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Fangchinoline diminishes STAT3 activation by stimulating oxidative stress and targeting SHP-1 protein in multiple myeloma model. J Adv Res 2022; 35:245-257. [PMID: 35024200 PMCID: PMC8721253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant STAT3 activation can promote neoplastic transformation by affecting cellular proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and anti-apoptosis induction. Fangchinoline abrogated protein expression levels of STAT3 and upstream signals (JAK1/2 and Src) in different tumor cells. Fangchinoline inhibited the levels of various tumorigenic markers and promoted marked apoptosis through degradation of PARP and caspase-3. Fangchinoline attenuated the level of STAT3 and upstream signals and suppressed the level of anti- apoptotic proteins in xenograft mice model.
Introduction The development of cancer generally occurs as a result of various deregulated molecular mechanisms affecting the genes that can control normal cellular growth. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, once aberrantly activated can promote carcinogenesis by regulating the transcription of a number of oncogenic genes. Objectives Here, we evaluated the impact of fangchinoline (FCN) to attenuate tumor growth and survival through modulation of oncogenic STAT3 signaling pathway using diverse tumor cell lines and a xenograft mouse model. Methods To evaluate the action of FCN on STAT3 cascade, protein levels were analyzed by Western blot analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Translocation of STAT3 was detected by immunocytochemistry. Thereafter, FCN-induced ROS was measured by GSH/GSSG assay and H2DCF-DA. FCN-induced apoptosis was analyzed using Western blot analysis and flow cytometry for various assays. Finally, anti-cancer effects of FCN in vivo was evaluated in a myeloma model. Results We noted that FCN abrogated protein expression levels of STAT3 and upstream signals (JAK1/2 and Src). In addition, FCN also attenuated DNA binding ability of STAT3 and its translocation into the nucleus. It altered the levels of upstream signaling proteins, increased SHP-1 levels, and induced substantial apoptosis in U266 cells. FCN also promoted an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered GSSG/GSH ratio in tumor cells. Moreover, FCN effectively abrogated tumor progression and STAT3 activation in a preclinical myeloma model. Conclusion Overall, this study suggests that FCN may have a tremendous potential to alter abnormal STAT3 activation and induce cell death in malignant cells along with causing the suppression of pathogenesis and growth of cancer through a pro-oxidant dependent molecular mechanism.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- DAPI, 4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FCN, Fangchinoline
- Fangchinoline
- GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GSH
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- ICC, Immunocytochemistry
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- JAK, Janus kinase
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- Multiple myeloma
- NT, Non treat
- P/S, Penicillin-streptomycin
- PARP, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
- ROS
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- RTCA, Real-time cell analysis
- SHP-1, Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- c/w, Cell per well
- ip, Intraperitoneal injection
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Immunoregulatory effect of mesenchymal stem cell via mitochondria signaling pathways in allergic asthma. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6957-6962. [PMID: 34866995 PMCID: PMC8626264 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complicated lung disease, which has increased morbidity and mortality rates in worldwide. There is an overlap between asthma pathophysiology and mitochondrial dysfunction and MSCs may have regulatory effect on mitochondrial dysfunction and treats asthma. Therefore, immune-modulatory effect of MSCs and mitochondrial signaling pathways in asthma was studied. After culturing of MSCs and producing asthma animal model, the mice were treated with MSCs via IV via IT. BALf's eosinophil Counting, The levels of IL-4, −5, −13, −25, –33, INF-γ, Cys-LT, LTB4, LTC4, mitochondria genes expression of COX-1, COX-2, ND1, Nrf2, Cytb were measured and lung histopathological study were done. BALf's eosinophils, the levels of IL-4, −5, −13, −25, –33, LTB4, LTC4, Cys-LT, the mitochondria genes expression (COX-1, COX-2, Cytb and ND-1), perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, mucus hyper-production and hyperplasia of the goblet cell in pathological study were significantly decreased in MSCs-treated asthma mice and reverse trend was found about Nrf-2 gene expression, IFN-γ level and ratio of the INF-γ/IL-4. MSC therapy can control inflammation, immune-inflammatory factors in asthma and mitochondrial related genes, and prevent asthma immune-pathology.
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Key Words
- AHR, Airway hyperresponsiveness
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- Allergy
- BALF, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- BM, Bone marrow
- CCL, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand
- CD, Cluster of differentiation
- COX, Cyclooxygenase
- Cys-LT, Cysteinyl Leukotriene
- Cytb, Cytochrome b
- Drp1, Mitochondrial fission depends on the cytosolic GTPase dynamin-related protein 1
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FIS1, Mitochondrial fission 1 protein
- H&E, Haemotoxylin and eosin
- HGF, Hepatocyte growth factor
- HLA, Human leukocyte antigen
- HO, Heme oxygenase
- IDO, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN, Interferon
- IL, Interleukin
- IP, Intraperitoneal injection
- IT, Intratrachea administration
- Ig, Immunoglobulin
- Immune system
- Inflammation
- LT, Leukotriene
- MFN, Mitofusin
- MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- MSC
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- MSC/BI, mesenchymal stem cell bronchial administration
- MSC/IV, mesenchymal stem cell intravenous injection
- ND1, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1
- NO, Nitric oxide
- Nrf, Nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor
- OPA1, Mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase
- OVA, Ovalbumin
- PAS, Periodic-acid-Schiff
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline
- PGC1a, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
- PGE2, Prostaglandin E2
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- TFAM, Transcription factor A mitochondrial
- TGF, Transforming growth factor
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- Th, T helper
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells
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Xeno-free workflow exhibits comparable efficiency and quality of keratinocytes isolated from human skin biopsies. Regen Ther 2021; 18:401-407. [PMID: 34722836 PMCID: PMC8531849 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regenerative solutions of the skin represent a hope for burn victims with extensive skin loss and chronic wound patients. The development of xeno-free workflow is crucial for clinical application in compliance with the directives of the European Medicines Agency. This study aimed at evaluating the outcome of the xeno-free isolation workflow of keratinocytes from human skin biopsy. METHODS Skin biopsies were obtained from volunteers. The epidermis was digested with TrypLE™ Select, which was deactivated by dilution or with trypsin, deactivated by media with fetal bovine serum. Freshly isolated cells were compared for total cell number, viability, activity of caspase 3, gene expression and the presence of the keratinocyte surface markers cytokeratin 14. The cells were cultured in xeno-free conditions for one week and characterized regarding the number and viability as well as the metalloproteinase secretion. RESULTS The number of obtained cells was similar in both workflows. The cell viability was less in the TrypLE group, with slight reduction of the cell surface marker cytokeratin 14. Caspase 3 activity was comparable as well as the gene expression of the apoptotic markers BAX, BCL2 and SLUG, as well as the keratinocyte markers cytokeratin 14, stratifin and filaggrin. Upon culture, the number of keratinocytes, their viability and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 10 were equal in both groups. CONCLUSION This study reports the possibility of isolating functioning and viable keratinocytes through a xeno-free workflow for clinical application.
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Runx2 is required for hypertrophic chondrocyte mediated degradation of cartilage matrix during endochondral ossification. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100088. [PMID: 34805821 PMCID: PMC8586806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX2 transcription factor is a key regulator for the development of cartilage and bone. Global or resting chondrocyte-specific deletion of the Runx2 gene results in failure of chondrocyte hypertrophy, endochondral ossification, and perinatal lethality. The terminally mature hypertrophic chondrocyte regulates critical steps of endochondral ossification. Importantly, expression of the Runx2 gene starts in the resting chondrocyte and increases progressively, reaching the maximum level in hypertrophic chondrocytes. However, the RUNX2 role after chondrocyte hypertrophy remains unknown. To answer this question, we deleted the Runx2 gene specifically in hypertrophic chondrocytes using the Col10-Cre line. Mice lacking the Runx2 gene in hypertrophic chondrocytes (Runx2HC/HC ) survive but exhibit limb dwarfism. Interestingly, the length of the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone is doubled in the growth plate of Runx2HC/HC mice. Expression of pro-apoptotic Bax decreased significantly while anti-apoptotic Bcl2 remains unchanged leading to a four-fold increase in the Bcl2/Bax ratio in mutant mice. In line with this, a significant reduction in apoptosis of Runx2HC/HC hypertrophic chondrocyte is noted. A large amount of cartilage matrix is present in the long bones that extend toward the diaphyseal region of Runx2HC/HC mice. This is not due to enhanced synthesis of the cartilage matrix as the expression of both collagen type 2 and aggrecan were comparable among Runx2HC/HC and WT littermates. Our qPCR analysis demonstrates the increased amount of cartilage matrix is due to impaired expression of cartilage degrading enzymes such as metalloproteinase and aggrecanase as well as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Moreover, a significant decrease of TRAP positive chondroclasts was noted along the cartilage islands in Runx2HC/HC mice. Consistently, qPCR data showed an 81% reduction in the Rankl/Opg ratio in Runx2HC/HC littermates, which is inhibitory for chondroclast differentiation. Finally, we assess if increase cartilage matrix in Runx2HC/HC mice serves as a template for bone and mineral deposition using micro-CT and Von Kossa. The mutant mice exhibit a significant increase in trabecular bone mass compared to littermates. In summary, our findings have uncovered a novel role of Runx2 in apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes and degradation of cartilage matrix during endochondral ossification.
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Key Words
- ACAN, Aggrecan
- Aggrecanase
- Apoptosis
- BAC, Bacterial artificial chromosome
- CCND1, Cyclin D1
- CDK1, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1
- COL10, Collagen type X
- COL2, Collagen type II
- Chondroclast/osteoclast
- Dwarfism
- IHH, Indian hedgehog
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- Matrix-metalloproteinase
- OPG, Osteoprotegerin
- PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PTHRP, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide
- RANKL, Receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa B ligand
- RUNX2, Runt related transcription factor 2
- SOX9, SRY box transcription factor
- TNAP, Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase
- TRAP, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- VEGFA, Vascular endothelial growth factor a
- Wnt/PCP, Wnt/planar cell polarity
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The effect of redox signaling on extracellular matrix changes in diabetic wounds leading to amputation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101025. [PMID: 34095552 PMCID: PMC8166643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION & Objectives: Redox signaling is a critical regulator in the process of wound healing. This signaling pathway can be effective in the development or healing of diabetic ulcers through the ECM.In this study, the structure of extracellular matrix investigated in relation to redox signaling in the tissue of patients with diabetic ulcers that lead to organ amputation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The case-control design on diabetic patients ulcers as case group and non-diabetic limb ischemia as control were used.Hematoxylin-eosin, trichrome, and elastin staining methods were used for pathological evaluations of ECM. MDA, total thiol, and SOD levels were measured using ELISA kits to assess the oxidative stress level. Also, NO level was measured by using ELISA kits in both groups. Expression levels of genes MMP2, MMP9, and HIF were detected using real-time PCR with SYBR-green assay. RESULTS The pathological results showed an increase in the thickness of collagen and elastin fibers. Lipids atrophy was visible in the tissue isolated from the diabetic wound group. The amount of MAD to evaluate the level of lipid oxidation in patients with diabetic Ulcer was significantly higher than the control group(p < 0.01). Thiol level was significantly lower in the diabetic ulcer group than in the control group(p < 0.0001). The expression of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 genes in the tissues isolated from diabetic ulcers was lower than the control group(p < 0.0001). While the expression of the HIF gene in this group was higher than the control group(p < 0.0001). CONCLUTION In the diabetic wound, the HIF secretion due to hypoxic conditions is beneficial for matrix deposition and prevents protease activity, but if the hypoxia persists, it can lead to ECM deposition subsequently increases the tissue pressure, increases of the collagen I-to-collagen III ratio in collagen accumulation that due to more hypoxia , lipidsAtrophy and eventually amputation.
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Data describing expression of formyl peptide receptor 2 in human articular chondrocytes. Data Brief 2020; 31:105866. [PMID: 32637484 PMCID: PMC7326719 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) belongs to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and are expressed by many different cells but mainly studied in immune cells. FPR2 is involved in host defense against bacterial infections and clearance of damaged cells through the oxidative burst and chemotaxis of neutrophils. In addition, FPR2 has also been implicated as an immunomodulator in sterile inflammations, e.g. inflammatory joint diseases. Here we present data regarding FPR2 expression in human articular chondrocytes, isolated from healthy individuals and osteoarthritic patients, on both mRNA and protein level using qPCR and Imagestream flow cytometry. We also present data after receptor stimulation and monitoring of production of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-3. The presented data show that human articular chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis as well as from healthy individuals express FPR2 both at mRNA and protein level. The biological relevance of FPR2 expression in chondrocytes needs to be further investigated.
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Key Words
- Articular cartilage
- CL, Chemiluminescence
- CT, Cycle threshold
- Chondrocyte
- DMEM, Dulbecco´s modified eagle medium
- ECM, Extra cellular matrix
- FACS, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FPR, Formyl peptide receptor
- Formyl peptide receptor
- GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- HI, Healthy individual
- HRP, Horse radish peroxidase
- Human
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta
- KRG, Krebs Ringer phosphate buffer
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- NO, Nitric oxide
- OA, Osteoarthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- RLU, Relative light units
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- qPCR, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Assessment of pulmonary 18F-FDG-PET uptake and cytokine profiles in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and erlotinib. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2017; 4:57-63. [PMID: 29594209 PMCID: PMC5833916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate effects of radiotherapy (RT) and erlotinib on pulmonary glucose uptake using 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) during and after treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to identify associations between serum cytokine levels and lung glucose uptake. Material and methods Twenty-seven patients with advanced NSCLC, receiving RT alone or concomitant RT and erlotinib therapy, were examined by 18F-FDG PET before, during, and after treatment. A total of 57 18F-FDG PET scans were analyzed. Pulmonary 18F-FDG uptake and radiotherapy dose mapping were used to acquire dose-response curves for each patient, where subsequent linear regression gave a glucose uptake level in the un-irradiated parts of the lungs (SUV0) and a response slope (ΔSUV). Serum cytokine levels at corresponding time points were assessed using a multiplex bioassay. Correlations between the most robust cytokines and lung 18F-FDG dose response parameters were further investigated. Results From the dose response analysis, SUV0 at post-therapy was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than at mid- and pre-therapy (45% and 58%, respectively) for the group receiving RT + erlotinib. Also, SUV0 at post-therapy was higher for patients receiving RT + erlotinib compared to RT alone (42%; P < 0.001). No differences in ΔSUV were seen with treatments or time. SUV0 was positively associated (r = 0.47, P = 0.01) with serum levels of the chemokine C-C motif ligand 21 (CCL21) for patients receiving RT + erlotinib. Conclusions Concomitant RT and erlotinib causes an elevation in pulmonary 18F-FDG uptake post treatment compared to RT alone. Pulmonary glucose uptake is associated with an upregulation of a chemokine (CCL21) involved in inflammatory reactions.
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Key Words
- 18F-FDG
- 18F-FDG, 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose
- CCL, Chemokine (CC motif) ligand
- CT, Computed tomography
- EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor
- EORTC QLQ-C30, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30
- EORTC QLQ-LC13, EORTC QLQ Lung Cancer 13
- Erlotinib
- GTV, Gross tumor volume
- HU, Hounsfield Unit
- IL, Interleukin
- Lung cancer
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- NSCLC, Non-small cell lung cancer
- PET, Positron emission tomography
- Positron emission tomography
- RILT, Radiation induced lung toxicity
- RT, Radiotherapy
- SUV, Standard uptake value
- Standardized uptake value
- Thoracic radiotherapy
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MMP3 and TIMP2 gene variants as predisposing factors for Achilles tendon pathologies: Attempted replication study in a British case-control cohort. Meta Gene 2016; 9:52-5. [PMID: 27222816 PMCID: PMC4856860 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants within the MMP3 (rs679620) and TIMP2 (rs4789932) genes have been associated with the risk of Achilles tendon pathology (ATP) in populations from South Africa and Australia. This study aimed to determine whether these variants were associated with the risk of ATP in British Caucasians. We recruited 118 cases with ATP, including a subset of 25 individuals with Achilles tendon rupture (RUP) and 131 controls. DNA samples were isolated from saliva and genotyped using qPCR. For the TIMP2 rs4789932 variant we found a significant (p = 0.038) difference in the genotype distribution frequency between males with ATP (CC, 39.4%; CT, 43.7%; TT, 16.9%) compared to male controls (CC, 20.7%; CT, 59.8%; TT, 19.5%). We also observed a difference in the TIMP2 rs4789932 genotype distribution between males with rupture compared to male controls (p = 0.038). The MMP3 rs679620 GG genotype was found to be overrepresented in the Achilles tendon rupture (RUP) group (AA, 24.0%; AG, 32.0%; GG, 44.0%) compared to controls (AA, 26.7%; AG, 54.2%; GG, 19.1%). In conclusion, the CT genotype of the TIMP2 rs4789932 variant was associated with lower risk of ATP in males. Furthermore, while we revealed differences for both variants in genotype distribution between the RUP and control groups, the sample size of the RUP group was small and confirmation would be required in additional cohorts. Finally, although both the TIMP2 rs4789932 and MMP3 rs679620 variants tentatively associated with ATP, there were differences in the direction of association compared to earlier work.
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Abstract
Tissue development is orchestrated by the coordinated activities of both chemical and physical regulators. While much attention has been given to the role that chemical regulators play in driving development, researchers have recently begun to elucidate the important role that the mechanical properties of the extracellular environment play. For instance, the stiffness of the extracellular environment has a role in orienting cell division, maintaining tissue boundaries, directing cell migration, and driving differentiation. In addition, extracellular matrix stiffness is important for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis, and when matrix mechanics become imbalanced, disease progression may ensue. In this article, we will review the important role that matrix stiffness plays in dictating cell behavior during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease progression.
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Key Words
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- EPC, Endothelial progenitor cell
- FA, Focal adhesion
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- LOX, Lysyl oxidase
- MKL1, Megakaryoblastic leukemia factor-1
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- MSC, Mesenchymal stem cell
- ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase
- VSMC, Vascular smooth muscle cell.
- cancer
- extracellular matrix
- fibrosis
- stiffness
- tissue development
- tissue homeostasis
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Interfacing polymeric scaffolds with primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells to develop 3D cancer models. BIOMATTER 2015; 4:e955386. [PMID: 25482337 PMCID: PMC4578550 DOI: 10.4161/21592527.2014.955386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the interactions between human primary cells from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and polymeric scaffolds to develop 3D cancer models useful for mimicking the biology of this tumor. Three scaffold types based on two biocompatible polymeric formulations, such as poly(vinyl alcohol)/gelatin (PVA/G) mixture and poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) copolymer, were obtained via different techniques, namely, emulsion and freeze-drying, compression molding followed by salt leaching, and electrospinning. In this way, primary PDAC cells interfaced with different pore topographies, such as sponge-like pores of different shape and size or nanofiber interspaces. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence played by the scaffold architecture over cancerous cell growth and function. In all scaffolds, primary PDAC cells showed good viability and synthesized tumor-specific metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-2, and MMP-9. However, only sponge-like pores, obtained via emulsion-based and salt leaching-based techniques allowed for an organized cellular aggregation very similar to the native PDAC morphological structure. Differently, these cell clusters were not observed on PEOT/PBT electrospun scaffolds. MMP-2 and MMP-9, as active enzymes, resulted to be increased in PVA/G and PEOT/PBT sponges, respectively. These findings suggested that spongy scaffolds supported the generation of pancreatic tumor models with enhanced aggressiveness. In conclusion, primary PDAC cells showed diverse behaviors while interacting with different scaffold types that can be potentially exploited to create stage-specific pancreatic cancer models likely to provide new knowledge on the modulation and drug susceptibility of MMPs.
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Key Words
- 2D, Bi-dimensional
- 3D, Three-dimensional
- BCA, Bicinchoninic acid
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Dd, double distilled
- Ds, double stranded
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- G, Gelatin
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- K-ras, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- PBS, Phosphate buffer saline
- PCR, Polymer-chain reaction
- PDAC, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- PEOT/PBT, Poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate)
- PVA, Poly(vinyl alcohol)
- PanIN, Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia
- Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
- Smad4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
- TME, Tumor microenvironment.
- cancer
- compression molding
- electrospinning
- emulsion and freeze-drying
- metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2)
- metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)
- polyethylene oxide terephthalate (PEOT)
- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
- scaffold
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Mediated Type I Collagen Degradation - An Independent Risk Factor for Mortality in Women. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:723-9. [PMID: 26288845 PMCID: PMC4534684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic fibro-proliferative diseases are associated with nearly 45% of all deaths in the developed world. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mediated remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in disease development. Degradation of type I collagen is considered having a major role in this matter. C1M is a biomarker measuring type I collagen degradation fragments in blood. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether MMP mediated type I collagen degradation (C1M) was predictive of mortality in a large prospective cohort of Danish women aged 48–89 (n = 5855). Subjects with high serum C1M showed significant increased mortality. The adjusted three year HR was 2.02 [95% CI: 1.48–2.76] for all-cause mortality, 2.32 [95% CI: 1.51–3.56] for cancer and 1.77 [95% CI: 0.98–3.17] for cardiovascular diseases. The adjusted nine year HR was 1.50 [95% CI: 1.28–1.75] for all-cause mortality, 1.49 [95% CI: 1.16–1.90] for cancer and 1.69 [95% CI: 1.27–2.24] for cardiovascular diseases. High MMP-mediated type I collagen degradation was associated with increased mortality. Subjects with high C1M had a 2-fold increase in mortality compared to subjects with low levels of this collagen degradation product. High MMP-mediated type I collagen degradation is an independent risk factor associated with a 2-fold increase in mortality. A 2.3-fold increase in cancer mortality was found for subjects with high MMP-mediated type I collagen degradation. Specific enzymatic processing of type I collagen is essential since only C1M and not CTX-I was associated with mortality.
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Oxysterols in the pathogenesis of major chronic diseases. Redox Biol 2013; 1:125-30. [PMID: 24024145 PMCID: PMC3757713 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological accumulation of 27-carbon intermediates or end-products of cholesterol metabolism, named oxysterols, may contribute to the onset and especially to the development of major chronic diseases in which inflammation, but also oxidative damage and to a certain extent cell death, are hallmarks and primary mechanisms of progression. Indeed, certain oxysterols exercise strong pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects at concentrations detectable in the lesions typical of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and other pathological conditions characterized by altered cholesterol uptake and/or metabolism.
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Key Words
- 24-OH, 24-hydroxycholesterol
- 27-OH, 27-hydroxycholesterol
- 7-K, 7-ketocholesterol
- 7α-OH, 7α-hydroxycholesterol
- 7β-OH, 7β-hydroxycholesterol
- AMD, Age-related macular degeneration
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- Aβ, Amyloid-β
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signaling-regulated kinase 1/2
- FXR, Farnesoid X receptor
- Human chronic diseases
- IBD, Inflammatory bowel diseases
- ICAM, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IL, Interleukin
- Inflammation
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal
- LDL, Low density lipoprotein
- LXR, Liver X receptor
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- MIP-1β, Monocyte inflammatory protein-1β
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-κB
- Oxidative stress
- Oxysterols
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- TGFβ1, Transforming growth factor β1
- TIMP, Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α
- VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- α-EPOX, 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol
- β-EPOX, 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol
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