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Piñeros-Ortíz SE, Urrego-Mendoza ZC, Garzón-Orjuela N, Eslava-Schmalbach J. Social determinants, symptoms and mental problems in adults internally displaced by armed conflict. Soacha, Colombia, 2019. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr (Engl Ed) 2024; 53:8-16. [PMID: 38677942 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise social determinants of health, mental health problems and potentially problematic symptoms in the adult population displaced by internal armed conflict in Colombia. METHODS Cross-sectional descriptive study with a random sample of 98 adults forcefully displaced to Soacha, Colombia, due to internal armed conflict. The Self Report Questionnaire to detect potentially problematic mental health problems and symptoms, and a structured questionnaire on social determinants of health were applied. RESULTS The median age was 38 [interquartile range, 28-46] years, and women predominated (69.39%). The median time since displacement was 36 [16-48] months, and time since settlement in Soacha, 48 [5-48] months. 86.32% survived on less than the minimum wage per month and 93.87% did not have an employment contract. 42.86% and 7.14% reported being owners of their homes before and after displacement, respectively. Upon arriving in Soacha, 79.60% went to primary support networks and 3% to institutions. Before displacement, 16.33% lacked health insurance and 27.55% afterwards. Regarding mental health problems; there were possible depressive or anxious disorders in 57.29%; possible psychosis in 36.73%; and potentially problematic symptoms in 91.66%, being more prevalent and serious in women (p = 0.0025). CONCLUSIONS A deterioration in living conditions and a higher prevalence of potentially problematic mental health problems and symptoms was reported in displaced adult populations settled in Soacha compared to other regions of the country. Analyses with complementary perspectives are required to evaluate these differences.
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Yamaoka Y, Saruuljavkhlan B, Alfaray RI, Linz B. Pathogenomics of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:117-155. [PMID: 38231217 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of gastritis, ulcers and adenocarcinoma, possesses very high genetic diversity. H. pylori has been associated with anatomically modern humans since their origins over 100,000 years ago and has co-evolved with its human host ever since. Predominantly intrafamilial and local transmission, along with genetic isolation, genetic drift, and selection have facilitated the development of distinct bacterial populations that are characteristic for large geographical areas. H. pylori utilizes a large arsenal of virulence and colonization factors to mediate the interaction with its host. Those include various adhesins, the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA, urease, serine protease HtrA, the cytotoxin-associated genes pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type-IV secretion system and its effector protein CagA, all of which contribute to disease development. While many pathogenicity-related factors are present in all strains, some belong to the auxiliary genome and are associated with specific phylogeographic populations. H. pylori is naturally competent for DNA uptake and recombination, and its genome evolution is driven by extraordinarily high recombination and mutation rates that are by far exceeding those in other bacteria. Comparative genome analyses revealed that adaptation of H. pylori to individual hosts is associated with strong selection for particular protein variants that facilitate immune evasion, especially in surface-exposed and in secreted virulence factors. Recent studies identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in H. pylori that are associated with the development of severe gastric disease, including gastric cancer. Here, we review the current knowledge about the pathogenomics of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Batsaikhan Saruuljavkhlan
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ricky Indra Alfaray
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu Oita, 879-5593, Japan
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60286, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Bodo Linz
- Division of Microbiology, Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Donoghue HD, Michael Taylor G, Marcsik A, Molnár E, Pálfi G, Pap I, Teschler-Nicola M, Pinhasi R, Erdal YS, Velemínsky P, Likovsky J, Belcastro MG, Mariotti V, Riga A, Rubini M, Zaio P, Besra GS, Lee OYC, Wu HHT, Minnikin DE, Bull ID, O'Grady J, Spigelman M. A migration-driven model for the historical spread of leprosy in medieval Eastern and Central Europe. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 31:250-6. [PMID: 25680828 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy was rare in Europe during the Roman period, yet its prevalence increased dramatically in medieval times. We examined human remains, with paleopathological lesions indicative of leprosy, dated to the 6th-11th century AD, from Central and Eastern Europe and Byzantine Anatolia. Analysis of ancient DNA and bacterial cell wall lipid biomarkers revealed Mycobacterium leprae in skeletal remains from 6th-8th century Northern Italy, 7th-11th century Hungary, 8th-9th century Austria, the Slavic Greater Moravian Empire of the 9th-10th century and 8th-10th century Byzantine samples from Northern Anatolia. These data were analyzed alongside findings published by others. M. leprae is an obligate human pathogen that has undergone an evolutionary bottleneck followed by clonal expansion. Therefore M. leprae genotypes and sub-genotypes give information about the human populations they have infected and their migration. Although data are limited, genotyping demonstrates that historical M. leprae from Byzantine Anatolia, Eastern and Central Europe resembles modern strains in Asia Minor rather than the recently characterized historical strains from North West Europe. The westward migration of peoples from Central Asia in the first millennium may have introduced different M. leprae strains into medieval Europe and certainly would have facilitated the spread of any existing leprosy. The subsequent decline of M. leprae in Europe may be due to increased host resistance. However, molecular evidence of historical leprosy and tuberculosis co-infections suggests that death from tuberculosis in leprosy patients was also a factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen D Donoghue
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK.
| | - G Michael Taylor
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Antónia Marcsik
- University of Szeged, Mályva utca 23, H-6771 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ron Pinhasi
- School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yilmaz S Erdal
- Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petr Velemínsky
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Likovsky
- Department of the Archaeology of Landscape and Archaeobiology, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Centro Fermi, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Mariotti
- Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée/EFS, Université de la Méditerranée, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard,13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Alessandro Riga
- Laboratorio di Bioarcheologia e Osteologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Rubini
- Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy; Anthropological Service of S.B.A.L. (Ministry of Culture), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zaio
- Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Tivoli, Italy
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Oona Y-C Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Houdini H T Wu
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - David E Minnikin
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian D Bull
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Justin O'Grady
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Mark Spigelman
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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