high concentration of H2S, resulting in high removal performance of H2S in the system. With the increase of H2S inlet loading, the ratio of SO42- in bio-desulfurization products gradually decreased, while that of S0 increased. At 101.7-210.7 gH2S/m3/h of inlet loading, SO42- was the dominant product with the ratio of above 50.00%, while S0 became the dominant product with 62.96% at 422.0 gH2S/m3/h of inlet loading. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that the dominant genus in the BTF was sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), with the abundance of SOB decreased with the increase of inlet loading. The dominant genus were Pseudomonas, Halothiobacillus and Sulfurimonas in the BTF at 101.7, 139.8 and 210.7 gH2S/m3/h of inlet loading, respectively. The SOB Sulfurimonas might play an important role for bio-desulfurization of high concentration of H2S in a slightly alkaline BTF under high inlet loading of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ziheng Jin
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Senlin Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Sichuan Science City Tianren Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
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19
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Lethesh KC, Evjen S, Venkatraman V, Shah SN, Fiksdahl A. Highly efficient cellulose dissolution by alkaline ionic liquids. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115594. [PMID: 31826468 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline ionic liquids (ILs) with unconventional organic anions were prepared and used for cellulose dissolution studies. High concentrations of cellulose were dissolved at room temperature in the phenolate based imidazolium IL [C2mim][OPh], combined with organic solvent, and up to 45 wt-% cellulose dissolution (wt-% MCC of weight IL) was readily achieved at 100 ºC. No functionalization of the regenerated cellulose was observed during the dissolution process (FTIR). Characteristic cellulose II XRD diffraction pattern was observed after IL dissolution and regeneration of MCC. The crystallinity index (CI) of the pretreated MCC was reduced from 93.2 % to 31 %. Inert conditions were not required for the cellulose dissolution experiments. This study indicates that the IL H-bond basicity is not the only key parameter determining their cellulose dissolution ability. The alkaline ILs represent an energy efficient and sustainable approach for cellulose dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigvart Evjen
- Department of chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491-Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vishwesh Venkatraman
- Department of chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491-Trondheim, Norway
| | - Syed Nasir Shah
- Department of Energy Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, 47080 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Anne Fiksdahl
- Department of chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491-Trondheim, Norway; Department of Energy Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, 47080 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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20
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Karamad D, Khosravi-Darani K, Hosseini H, Tavasoli S, Miller AW. Evaluation of Oxalobacter formigenes DSM 4420 biodegradation activity for high oxalate media content: An in vitro model. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2019; 22. [PMID: 33953803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxalate is a common component of many foods typically present as a salt of oxalic acid, which will be excreted in the urine. Hyperoxaluria is known to be a considerable risk factor for urolithiasis, and formation of oxalate kidney stone. Oxalate degradation by the probiotic anaerobic bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes DSM 4420 has high yield and efficiency both in the human colon helping to prevent hyperoxaluria and disorders such as the development of kidney stones and as a novel approach in reducing the high concentration of foodstuff oxalate content such as tea, coffee, and nuts. For determining the effective factors to enhance high concentration oxalate biodegradation activity of Oxalobacter formigenes DSM 4420 Plackett-Burman screening design was applied to evaluate the impact of 10 process variables. After determining the main factors by screening design, a response surface methodology was used to find suitable treatment combination for oxalate biodegradation by this probiotic. A second-order quadratic model estimated that the highest biodegradation of 60.2% was achieved in presence of 1.35 (g/L) inulin, 36.56 (g/L) glucose, 26 (mmol/L) ammonium oxalate, and pH 6. In other word, the optimum point showed that in the above condition the high concentration of ammonium oxalate content of 26 mmoL/L will reach to 9.95 mmoL/L. Reconfirmation experiment showed the validity of predicted optimum conditions. A surface model using the RSM and optimizing this model using the GA technique, resulted in a useful method of finding an optimal set of process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Karamad
- Student Research Department of Food Technology Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- Research Department of Food Technology Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Technology Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Tavasoli
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aaron W Miller
- Departments of Urology and Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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21
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Abstract
Highly concentrated solutions of biomolecules play an increasingly important role in biopharmaceutical drug development. In these systems, the formation of reversible aggregates by self-association creates a significant analytical challenge, since dilution is often required for techniques such as HPLC/liquid chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation. There is a growing demand for methods capable of analyzing these assemblies, ideally under formulation conditions (i.e., in the presence of excipients). One approach that addresses this need is based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which is a flexible and powerful technique to measure the diffusion of fluorescently labeled particles. It is particularly suited to measuring the size distribution of reversible aggregates of proteins or peptides in highly concentrated formulations, since it overcomes some of the challenges associated with other methods. In this protocol, we describe state-of-the-art measurement and analysis of protein self-assembly by determination of particle size distributions in highly concentrated protein solutions using FCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith J Mittag
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Matthew R Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Jennifer J McManus
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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22
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Li J, Cheng Y, Chen X, Zheng S. Impact of electroviscous effect on viscosity in developing highly concentrated protein formulations: Lessons from non-protein charged colloids. Int J Pharm X 2018; 1:100002. [PMID: 31545855 PMCID: PMC6733305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2018.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous delivery of highly concentrated protein formulations is paramount for reducing healthcare cost and improving patient compliance, where reducing the solution viscosity of formulations is critical for drug delivery. The objective of this paper is to provide some mechanistic understanding about the contribution of electrostatic repulsion to the viscosity of protein solutions at high concentrations, along with the effect of excipients such as salts on relative viscosity. Proteins are treated as charged colloids in this paper. At high concentrations, the electrical double layer starts to overlap, and secondary electroviscous effect becomes significant in addition to primary electroviscous effect. In other words, the hydrodynamic volume of proteins plays a great role in influencing their solution viscosity because of the excluded volume effect. Currently, it is hypothesized that the high viscosity of concentrated protein solutions is attributed to formation of clusters due to either electrostatic attraction or hydrophobic interactions, especially for monoclonal antibodies, in which anybody molecules in high concentration formulations may form networks. Consequently, viscosity reduction in the presence of inorganic or organic salts in these formulations is due to breaking up of these networks. In this review, authors hope to provide another point of view based on the effect of the electrostatic repulsion on the excluded volume-hydrodynamic volume. Finally, authors hope the proposed theoretical framework can be used to guide excipient selection in the product development of highly concentrated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Li
- Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Corporation, 1 Squibb Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Discovery Pharmaceutics and Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Corporation, 3551 Lawrenceville Princeton, Lawrence Township, NJ 08648, United States.,Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd., Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Corporation, 1 Squibb Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
| | - Songyan Zheng
- Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Corporation, 1 Squibb Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
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23
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Gervasi V, Dall Agnol R, Cullen S, McCoy T, Vucen S, Crean A. Parenteral protein formulations: An overview of approved products within the European Union. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 131:8-24. [PMID: 30006246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study presented is a comprehensive overview of commercial parenteral protein formulations, approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), 1995-2018. The objective of this overview was to analyse current trends in the design of commercial parenteral protein products and thereby support formulation scientists in the design of new formulations. The main data source was the publicly available European Public Assessment Reports (EPARs) published by the EMA for each authorised product. An analysis of the percentage of formulations in a liquid and lyophilised form was conducted. In addition, the number of products containing individual excipients, classified into functional categories is provided. Finally, the overview includes comprehensive details of product compositions obtained from EMA, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and product Marketing Authorisation Holder. Data analysis highlighted trends in the number of products approved, and the higher percentage of liquid parenteral protein formulations (66%) compared to lyophilised formulations (34%). This overview identifies the most commonly incorporated excipients employed as buffering agents, stabilisers/bulking agents, surfactants, preservatives and tonicifiers, including their concentration ranges of use in both liquid and lyophilised formulation approaches. Finally, antibody-based formulations were a particular focus of this overview. The relationship between parenteral routes of administration and antibody concentrations in approved products was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gervasi
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Dall Agnol
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - S Cullen
- Technical Development Department, Sanofi, Waterford, Ireland
| | - T McCoy
- Global Biologics Drug Product Development (BioDPD), Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - S Vucen
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A Crean
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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24
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Dekkers BL, Boom RM, van der Goot AJ. Viscoelastic properties of soy protein isolate - pectin blends: Richer than those of a simple composite material. Food Res Int 2018; 107:281-288. [PMID: 29580487 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Concentrated soy protein isolate (SPI) - pectin blends acquire fibrous textures by shear-induced structuring while heating. The objective of this study was to determine the viscoelastic properties of concentrated SPI-pectin blends under similar conditions as during shear-induced structuring, and after cooling. A closed cavity rheometer was used to measure these properties under these conditions. At 140 °C, SPI and pectin had both a lower G* than the blend of the two and also showed a different behavior in time. Hence, the viscoelastic properties of the blend are richer than those of a simple composite material with stable physical phase properties. In addition, the G'pectin was much lower compared with the G'SPI and G'SPI-pectin upon cooling, confirming that pectin formed a weak dispersed phase. The results can be explained by considering that the viscoelastic properties of the blend are influenced by thermal degradation of the pectin phase. This degradation leads to: i) release of galacturonic acid, ii) lowering of the pH, and iii) water redistribution from the SPI towards the pectin phase. The relative importance of those effects are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit L Dekkers
- Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Remko M Boom
- Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Felippelli G, Lopes WDZ, Cruz BC, Teixeira WFP, Maciel WG, Fávero FC, Buzzulini C, Sakamoto C, Soares VE, Gomes LVC, de Oliveira GP, da Costa AJ. Nematode resistance to ivermectin (630 and 700μg/kg) in cattle from the Southeast and South of Brazil. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:835-40. [PMID: 25130588 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two high doses of ivermectin (630μg/kg and 700μg/kg) that are sold commercially in Brazil were evaluated in dose-and-slaughter trials with 144 naturally nematode-infected cattle from eight regions within the states of Minas Gerias, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. Treatment groups were based on fecal egg counts 1, 2, and 3days before treatment; all animals studied had a minimum egg count of at least 500 eggs per gram of feces (EPG). Post-mortem analyses were conducted on day 14. The highest levels of resistance to ivermectin were found for Haemonchus placei, Cooperia punctata and Oesophagostomum radiatum; all populations of H. placei were resistant to the 630μg/kg dose, and 67% were resistant to 700μg/kg; 86% of C. punctata were resistant to the 630μg/kg dose, and 33% were resistant to 700μg/kg. A combined analysis revealed that 57% of O. radiatum were resistant to the lower dose of ivermectin. H. placei, C. punctata and O. radiatum, in order, were the nematode populations with the highest indices of resistance, whereas Trichostrongylus axei was the most susceptible to 630 and 700μg/kg dosages of ivermectin. The results of helminthic resistance to ivermectin for different populations of H. placei and C. punctata described in the present study support previous literature data, in which a small decrease in the average parasitic burden of C. punctata and a consequent increase of H. placei were observed in cattle from the Southeast, South and Center-West regions of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Felippelli
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil.
| | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
| | - Weslen Fabricio Pires Teixeira
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
| | - Willian Giquelin Maciel
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carolina Fávero
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buzzulini
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
| | - Claudio Sakamoto
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
| | - Vando Edésio Soares
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil; UNICASTELO - Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vinicius Costa Gomes
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
| | - Gilson Pereira de Oliveira
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
| | - Alvimar José da Costa
- CPPAR, Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo-Brasil, Brazil
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