The utility of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to prepare metal oxides NPs for clinical application on osteoporosis supported by theoretical study

Green synthesis of metal oxides as a treatment for bone diseases is still exploring. Herein, MgO and Fe2O3 NPs were prepared from the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to study their effect on vit D3, Ca+2, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme ALP associated with osteoporosis. Computational chemistry was utilized to gain insight into the possible interactions. These oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, FTIR, and AFM. Results revealed that green synthesis of MgO and Fe2O3 NPs was successful with abundant. MgO NPs were in vitro applied on osteoporosis patients (n = 35) and showed a significant elevation of vit D3 and Ca+2 (0.0001 > p < 0.001) levels, compared to healthy volunteers (n = 25). Thus, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a good candidate to prepare MgO NPs, with a promising enhancing effect on vit D3 and Ca+2 in osteoporosis. In addition, interactions of Fe2O3 and MgO NPs with ALP were determined by molecular docking study.

Application of green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles to prolong commercial availability of Vitis vinifera L

The objective of the study was to extend shelf life of Vitis vinifera (L.) by the application of green synthesized Magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica A. juss. and various concentrations of 20 mM, 30 mM, and 40 mM solutions of Magnesium nitrate hexa hydrate salt, were used to synthesize nanoparticles of different size. The characterization of nanoparticles was done by SEM, XRD, and UV. The antimicrobial activity of MgO NPs was evaluated for Azospirilum brasilense and Trichoderma viride, representative of microbes responsible for V. vinifera fruits spoilage. Nanoparticles with crystal size of 28.60 nm has more pronounced effect against microbes. The Shelf life of the Vitis vinifera L. was evaluated by application of 28.60 nm MgO NPs through T1 (nanoparticles coated on packaging), T2 (nanoparticles coated directly on fruit) at 4 °C and 25 °C. T1 at 4 °C was effective to extend the shelf life of Vitis vinifera (L) for an average of 20 days.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles reduce clubroot by regulating plant defense response and rhizosphere microbial community of tumorous stem mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida)

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a major disease that significantly impairs the yield of cruciferous crops and causes significant economic losses across the globe. The prevention of clubroot, especially in tumorous stem mustard (without resistant varieties), are is limited and primarily relies on fungicides. Engineered nanoparticles have opened up new avenues for the management of plant diseases, but there is no report on their application in the prevention of clubroot. The results showed that the control efficacy of 500 mg/L MgO NPs against clubroot was 54.92%. However, when the concentration was increased to 1,500 and 2,500 mg/L, there was no significant change in the control effect. Compared with CK, the average fresh and dry weight of the aerial part of plants treated with MgO NPs increased by 392.83 and 240.81%, respectively. Compared with the F1000 treatment, increases were observed in the content of soil available phosphorus (+16.72%), potassium (+9.82%), exchangeable magnesium (+24.20%), and water-soluble magnesium (+20.64%) in the 1,500 mg/L MgO NPs treatment. The enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that the application of MgO NPs significantly increased soil peroxidase (POD, +52.69%), alkaline protease (AP, +41.21%), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, +79.26%), urease (+52.69%), and sucrase (+56.88%) activities; And also increased plant L-phenylalanine ammonla-lyase (PAL, +70.49%), polyphenol oxidase (PPO, +36.77%), POD (+38.30%), guaiacol peroxidase (POX, +55.46%) activities and salicylic acid (SA, +59.86%) content. However, soil and plant catalase (CAT, -27.22 and - 19.89%, respectively), and plant super oxidase dismutase (SOD, -36.33%) activities were significantly decreased after the application of MgO NPs. The metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that the MgO NPs treatments significantly improved the α-diversity of the rhizosphere soil microbial community. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria genera in the rhizosphere soil, including Pseudomonas, Sphingopyxis, Acidovorax, Variovorax, and Bosea, was significantly increased. Soil metabolic functions, such as oxidative phosphorylation (ko00190), carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes (ko00720), indole alkaloid biosynthesis (ko00901), and biosynthesis of various antibiotics (ko00998) were significantly enriched. These results suggested that MgO NPs might control clubroot by promoting the transformation and utilization of soil nutrients, stimulating plant defense responses, and enriching soil beneficial bacteria.

Facile synthesis of novel magnesium oxide nanoparticles for pesticide sorption from water

The quantum of pesticides in surface as well as drinking water has become a serious health hazard. In this experiment, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were synthesized using leaves of purple-colored rice variety (Crossa) and utilized for simultaneous removal of three pesticides, namely, thiamethoxam, chlorpyriphos, and fenpropathrin from water. The biogenic MgO NPs were characterized using SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, DLS, etc. The optimum synthesis parameters (1 M NaOH, 80 °C, and 2 h) resulted in maximum yield of MgO NPs (87.7 mg), minimum hydrodynamic diameter (35.12 nm), poly dispersity index (0.14) and mean zeta potential (-11 mV). Sorption data of the three pesticides fitted well with non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and non-linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of MgO NPs for the three pesticides was 87.66 µg/mg, as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model. Under optimum conditions (initial concentration, 40 mg/L; dose, 30 mg/30 mL; and pH, 9), 60.13, 80.53, and 92.49% removal of thiamethoxam, chlorpyriphos, and fenpropathrin was achieved with a 100% desirability, respectively. Thus, the biogenic MgO NPs could be an efficient adsorbent of pesticides and could be recommended for pesticide decontamination in water treatment plants and domestic water purifier systems.

Effect of Biofunctional Green Synthesized MgO-Nanoparticles on Oxidative-Stress-Induced Tissue Damage and Thrombosis

The present study describes the green biofunctional synthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles using the aqueous Tarenna asiatica fruit extract. The characterization of Tarenna asiatica fruit extract MgO nanoparticles (TAFEMgO NPs) was achieved by X-ray powder diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, SEM, and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. TAFEMgO NPs scavenged the DPPH free radicals with an IC50 value of 55.95 μg/μL, and it was highly significant compared to the standard. To authenticate the observed antioxidant potential of TAFEMgO NPs, oxidative stress was induced in red blood cells (RBC) using sodium nitrite (NaNO₂). Interestingly, TAFEMgO NPs ameliorated the RBC damage from oxidative stress by significantly restoring the stress parameters, such as the protein carbonyl content (PCC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total thiol (TT), super-oxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, oxidative stress was induced in-vivo in Sprague Dawley female rats using diclofenac (DFC). TAFEMgO NPs normalized the stress parameters in-vivo and minimized the oxidative damage in tissues. Most importantly, TAFEMgO NPs restored the function and architecture of the damaged livers, kidneys, and small intestines by regulating biochemical parameters. TAFEMgO NPs exhibited an anticoagulant effect by increasing the clotting time from 193 s in the control to 885 s in the platelet rich plasma. TAFEMgO NPs prolonged the formation of the clot process in the activated partial thromboplastin time and the prothrombin time, suggest the effective involvement in both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways of the blood coagulation cascade. TAFEMgO NPs inhibited adenosine di-phosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation. TAFEMgO NPs did not show hemolytic, hemorrhagic, and edema-inducing properties at the tested concentration of 100 mg/kgbody weight, suggesting its non-toxic property. In conclusion, TAFEMgO NPs mitigates the sodium nitrite (NaNO₂)- and diclofenac (DFC)-induced stress due to oxidative damage in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

Antifungal Activity of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Effect on the Growth and Key Virulence Factors of Candida albicans

The aim of this research was to study the effects of different concentrations of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on the growth and key virulence factors of Candida albicans (C. albicans). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MgO NPs against C. albicans was determined by the micro-broth dilution method. A time-kill curve of MgO NPs and C. albicans was established to investigate the ageing effect of MgO NPs on C. albicans. Crystal violet staining, the MTT assay, and inverted fluorescence microscopy were employed to determine the effects of MgO NPs on C. albicans adhesion, two-phase morphological transformation, biofilm biomass, and metabolic activity. The time-kill curve showed that MgO NPs had fungicidal and antifungal activity against C. albicans in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Semi-quantitative crystal violet staining and MTT assays showed that MgO NPs significantly inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation and metabolic activity, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Inverted fluorescence microscopy showed that MgO NPs could inhibit the formation of C. albicans biofilm hyphae. Adhesion experiments showed that MgO NPs significantly inhibited the initial adhesion of C. albicans (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that MgO NPs can effectively inhibit the growth, initial adhesion, two-phase morphological transformation, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and is an antifungal candidate.

MgO nanoparticles cytotoxicity caused primarily by GSH depletion in human lung epithelial cells

Bio-response of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) is emerging, obviously, with a conflicting flavor. This study evaluates the underlying mechanism of bio-responses of MgO NPs in human lung epithelial (A549) cell. TEM size of NPs was 40-50 nm and cuboidal in shape. EDS data showed no detectable impurity. Zeta potential of MgO NPs suggested a fair dispersion in complete culture media and in PBS. MgO NPs induced a concentration dependent cytotoxicity when measured by MTT and NRU. MgO NPs induced cytotoxicity strongly correlated with intracellular depletion of antioxidant GSH. MgO NPs did not induce concentration dependent ROS. All live treatment conditions caused autophagy, a survival mechanism when deprived of nutrients and antioxidant. At highest cytotoxic concentration of MgO NPs, there was significant elevation in MMP and caspase-3 activity. GSH depletion mediated autophagy failure lead to MgO NPs induced death at higher concentrations that might have potentiated by induced ROS. This study suggested a mechanism of cytotoxicity caused by MgO NPs that was primarily dependent on GSH depletion, and ROS induction played secondary role in toxicity. Significantly higher toxicity observed for MgO NPs in comparison to Mg salt clearly indicated the involvement of nanoparticulate form in toxicity.

Effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on microbial diversity and removal performance of sequencing batch reactor

The performance, microbial enzymatic activity and microbial community of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) have been explored under magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) stress. The NH₄⁺-N removal efficiency kept relatively stable during the whole operational process. The MgO NPs at 30-60 mg/L slightly restrained the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the presence of MgO NPs also affected the denitrification and phosphorus removal. The specific oxygen uptake rate, nitrifying and denitrifying rates, phosphorus removal rate, and microbial enzymatic activities distinctly varied with the increase of MgO NPs concentration. The appearance of MgO NPs promoted more reactive oxygen species generation and lactate dehydrogenase leakage from activated sludge, suggesting that MgO NPs had obvious toxicity to activated sludge in the SBR. The protein and polysaccharide contents of extracellular polymeric substances from activated sludge increased with the increase of MgO NPs concentration. The microbial richness and diversity at different MgO NPs concentrations obviously varied at the phylum, class and genus levels due to the biological toxicity of MgO NPs.

Biosynthesis of MgO nanoparticles using mushroom extract: effect on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed germination

Current study describes the green, environmental friendly, and cost-effectiveness technique for the preparation of MgO nanoparticles (NPs) via white button mushroom aqueous extract. The synthesized MgO NPs were characterized using equipments such as X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) for average crystalline size, particle size, morphology, elemental analysis, and weight loss of the materials, respectively. This study reports the application of gardened sizes of (20, 18.5, 18, 16.5, and 15 nm) biosynthesized MgO NPs on seed germination. The smaller size (15 nm) MgO NPs have been enhanced the seed germination and growth parameters as compared with remaining sizes of MgO NPs and control. The magnesium oxide NPs penetrates into peanut seeds and affecting on seed germination and growth rate mechanism. In addition, this germination found to be high in seeds than germination on selected soil plot MgO NPs (0.5 mg/L stable concentrations) compared to different size of MgO NPs and control. Physicochemical methods indicated that the MgO NPs are able to penetrate into the seed coat and support water uptake inside of seeds. Probably, this positive effect may cause for the uptake of MgO NPs by the plants, as indicated in the UV and SEM analyses. As the smaller size (15 nm) of MgO NPs particles stimulates the development of seedling and growth enhancement of peanut, it clearly indicates that the current study is helpful in growing of peanuts in large-scale agricultural production.

Dietary Supplementation of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles for Better Survival and Growth of the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post-larvae

This study was performed to assess the growth-promoting potential of dietary magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae (PL). MgO NPs were supplemented at 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg kg^-1 with the basal diet (containing 0.95 g Mg kg^-1); the concentrations of Mg in MgO NP-supplemented diets were increased correspondingly (1.07, 1.15, 1.24, 1.37 and 1.46 g Mg kg^-1 respectively). MgO NP-supplemented diets were fed to M. rosenbergii PL (initial weight 0.11 ± 0.04 g) for a period of 90 days. In the carcasses of experimental prawns, the content of Mg was found to be elevated significantly with respect to the individual diet (102.14, 183.29, 205.46, 221.03, 237.10 and 254.36 μg Mg g^-1 respectively) when compared with that of the control. The contents of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Na and K levels were also found to be elevated in the carcasses of experimental prawns. Significant (P < 0.05) improvements were observed in nutritional indices [survival rate (SR), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER)], activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase), concentrations of basic biochemical constituents (total protein, amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, profiles of amino acids and fatty acids) and population of haemocytes [total and differential (hyalinocytes, semigranulocytes and granulocytes)] in all the test PL. Maximum performance was recorded in 500 mg kg^-1 MgO NP-supplemented-feed-fed PL. There were no significant elevations recorded in activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)], lipid peroxidation (LPO) and metabolic enzymes [glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT)] recorded in any of the MgO NP-supplemented-feed-fed PL when compared with the control. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed increases in the staining intensity of polypeptide bands resolved in 500 mg kg^-1 MgO NP-supplemented-feed-fed PL when compared with the control. Based on the gradual improvement in attaining survival, growth, FCR, biochemical constituents and haemocyte population, this study recommends MgO NP supplementation of 500 mg kg^-1 for sustainable maintenance of M. rosenbergii PL. As the studied highest concentration of MgO NPs showed the best performance, it is necessary to study with beyond 500 mg kg^-1 of MgO NPs to optimize the actual concentration.