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Zhang B, Meng F, Li D. Intermediates formed during natural attenuation of C9 aromatics under simulated marine conditions: Identification, transformation pathway, and toxicity to microalgae. Environ Res 2022; 206:112558. [PMID: 34932976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C9 aromatics - benzene hydrocarbon containing nine carbon atoms among - leakage accident has caused serious damage to the marine ecology near Quangang District, Fujian Province, China. The ecological restoration of the accident sea area is basically realized through natural attenuation. To determine whether the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics in the marine environment will generate highly toxic intermediates, and thus cause more serious harm to marine ecology, the intermediates of C9 aromatics (n-propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, 2-ethyltoluene, 3-ethyltoluene, 4-ethyltoluene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and indene) in the process of natural attenuation were studied under the marine conditions simulated by a microcosm. The acute toxic effects of 12 intermediates with longer residual time on Phaeodactylum tricornutum were also ascertained. Twenty natural attenuation intermediates of C9 aromatics were identified. These products primarily include the derivatives of phenols, aromatic alcohols, aromatic aldehydes, aromatic ketones, and aromatic acids, as well as an aromatic lactone compound. No intermediates of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and indene during the attenuation process were determined. The indirect photooxidation initiated by hydroxyl radical might play an essential role in the formation of intermediates of C9 aromatic. Based on the 96-h EC50 values for P. tricornutum, the toxicity of the 12 intermediates, in descending order, was: 4-ethylphenol, 2-methylacetophenone, 2,3-dimethylbenzyl alcohol, 4-methylacetophenone, 3-methylacetophenone, 1-phenyl-1-propanol, 1-(2-methylphenyl) ethanol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, 2,5-dimethylbenzoic acid, then 4-tolylacetic acid. The 96-h EC50 values of the intermediates of C9 aromatics to P. tricornutum ranged from 8.4 to 199.1 mg/L, which were lower than that of their corresponding parent compound. The findings provided essential fundamental insights for the assessment of marine environmental risk of C9 aromatics leakage accidents, and subsequent emergency disposal countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao, PR China
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Tian L, Huang L, Cui H, Yang F, Li Y. The toxicological impact of the sunscreen active ingredient octinoxate on the photosynthesis activity of Chlorella sp. Mar Environ Res 2021; 171:105469. [PMID: 34500299 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Products designed to filter ultraviolet (UV) light are responsible for growing levels of anthropogenic environmental contamination. Octinoxate (ONT) is among the most common UV filtering active ingredients in cosmetics and sunscreens. The present study was designed to evaluate the toxicological effects of ONT on the photosynthetic activity of the Chlorella species of marine microalgae. These analyses identified ONT as a potent photo-toxicant, the effects of which were more pronounced upon light exposure relative to in the dark. Short-term ONT exposure had no effect on photosynthetic electron transport capacity in the dark but did significantly reduce the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity in Chlorella cells, suggesting that this compound can directly suppress the photosynthetic Calvin cycle. When cells were subsequently exposed to light, the disruption of this cycle resulted in an excess of excitation energy, in turn driving the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS-mediated disruption of cellular metabolism further aggravated this ONT-induced microalgal damage. As such, under natural light conditions, these microalgae cells are exposed to increased oxidative stress that impairs their growth and causes pigment bleaching. Restricting the utilization of ONT-containing sunscreens thus has the potential to better preserve the integrity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Hongwu Cui
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Feifei Yang
- School of Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Hu J, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhang H, Li D, Zhao J, Han Z, Liu X, Pan J, Huang W, Zheng M. Al 2O 3 nanoparticle impact on the toxic effect of Pb on the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 161:92-98. [PMID: 29879578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development and application of nanotechnology have led to increasing concern about the environmental implications of released nanomaterials and potential risks to public health and aquatic ecosystems. Information on the joint effect of nanomaterials and co-existing contaminants such as heavy metals is still inadequate. Our work investigated the effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs; nano-Al2O3) on the toxic effect of Pb in the unicellular marine phytoplankton Isochrysis galbana. Results showed that a dose-response effect of nano-Al2O3 was found. Significant enhancement of fluorescence in cell cytoplasm rather than cell membrane occurred in the presence of nano-Al2O3, indicating that nano-Al2O3 can penetrate cells and affect the fluorescence emitted from the chloropigments inside them. The presence of nano-Al2O3 has no impact on the toxic effect of Pb at an NP concentration of 1 mg/L but increased that at NP concentrations of 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L. A synergistic effect was also found for the toxic effect of Pb in the presence of 10 mg/L nano-Al2O3. The presence of 100 mg/L nano-Al2O3 significantly increased the bio-uptake of Pb in the range of 0.25 mg/L to 2.0 mg/L Pb, and the maximum accumulated Pb in algae can reach up to 18.22 ng/105 cells with 100 mg/L nano-Al2O3 compared with Pb alone at 2.0 mg/L(12.53 ng/105 cells). Inside cells, Pb loaded onto nano-Al2O3 can be more toxic than the same amount of free Pb species. The results of toxicity tests and accumulated Pb in algae imply that, in addition to the total Pb cell content, the bioavailability of Pb inside algae should be taken into consideration in evaluating the joint toxicity effect. Our work enhances understanding of the combined toxicity of NPs and co-existing heavy metals and is of practical significance in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hu
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China.
| | - Zhechao Zhang
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Shuxia Liu
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Dong Li
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Zhengbing Han
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Jianming Pan
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Minhui Zheng
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
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Xia B, Sui Q, Sun X, Han Q, Chen B, Zhu L, Qu K. Ocean acidification increases the toxic effects of TiO 2 nanoparticles on the marine microalga Chlorella vulgaris. J Hazard Mater 2018; 346:1-9. [PMID: 29232611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the environmental effects of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) on marine ecosystems are increasing. Meanwhile, ocean acidification (OA) has become a global environmental problem. However, the combined effects of NPs and OA on marine organisms are still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of OA (pH values of 7.77 and 7.47) on the bioavailability and toxicity of TiO2 NPs to the marine microalga Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed that OA enhanced the growth inhibition of algal cells caused by TiO2 NPs. We observed synergistic interactive effects of pH and TiO2 NPs on oxidative stress, indicating that OA significantly increased the oxidative damage of TiO2 NPs on the algal cells. Importantly, the elevated toxicity of TiO2 NPs associated with OA could be explained by the enhanced internalization of NPs in algal cells, which was attributed to the slighter aggregation and more suspended particles in acidified seawater. Overall, these findings provide useful information on marine environmental risk assessments of NPs under near future OA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qi Sui
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Qian Han
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bijuan Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Keming Qu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Xia B, Chen B, Sun X, Qu K, Ma F, Du M. Interaction of TiO2 nanoparticles with the marine microalga Nitzschia closterium: growth inhibition, oxidative stress and internalization. Sci Total Environ 2015; 508:525-33. [PMID: 25483108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of TiO2 engineered nanoparticles (NPs) to the marine microalga Nitzschia closterium was investigated by examining growth inhibition, oxidative stress and uptake. The results indicated that the toxicity of TiO2 particles to algal cells significantly increased with decreasing nominal particle size, which was evidenced by the 96 EC50 values of 88.78, 118.80 and 179.05 mg/L for 21 nm, 60 nm and 400 nm TiO2 particles, respectively. The growth rate was significantly inhibited when the alga was exposed to 5mg/L TiO2 NPs (21 nm). Measurements of antioxidant enzyme activities showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities were first induced and subsequently inhibited following exposure to 5mg/L TiO2 NPs. The depletion of antioxidant enzymes with a concomitant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) posed a hazard to membrane integrity. A combination of flow cytometry analysis, transmission electron microscopy and Ti content measurement indicated that TiO2 NPs were internalized in N. closterium cells. The level of extracellular ROS, which was induced by TiO2 NPs under visible light, was negligible when compared with the intracellular ROS level (accounting for less than 6.0% of the total ROS level). These findings suggest that elevated TiO2 nanotoxicity in marine environments is related to increased ROS levels caused by internalization of TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xia
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Keming Qu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meirong Du
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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