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Asín-Prieto E, Parra-Guillen ZP, Gómez Mantilla JD, Vandenbossche J, Stuyckens K, de Trixhe XW, Perez-Ruixo JJ, Troconiz IF. A quantitative systems pharmacology model for acute viral hepatitis B. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4997-5007. [PMID: 34589180 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic model characterizing acute immune response and HBV system interactions. Key role of the cellular and regulatory response triggering hepatitis B chronicity. Modelling framework to easily incorporate and explore additional biological mechanisms.
Hepatitis B liver infection is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and represents a major global disease problem when it becomes chronic, as is the case for 80–90% of vertical or early life infections. However, in the vast majority (>95%) of adult exposures, the infected individuals are capable of mounting an effective immune response leading to infection resolution. A good understanding of HBV dynamics and the interaction between the virus and immune system during acute infection represents an essential step to characterize and understand the key biological processes involved in disease resolution, which may help to identify potential interventions to prevent chronic hepatitis B. In this work, a quantitative systems pharmacology model for acute hepatitis B characterizing viral dynamics and the main components of the innate, adaptive, and tolerant immune response has been successfully developed. To do so, information from multiple sources and across different organization levels has been integrated in a common mechanistic framework. The final model adequately describes the chronology and plausibility of an HBV-triggered immune response, as well as clinical data from acute patients reported in the literature. Given the holistic nature of the framework, the model can be used to illustrate the relevance of the different immune pathways and biological processes to ultimate response, observing the negligible contribution of the innate response and the key contribution of the cellular response on viral clearance. More specifically, moderate reductions of the proliferation of activated cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes or increased immunoregulatory effects can drive the system towards chronicity.
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Key Words
- AHB, acute hepatitis B
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CTL*, activated CTL
- CTL, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CTLm, memory CTL
- DC*, activated dendritic cells
- DC, dendritic cells
- HB, Hepatitis B
- HBV, hepatitis B virus, HBV DNA, circulating DNA levels of HBV
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- Hep, hepatocytes
- Hepatitis B
- Heptot, total hepatocytes
- IFN, interferon
- Immune system dynamics
- LN, lymph node
- LPC, long-lived plasma cells
- LV, liver
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- Mechanistic modeling
- NK*, activated NK
- NK, natural killer cells
- ODE, ordinary differential equations
- PB, plasmablasts
- PC, plasma cells
- PL, plasma
- QSP, quantitative systems pharmacology
- Quantitative systems pharmacology
- SPC, short-lived plasma cells
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- Th0, naïve T cells
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- Viral dynamics
- anti-HBc, specific antibodies against core hepatitis B antigen
- anti-HBs, specific antibodies against surface hepatitis B antigen
- dHep, debris hepatocytes
- iHep, infected hepatocytes
- pDC, plasmacytoid DC
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Hayashi M, Silanikove N, Chang X, Ravi R, Pham V, Baia G, Paz K, Brait M, Koch WM, Sidransky D. Milk derived colloid as a novel drug delivery carrier for breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:1184-93. [PMID: 26046946 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1056416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer has an extremely poor prognosis when chemotherapy is no longer effective. To overcome drug resistance, novel drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles have had remarkable success. We produced a novel nanoparticle component 'MDC' from milk-derived colloid. In order to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of MDC, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments on cancer cell lines and a primary tumor derived breast xenograft. Doxorubicin (Dox) conjugated to MDC (MDC-Dox) showed higher cancer cell growth inhibition than MDC alone especially in cell lines with high EGFR expression. In a mouse melanoma model, MDC-Dox significantly suppressed tumor growth when compared with free Dox. Moreover, in a primary tumor derived breast xenograft, one of the mice treated with MDC-Dox showed partial regression, while mice treated with free Dox failed to show any suppression of tumor growth. We have shown that a novel nanoparticle compound made of simple milk-derived colloid has the capability for drug conjugation, and serves as a tumor-specific carrier of anti-cancer drugs. Further research on its safety and ability to carry various anti-cancer drugs into multiple drug-resistant primary breast models is warranted.
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Key Words
- Dox, doxorubicin
- Doxil
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- MDC, milk-derived colloid
- MDC-Dox, Dox conjugated to MDC
- MDR, multi-drug resistance
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- NBC, triple-negative breast cancer
- Pgp, P-glycoprotein, PL-Dox, pegylated lipopsomal doxorubicine
- T PLD, pegylated liposomal doxorubicine
- breast cancer
- doxorubicin
- milk
- nanoparticle
- xenograft
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Hayashi
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery ; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
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Fernández A, Oliver L, Alvarez R, Fernández LE, Lee KP, Mesa C. Adjuvants and myeloid-derived suppressor cells: enemies or allies in therapeutic cancer vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3251-60. [PMID: 25483674 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are a critical but largely overlooked and poorly understood component included in vaccine formulations to stimulate and modulate the desired immune responses to an antigen. However, unlike in the protective infectious disease vaccines, adjuvants for cancer vaccines also need to overcome the effect of tumor-induced suppressive immune populations circulating in tumor-bearing individuals. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are considered to be one of the key immunosuppressive populations that inhibit tumor-specific T cell responses in cancer patients. This review focuses on the different signals for the activation of the immune system induced by adjuvants, and the close relationship to the mechanisms of recruitment and activation of MDSC. This work explores the possibility that a cancer vaccine adjuvant may either strengthen or weaken the effect of tumor-induced MDSC, and the crucial need to address this in present and future cancer vaccines.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen-presenting cells
- ARG1, arginase 1
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, dendritic cells
- G-MDSC, granulocytic MDSC
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MDSC
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- Mo-MDSC, monocytic MDSC
- NK, natural killer
- NOS2, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophages
- TLR ligands
- TLR, Toll-like receptors
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- adjuvants
- cancer
- cytokines
- immunotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Audry Fernández
- a Immunobiology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology ; Havana , Cuba
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Heeren AM, Kenter GG, Jordanova ES, de Gruijl TD. CD14 + macrophage-like cells as the linchpin of cervical cancer perpetrated immune suppression and early metastatic spread: A new therapeutic lead? Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1009296. [PMID: 26155430 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1009296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies point to an aberrant differentiation and accumulation of CD14+ PD-L1+ M2-macrophage-like cells in the microenvironment of cervical cancer, which promote immunosuppressive conditions and are associated with tumor invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Therapeutic targeting of these macrophages may tip the balance in favor of antitumor immunity. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide and is caused by a persistent infection and subsequent integration of high-risk types of the human papillomavirus. Continuous expression of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 has been shown essential to maintain the transformed state of infected keratinocytes. As these non-self oncoproteins are immunogenic, cervical cancer requires a highly immune suppressed tumor microenvironment to metastasize through lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) to the pelvic tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). Unraveling the mechanisms underlying this immune suppression may uncover novel therapeutic targets aimed at loco-regional control of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marijne Heeren
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University Medical Center-Cancer Center Amsterdam ; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Center Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; VU University Medical Center ; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Center Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; VU University Medical Center ; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Center Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA); Department of Gynecology; Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Center Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Academic Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Center Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; VU University Medical Center ; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University Medical Center-Cancer Center Amsterdam ; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chevolet I, Speeckaert R, Schreuer M, Neyns B, Krysko O, Bachert C, Hennart B, Allorge D, van Geel N, Van Gele M, Brochez L. Characterization of the in vivo immune network of IDO, tryptophan metabolism, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in circulating immune cells in melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e982382. [PMID: 25949897 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.982382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In melanoma, both the induction of immunosuppression by tumor cells and the inflammatory antitumor response can induce an upregulation of counter-regulatory mechanisms such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CTLA-4+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment. Even though these immunosuppressive mediators are targets for immunotherapy, research investigating their expression in the peripheral blood is lacking. We therefore, performed flow cytometry on PBMCs of stage I-IV melanoma patients. IDO expression was detected in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (mMDSC), and increased in advanced disease stage (p = 0.027). Tryptophan breakdown confirmed the functional activity of IDO and was linked with increased PD-L1+ cytotoxic T-cells (p = 0.009), relative lymphopenia (p = 0.036), and a higher mDC/pDC ratio (p = 0.002). High levels of circulating PD-L1+ cytotoxic T-cells were associated with increased CTLA-4 expression by Tregs (p = 0.005) and MDSC levels (p = 0.033). This illustrates that counter-regulatory immune mechanisms in melanoma should be considered as one interrelated signaling network. Moreover, both increased PD-L1+ T-cells and CTLA-4 expression in Tregs conferred a negative prognosis, indicating their in vivo relevance. Remarkably, circulating CTLA-4, IDO, and pDC levels were altered according to prior invasion of the sentinel lymph node and IDO expression in the sentinel was associated with more IDO+ PBMCs. We conclude that the expression of IDO, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients is strongly interconnected, associated with advanced disease and negative outcome, independent of disease stage. Combination treatments targeting several of these markers are therefore likely to exert a synergistic response.
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Key Words
- AJCC
- American Joint Committee on Cancer system
- CC, correlation coefficientCTLA-4
- Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4
- DC, dendritic cells
- HR, hazard ratio
- IDO, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase
- IFNγ, interferon-gamma
- IQR, interquartile range
- Kyn, kynurenine
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- OS, overall survival
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L1, Programmed-Death Ligand 1
- Treg, regulatory T-cell
- Tryp, tryptophan
- UPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)
- indoleamine 2-3-dioxygenase (IDO)
- mDC, myeloid DC
- mMDSC, monocytic MDSC
- melanoma
- negative feedback mechanism
- pDC, plasmacytoid DC
- pmnMDSC, polymorphonuclear MDSC
- prognosis
- programmed-death ligand 1 (PD-L1)
- regulatory T-cells
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chevolet
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Speeckaert
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Schreuer
- Department of Medical Oncology ; UZ-Brussel ; Brussels, Belgium ; Department of Medical Oncology; Ghent University Hospital ; Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology ; UZ-Brussel ; Brussels, Belgium
| | - O Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; Ghent University Hospital ; Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; Ghent University Hospital ; Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Hennart
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie; CHU Lille ; Lille, France
| | - D Allorge
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie; CHU Lille ; Lille, France
| | - N van Geel
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Van Gele
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Brochez
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
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Wu AA, Drake V, Huang HS, Chiu S, Zheng L. Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment: tumor-induced immunosuppressive factors paralyze T cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1016700. [PMID: 26140242 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1016700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that tumor-induced immuno-suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment play a major role in suppressing normal functions of effector T cells. These factors serve as hurdles that limit the therapeutic potential of cancer immunotherapies. This review focuses on illustrating the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, including evasion of T-cell recognition, interference with T-cell trafficking, metabolism, and functions, induction of resistance to T-cell killing, and apoptosis of T cells. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help in the development of strategies to enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies.
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Key Words
- 1MT, 1-methyltryptophan
- COX2, cyclooxygenase-2
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- Gal1, galectin-1
- HDACi, histone deacetylase inhibitor
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3- dioxygenase
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IMC, immature myeloid cell
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility
- MICA, MHC class I related molecule A
- MICB, MHC class I related molecule B
- NO, nitric oxide
- PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase
- PD-1, program death receptor-1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RCAS1, receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on Siso cells 1
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- SVV, survivin
- T cells
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
- iNOS, inducible nitric-oxide synthase
- immunosuppression
- immunosuppressive factors
- immunotherapy
- tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie A Wu
- Department of Oncology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Virginia Drake
- School of Medicine; University of Maryland ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - ShihChi Chiu
- College of Medicine; National Taiwan University ; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
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7
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Jasinski-Bergner S, Stoehr C, Bukur J, Massa C, Braun J, Hüttelmaier S, Spath V, Wartenberg R, Legal W, Taubert H, Wach S, Wullich B, Hartmann A, Seliger B. Clinical relevance of miR-mediated HLA-G regulation and the associated immune cell infiltration in renal cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1008805. [PMID: 26155421 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1008805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In human tumors of distinct origin including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the non-classical human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is frequently expressed, thereby inhibiting the cytotoxic activity of T and natural killer (NK) cells. Recent studies demonstrated a strong post-transcriptional gene regulation of the HLA-G by miR-152, -148A, -148B and -133A. Standard methods were applied to characterize the expression and function of HLA-G, HLA-G-regulatory microRNAs (miRs) and the immune cell infiltration in 453 RCC lesions using a tissue microarray and five RCC cell lines linking these results to clinical parameters. Direct interactions with HLA-G regulatory miRs and the HLA-G 3' untranslated region (UTR) were detected and the affinities of these different miRs to the HLA-G 3'-UTR compared. qPCR analyses and immunohistochemical staining revealed an inverse expression of miR-148A and -133A with the HLA-G protein in situ and in vitro. Stable miR overexpression caused a downregulation of HLA-G protein enhancing the NK and LAK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in in vitro CD107a activation assays revealing a HLA-G-dependent cytotoxic activity of immune effector cells. A significant higher frequency of CD3+/CD8+ T cell lymphocytes, but no differences in the activation markers CD69, CD25 or in the presence of CD56+, FoxP3+ and CD4+ immune cells were detected in HLA-G+ compared to HLA-G- RCC lesions. This could be associated with higher WHO grade, but not with a disease-specific survival. These data suggest a miR-mediated control of HLA-G expression in RCC, which is associated with a distinct pattern of immune cell infiltration.
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Key Words
- ACTB, β-actin
- APM, antigen processing machinery
- B7-H1, B7 homolog 1
- CDS, coding sequence; Cr, chromium
- COPZ2, coatomer protein complex, subunit zeta 2
- DAC, 5′-aza-2′-desoxycytidine, GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- ILT, immunoglobulin-like transcript
- LAK, lymphokine-activated killer cell
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MFI, mean-specific fluorescence intensity
- NK, natural killer cell
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte
- TMA, tissue microarray
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- UTR, untranslated region
- WB, Western blot analysis
- WT, wild type
- immune escape
- luc, luciferase
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- miR, microRNA
- miTRAP, miRNA trapping by RNA in vitro affinity purification
- microRNA
- n.d., not determined
- n.o.s., not otherwise specified; ntc., non-template control
- non-classical HLA class I molecules
- renal cell carcinoma
- sHLA-G, soluble HLA-G
- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- β-gal, β-galactosidase
- β2-m, β-2-microglobulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
| | - Christine Stoehr
- Institute of Pathology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juergen Bukur
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
| | - Chiara Massa
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
| | - Juliane Braun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
| | - Verena Spath
- Institute of Pathology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Wartenberg
- Institute of Pathology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Legal
- Clinic of Urology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Clinic of Urology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Clinic of Urology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Clinic of Urology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg ; Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
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Wu J, Waxman DJ. Metronomic cyclophosphamide eradicates large implanted GL261 gliomas by activating antitumor Cd8 + T-cell responses and immune memory. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1005521. [PMID: 26137402 PMCID: PMC4485826 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1005521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy using cytotoxic drugs can induce immunogenic tumor cell death; however, dosing regimens and schedules that enable single-agent chemotherapy to induce adaptive immune-dependent ablation of large, established tumors with activation of long-term immune memory have not been identified. Here, we investigate this issue in a syngeneic, implanted GL261 glioma model in immune-competent mice given cyclophosphamide on a 6-day repeating metronomic schedule. Two cycles of metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment induced sustained upregulation of tumor-associated CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and other immune cells. Expression of CTL- and NK–cell-shared effectors peaked on Day 6, and then declined by Day 9 after the second cyclophosphamide injection and correlated inversely with the expression of the regulatory T cell (Treg) marker Foxp3. Sustained tumor regression leading to tumor ablation was achieved after several cyclophosphamide treatment cycles. Tumor ablation required CD8+ T cells, as shown by immunodepletion studies, and was associated with immunity to re-challenge with GL261 glioma cells, but not B16-F10 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Rejection of GL261 tumor re-challenge was associated with elevated CTLs in blood and increased CTL infiltration in tumors, consistent with the induction of long-term, specific CD8+ T-cell anti-GL261 tumor memory. Co-depletion of CD8+ T cells and NK cells did not inhibit tumor regression beyond CD8+ T-cell depletion alone, suggesting that the metronomic cyclophosphamide-activated NK cells function via CD8a+ T cells. Taken together, these findings provide proof-of-concept that single-agent chemotherapy delivered on an optimized metronomic schedule can eradicate large, established tumors and induce long-term immune memory.
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Key Words
- B6, C57BL/6 mouse strain
- CD8+ T cells
- CPA, cyclophosphamide
- CPA-90 and CPA-140, metronomic CPA scheduling at 90 and 140 mg CPA/kg body weight, respectively, repeated every 6 days
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GL261 glioma
- LLC, Lewis lung carcinoma
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MTD, maximum-tolerated dose
- NK cell, natural killer cell
- NK cells
- PEB, phosphate-EDTA buffer
- chemoimmunotherapy
- chemotherapy
- cyclophosphamide
- drug scheduling
- glioblastoma
- immune memory
- metronomic chemotherapy
- qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wu
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology; Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine; Boston University ; Boston, MA USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology; Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine; Boston University ; Boston, MA USA
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Geissler K, Fornara P, Lautenschläger C, Holzhausen HJ, Seliger B, Riemann D. Immune signature of tumor infiltrating immune cells in renal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e985082. [PMID: 25949868 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.985082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated immune cells have been discussed as an essential factor for the prediction of the outcome of tumor patients. Lymphocyte-specific genes are associated with a favorable prognosis in colorectal cancer but with poor survival in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Flow cytometric analyses combined with immunohistochemistry were performed to study the phenotypic profiles of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and the frequency of T cells and macrophages in RCC lesions. Data were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival of patients. Comparing oncocytoma and clear cell (cc)RCC, T cell numbers as well as activation-associated T cell markers were higher in ccRCC, whereas the frequency of NK cells was higher in oncocytoma. An intratumoral increase of T cell numbers was found with higher tumor grades (G1:G2:G3/4 = 1:3:4). Tumor-associated macrophages slightly increased with dedifferentiation, although the macrophage-to-T cell ratio was highest in G1 tumor lesions. A high expression of CD57 was found in T cells of early tumor grades, whereas T cells in dedifferentiated RCC lesions expressed higher levels of CD69 and CTLA4. TIL composition did not differ between older (>70 y) and younger (<58 y) patients. Enhanced patients' survival was associated with a higher percentage of tumor infiltrating NK cells and Th1 markers, e.g. HLA-DR+ and CXCR3+ T cells, whereas a high number of T cells, especially with high CD69 expression correlated with a worse prognosis of patients. Our results suggest that immunomonitoring of RCC patients might represent a useful tool for the prediction of the outcome of RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Geissler
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
| | - Paolo Fornara
- Clinic of Urology; Martin Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
| | - Christine Lautenschläger
- Institute of Med. Epidemiology and Biometry and Medical Informatics; Martin Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
| | - Dagmar Riemann
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle, Germany
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Karakhanova S, Link J, Heinrich M, Shevchenko I, Yang Y, Hassenpflug M, Bunge H, von Ahn K, Brecht R, Mathes A, Maier C, Umansky V, Werner J, Bazhin AV. Characterization of myeloid leukocytes and soluble mediators in pancreatic cancer: importance of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e998519. [PMID: 26137414 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.998519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest cancers in the world. PDAC cells activate tumor-specific immune responses but simultaneously trigger a strong immunosuppression. We showed that PDAC cells produce high amount of chronic inflammatory mediators and PDAC tumors build an immunosuppressive cytokine milieu, which correlates with tumor progression. We observed a low frequency of dendritic cells (DC) and a pronounced accumulation of macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in murine PDAC tumors. A strong accumulation of MDSC has also been demonstrated in the peripheral blood of resected PDAC patients. While DC and macrophages seem not to play a significant role in this PDAC model in the context of immunosuppression, MDSC are highly suppressive, and their accumulation is associated with an increase in intratumoral VEGF concentration during the PDAC progression. Application of the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil led to a prolonged survival of PDAC-bearing female mice, which was due to the decrease in MDSC frequencies and in the systemic VEGF level. This led to a restoration of anticancer immune responses, manifested in the recovery of T lymphocyte functions and in an increase in the frequency of conventional CD4+ T cells in tumors and IFNγ level in serum of PDAC-bearing mice. Thus, MDSC are strongly involved in the PDAC-associated immunosuppression and that their depletion could create new approaches for therapy of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Link
- Department of General Surgery; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Heinrich
- Department of General Surgery; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Shevchenko
- Department of General Surgery; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany ; Skin Cancer Unit; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology; Venereology and Allergology ; University Medical Center Mannheim; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Department of General Surgery; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany ; Cancer Center; Union Hospital ; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan, China
| | | | - Henriette Bunge
- Department of General Surgery; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina von Ahn
- Department of General Surgery; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramona Brecht
- Department of General Surgery; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Mathes
- Department of General Surgery; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Maier
- Department of General Surgery; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology; Venereology and Allergology ; University Medical Center Mannheim; University of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General; Visceral, and Transplant Surgery ; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich ; Germany
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General; Visceral, and Transplant Surgery ; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich ; Germany
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Du Four S, Maenhout SK, De Pierre K, Renmans D, Niclou SP, Thielemans K, Neyns B, Aerts JL. Axitinib increases the infiltration of immune cells and reduces the suppressive capacity of monocytic MDSCs in an intracranial mouse melanoma model. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e998107. [PMID: 26137411 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.998107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma patients are at a high risk of developing brain metastases, which are strongly vascularized and therefore have a significant risk of spontaneous bleeding. VEGF not only plays a role in neo-angiogenesis but also in the antitumor immune response. VEGFR-targeted therapy might not only have an impact on the tumor vascularization but also on tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of axitinib, a small molecule TKI of VEGFR-1, -2, and -3, on tumor growth and on the composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in subcutaneous and intracranial mouse melanoma models. In vivo treatment with axitinib induced a strong inhibition of tumor growth and significantly improved survival in both tumor models. Characterization of the immune cells within the spleen and tumor of tumor-bearing mice respectively showed a significant increase in the number of CD3+CD8+ T cells and CD11b+ cells of axitinib-treated mice. More specifically, we observed a significant increase of intratumoral monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (moMDSCs; CD11b+Ly6ChighLy6G-). Interestingly, in vitro proliferation assays showed that moMDSCs isolated from spleen or tumor of axitinib-treated mice had a reduced suppressive capacity on a per cell basis as compared to those isolated from vehicle-treated mice. Moreover, MDSCs from axitinib-treated animals displayed the capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cells. Thus, treatment with axitinib induces differentiation of moMDSC toward an antigen-presenting phenotype. Based on these observations, we conclude that the impact of axitinib on tumor growth and survival is most likely not restricted to direct anti-angiogenic effects but also involves important effects on tumor immunity.
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Key Words
- BLI, bioluminescent imaging
- DCs, Dendritic Cells
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- MDSC
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- OT-1, CD8+ T-cells with transgenic receptor specific for the H-2Kb-restricted ovalbumin (OVA) peptide SIINFEKL
- PD-1, programmed death 1
- PD-L1, programmed death 1 ligand
- PFS, progression-free survival
- TKI, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
- TNFα, Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- angiogenesis
- axitinib
- brain metastasis
- grMDSC, granulocytic MDSC, IFNγ: interferon gamma
- immune cells
- melanoma
- moMDSC, monocytic MDSC
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Du Four
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah K Maenhout
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Dries Renmans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory; Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH) ; Luxembourg
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology ; UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Hardwick N, Chung V, Cristea M, Ellenhorn JDI, Diamond DJ. Overcoming immunosuppression to enhance a p53MVA vaccine. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e958949. [PMID: 25941580 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.958949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A Phase I trial of a p53-targeting modified vaccinia Ankara (p53MVA) vaccine in patients afflicted with refractory gastrointestinal cancers demonstrated enhanced T-cell recognition of p53 following vaccination. However, this effect was transient suggesting that p53MVA requires combination with immunomodulatory agents to deliver clinical benefit. Here, we outline our rationale for combining p53MVA with immunomodulatory chemotherapy in a forthcoming trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hardwick
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Vincent Chung
- Department of Medical Oncology; City of Hope National Medical Center ; Duarte, CA USA
| | - Mihaela Cristea
- Department of Medical Oncology; City of Hope National Medical Center ; Duarte, CA USA
| | | | - Don J Diamond
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research; Beckman Research Institute
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13
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Weir GM, Hrytsenko O, Stanford MM, Berinstein NL, Karkada M, Liwski RS, Mansour M. Metronomic cyclophosphamide enhances HPV16E7 peptide vaccine induced antigen-specific and cytotoxic T-cell mediated antitumor immune response. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e953407. [PMID: 25960932 PMCID: PMC4368141 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.953407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials, metronomic cyclophosphamide (CPA) is increasingly being combined with vaccines to reduce tumor-induced immune suppression. Previous strategies to modulate the immune system during vaccination have involved continuous administration of low dose chemotherapy, studies that have posed unique considerations for clinical trial design. Here, we evaluated metronomic CPA in combination with a peptide vaccine targeting HPV16E7 in an HPV16-induced tumor model, focusing on the cytotoxic T-cell response and timing of low dose metronomic CPA (mCPA) treatment relative to vaccination. Mice bearing C3 tumors were given metronomic CPA on alternating weeks in combination with immunization with a DepoVax vaccine containing HPV16E749-57 peptide antigen every 3 weeks. Only the combination therapy provided significant long-term control of tumor growth. The efficacy of the vaccine was uncompromised if given at the beginning or end of a cycle of metronomic CPA. Metronomic CPA had a pronounced lymphodepletive effect on the vaccine draining lymph node, yet did not reduce the development of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells induced by vaccination. This enrichment correlated with increased cytotoxic activity in the spleen and increased expression of cytotoxic gene signatures in the tumor. Immunity could be passively transferred through CD8+ T cells isolated from tumor-bearing mice treated with the combinatorial treatment regimen. A comprehensive survey of splenocytes indicated that metronomic CPA, in the absence of vaccination, induced transient lymphodepletion marked by a selective expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. These results provide important insights into the multiple mechanisms of metronomic CPA induced immune modulation in the context of a peptide cancer vaccine that may be translated into more effective clinical trial designs.
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Key Words
- CPA, cyclophosphamide
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- DPX, DepoVax
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- HPV16
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- PD-1/PDCD1, programmed cell death 1
- PO, per os (oral)
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- cancer
- checkpoint inhibitors
- mCPA, metronomic low dose CPA
- metronomic cyclophosphamide
- sbCPA, single bolus low dose CPA
- translational
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M Weir
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Olga Hrytsenko
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Biology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Cananda
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Mohan Karkada
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert S Liwski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada ; Division of Hematopathology; Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre ; Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marc Mansour
- Immunovaccine Inc. ; Halifax; Nova Scotia, Canada
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